Chinese Culture中国文化通览(Q1-4)
中国文化通览
Translation of Useful ExpressionsChineseexpressionsEnglish Translation黄河流域Yellow River Valley文化融合，政治统一Cultural fusion and political unity游牧部落nomadic tribesmen疆域Territory; realm; frontier小农经济The small-scale peasant economy封建主经济Suzerain/ landlord / owner-peasant economy自然经济形态The natural economic pattern农、林、牧、副、渔Agriculture, forestation, herding, fishing and thirdindustry cooperation中原The Central plains重农轻商Encourage farming, limit commerce24节气The 24 Solar Terms战国时期The Warring States period男耕女织The man cultivating the land and the woman weaving athome自给自足的自然经济Self-sufficient natural economy一盘散沙 A sheet of loose sand草根阶层The grass-roots level人头税The poll tax水能载舟，亦能覆舟The water that carries the boat can also overturn it. 多元一体Integrated pluralism吐故纳新Discard the old and embrace the new炎黄子孙the descendants of Yandi and Huangdi礼仪之邦The land of ceremony and propriety大一统观念The conception of great national unity甲骨文The inscriptions on tortoise shells or animal bones 铭文The inscriptions on bronze or copper wares象形、指事、会意、形声（examples）Pictographs, self-explanatory, associative compounds, pictophonetic method四书五经The Four Books and The Five Classics书同文、行同伦The standardized written language and behaviors 儒、道、佛、法家Confucianism, Classical Taoist thinking, Buddhism,the Legalist School焚书坑儒Burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive无为而治To govern by doing nothing独尊儒术、罢黜百家Pay supreme tribute to Confucianism while banning allother schools of thoughts四大发明Four Great Inventions of Ancient China:1)the invention of paper making technology2)the art of printing3)the making of the gunpowder4)the compass守内虚外Internal defense and external slackening重文轻武Lay stress on the cultural achievement while makelight of the military exploits清明上河图The scroll of painting: the festival of PureBrightness on the RiverChineseexpressionsEnglish Translation求和谐，主平衡Seek for Harmony and Maintaining Equilibrium消灾祈福Avert calamities and pray for blessings临时抱佛脚Clasp Buddha’s feet when in trouble—seek help at thelast moment六合The six realms of Heaven and Earth, East and West,North and South内圣外王Internalized as cultivation and externalized asgovernance of virtue真诚、正心、修身Sincerity, integrity and intellectual cultivation 齐家治国平天下Keep your family in order, govern the stateeffectively and bring peace to the world中庸The golden mean天人合一Oneness of man and nature大一统Great National Unity集体利益Values of Collectivism/ Collective interest人伦Human relations普天之下莫非王土，率土之滨莫非王臣All the land under the sun belongs to the king; all the people within this country are the king’s subjects.《史记》The Historical Records宗族关系The patriarchal relations赴汤蹈火Go through fire and water中华民族的脊梁The spiritual tower of Chinese nation 否极泰来Out of depth of misfortune comes bliss 以柔克刚Conquer the rigid with the gentle一张一弛Alternate tension with relaxation仁者爱人The benevolent love others仁政Benevolent government以民为本People are the foundation of the state民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻People come first, the state comes second and the king third性善论The theory of original goodness of human nature小国寡民 A small state with a small population无为而治The rule of inaction汉代经学Imperial Confucianism in the Han Dynasty课堂重点1) The Four Books (The Great Learning , The Doctrine of the Mean , The Confucian Analects , and The Works of Mencius ) and The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry , The Book of History , The Book of Rites , The Book of Changes , and The Spring and Autumn Annals ) cover a wide range of subjects and are the most important textbooks for the Confucian scholars to disseminate the educational thoughts of the Confucian School and a must for ancient scholars who had to pass the imperial competitive examination to become government officials.2) The Great Learning is about the cultivation of one’s moral character and the wisdoms of governing a country during the “daxue” (or great learning or higher education) period of ancient China.3) The Confucian Analects or The Analects embodies the Confucian concept of ren or humanity or benevolence, and another concept of yi or righteousness.4) The Works of Mencius embodies the philosophical and political thinking of Mencius. He developed and enriched the “ren and yi theory” of Confucius and supposed that every man is good by nature, and called for a benevolent government.5) The Book of History is an incomplete collection of the history of ancient China. It is an invaluable reference for the study of the primitive and feudal societies in ancient China and is the source of narrative writing in China as well. This book consists of three parts:the exhortations, oaths or declarations by the lords to their subjects; the advice or suggestions of the subjects to their lord; folklores or other materials6) The Spring and Autumn Annals is a canonical book of history. It consists of three Commentaries: the Commentary of Zuo focuses on history; the Commentaries of Gongyang and Guliang concentrate on comments on historical events.7) Beijing Opera emerged in Qing Dynasty, when Kun opera was gradually on the wane because it was only enjoyed by the nobles in the royal court, not the general public. It is a treasure of the Chinese nation as well as a cultural symbol of China, and is enjoyed by a large Chinese audience.8) Classification of Beijing Opera9)Figure painting is the earliest kind of traditional Chinese painting; It reflects to a great degree aesthetic and artistic thinking of Confucian scholars, with the aim to rectify one’s mind and make people abstain from their desires. It is dividedinto five major categories: gongbi (detailed brushwork), jianbi (sketchy brushwork), xieyi (free hand brushwork), baimiao (outline drawing), and pomo (splash-ink).10) Traditional Chinese landscape painting embodies the Chinese people’s conception of nature, their aesthetic awareness, and their wisdom and sentiment. It is a unique tradition of Chinese landscape painting to create artistic conception( viz. to seek a unity of form and spirit, of human feelings and natural settings, with an emphasis on the expression of the painter’s own thoughts and feelings).11) Calligraphy is native to China; it is a traditional art with a long history and national characteristic features. It has five major scripts, namely the Seal Character, Official Script, Regular Script, Running Script, and Cursive Script 12) Four Great Masters of the Regular Script are Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan (of the Tang Dynasty) and Zhao Mengfu (of the Yuan Dynasty )3. Translate the following Chinese paragraph into English:京剧唱腔悠扬委婉，声情并茂；京剧念白简洁生动，韵律性和节奏感很强；京剧乐队的演奏旋律优美，曲调动听；京剧舞台美术绚丽多彩；京剧脸谱极富民族特色。
