兰德公司
浅析兰德公司中美军事关系问题研究——以《中国研究系列报告摘选(1999—2019)》为例
浅析兰德公司中美军事关系问题研究——以《中国研究系列报告摘选(1999—2019)》为例浅析兰德公司中美军事关系问题研究——以《中国研究系列报告摘选(1999—2019)》为例近年来，随着中国的经济和军力的快速发展，中美之间的军事关系备受全球关注。
作为一家全球知名的独立非营利研究机构，兰德公司一直以来在研究中美军事关系问题上发挥了重要的作用。
本文将对兰德公司对中美军事关系问题的研究进行浅析，并以他们的《中国研究系列报告摘选(1999—2019)》为例，介绍其中的重要观点和研究成果。
首先，兰德公司一直致力于研究中美军事关系的动态变化和危机因素。
在《中国研究系列报告摘选》中，他们详细分析了两国之间的军事发展趋势和应对策略。
兰德公司认为，中美之间的军事关系日益复杂，既存在合作与竞争，又存在战略信任的不足。
他们指出，在军事技术、海洋权益、地区安全等问题上，中美之间需要更多的交流与对话，以减少潜在的冲突和危机。
其次，兰德公司着重研究了中国的军事现代化进程对中美军事关系的影响。
他们在报告中指出，中国的军事现代化对中美之间的军事平衡产生了深远的影响。
兰德公司认为，中国不仅在陆军领域进行了大规模的军队改革和现代化建设，还加强了海军和空军力量的发展。
这种军事实力的增强使得中美之间的力量对比趋向平衡，从而为双方提供了更有利的谈判态势，但也增加了军事冲突的潜在风险。
此外，兰德公司的研究还关注了两国军事战略和态势的演变。
他们认为，中美之间的军事关系受到地缘政治因素和海洋安全问题的双重影响。
他们在报告中分析了中国在南海、东海等地区的军事行动和战略部署，并就此提出了一系列观点和政策建议。
兰德公司认为，中美双方应加强沟通，增加战略互信，通过对话解决争端，共同维护地区的和平稳定。
最后，兰德公司的研究还涉及到中美之间的军事交流与合作。
他们通过对近年来两国军事交流的分析，指出了中美军事交流的积极意义和潜力。
兰德公司认为，通过军事交流与合作，可以增加双方的相互了解，减少误判和提升战略互信。
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美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档3篇
美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档3篇The evaluation document of American Rand Company t o Chinese people编订：JinTai College美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档3篇小泰温馨提示：自我评价是自我意识的一种形式，是主体对自己思想、愿望、行为和个性特点的判断和评价。
本文档根据自我评价内容要求展开说明，具有实践指导意义，便于学习和使用，本文下载后内容可随意修改调整及打印。
本文简要目录如下：【下载该文档后使用Word打开，按住键盘Ctrl键且鼠标单击目录内容即可跳转到对应篇章】1、篇章1：美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档2、篇章2：美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档3、篇章3：美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档美国兰德公司作为世界第一智库，那么他们对中国人的评价是怎么样的呢?下面是小泰为大家带来范文，相信对你会有帮助的。
篇章1:美国兰德公司对中国人的评价文档1.中国人缺乏诚信和社会责任感。
中国人不了解他们作为社会个体应该对国家和社会所承担的责任和义务。
普通中国人通常只关心他们的家庭和亲属，中国的文化是建立在家族血缘关系上而不是建立在一个理性的社会基础之上的。
中国人只在乎他们直系亲属的福祉，对与自己毫不相关的人所遭受的苦难则视而不见。
毫无疑问，这种以血缘关系为基础的道德观势必导致自私、冷酷，这种自私和冷酷已经成为阻碍中国社会向前发展的最关键因素。
2.中国从来就没有成为一个法制社会，因为中国人的思维方式与守法行为格格不入。
中国人老想走快捷方式。
他们不明白这样一个事实：即成就来自于努力工作和牺牲。
中国人倾向于索取而不是给予。
他们需要明白一个道理：生活的真谛不在于你索取多少而在于你能给予社会和你的人类同胞多少。
3.大多数中国人从来就没有学到过什么是体面和尊敬的生活。
中国人普遍不懂得如何为了个人和社会的福祉去进行富有成效的生活。
潜意识里，中国人视他们的生活目的就是抬高自己从而获得别人的认知。
美国兰德公司近况
美国兰德公司近况
卫飒英
【期刊名称】《中国科技论坛》
【年(卷),期】1985(000)001
【摘要】<正> 美国兰德公司是一个有国际声誉的智囊机构。
兰德公司自1948年成立以来的三十多年中,发表了大量研究成果,引起世界各国的重视。
兰德公司是一个非营利的公司,它的宗旨是促进和发展美国的科学、教育、公共福利事业以及国家安全事务。
兰德公司拥有一套著名的系统分析方法,?
