德国的公司治理结构Gemany Company Governance Structure(Chinese Version)
德国公司治理模式 ppt课件

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管委会负责公司的日常经营管理;
可以,而且应当考虑其他“利益相关
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者” 的利益,例如雇员、企业贷款
者、以及一般公众的利益。
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4.股权结构
年份
银行
保险 公司
投资 公司
非金 融企
业
公共 部门
家庭
外国 投资
者
1984 7.6 3.1 1990 9.4 3.2 1996 9.5 5.6
2.7 36.1 10.2 18.8 21.4 3.3 41.4 6.0 18.3 18.6 5.8 37.4 10.9 15.7 15.3
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4.2法人持股或法人相互持股
法人持股,特别是法人相互持股是德日公司股权结构的基本特征, 这一特征尤其在日本公司中更为突出。二战后,股权所有主体多元化 和股东数量迅速增长是日本企业股权结构分散化的重要表现。但在多 元化的股权结构中,股权并没有向个人集中而是向法人集中,由此形 成了日本企业股权法人化现象,构成了法人持股的一大特征。
选举10名
员 员工代理
工
主席根据三分之二多数原 则或股东代表多数原则选 出;投票对等时主席有
决定有投票权; 下设委员会
提供 报告
为了公司利 益共同协作
经营公司; 制定战略; 分配资源; 风险管理;
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2.1管理委员会
作为公司的治理 代表负责管理工作
负责报告公司的 发展战略、盈利、 重大决策等
LOGO
德日公司治理模式
江兰 龙亚会
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Company LOGO
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德日公司治理模式
1.产生原因 2.权力结构 3.双层委员会结构 4.股权结构 5.总结
德国公司治理原则

German Panel on Corporate GovernanceCorporate Governance RulesforQuoted German CompaniesJanuary 2000German Panel on Corporate Governance *Code of Best PracticeforGerman Corporate GovernanceI.General questions of Corporate GovernanceThe purpose of Corporate Governance is to achieve a responsible, value-ori-ented management and control of companies. Corporate Governance Rules promote and reinforce the confidence of current and future shareholders, lend-ers, employees, business partners and the general public in national and inter-national markets. The Supervisory Board, Management Board and Executive Staff of the Company identify themselves with these Rules and are contractually bound by them. They are part of the general obligation to observe other inter-ests related to the corporate activity.The Rules of the Code serve as general guidelines for Corporate Governance for quoted German companies. Quoted companies are all enterprises whose shares are officially listed on a German stock exchange or traded over-the-counter. The Rules, their acceptance, implementation and respective adjust-ments to the specifics of the individual Company shall be communicated in the Annual Report.Due to the various legal systems, institutional parameters and traditions, there is presently no internationally accepted universal model for Corporate Govern-ance. The parameters for the Code are provided by codified law and leading cases, generally accepted national and international codes of good conduct and market practice. They include the directly relevant provisions of company and group law, in particular, the law governing stock corporations, financial ac-counting, banking supervision and the capital market as well as the Company's Memorandum and Articles of Association. From these derive the provisions, some of them detailed, with regard to the responsibilities and duties of the gov-erning bodies: Supervisory Board (§§ 95-116 German Stock Corporation Act), Management Board (§§ 76-94 German Stock Corporation Act) and General Meeting (§§ 118-147 German Stock Corporation Act) as well as the code of conduct of the members of the governing bodies.The essential points of the OECD Principles for Corporate Governance of May 1999 are covered as follows:Protection of Shareholders' rights: Following the introduction of the German Act on Corporate Control and Transparency (KonTraG) in 1998, there are adequate provisions safeguarding the rights of shareholders through the comprehensive mandatory rules under the German Stock Corporation Act. In particular, the fol-lowing OECD points are covered by mandatory law (§ 23 German Stock Corpo-ration Act):____________________________* Members:Prof. Dr. Theodor Baums, Prof. Dr. Dieter Feddersen, Ulrich Hartmann,Robert Koehler, Ulrich Hocker, Prof Dr. Rolf Nonnenmacher,- 2 -•full voting right for each ordinary share (§ 12 German Stock Corporation Act)•no impediments with regard to ownership or registration (§ 67 German Stock Corporation Act)•transferability of shares at any time (§ 68 German Stock Corporation Act)•participation, proxy and exercise of voting rights at General Meetings (§134 German Stock Corporation Act)•election of members of the Supervisory Board (§ 101 German Stock Corpo-ration Act)•participation in company profits (§ 58 German Stock Corporation Act).These points are mandatorily covered by German Law (§ 23 German Stock Corporation Act).An authorization to increase the share capital with exclusion of shareholder participation rights in order to pursue either an acquisition or a share placement near the prevailing market price will only be exercised by the Management Board if the share capital increase does not exceed 10 % of the then existing share capital. In this calculation the re-utilization of any repurchased shares will be included.Equal treatment of shareholders: The 'Equal treatment of shareholders' stipu-lated by the OECD is also in place for German companies. The precautionary measures against insider trading, self-dealing and disclosure of any personal interests in transactions or matters are extended beyond the legal requirements by the subsequent points 'II. Management Board' and 'III. Supervisory Board'. Until the enactment of the German Takeover Law, the voluntary Takeover Code of the Capital Markets Expert Commission of the German Ministry of Finance applies. This Code is accepted by the Company.In the case of repurchase of own shares according to § 71, subparagraph 1, No. 8 German Stock Corporation Act, the Company shall observe the principle of equal treatment of all shareholders.Disclosure and transparency: The point 'Disclosure and transparency' of the OECD Principles is generally covered by law for German companies through the corresponding provisions on the obligation to provide and enclose informa-tion (§§ 20 - 22, 160, 328 German Stock Corporation Act; §§ 15, 25 German Securities Trading