Chinese_culture_中国传统文化介绍PPT课件
China is one of the Four Ancient Civilizations of the world (alongside Babylon, India and Egypt). It has 5000 year history of the development of civilization, and the only one that has lasted for thousands of years without suspension.
Beliefs are known as the conceptions that people accept as true about how the world operates and where individuals fit in.
Norms: All societies have guidelines that govern moral standards and even the most routine aspects of life.
The term was first used by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book, Primitive Culture, published in 1871. Tylor said that culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
中国文化通览
先秦文化先秦是中国文化的发展由萌芽到初具体系规模的时期。
中国文化的起源是多元的，有人喻之为“满天星斗”，但主要源头有三，一是东夷文化，二是西夏文化，三是南蛮文化。
东夷文化起源于黄河下游的今山东、苏北地区，东夷族的著名领袖有太昊、少昊、蚩尤、帝喾、舜等。
西夏文化发源于黄河中上游的今陕甘晋南地区，著名领袖有炎帝、黄帝、颛顼、尧等。
南蛮文化起源于江淮流域，领袖有盘瓠等。
东夷和西夏二族的发展是沿黄河对进，长期的又战又和的格局最终促成了民族间的融合，形成了华夏族的前身。
夷、夏文明的冲撞为中国古代文化的形成奠定了基础。
华夏集团又南下征服了南蛮集团，形成了中华民族的雏形。
他们远祧炎帝、黄帝二祖，所以中华民族又被称为“炎黄子孙”。
夏、商、西周史称“三代”，“三代”是统一的、宗法性的王权专制国家形成发展的时期。
在这一时期，“溥天之下，莫非王土，率土之滨，莫非王臣”的大一统观念逐渐形成，宗法性质的礼乐文化成型，并对以后中国文化的发展打下了深刻的印记，中国被称为“礼仪之邦”。
所谓“礼仪”文化，指通过繁复的、无所不在的礼节规定，将每个人的社会角色意识加以强化，明确其应该享有的权利和应该承担的义务。
三代的物质文明成果是青铜文化，精美绝伦的青铜器成为世界古代文明的瑰宝。
商代的甲骨文、西周的青铜铭文已经是相当成熟的文字，构字方法已有了象形、指事、会意和形声，并出现了由这些文字记录而成的文献。
春秋、战国是中国早期文化大发展并形成初步体系和规模的时期。
虽然在这一时期政治上呈现出列国争霸兼并的割据状态，但共同的民族文化意识将这些割据战争定性为民族的统一战争，战争成为中国走上新的统一的途径。
在战争中，更多的部族国家参与进来，促进了更大范围的文化融合，从而为秦汉统一的封建大帝国的建立打下了基础。
与政治上的割据状态相适应的是思想领域“百家争鸣”的局面。
春秋末年孔子首创私学，打破了“学在官府”的学术垄断，建立了儒家学派。
孔子是中国文化继往开来的伟大人物，他整理了夏商周“三代”的文化成果“五经”，即《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《易》、《春秋》，又创立了“礼”和“仁”结合的思想体系，开辟了中国思想文化的新局面。
【免费下载】中国传统文化教案
2. 英语文本视听 听讲英文版之前，熟悉一下汉语表达文化概念 1）解词 籍田制度： 耒耜： 疆域 游牧部落
中国古代的经济结构 （4） 中国社会的经济结构经历了一个由古代以农业为主体的经济形态 向现代工业会发展的历史过程。长达数千年的，以小农经济占主 导地位的农业社会，给中国文化的发展打下了深刻的印记。在中 国的古代社会，社会经济结构是以农耕为主要生产方式，以家庭 为基本单位的自然经济形态。长江流域文化
The Yangtze River Basin Distributed along both sides of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the rive()
2.中国区域文化的主要代表是：长江流域代表性的区域文化主要有巴蜀文 化、荆楚文化和吴越文化；关中文化、中原文化、齐鲁文化和燕赵文化是黄河 区域文化的典型代表；珠江流域的代表性区域文化有云贵高原文化和岭南文化； 此外还有贯穿中国南北许多省份的运河流域文化。
3. 大运河肇始于春秋时期，完成于隋代，繁荣于唐宋，取直于元代，疏通 于明清。
吴越故地人才辈出，和重视教育分不开。唐代越州有丽正书院 academy，寿昌
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电，力根通保据过护生管高产线中工敷资艺设料高技试中术卷资，配料不置试仅技卷可术要以是求解指，决机对吊组电顶在气层进设配行备置继进不电行规保空范护载高与中带资负料荷试下卷高问总中题体资，配料而置试且时卷可，调保需控障要试各在验类最；管大对路限设习度备题内进到来行位确调。保整在机使管组其路高在敷中正设资常过料工程试况中卷下，安与要全过加，度强并工看且作护尽下关可都于能可管地以路缩正高小常中故工资障作料高；试中对卷资于连料继接试电管卷保口破护处坏进理范行高围整中，核资或对料者定试对值卷某，弯些审扁异核度常与固高校定中对盒资图位料纸置试，.卷保编工护写况层复进防杂行腐设自跨备动接与处地装理线置，弯高尤曲中其半资要径料避标试免高卷错等调误，试高要方中求案资技，料术编试交写5、卷底重电保。要气护管设设装线备备置敷4高、调动设中电试作技资气高，术料课中并3中试、件资且包卷管中料拒含试路调试绝线验敷试卷动槽方设技作、案技术，管以术来架及避等系免多统不项启必方动要式方高，案中为；资解对料决整试高套卷中启突语动然文过停电程机气中。课高因件中此中资，管料电壁试力薄卷高、电中接气资口设料不备试严进卷等行保问调护题试装，工置合作调理并试利且技用进术管行，线过要敷关求设运电技行力术高保。中护线资装缆料置敷试做设卷到原技准则术确：指灵在导活分。。线对对盒于于处调差，试动当过保不程护同中装电高置压中高回资中路料资交试料叉卷试时技卷，术调应问试采题技用，术金作是属为指隔调发板试电进人机行员一隔，变开需压处要器理在组；事在同前发一掌生线握内槽图部内 纸故，资障强料时电、，回设需路备要须制进同造行时厂外切家部断出电习具源题高高电中中源资资，料料线试试缆卷卷敷试切设验除完报从毕告而，与采要相用进关高行技中检术资查资料和料试检，卷测并主处且要理了保。解护现装场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
中国传统文化Chinese Traditional Culture
3. 中国红（zhōng guó hóng） What does the Chinese Red mean to Chinese people?