【总页数】1页(P21-21)
【作者】卫飒英
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G32
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美国知名智库兰德公司专家群体画像
*本文系2019年度国家社科基金项目“美国著名智库网络影响力研究及其启示研究”（项目编号：19BTQ067）阶段性研究成果。
摘要文章提出智库专家群体画像概念，以兰德公司智库专家为研究对象，从基本属性、研究成果、研究合作等3个维度构建专家群体画像，通过统计分析以及社会网络分析方法揭示专家群体特征；针对TextRank 存在关键词权重分配问题的局限，以及未对语句前后词有可能存在的关联进行分析的缺点，引入Self-Attention 机制来计算关键词的权重，将其赋予TextRank ，以解决TextRank 未进行语句前后关联的问题；使用改进的TextRank 算法分析专家群体研究成果特征，客观描述专家群体信息。
研究发现：改进的TextRank 算法使分析更具准确性，更能反映出智库专家的科研方向；从基本属性看，兰德公司专家男女比例比较均衡，大多具有高学历与多学科教育背景；从任职经历看，兰德公司汇聚政府、高校、企业、媒体等各界人士，来自50个国家；从研究成果特征看，专家的研究成果重心在卫生医疗、教育领域，重视全球共同面对的现实性问题；从研究合作特征看，研究合作具有跨领域、跨学科、跨机构特点。
关键词美国智库用户画像群体特征引用本文格式刘曼，陈媛媛，朱金箫.美国知名智库兰德公司专家群体画像[J].图书馆论坛，2023，43（11）：138-148.Expert Group Profile for the Famous American Think Tank of RAND CorporationLIU Man ，CHEN Yuanyuan &ZHU JinxiaoAbstract Based on the concept proposed for the group portrait of think tank experts ，this article examines the experts at the RAND think tank ，and develops a group profile for them ，focusing on basic attributes ，study outcomes ，and research collaboration.It demonstrates the characteristics of the expert group using the statistical analysis and social network analysis methods ；in response to the limitations of TextRank in assigning keyword weights and the problem of not analyzing the possible association of previous and later words in a sentence ，it introduces the Self-Attention mechanism to calculate the weights of keywords and assign them to TextRank ，thus addressing the problem mentioned above ；it uses the improved TextRank algorithm to analyze the characteristics of the studies on expert groups and gives an objective description of the expert groups.The results suggest that ：the improved TextRank algorithm provides a more accurate analysis of the features of the studies on expert community and better reflects the scientific direction of the think tank experts ；in terms of basic attributes ，the ratio of male to female experts is relatively balanced ，and most of them have advanced degrees and multidisciplinary educational backgrounds ；in terms of work experience ，RAND experts come from government ，academia ，business ，media and other sectors in 50countries ；in terms of research outcomes ，the experts ’studies focus on health care and education ，with an emphasis on the collective realities at the global level ；in terms of research partnership ，their studies are characterized by cross-disciplinary and cross-institutional collaboration.Keywords American think tanks ；user profile ；group characteristic美国知名智库兰德公司专家群体画像*刘曼，陈媛媛，朱金箫138◎2023年第11期◎0引言2015年中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发的《关于加强中国特色新型智库建设的意见》[1]指出，智库在国家治理中发挥着越来越重要的作用，日益成为国家治理体系中不可或缺的组成部分，是国家治理能力的重要体现。
兰德公司评价中国与全球化
TESTIMONYChina and GlobalizationWILLIAM H. OVERHOLTCT-244May 2005Testimony presented to the U.S.-China Economic and Security ReviewCommission on May 19, 2005This product is part of the RANDCorporation testimony series.RAND testimonies record testimonypresented by RAND associates tofederal, state, or local legislativecommittees; government-appointedcommissions and panels; and privatereview and oversight bodies. TheRAND Corporation is a nonprofitresearch organization providingobjective analysis and effectivesolutions that address the challengesfacing the public and private sectorsaround the world. RAND’s publicationsdo not necessarily reflect the opinionsof its research clients and sponsors.is a registered trademark.Published 2005 by the RAND Corporation1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516RAND URL: /To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002;Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@Statement of William H. Overholt1Asia Policy ChairDirector, Center for Asia Pacific PolicyThe RAND CorporationBefore the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review CommissionMay 19, 2005SummaryChina has transformed itself from the world’s greatest opponent of globalization, and greatest disrupter of the global institutions we created, into a committed member of those institutions and advocate of globalization. It is now a far more open economy than Japan and it is globalizing its institutions to a degree not seen in a big country since Meiji Japan. Adoption of the rule of law, of commitment to competition, of widespread use of English, of foreign education, and of many foreign laws and institutions are not just updating Chinese institutions but transforming Chinese civilization.All of China’s economic successes are associated with liberalization and globalization, and each aspect of globalization has brought China further successes. Never in world history have so many workers improved their standards of living so rapidly. Thus popular support for globalization is greater than in Japan, where postwar recovery occurred in a highly managed economy, or with the former Soviet Union, where shock therapy traumatized society. In consequence, China has effectively become an ally of U.S. and Southeast Asian promotion of freer trade and investment than is acceptable to Japan, India and Brazil.____________1 The opinions and conclusions expressed in this testimony are the author’s alone and should not be interpreted as representing those of RAND or any of the sponsors of its research. This product is part of the RAND Corporation testimony series. RAND testimonies record testimony presented by RAND associates to federal, state, or local legislative committees; government-appointed commissions and panels; and private review and oversight bodies. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.Nonetheless, rapid Chinese globalization has required stressful adjustments. State enterprise employment has declined by 44 million. China has lost 25 million manufacturing jobs. 125 car companies are expected to consolidate rapidly into 3 to 6.China’s globalization successes are profoundly influencing its neighbors. India has learned from China the advantages of a more open economy. Asians schooled in antipathy to foreign investment and Latin Americans with protectionist traditions are going to have to be more open to foreign investment and less dependent on loans in order to compete with China. This will transform third world strategies of development and create broader global opportunities for our companies.Contrary to early fears, China’s rise has stimulated neighbors’ trade and foreign investment rather than depriving them. Indeed China’s recent growth spurt revived Japan’s economy and saved key neighbors from recession, possibly averting a dangerous global downturn.Chinese growth has brought American companies new markets. The flow of profits from China to the U.S. is as disproportionate as the flow of goods. Inexpensive products have substantially improved the living standards of poorer Americans. Inexpensive Chinese goods and Chinese financing of our deficit have kept U.S. inflation and interest rates down and prolonged our economic booms. At the same time, it has caused trade deficits and social adjustments. Chinese misappropriation of intellectual property creates losses for many of our companies. A manic construction and transportation boom has raised global raw materials prices, to the great benefit of producers and a great cost to consumers.China’s success is one of the most important developments of modern history, but projecting from current growth to Chinese global dominance or threats to our way of life is just wrong. Unlike the old Soviet Union, reformist China does not seek to alter any other country’s way of life. Its economy faces world history’s most severe combination of banking, urbanization and employment challenges, and by 2020 a demographic squeeze that will have few workers supporting many dependents. The best outcome for us would be a China that is eventually like Japan, prosperous, winning in some sectors, losing in others. Signs that China is making rapid progress in that direction should be welcomed, not feared.China and GlobalizationBefore reform, China was the world’s most important opponent of globalization. It had an autarkic economy. It opposed the global economic order. It opposed the global political order and the major global institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank. It believed that global disorder was a good thing, and under Mao Zedong it actively promoted disorder throughout the world, including promotion of insurgencies in most of China’s neighbors, in much of Africa and Latin America, and even in our universities.Accompanying foreign policy disaffection was domestic cultural despair on a scale the world has seldom witnessed. In the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976, China’s students and others, under the guidance of Mao Zedong’s peasant chiliasm, humiliated a majority of senior government and party leaders, attacked the country’s major educational, social and political institutions, destroyed much of China’s cultural heritage, and in general tried to smash the country’s establishment.For two centuries Chinese had tried a range of ways – socialism, capitalism, empire, republic, warlords, religious fundamentalism, and others. All failed. Alienation was so severe that, along with students, much of the country accepted that the world economic and political order, and the Chinese economic and political order, were so stacked against them that any path to success had to start with destruction of the existing order.The Cultural Revolution was actually just one small episode in the problems that Chinese impoverishment and political division created for the world and specifically for us. Had China been prosperous and unified throughout the twentieth century, we would have had European War II rather than World War II and World War I would have been quite different. China would have been able to deter or defeat Japanese aggression. The cost of those conflicts to the U.S. would have been radically smaller because Pearl Harbor and much else would not have happened. We and the world, not to speak of a billion Chinese citizens, have paid a horrible price, over more than a century, for China’s weakness. The world needs a healthy China.Because of China’s successful globalization we no longer have such problems. China is no longer a vacuum that sucks the world’s great powers into gigantic conflicts. China nolonger sponsors insurgencies in Southeast Asia and Africa and Latin America. China no longer seeks to undermine the global financial institutions. We obtain benefits from a China that supports stable capitalist democracy in Thailand and the Philippines; that joins the IMF, World Bank, and WTO; and that counsels its neighbors about the benefits of political stability, free trade, and free investment.From the beginning of the Cold War, it has been the central tenet of U.S. foreign policy that, if we could engage as much of the world as possible in successful economic growth, through domestic reform and what came later to be called globalization, we could stabilize Europe and Asia, win the Cold War, and create a stable global order. Our military protected this process, but from the Marshall Plan to our aid missions in Asia and Africa, the core long-run strategy of our country has been to engage the world and stabilize it by enmeshing other countries in a web of institutions and successful economic practices that constitute the