Act; §§ 285, 325 ff German Commercial Code; §§ 35, 39 German Antitrust Act; § 24 German Banking Act). In addition, the Management Board shall regularly and with due regard to equal treatment of all shareholders ('Fair Disclosure') report on all Company matters through Annual and Interim Reports, 'ad hoc' communications, analyst and press conferences. The OECD information requirements are covered by these publicity undertakings.The Company shall adopt an accounting standard that is suitable for interna-tional comparison purposes..../3- 3 -As the Management Board and Supervisory Board of German companies have the decisive functions for Corporate Governance, the relevant points are dealt with in detail below:BoardI I.Management1.)Responsibilities and dutiesa) In the management of the Company, the Management Board is boundby Corporate interest, Company policy and the Group's guidelines aswell as the basic principles of proper management (§ 76 German StockCorporation Act).b) The Management Board develops, in consultation with the SupervisoryBoard, the strategy for the Group and is responsible for its implementa-tion.c) The Management Board is responsible for ensuring compliance withlegal provisions within the Group and to ensure their observation byGroup companies.2.)Information and disclosure requirementsa) The Management Board will publish without delay any new facts arisingin the sphere of the Company's activities which are not yet publiclyknown and, due to their impact on their financial position of the Com-pany or its general course of business, are likely to impact significantlyon the price of the Company's listed securities (§ 15 German SecuritiesTrading Act).As part of its regular communication efforts, the dates of major regularpublications (such as annual and quarterly reports, General Meetings)shall be published in a 'Financial Calendar' (at least one year) in ad-vance.The information published by the company shall also be available in the'Internet'. This is to include the invitation to General Meetings, theiragenda as well as shareholder initiatives and management commentshereto as well as voting results of such meetings. If possible, all publi-cations are provided in the English language.b) The company shall pursue the principle of equal treatment of all share-holders in the matter of information dissemination.c) The regular financial reporting (annual and quarterly reports) will betimely. The quarterly reports contain segment reporting as well as re-sults per share.d) The Management Board shall inform the Supervisory Board on a regu-lar basis, in good time and comprehensively about all relevant mattersregarding business development, risk exposure and risk managementof the company and major group subsidiaries.e) Should the business trend or risk exposure of the Group change sig-nificantly against plan, the Management Board must immediately in-f) The Management Board shall list in the Notes to the Company Ac-counts the corporations in which the Company holds a minimum of10% of the share capital. Exempt from this are participations that are ofimmaterial importance for the Company's asset, financial and profitsituation.Equally, any existing mutual shareholdings and any shareholdings inthe Company which have been notified by third parties as well as theowner(s) of such shareholdings must be reported in the Notes to theAccounts.g) As soon as the Company is notified (§ 25 German Securities TradingAct), or becomes otherwise aware that another party has obtained, ex-ceeds or no longer holds 5, 10, 25, 50 or 75% of the voting rights in theCompany, this will immediately be published by the ManagementBoard.h) In the Notes to the Company Accounts details with regard to the Man-agement Board's interest in shares of the Company (including any ex-isting option rights) and their changes in relation to the previous yearhave to be published.3.)Remunerationa) The remuneration of the Management Board and the Executive Staffshall include sufficient motivation to ensure long-term corporate valuecreation. This includes share option programmes and performance-re-lated incentives related to the share price development and the con-tinuing success of the company. In connection with the granting ofshare options and similar rights to members of the Management Boardand the executive staff the following points shall be observed:The initial exercise of the rights arising from share option programmesshall not be possible before two years since the grant. To document theincentive character as well as to balance the surrender of the subscrip-tion right by the shareholders, the exercise shall depend on achievingor exceeding relevant and transparent benchmarks (e.g. the develop-ment of an industry index).The structure, total amount, exercise prices and exercise periods aswell as the allocations of share options and similar rights in the report-ing period shall be published in the Notes to the Company Accounts,separately by members of the Management Board and Executive Staff.To ensure compliance with insider laws, suitable precautions likeclosed periods of time are implemented.b) The fixed and variable remuneration elements of the ManagementBoard shall be detailed in the Annual Report.4.)Rules governing conflicts of interest and own-account transactionsa) In the running of the management of the company, the ManagementBoard members must not pursue any own interest that could be in con-flict with the interest of the Company.b) Members of the Management Board must disclose to the SupervisoryBoard material personal interests in transactions of the Company and Group companies as well as other conflicts of interest. They must also inform their Management Board colleagues.c) All transactions between the Company or any Group company andManagement Board members as well as associated persons or com-panies must comply with normal industry standards. The transactions and the terms and conditions thereof must be approved in advance by the