中国政法大学在职硕士校考英语试题DA

英语试题公共英语部分Put the following passage into Chinese:1、Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning. Educators find that older toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, whereas their younger counterparts are more likely to fail. Kindergarten children who turn five during the latter half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it comes to physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to receive better grades and score higher on achievement tests throughout their schooling experience than do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the same thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today’s children with inner maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters whose parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have more anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academic advantage over their less-pressured peers.对早期教育的批评引用了关于4岁儿童是否应准备接受正规教育的研究报告。

教育工作者发现，年龄较大的幼儿更容易在他们的学业中取得成功，而年龄较小的幼儿更容易失败。

幼儿园的孩子在快到五岁时面临的生理、心理、社交和智力发展，似乎并不顺利。

此外，快到六岁的孩子上幼儿园时往往会获得更好的成绩，并在学业上比那些刚满五岁上幼儿园的孩子成绩更好。

天资聪慧、拥有语言表达技能与准备好上学并不一样。

人们很容易将如今大多数内心成熟儿童的表面上自信与精明混淆。

事实上，有证据表明，过早教育会适得其反：那些由被父母要求在幼儿园进行应试教育学习的儿童缺乏创造力，对考试更加焦虑，并在幼儿园结束时，与那些未被要求进行应试教育学习的儿童相比，并不能在学习上保持其最初的优势。

Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formaleducational setting. They question whether environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non disadvantaged home. They do not deny, however, the value of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children considerable freedom to play, develop at their own pace, and evolve their social skills. But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now expected of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds. These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too hard and thereby depriving them of their childhood.许多心理学家和教育工作者对4岁儿童接受正规教育仍持怀疑态度。

他们质疑丰富环境是否能显著地改变贫穷家庭孩子的成长时间表。

但并不否认托儿所、幼儿园的舒适环境、让孩子自由玩耍、自由成长、提升社交能力的种种好处。

但他们指出，过去孩子在小学一年级学习的知识现已在幼儿园进行学习，他们担心越来越多的孩子被要求在4岁开始学习。

这些心理学家和教育工作者认为，家长望子成龙心切，从而剥夺了孩子们的童年。

2、In country after country, talk of nonsmokers’ right is in the air. While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking. Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or less stabilized. However, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress—and is even encouraged. As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in those countries. For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa—where U.S. tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.Smoking is harmful to the health of people. World governments should conduct serious campaignsagainst it. Restrictions on cigarette advertisement, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theaters, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking. But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. And cigarette price should be boosted.In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.不吸烟者的权利问题，正在一个又一个国家里开始议论。

至今多数国家很少或还没有采取措施，有三十个左右的国家已经采取法律程序控制吸烟。

另一些国家则已制订旨在为不吸烟者净化空气或消减纸烟消费量的多种法律。

在某些发达国家中。

纸烟的消费量已渐趋稳定。

然而在许多发展中国家里，吸烟却被视为经济发展的一种标志——甚至受到鼓励。

随着更多的烟草公司走上国际化的道路，它们在这些国家中寻找新的市场，争取更多的吸烟者。