kind of world we want.This strategy has proved to be one of the most successful geopolitical strategies in human history, so much so that it has entangled our former enemies as well as our allies in the web we wove. Throughout, it has stimulated many controversies, and occasional waves of fear in this country. Key industries, including especially textiles and shoes, have successively opposed liberal trade with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, China and Latin America. We had a wave of panic over whether Japan was going to take over all manufacturing and buy all our most important assets; after all, if they could triumph in steel, cars, and televisions, and buy Rockefeller Center, wasn’t everything in our economy at risk? Elsewhere, weren’t we sponsoring horrible dictatorships by encouraging the development of Taiwan and South Korea? Each time, our fears have proved excessive, and each time our strategy triumphed. The results have been good for our security, good for our prosperity, good for political liberalization overseas, and good for the people of our trading partners. Our concerns about China are the same.China’s globalizationWhat we never expected from our strategy was that it would entice our former adversaries, including China, into our web of economic institutions and our commitment to geopolitical stability.Although joining late, China has joined the globalized system much more enthusiastically than Japan. China’s economy is much more open than Japan. China’s trade in 2004 was equal to 70% of its GDP, Japan’s to 24%. China received $60.6 billion of foreign direct investment in 2004, while Japan, with an economy several times larger and in a phase of restructuring that should have attracted disproportionate foreign investment, received only $20.1 billion.China’s globalization is not confined to opening the economy but more importantly to globalization of institutions. Here the development strategy of contemporary China bears a striking resemblance to that of early Meiji (mid-nineteenth century) Japan, when the Japanese government was sending missions around the world to choose for emulation the best foreign navy (Britain), the best foreign education system (Germany), and so forth. In the intervening century and a half, Japanese practice has become more inward-looking, while China has evolved from Qing defensiveness and Maoist peasant xenophobia to an assimilative cosmopolitanism.Today China is the country that sends missions throughout the world seeking best practice. It adapts not just foreign technology and foreign corporate management techniques but also a wide variety of foreign institutions and practices: international accounting standards; British, U.S. and Hong Kong securities laws; French military acquisition systems; a central bank structure modeled on the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank; Taiwan-style regulations for foreign portfolio investment; an economic development strategy adapted from South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan; and many others. Among the most important of these changes are the decision to adopt the Western concept of rule of law; adoption of competition as a centrally important economic practice; and adoption of English language as virtually a second language for the educated Chinese population. Today I can lecture in Peking University and interview senior officials in Beijing and Shanghai without a translator. Perhaps most importantly, China has sent its elite youth abroad for education in an exercise of internationalism comparable to the Romans turning over their children to the Greeks.Of course, such changes occur gradually; you can’t instantly introduce Western accounting or Western law in a country that starts with no professional accountants or lawyers. But the changes are startlingly fast compared with what other countries do. More importantly, these are not technical adaptations in the manner of the old dynasticefforts to pursue “Western technology, Chinese culture.” These are transformative processes that in cases like rule of law and promotion of competition repudiate core aspects of traditional Chinese civilization that go back for millennia.China is also experiencing globalization of tastes. The exposure of the Chinese population to foreign brands has been incorporating them into global culture. To take one example, I spent many months studying the Chinese car industry. One of the questions we were asked was whether China might develop indigenous car models in a closed-off market like that of South Korea in the 1970s and 1980s. What we discovered was that the Chinese people have been so much more exposed to global culture than South Koreans of a generation ago that no car could succeed in China unless it incorporated global designs and prestigious foreign technologies. Ten to thirty years ago, when South Korea was at a phase of car industry development more comparable to China today, one virtually never saw a European or American car on the road, and they are still very rare today. But in China the roads are packed with Volkswagens and Buicks.China has come to believe in globalization more than most third world countries and many first world countries. China’s successes have all coincided with “reform and opening,” that is, with globalization. In contrast, Japan’s and South Korea’s successes occurred in an era when, although they were globalizing, they employed far stricter controls on trade, foreign investment, and domestic economic activity than today’s China.Globalization has required extremely painful adjustments by China. Employment in the state enterprises has declined from 110 million at the end of 