Supervisory Board. They may not run counter to the interests of the Company or any Group company. The granting of loans to Manage-ment Board members must be approved by the Supervisory Board with advance notice to the Management Board. In all such transactions, the Company shall be represented by the Supervisory Board.d) Management Board members and senior Group executives may notexploit business opportunities available to the Company or Group com-panies for themselves or for the benefit of associated persons or com-panies.e) Management Board members and senior Group executives are alsoprohibited from conducting transactions, conflicting with the interests of the Company or any Group company, for themselves or for associated persons. This prohibition also extends beyond their business duties.Management Board members must disclose to the whole Management Board transactions (except daily life transactions) among themselves or with Supervisory Board members or senior Group executives. The transactions require the approval of the Supervisory Board.f) Management Board members and senior Group executives are duringtheir employment subject to a comprehensive prohibition of competition (Members of the Management Board: § 88 German Stock Corporation Act).g) Any other activities of Management Board members, in particular theacceptance of Supervisory Board appointments, require the approval of the Supervisory Board. Any other activities of senior Group executives require the approval of the Management Board.h) The purchase and sale of Company shares, options or other share de-rivatives by members of the Management Board and senior Group ex-ecutives are subject to special rules. It is generally welcomed that the Management Board and senior Group executives document their iden-tification with the Company through a shareholder status.However, they should refrain from frequent transactions and counter transactions which aim to achieve very short term gains (speculative deals). Appropriate measures such as closed periods for the purchase or sale of shares should ensure the observation of the provisions of the insider laws. The Management Board shall ensure the compliance through a Compliance Officer that shall report to the Supervisory Board at least once a year.i) Management Board members and Group employees may in connec-tion with their activity neither request nor receive gifts or other advan-tages for themselves or third parties, if this could jeopardize the inter-ests of the Group or the interests of customers.I I I.Supervisory Board1.)Compositiona) The proposals for election of Supervisory Board members to the Gen-eral Meeting shall ensure that the proposed candidates have both therequired knowledge and skills as well as the relevant professional ex-perience. To ensure efficiency, regard will be given to size and compo-sition of the Supervisory Board. Board Members must make sufficienttime available to exercise their activity in a diligent manner.b) The Supervisory Board shall ensure independent advice and monitor-ing of the Management Board through a sufficient number of independ-ent persons who have no current or former business association withthe Group. This shall also be taken into consideration for the composi-tion of the Supervisory Board committees. The proposal for election tothe Supervisory Board shall not include as a matter of course the elec-tion of retiring Management Board members.c) If a member of the Supervisory Board does not participate personally inmore than half of the Board Meetings of any given fiscal year, this hasto be notified in the Annual Report.d) The remuneration of the Supervisory Board shall appropriately reflectthe responsibility, the work performed and the increase in the corporatevalue. The total remuneration shall be listed in the Notes to the Com-pany Accounts.e) The Notes to the Company Accounts shall contain details of the share-ownership (including existing option rights) of the Supervisory Boardmembers and their changes in relation to the previous year.2.)Responsibilities and dutiesa) The Supervisory Board advises the Management Board on a regularbasis regarding the management of the Company and the Group andmonitors the achievement of the long term corporate goals (monitoring:§ 111 German Stock Corporation Act). The Supervisory Board appointsthe members of the Management Board and ensures an orderly long-term succession planning (§ 84 German Stock Corporation Act).b) The Supervisory Board can subject certain transactions to its approval(§111 German Stock Corporation Act). This refers in particular to in-vestment projects, loans, the establishment of subsidiaries as well asthe acquisition or disposal of shareholdings above a certain size.c) The members are bound to confidentiality with regard to all specific in-formation and company secrets.d) The Supervisory Board issues its own Standing Rules and stipulatesthe information and reporting duties of the Management Board.e) The Supervisory Board mandates the Auditors to audit the Companyand the Group annual accounts (§111 German Stock Corporation Act).Particular regard shall be given to:•that the mandated Auditor has not achieved during the last five years with the Audit and advice of the Company (or with corpora-tions where the Company is a shareholder with more than 20%)more than 30% of his total revenue. This should also not be ex-pected for the current fiscal year,•that no auditor is employed in the Audit that has issued the audi-tors' confirmation for the Annual Accounts or Group Accounts inmore than 6 instances in the 10 years preceding the audit,•that no conflicts of interest exist for the Auditor.All members of the Supervisory Board shall receive the Audit Reportsin good time before the pertinent Supervisory Board meetings (§ 170German Stock Corporation Act). Audit related meetings shall be held inthe presence of the Auditors (§ 171 German Stock Corporation Act).f) Contracts, in particular consulting contracts