1. 中国的十二生肖（shí èr shēng xiāo） Chinese Zodiac
Chinese people consider that 12-year is a cycle. Each year of which is named after a different animal that imparts distinct characteristics to its year. Many Chinese believe that the year of a person's birth is the primary factor in determining that person's personality traits, physical and mental attributes and degree of success and happiness throughout one's lifetime. Each animal is related to one year in a 12-year cycle. These twelve animals are: 鼠（shǔ）rat, 牛（niú ）ox, 虎（hǔ）tiger, 兔（tù） rabbit, 龙（lóng）dragon, 蛇（shé）snake,马（mǎ） horse, 羊（yáng）sheep, 猴（hóu）monkey, 鸡（jī） rooster, 狗（gǒu）dog and 猪（zhū）pig. The year 2012 is the year of dragon, which is a symbol of the whole Chinese nationality. 2014 is the year of horse.
中国文化通览(A班)An Introduction to Chinese Culuture
第六节
中西文化的比较
一、历史渊源：中华文化历时五千年，渊源一 贯。西方文 化来源有三：希腊文化、罗马文化和希伯来文化，渊源 杂。 二、民族性格：中国人天人合一，崇尚自然，内向、中庸 性格。 西方人种杂，变迁多，好与自认斗争，性格外向，个性 鲜明。
三、经济：主静、轻商，缺乏扩张心理。西方文化商业发 展较早且块，重商主义影响较大。 四、伦理道德: 中华文化的伦理基础是父子，重孝、悌。 西方文化重视的不是自我修养，而是发挥个性，没有忠 孝的伦理观念，人人平等。 五、政治：崇尚贤人政治，讲王道，人治。古希腊即有法 制传统。
二、文化的结构与分类
从时间角度上，文化可以分为原始文化（primitive ）古代 文化(ancient) 、近代文化(modern)、现代文化 (contemporary ) 从空间角度上，可以分为东方文化(oriental) 、西方文化 (western)、海洋文化(oceanic) 、大陆文化 (continental ) 从社会层面上，可以分为贵族文化(aristocratic )、平民文化 (civilian )、官方文化(official )、民间文化 (folk)
四、近代中国文化的转型与走向(The Transformation and Tendency of Chinese Modern Culture） 第一次转型发生于洋务运动（Westernization Movement 至五四新文化运动(May 4th New Culture Movement)期 间 第二次转型发生于五四运动以后到改革开放(the reform and open policy in the late 1970s) 之前，分为两个 阶段。第一阶段是五四到新中国成立。第二阶段是新中 国成立后的文化实践。 第三次文化转型是在痛苦的文化反思的基础上进行的。
Chinese culture中国文化
The representative of Confucianism painting ---Xie He
• Xie He
• 479AD—502AD Chinese Qi, Liang and art theorists, who is good at genre • paintings and potraits, remembered for collecting or inventing the famous
Confucianism Taoism
• Confucianism on Chinese traditional painting
• Confucius Confucianism art criticism concept of development, especially the Chinese figure painting, figure painting features have a greater impact .Cao Zhi, Xie He, Zhang Yanyuan drawing criticism are very great importance to the role of the enlightenment Okinari moral and ethical formation of the Confucian tradition, the spirit of Chinese art criticism.
Thank you!