of the company with mem-bers of Supervisory Board require the approval of Supervisory Board(except every day transactions).g) The Supervisory Board shall receive regularly (at least annually) a re-port by the Management Board with regard to donations exceeding anamount determined by the Supervisory Board.3.)Establishment of CommitteesThe Supervisory Board shall establish in line with its Standing Rules vari-ous committees to deal with complex business matters. With regard to the composition of such committees, the Supervisory Board shall ensure the requisite professional experience. Incorporation and duties of committees are subject to the specific circumstances and the size of the Company. The following committees could be instituted:•General Committee: The General Committee shall advise the Man-agement Board and prepare the decisions to be taken by the Super-visory Board. The General Committee deals with general policy mattersfor the Group. It discusses the strategy and planning for the Group andits business segments submitted by the Management Board on the ba-sis of different scenarios and their feasibility. The General Committeeassesses the internal state of the Group with regard to its operatingstrength, efficiency and potential to achieve the formulated targets. Itreviews the Corporate Governance Rules and their compliance on aregular basis (generally once a year).•Accounts and Audit Committee: The Accounts and Audit Committee is responsible for matters pertaining to the accounting and auditing for the Company and the Group. The Committee evaluates the Auditor's reports and reports to the Supervisory Board on its assessment of the comments in the audit report, particularly with regard to the future de-velopment of the Group. It verifies the Management Board's assump-tions on the budget figures for the Group and its business segments.Important other documents issued to shareholders shall be presented before publication to the Committee.The tasks of the Accounts and Audit Committee regularly comprise:- the preparation of the selection of the Auditor, the determination of major auditing issues, even if exceeding the legally required pointsand content of the Audit, as well as the determination of the Audi-tors' fee,- the preparation of the audit of the Annual and Group Accounts by the Supervisory Board, including the relevant business reports onthe basis of the results of the audit and additional points raised bythe Auditor,- the preparation of a report by the Management Board with regard to corporate donations exceeding an amount determined by theSupervisory Board,and, if applicable,- the discussion of partial auditing results during the year (e.g. of the internal control system),- the discussion of Interim Accounts and the results of any audits performed therefor.•Personnel Committee: The Personnel Committee deals with the per-sonnel issues of the Management Board (including its succession planning). The Personnel Committee shall recommend with regard to the content of the employment contracts of the Management Board in-cluding their remuneration. In addition, the Committee is responsible for the approval of paid for outside company work by members of the Man-agement Board. The granting of loans to members of the Management Board and the Supervisory Board shall also be dealt with by the Com-mittee.•Nomination Committee: The Nomination Committee is in charge of the composition, size and balance of the Supervisory Board and the proposals for election to the General Meeting.•Market- and Credit Risk Committee: This Committee supervises the handling of market risks and credit matters of the Group. It handles loans and other transactions requiring its approval and is informed of loans requiring its notification. For urgent matters, decisions can be delegated to nominated Committee members.- 9 -•Mediation Committee: German Stock companies that are subject to codetermination by law, are legally required to establish a MediationCommittee (§ 27 subpara 3 Co Determination Act of 1976). This Com-mittee delivers proposals for the appointment of Management Boardmembers if the required two thirds majority for the appointment or ter-mination of Management Board members has not been achieved.4.)Rules governing conflicts of interest and own-account transactionsa) The Supervisory Board members must disclose any conflicts of interestto the Chairman of the Supervisory Board or his deputy unless they re-tire for cause. In the event of conflicts of interests, the Chairman of theSupervisory Board or his deputy shall decide to whom the informationshould be forwarded and whether the member of the SupervisoryBoard in question shall participate in meetings.b) In their decisions Supervisory Board members must not pursue theirown interests or those of associated persons or companies, which arein conflict with the interests of the Company or any Group company.They may not pursue for their own benefit business available to theCompany or its Group companies. In the event of possible conflicts ofinterest, the interests of the Company and its Group companies musttake priority and the Supervisory Board members concerned must ab-stain from voting.c) All transactions between the Company, any Group company and Su-pervisory Board members as well as associated persons or companiesmust comply with normal industry standards. The transactions (except:daily life transactions) and their terms must be approved in advance bythe Supervisory Board. They may not run counter to the interests of theCompany or any Group company.d) The granting of loans to Supervisory Board members by the Companyor Group companies require the agreement of the Management Boardand the Supervisory Board.e) Supervisory Board members may, in conjunction with their activity,neither request nor receive gifts or other advantages for themselves orthird parties, if this could jeopardize the interests of the Group or cus-tomers.Frankfurt, January 2000。
德意志银行的公司治理结构是怎样的?

德意志银行的公司治理结构是怎样的?德意志银行是德国最大的商业银行之一,其公司治理结构在金融行业中备受瞩目。
作为一家领先的全球金融机构,德意志银行注重确保透明度和责任,其公司治理结构体系严密、层次分明。
以下是德意志银行公司治理结构的三个核心要点:1. 董事会和监事会的角色董事会是德意志银行最高决策机构,负责制定公司战略、审议财务报告以及重大决策。
董事会由多个高级管理人员组成,他们负责确保公司的长期可持续发展,并代表股东利益。
监事会则负责监督董事会成员的行为,确保公司管理层的合法合规运营。
监事会由股东代表和员工代表组成,以实现利益相关者的广泛参与和平衡。
2. 高级管理层责任德意志银行的公司治理结构强调高级管理层的责任和透明度。
高级管理层成员经过严格的选拔和培训,负责监督银行日常运营并决策关键事项。
他们必须遵守金融监管法规,确保公司按照合适的法律和道德标准运作。
高级管理层成员还有责任向股东和利益相关者提供透明度,及时通报公司的财务状况和业务动态,以维护公司形象和声誉。
3. 内部控制和风险管理德意志银行重视内部控制和风险管理,以确保公司的稳健运营和持续增长。
内部控制机制是一套指导原则和操作规程,旨在确保公司的财务报告准确可靠,并防止欺诈和损失的发生。
风险管理部门负责评估和管理公司面临的各类风险,通过制定风险管理策略和应对计划,降低风险对公司的影响。
德意志银行还注重建立独立的审计和合规机构,确保内部控制和风险管理的有效性和透明度。
4. 股东参与和信息披露为了增强股东的参与和监督权益,德意志银行致力于提供充分的信息披露和沟通渠道。
股东拥有权利参加公司重要决策的股东大会,并对一些重要事项进行投票表决。
德意志银行定期发布财务报告、年度报告和可持续发展报告,以向股东和利益相关方提供相关信息和数据。
此外,德意志银行还积极与股东和利益相关者进行对话和交流,以确保透明度和有效沟通。
德意志银行的公司治理结构始终以透明度、责任和合规为核心原则。
德国的公司治理结构研究报告

【文献号】3-1014【原文出处】财贸经济【原刊地名】京【原刊期号】200204【原刊页号】70~75【分类号】F31【分类名】工业企业管理【复印期号】200206【标题】德国的公司治理结构【作者】瞿强/普瑞格【作者简介】瞿强,普瑞格,中国人民大学 100872 德国汉堡大学普瑞格(Stephen Prigge)为德国汉堡大学货币与资本市场研究所研究员,博士;瞿强为中国人民大学财金学院金融系副教授,博士。
汉堡大学货币与资本市场研究所所长H.Schmidt教授在本文写作过程中给予很多帮助,德国学术交流基金提供了研究资助,作者对此深表感。
本文是我们共同研究项目“不同金融体制下公司治理结构”的一个案例分析。
【容提要】公司治理结构是金融体系的一个重要容。
德国的公司治理结构与英美模式相比具有显著的差异,从而为国际比较提供了有益的参照。
本文在介绍德国公司法律结构的基础上,分析其特殊的双层委员会治理结构和股权结构,并考察银行和资本市场在德国公司治理中的作用。
【摘要题】海外视野【关键词】德国/公司治理【正文】一、引言公司治理结构是一个新兴的研究领域,“Corporate Governance”这个英文词汇也是最近二十几年才出现的。
该领域的研究边界迄今还缺乏明确的界定,例如美国的学者与德国的学者在此问题上的看法不尽相同,前者主要集中讨论企业中的委托—代理关系,而后者则从更广泛的意义上讨论企业利益相关者对企业管理的影响。
这种差异反映了两种金融体制的区别。
通常,德国的公司治理结构与英美的公司治理结构被描绘成两种对立的模式。
英美模式是建立在资本市场主导的金融体制上,投资者“用脚投票”和随时可能出现的敌意收购是主要的企业控制机制,使得公司管理者需要随时保持警惕,但同时也不利于他们进行长期决策;相反,德国模式建立在银行主导的金融体制之上,不依赖资本市场和外部投资者,以银行为主的金融机构在公司治理结构中发挥重要作用,不但提供融资,而且控制公司的监事会,凭借部信息优势,发挥实际的控制作用,这种体制据说有利于企业尤其是大型企业的长期发展。
德国两层董事会制度定义

德国两层董事会制度定义【原创实用版4篇】目录(篇1)1.德国两层董事会制度的定义2.德国两层董事会制度的特点3.德国两层董事会制度的运作方式4.德国两层董事会制度的优势与不足5.德国两层董事会制度的启示正文(篇1)德国两层董事会制度是一种在德国公司中广泛采用的公司治理结构。
其主要特点是公司设有两个董事会,分别是执行董事会和监督董事会,两个董事会各自负责不同的职能,共同维护公司的正常运营。
德国两层董事会制度的特点主要体现在其组织结构和职能分配上。
执行董事会,也称为管理董事会,主要负责公司的日常经营管理,包括制定和实施公司战略、管理公司资产等。
而监督董事会,也称为监督委员会或审计委员会,主要负责对公司的财务状况、内部控制等进行监督,以保证公司的合法合规运营。
德国两层董事会制度的运作方式是,执行董事会由公司的高级管理人员组成,他们负责公司的日常运营,并定期向监督董事会报告工作。
监督董事会由公司的股东代表和独立董事组成,他们对执行董事会的工作进行监督,并定期对公司的财务报表进行审计。
德国两层董事会制度的优势主要体现在其能够有效地维护公司的正常运营,防止公司出现重大风险。
同时,这种制度也有助于保护小股东的利益,防止大股东滥用权力。
然而,这种制度也存在一些不足,例如,监督董事会的独立性可能会受到执行董事会的影响,导致监督效果不佳。