Qi Baishi and his paintings
Taoist paintings
The combination of Confucianism and Taoism
• Thought the source of Chinese paintings, landscapes by heavy ideological influence of Taoism "Heaven", the characters by the Confucian text in order to set the Road, “Up, and the world economy ” thereby helping people to help Lun into the thought of enlightenment"larger, Ultimately the same thing ", to Myriad return to the realm of cases
中国文化通览(4)
明清文化明清时期，社会经济的发展酝酿着资本主义的萌芽，而政治的专制集权高压抑制了新的生产力的发展。
在这一社会背景之下，市民阶层不断发展，早期的启蒙思想逐渐兴起，明清之际百年间，其代表人物先后有李贽、黄宗羲、顾炎武、王夫之、戴震等。
他们揭露了君主专制制度的不合理性，批判了理学的虚伪与残忍，提出了“工商皆本”的主张，倡言经世致用的实学。
但总的看，这种社会批判思想还处于初级阶段，尚没有形成完整的思想体系，所以也不可能提出新的社会改革方案。
这一时期，面对日益发展成熟的传统文化，对它的学术成果进行系统全面的整理成为统治者的要务。
明清两朝投入了巨大的人力和财力对浩如烟海的古籍文献进行了收集整理，相继编纂了大型类书《永乐大典》、《古今图书集成》，大型丛书《四库全书》，文学总集《全唐文》、《全唐诗》，大型工具书《康熙字典》、《佩文韵府》、《经籍纂诂》等。
与此相对应的是考据学的兴盛，形成了影响甚大的“乾嘉学派”。
学者们运用文字训诂的方法，从文字的形义、音韵等方面考证注释经书古籍。
又从版本、目录的角度考订、校勘古代文献。
这些工作为保存和继承传统文化做出了重要的贡献。
明清的文坛，小说的成就最大。
著名的长篇小说有《三国志通俗演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》、《红楼梦》，合称四大古典小说。
著名的短篇小说集有“三言二拍”和《聊斋志异》。
科技方面也出现了一批具有总结性的学术巨著，如李时珍的《本草纲目》、潘季驯的《河防一览》、徐光启的《农政全书》、宋应星的《天工开物》、徐霞客的《徐霞客游记》和阮元的《畴人传》等。
辉煌的文化成就与奄奄的政治气象，构成了明清文化一道奇特的风景线。
明清之际中外文化交流日益发展，但与以往以东学西渐为主要形式不同，西学东渐成为这个时期一个重要历史现象。
明末清初，西方传教士进入中国，在向中国人传播上帝福音的同时，也译介了大量西方的天文、地理、数学、物理等方面的书籍和著作，将西方先进的科学文化知识传入中国。
Culture in the Ming Dynasty and the Qing DynastyDuring the Ming and the Qing dynasties, rudiments of capitalism began to take shape in the socio-economic development. However, the centralized despotism and coercion in politics restrained the development of new productive forces. The stratum of townspeople swelled constantly in this social background. The early signs of the ideology of enlightenment started to appear. The representative figures were Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzhi and Dai Zhen in the end of the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty. They exposed the irrationality of the system of autocratic monarchy, condemned the hypocrisy and cruelty of Neo-Confucianism, advocated practical learning of managing state affairs and proposed a notion that both industry and commerce were foundations. At the same time this criticism on the whole was still in the primary stage. An developed system of thought had not yet come into existence. Therefore, these social critics were not able to put forward a blue print for social reform.Confronting the increasingly mature traditional culture, the ruling class took it as their key task to arrange the academic achievements in a systematic and comprehensive way. The Ming and the Qing dynasties employed plenty of manpower and abundant financial resources to collect and systemize a tremendous amount of ancient books. They compiled in succession the following works: Great Encyclopedia of Yongle and Corpus of Ancient and Modern Books, with materials taken from various sources and arranged according to subjects; the large-scale series Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature; the general anthology of prose and verse Complete Collection of Tang Prose and Complete Collection of Tang Poetry; large reference books The Kangxi Dictionary, Peiwen Yunfu and Exegesis of Confucian Classics. Meanwhile there was an upsurge of textual criticism, engendering the fairly influential “Qian Jia School”. By means of scho lium, the scholars were engaged in textual research and annotation of Confucian classics and other ancient works from the angles of grapheme and phonology. They also emended the ancient books from the angles of edition and catalogue. Their exegetics of words in ancient books contributed tremendously to preserving and inheriting the traditional culture.In the literary world of the Ming and the Qing dynasties, the greatest success wasattained in the creation of novels. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Heroes of the Marshes and Pilgrimage to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions were regarded as the four greatest classical novels. The famous collections of short stories included three collections of short stories edited by Feng Menlong and Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. A number of magnum opuses appeared in the realm of science and technology, such as Compendium to Materia Medica written by Li Shizhen, A Survey of Flood-Prevention Work by Pan Jixun, Complete Treatise on Agriculture by Xu Guangqi, Exploitation of the Works of Nature by Song Yingxing, Xu Xiake‟s Travel Notes by Xu Xiake, and Biography of Almanac Compilers by RuanYuan. A bizarre outlook of the culture in the Ming and Qing dynasties thus formed: brilliant cultural consummation within the backdrop of the decadent political