从德国两层董事会制度中,我们可以看到,一个合理的公司治理结构对于公司的正常运营和健康发展至关重要。
目录(篇2)1.德国两层董事会制度的定义2.德国两层董事会制度的特点3.德国两层董事会制度的运作方式4.德国两层董事会制度的优势与不足5.德国两层董事会制度的启示正文(篇2)德国两层董事会制度是一种在德国公司中广泛采用的公司治理结构。
它主要由两个部分组成:执行董事会和监事会。
下面我们将详细介绍德国两层董事会制度的定义、特点、运作方式以及优势与不足,最后探讨对我国的启示。
德国两层董事会制度的定义是指公司设立两个董事会,分别负责公司的执行和监督职能。
德国公司治理准则

德国公司治理准则公司治理是保障股东权益、促进公司健康发展的重要机制。
不同的国家有不同的公司治理制度,德国公司治理制度具有独特性。
德国公司治理制度的基础是股份公司法,同时还有股东会、董事会、监事会、财务审计等机构。
德国公司治理准则是对股份公司法中的公司治理机制进行规范和完善,于2002年首次发布。
德国公司治理准则的宗旨是促进公司治理的透明度、有效性和责任性,保障股东的利益,并强制要求各公司必须遵守。
该准则主要起到以下几方面的作用:一、优化公司治理结构德国公司治理准则鼓励公司建立有效的公司治理结构,包括股东会、董事会、监事会等机构。
其中,监事会的作用相对于其他国家更加重要,因为它负责监督董事会的工作,并对公司财务状况进行审计。
二、增强透明度和信息披露德国公司治理准则强调公司应当加强信息披露,向投资者提供详细的财务和非财务信息,以增强股东对公司的监督和掌握程度。
其中,公开透明的财务报告是信息披露的核心,因此公司必须确保财务报告的真实性和准确性。
三、推广公司社会责任德国公司治理准则推广公司社会责任,要求公司在经济、社会、环境等方面积极履行社会责任,并发布社会责任报告。
此外,准则要求公司尊重员工权益,确保他们的福利和安全。
四、加强董事会管理德国公司治理准则对董事会的管理给予了更多的关注,包括对董事会成员的选择、任期和报酬等方面的规定。
同时,准则还要求董事会加强对公司战略和业务管理的监督,确保公司长期稳定发展。
五、规范外部监管德国公司治理准则还要求股票市场等外部监管机构加强公司监管,确保公司与股东之间的权益关系合理、公正、透明。
同时,准则也要求证券交易所等机构加强监管,防止公司财务舞弊等违法行为。
总之,德国公司治理准则在促进公司治理透明度、有效性和责任性等方面起到了重要作用。
借鉴德国公司治理制度,可以优化我国的公司治理结构,提高信息披露和社会责任意识,加强董事会管理和外部监管,为公司健康发展提供有力保障。
德日公司治理模式

德日公司治理模式德国和日本是两个在世界经济中占重要地位的国家,它们在公司治理方面都有自己独特的模式。
德国采用的是一种以利益相关者参与为核心的公司治理模式,而日本则是以长期稳定为基础的关系密切的公司治理模式。
德国公司治理模式注重多方共同参与。
在德国,公司董事会由管理委员会和监督委员会两部分组成。
管理委员会负责公司的日常运营和战略制定,由公司高管和工会代表组成。
监督委员会则负责监督管理委员会的行为,由股东代表和员工代表组成。
这种分权的公司治理结构旨在平衡各利益相关方的权益,防止董事会滥用权力。
德国公司治理模式的特点之一是员工参与。
德国公司法要求所有上市公司设立员工代表。
员工代表有权参与公司决策,并在监事会中占有席位。
这种员工参与制度旨在保护员工权益,确保员工在公司决策中拥有话语权。
此外,德国公司还实行了股权分散化制度,以防止单一股东过度掌控公司运营。
另一方面,日本公司治理模式注重于长期稳定和关系密切。
在日本,公司董事会一般由内部董事和外部董事组成。
内部董事通常是公司高管或员工代表,而外部董事则是独立于公司的专业人士。
这种董事会结构旨在平衡内外董事的利益,同时确保公司高层管理层与公司的利益保持一致。
虽然德国和日本的公司治理模式在一些方面存在差异,但它们的共同点是都注重利益相关者的参与和平衡。
德国的公司治理模式强调员工参与和股权分散化,旨在保护各利益相关方的权益。
而日本的公司治理模式则注重长期稳定和关系密切,通过跨部门决策和团队合作来实现。
总的来说,德国和日本的公司治理模式都具有各自的特点和优势。
德国的利益相关者参与模式可以确保各利益相关方的权益得到平衡,而日本的关系密切模式可以确保公司长期稳定发展。
这两种公司治理模式在不同的国家和环境中都能发挥重要作用,同时也可以为其他国家提供有益的借鉴。
德国公司治理准则

德国公司治理准则
德国公司治理准则是由德国公司治理委员会制定的一系列指导
原则,以提高公司治理的透明度、公正性和有效性。
这些准则包括以下要点:
1. 公司治理结构应该建立在股东权利和利益保护的基础上,以
确保公司管理层和董事会的公正性和透明度。
2. 公司应该建立一个有效的内部控制和风险管理系统,以确保
公司业务的合规性和稳定性。
同时,公司应该完善信息披露机制,及时公布重要信息。
3. 公司应该建立一个有效的董事会,以确保公司管理层的决策
和行动符合股东和公司利益。
董事会应该由多个独立的董事组成,他们的任期应该有一定的限制。
4. 公司应该建立一个有效的薪酬制度,以激励管理层和员工的
表现,并与公司业绩相匹配。
5. 公司应该建立一个有效的股东参与机制,以便股东能够行使
他们的权利和履行他们的职责。
公司应该定期与股东进行沟通和交流,并尊重股东的意见和建议。
德国公司治理准则是一份非常全面的指导文件,为德国公司的管理和运营提供了重要的指导意见。
通过遵循这些准则,德国公司可以提高其治理水平和商业信誉度,为投资者和股东创造更大的价值。
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德国的公司治理结构作者:普瑞格(德)瞿强类别:公司财务摘要:公司治理结构是金融体系的一个重要内容。
德国的公司治理结构与英美模式相比具有显著的差异,从而为国际比较提供了有益的参照。
本文在介绍德国公司法律结构的基础上,分析其特殊的双层委员会治理结构和股权结构,并考察银行和资本市场在德国公司治理中的作用。
一、引言公司治理结构是一个新兴的研究领域,在英文中“Corporate Governance”这个词本身也是最近二十几年才出现的。
该领域的研究边界迄今还缺乏明确的界定,例如美国的学者与德国的学者在此问题上的看法不尽相同,前者主要集中讨论企业中的委托-代理关系,而后者则从更广泛的意义上讨论企业利益相关者(stakeholders)对企业管理的影响。
[2]这种差异反映了两种金融体制的区别,探讨这种差异无疑具有较大的理论与现实意义。
通常,德国的公司治理结构与英美的公司治理结构被描绘成两种对立的模式。
英美模式是建立在资本市场主导的金融体制上(market-based system),投资者“用脚投票”和随时可能出现的敌意收购是主要的企业控制机制,使得公司管理者需要随时保持警惕,但同时也不利于他们进行长期决策;相反,德国模式建立在银行主导的金融体制之上(bank-based system),不依赖资本市场和外部投资者,以银行为主的金融机构在公司治理结构中发挥重要作用,不但提供融资,而且控制公司的监事会,凭借内部信息优势,发挥实际的控制作用,这种体制据说有利于企业尤其是大型企业的长期发展。
当然,这些看法不是没有争论的。
公司治理结构起初主要是从法律角度来研究的,随着研究的深入,目前越来越多地与公司财务的研究相结合,因为公司的管理制度框架必然会影响其投融资决策和外部资金供应者的收益。
中国是一个处于转轨时期的发展中国家,公司治理结构的研究对于企业改革,尤其是国有企业的改革具有重要意义。
中国的金融体制目前可以看作是类似德国的“银行主导”的体制,但是从发展的角度看,资本市场的重要性日益增加,呈现出向英美“市场主导”的金融体制过渡的迹象。
迄今的研究借鉴主要来自资本市场高度发达的美国模式[3]。
本文认为从另一个角度,即以银行为主的金融体制下的公司治理结构,也应有其参考价值。
本文首先介绍德国公司的法律形式,然后分析德国上市公司的管理结构和股权结构,最后分析银行和资本市场在德国公司治理结构中的作用。
二、德国公司的法律结构如前所述,美国模式的公司治理讨论集中在保证管理者行为符合所有者利益,但是这种情形只出现在所有者与管理者分离的情况下,因此这种讨论只适用于有限公司,尤其是上市的有限公司。
从法律的角度看,德国的公司主要有两种类型:独资(Einzelfirma)和公司(Gesellschaft)。
后者从广义上可以分为有限责任公司和合伙公司,这两者又可以进一步细分。
有限责任公司主要有两种类型,公共公司(Aktiengesellschaft, AG)和私人公司(Gesellschaft mit beschrnkterHaftung, GmbH);合伙公司主要也有两种类型,一般合伙公司(Offene Handelsgesellschaft, OHG)和有限合伙公司(Kommanditgesellschaft, KG)。
需要指出的是,法律形式与公司的规模没有直接关系,既有大规模的GmbH,也有小规模的AG。
如果我们单纯从委托-代理的角度考察公司治理结构,那么注意力自然要集中在所以权与管理权分离的情形,因此,有限公司、尤其是上市的有限公司(AGs)是分析的重点,因为其他类型的企业组织中,所有权与管理权较为一致。
但是,由于德国的AGs主要是大型企业,这种分析可能导致误判。
1996年德国共有3900家AGs,占企业总产出的20%左右。
图表一简要总结了德国各种类型公司的相对比重。
从中可以看出,居于主要地位的是AGs, GmbH和KG。
AGs尽管重要,但并非处于支配地位。
以下,我们为简便起见,以AGs 为代表来展开分析。
AG的法律结构:AG的权力机构有三个,即管理委员会(management board),监事会(supervisory board)和股东大会(the general meeting)。
三者的职权可以简单列表如下:图标二:德国上市公司的权力结构:H.Shmidt.et.al (1997.p.75)三、德国公司的管理结构与股权结构(一)双层委员会结构(two-tier board system):德国公司法中一个特殊之处是管理委员会与监事会分离,这种双层委员会结构的起源可以追溯到19世纪70年代。
这种法律结构适用于股份公司和大的有限责任公司[4]。
管委会由内部高级管理层构成,负责公司日常经验管理,监事会由外部人士构成,主要任务是任命、监督管委会。
两个委员会的委员不能交叉任职。
(1)监事会任务:监事会的任务主要是管理委员会的任命和解雇,以及对管委会的监督,一般不介入公司的日常经营活动,但是根据公司的章程,一些重大的决策需要经过监事会的批准。
例如公司长期发展战略,重大融资项目,以及对管委会业绩的评估等。
监事会主席是监事会的核心,他在监事会中拥有决定性投票权(tie-breaking vote)。