atmosphere.During the Ming and the Qing dynasties, the cultural exchanges between China and the foreign countries were developing increasingly. Different from the previous process, which mainly spread Oriental culture to the West, the introduction of Western Learning to China became an important phenomenon then. Between the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, the missionaries from the West arrived in China. While evangelizing with their gospels, they translated into Chinese considerable Western literature on astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and other subjects, bringing with them advanced Western science and technology to China. However, their sphere of religious activity was rather limited and the people who had the opportunity to acquaint themselves with the knowledge were confined to the literati and officialdom in the imperial court. The Opium War in 1840 ushered in the era of the introduction of Occidentalism into China on a large scale, with the gateway of China being forced to open wide. It was stamped with a distinctive color of colonial invasion. Meanwhile, the knowledge about mathematics, physics, chemistry, geography, astronomy, medicine, and agriculture was introduced to China. Western social science was brought to China as well, greatly transforming the Chinese superstructure and ideology. The traditional culture was confronted with momentous challenges.中国人的传统世界观、价值观和思维模式The traditional worldview, values and mode ofthinking of the Chinese people理性的求和谐主平衡的世界观在对世界的基本认识和处世态度上，中国人形成了理性的、求和谐而主平衡的思想观念和安土乐天的生活情趣。
Chinese Culture(中国文化概论)
III. Cultural Tips 文化点滴
2）Local Specialties in Xiamen Spring Rolls 春卷
III. Cultural Tips 文化点滴
2）Local Specialties in Xiamen Tosun (Jelly Fish and Sea Worm) 土笋冻
III. Cultural Tips 文化点滴
3.1 Tea 中国茶
III. Cultural Tips 文化点滴
3.2 Chinese Food 中国菜 1）Cuisines 菜系 8 regional cuisines: Shandong Cuisine鲁菜 Sichuan Cuisine川菜 Guangdong Cuisine粤菜 Fujian Cuisine闽菜 Jiangsu Cuisine苏菜 Zhejiang Cuisine浙菜 Hunan cuisine湘菜 Anhui Cuisine徽菜
II. Xiamen in Brief 厦门简介
Average Lifespan人均寿命: 78. 23 Sister Cities姐妹城市: Cardiff Shire, UK, Sasebo, Japan, Cebu, Philippines, Baltimore, US, Wellington, New Zealand, Penang, Malaysia Maroochy Shire, Australia, Kanaus, Lithuania, Guadalajara, Mexico, Zoetermeer, Netherlands
II. Xiamen in Brief 厦门简介
Xiamen University 厦门大学
中国文化通览Lecture Four
The Five Classics
The Book of Poetry The Book of History The Spring and Autumn Annals The Book of Rites The Book of Changes
The Book of Poetry
• • • comprises 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period; three versions: collecting of folk songs, gleaning of congratulatory poems and the selection of the poem by Confucius; three categories: feng (folk songs collected from the dukedoms), ya (odes, regular music, traditionally sung at court festivities ceremonies, banquets and other solemn occasions), and song (hymns, dance music sung at sacrifices of ancestral spirits of the royal house) three techniques of expressions: fu (poems with a straightforward narrative content), bi (poems with explicit comparisons), xing (poems based on implied comparisons) reflects the life in ancient China and the feelings of various classes
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(Key) Part One T or F Questions: (10%) 1. T 2. T 3. F Warring States Period 改为 Spring and Autumn Period. 4. T 5. F 改正：Three great inventions (the art of printing, the making of the gunpowder and compass) appeared in Song Dynasty. 6. T 7. F The Book of Analects by Confucius改为The Spring and Autumn Annals 8. F Southeast Asia改为East Asia 9. T 10. F Tang Dynasty改为Song Dynasty Part Two Blank filling: (30%) 1. spiritual culture, behavioral culture 2. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Heroes of the Marshes, Pilgrimage to the West, A Dream of Red Mansions 3. agricultural civilization 4. integrated pluralism 5. the small-scale peasant economy 6. bring peace to the world 7. a small state with a small population 8. cultivating the land 9. maintaining, equilibrium 10. propriety, benevolence
• 6. The realistic life the Chinese were after was to “keep your family in order, govern the state effectively and __________________________”. • 7. Lao Zi's ideal society is __________________________. • 8.The major productive mode was the natural family economy with the man __________________________ and the woman weaving at home. • 9. In terms of their worldview and philosophy of life，the Chinese developed a rational nation of seeking for harmony and __________________________ as well as an optimistic sentiment to be content with one’s lot. • 10. The core of the Confucian ideology is ____________________ and ____________________.
• Part Four Questions: (40%) • 1. The roles agriculture played in ancient China. (5%) • 2. How can the Chinese culture be the only one that has lasted for thousands of years without suspension? (10%) • 3. Why did Chinese uphold the notion of “oneness of man and nature”? (7%) • 4. How did Confucianism and Taoism explain “Heaven” respectively? (8%) • 5. Explain “the gol. Mencius supposed that every man is kind by nature. ( ) • 7. The Five Classics includes The Book of Poetry, The Book of history, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes and The Book of Analects by Confucius. ( ) • 8. Situated in the continent of Southeast Asia, China is located in relatively enclosed geographical surroundings. ( ) • 9. The unique thinking pattern of the Chinese are the dialectical thinking and the thinking in the mode of Confucian classics’ study. ( ) • 10. The scroll of painting entitled The Festival of Pure Brightness on the River presented a vivid panorama of the town life in Tang Dynasty. ( )
• Part Three Translation of the useful expressions (20%) • 1. cultural fusion and political unity • 2. encouraging farming but limiting commerce • 3. discarding the old and embracing the new • 4. the descendants of Yandi and Huangdi • 5. the inscriptions on tortoise shells or animal bones • 6. burning books and burying Confucian scholars alive • 7. averting calamities and praying for blessings • 8. the theory of original goodness of human nature • 9. Out of depth of misfortune comes bliss. • 10. All the land under the sun belongs to the king; all the people within this country are the king’s subjects.
• Part Four Questions: (40%) • 1. The roles agriculture played in ancient China. (5%) • 1) Agriculture was fundamental to the development of ancient China. It is instrumental in molding the basic social outlook of ancient China. • 2) Agriculture shaped the political system and ideology: encouraging farming but limiting commerce. (P3) • 2. How can the Chinese culture be the only one that has lasted for thousands of years without suspension? (10%) • It is attributed to its innate structure of integrated pluralism and essential quality of a self-confident magnanimity. • “Pluralism”: the fact that Chinese culture is a blending of so many different cultures and cultures from extraneous places. • “Integrated”: various cultures melt into a unity, forming a distinctly Chinese culture with common values. • With the ability to discard the old and embrace the new, the Chinese culture can absorb foreign cultures constantly and has survived all kinds of ordeals and turmoil. (P4)
• Part Three Translation of the useful expressions (20%) • 1. 文化融合，政治统一 • 2. 劝农抑商 • 3. 吐故纳新 • 4. 炎黄子孙 • 5. 甲骨文 • 6. 焚书坑儒 • 7. 消灾祈福 • 8. 性善论 • 9. 否极泰来 • 10. 普天之下，莫非王土，率土之滨， 莫非王臣
• Part Two Blank filling: (30%) • 1. The culture includes the __________________________ and __________________________ as well as their materialized presentations. • 2. __________________________,_______________ ___________,________________________ and __________________________ were regarded as the four greatest classical novels in Chinese culture. • 3. The mainstream of the ancient Chinese culture was based on the ________________________. • 4. The structure of the Chinese culture is typical of __________________________. • 5. The agricultural society, which lasted for several thousand years, with ____________________ ______________in the leading position, exerted a strong influence on the development of the Chinese culture.