监事会主席与管理委员会主席及其成员,以及外部审计单位联系密切,因而相对于其他成员具有信息优势,也有实际的影响力。
规模:根据德国的公司法,公司理事会的人数依公司规模而定,最少3人,最多21人,平均10-13人左右。
一个人可以在多家公司的监事会中占有席位(不能超过10家),平均为2-3家。
任命与收入:监事会的任命由股东大会做出,管委会对监事会形成的影响视公司的法律形式以及公司的股权结构而定。
任期通常为4-5年。
监事的报酬由股东大会决定,通常相当低。
资料显示,43%的监事会中包括一名原管理委员会的成员,其他有:其他公司退休的管理人员(13%),投资者或股东(61%),商业银行(70%),政府官员(13%),企业代表(96%)。
[5]监事会成员的背景大致如下:非金融性公司(27.4%),银行与保险公司(9.7%),政治家与公务员(4.3%),其他股东代表(9.9%),外部工会成员(13.5%),其他劳动者代表(35.2%)。
[6]仔细分析一下新成员的提名过程,可以加深我们对监事会的了解。
在这方面缺乏可靠的资料,但是人们普遍的映像是监事会与管委会之间过于密切的联系对监事会的集中权力行使有负面影响。
这种联系反映在CEOs和监事会的主席对监事会新委员的挑选上,以及一个习惯性做法,即退休的CEO进入监事会,而且通常担任监事会的主席。
私人关系是使得人们怀疑监事会成员是否愿意代替股东进行监督的另一种情况。
各个公司之间的私人联系在德国非常普遍。
同一个人可以在多家公司的监事会或管委会中任职。
个人联系集中反映在股东代表权上,在各种组织中尤其突出的是银行和保险公司。
根据德国公司法的要求,监事会每季度应该、或者每半年必须召开一次会议。
会议议程是监事会行使权力的重要工具,但是在很多公司中,监事会的议程和会议文件是由管理委员会准备的,因此后者可以借此影响监事会的工作。
关于监事会的激励机制,一个基本的问题是它代表谁的利益。
与管理委员会成员不同,几乎所有的监事会成员都认为他们是代表股东监督管理委员会。
监事的报酬从3,000DM到107,300DM不等,年均34,000DM。
至于监事报酬与公司业绩之间的关系,缺乏可靠的统计资料,有研究认为两者具有较弱的正相关关系(Schmidt, 1997, p.67,74)。
监事持有的股权或许是对其监督功能的一个补充,但是这一方面同样缺乏可靠的数据资料。
(2)管理委员会:管委会的任命、报酬由监事会决定,任期通常为5年,可以连任。
德国公司法第76条规定,管理委员会“有权管理公司”,这有两个方面的含义,第一,管委会负责公司的日常经营管理;第二,可以,而且应当考虑其他“利益相关者”(stakeholders)的利益,例如雇员、企业贷款者、以及一般公众的利益。
[7]管委会的规模通常为4-7人,年薪大约为730,000,上下波动幅度较大。
与美国相相比,管理人员的报酬较低。
奖励与业绩有关,股票期权的方式近年来刚刚出现,重要性尚不大。
Te Wildt研究发现(Te Wildt,1996),德国公司管理层变动的频率与经营业绩有关,尽管与美国不同的是,德国的公司管理者更关心员工的利益,但是与通常的认识不同,这种相关性与美国所谓以市场为主的体制下,管理者变动率与业绩之间的相关性,基本相同。
(二)德国公司的股权结构:从企业控制所角度看,考察德国国内AGs的所有者结构比较关键。
在选择数据时应当小心,因为存在着很多看似相同,实则差别很大的数据。
下面一组数据显示了德国国内上市公司的股权结构及其长期变化趋势。
资料来源:Deutsche BundesBank (1996.P32 ;1997 ,P32)从以上数据可以看出,德国上市公司股权结构中,个人持股的比重传统上一直较小,而以银行为代表的金融机构持股比重(1996年占20.9%)和非金融公司交叉持股比重(1996年占37.4%)很大。
因此,为了考察德国公司的控制机制,我们需要分析非金融企业相互之间,以及金融机构内部的相互关系。
在考察德国企业部门所相互联系时,康采恩(Konzerne,企业集团)是一个重要的问题。
由于其形式多样,康采恩缺乏官方统计,但是我们集中考察上市的AGs 时发现,96.6%(数量)和98.83%(资本)属于康采恩的一部分。
从国际比较的角度看,德国企业的一个突出的特点是企业部门内部的这种等级式的联系。
就金融部门而言,1994年,德国前100家大公司中,Allianz(20), Deutsch Bank(11), Dresdner Bank(14)分别是最大的股东。
在股票总市值中,Allianz和Deutsch Bank分别占4.87%和3.43%。
大的金融机构在德国的银行与企业的关系网络中,通过资本纽带,居于核心地位。
(Prigge, 1997, p.971)。
从企业控制的角度看,公司股权的集中程度具有重要的意义。
[8]所有者持有的股份规模大小与企业的控制权有很大关系。
从国际比较来看,德国上市公司的股权集中程度非常高,在中小企业中尤其如此。
1990年德国所有AGs中,大股东持股比例超过25%的公司高达85%,而这一比例在法国和英国分别为79%和16%(Nibler, 1995, p.5)。
资料来源:Dietl(1998.P124)此外,由于普遍存在的相互持股,公司的直接所有者不等于最终所有者,这使得对德国股权结构的分析异常复杂。
尽管在德国实行的基本上也是“一股一票”的原则,但是一些因素使得股权结构与投票权结构并不完全一致。