1995 to 66 million in March 2005. Those who think there has been a simple transfer of U.S. manufacturing jobs to China will be surprised to know that manufacturing jobs in China have declined from over 54 million in 1994 to under 30 million today. Even these striking numbers understate the adjustments China has had to accept due to greater competition and lately from WTO membership. For instance, while employment in the car industry has remained relatively constant, the number of car manufacturers is expected to decline from 125 at the peak to somewhere between three and six. Meanwhile, foreign joint ventures have come to dominate much of the market.It is hard to overstate the social adjustment Chinese are experiencing. But because China has been willing to accept such adjustments, no large country in human history has ever experienced such rapid improvements in living standards and working conditions. When reform began, workers in Shanghai all wore the same clothes, looked tired and listless, and seldom owned basic appliances like televisions or even watches. In the countryside malnutrition was widespread. Today Shanghai workers wear colorful clothes and look confident and energetic. Today the average Chinese family owns slightly more than one television. Malnutrition has vanished. As a result, Chinese overwhelmingly support further globalization.China’s globalization and other countriesChina’s globalization has of course strongly influenced other countries too. The most important impact has been on India’s economic policy and performance. Since independence India’s economy had been hobbled by extremely protectionist trade policies, an antagonistic stance toward foreign direct investment, and a remarkable network of domestic socialist economic controls called the license raj, combined with strong foreign economic and political ties to the old Soviet Union. A 1991 foreign exchange squeeze and neighboring China’s success shocked India and also showed that abandoning the old hostility to globalization could lead to prosperity. While India started later than China and moved more slowly, India’s economic growth rates have doubled. The number of people in absolute poverty has declined sharply. Exports have boomed and foreign exchange reserves are ample for the first time in modern history. Visit India today, as I did last month, and you find the kind of hope and confidence and energy that once seemed confined to East Asia.As happened earlier with China, India’s newfound economic dynamism has shifted the balance of leaders’ priorities from conflictful geopolitical goals to mutual economic interests. India’s relations with its neighbors, sometimes including even Pakistan, and most notably with both China and ourselves, are much better than previously. Indeed, Indian-Chinese relations are better than at any time since the conflicts of the 1960s, and India’s business community has shifted from terror about competition with China to confidence in India’s competitive advantages and even some celebration of India’s recent trade surplus with China.China’s influence on India’s economic policies is just one example of a much wider phenomenon that is probably just beginning. Until recently, most of the third world plus Japan has taken a relatively hostile attitude toward foreign direct investment. Difficult licensing requirements, high taxes, unfair judicial treatment and an negative opinion climate have faced direct investors from Japan and South Korea to the Philippines and Thailand to India, not to mention most of Latin America. Instead of accepting foreign ownership, countries typically relied on foreign loans (South Korea, Southeast Asia, Latin America) or domestic loans (Japan), frequently creating an excessive burden of debt. Thailand imposed very high taxes and then reduced them for selected foreign investors; Indian groups attacked Kentucky Fried Chicken with distorted hygiene allegations. Now such tactics are waning.The success of China at balancing debt with equity, building upon the previous successes of Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, is gradually changing the way much of the world manages economic development. This Chinese influence is going to be transformative, particularly in Asia. The old pattern has been to avoid dependence on foreign investment by taking domestic and foreign bank loans. Governments then controlled the development of industry by channeling the bank loans. This made companies and countries overly dependent on banks, leading to periodic financial crises. It gave governments too much control over industries, encouraging mismanagement and corruption. It gave unfair advantages to large, politically favored companies over smaller companies and foreign companies. Importantly for us, it limited the opportunities for our own companies. Now competition with China will force most companies to open themselves to foreign investment. American companies will benefit not just in China but throughout the world.At the beginning of this decade, there were widespread fears that China’s success would suck the trade and investment away from its Asian neighbors, impoverishing them. In the event, the opposite has happened. Wherever rules have been changed to welcome foreign direct investment, as in India, South Korea, and Japan, such investment has boomed. China has taught others to attract foreign investment, and in response the total pool of foreign investment has greatly expanded.Amid the global slowdown following the tech bust, countries like South Korea and the Philippines found themselves saved from recession by Chinese demand. Mostimportantly, Chinese demand provided the stimulus that lifted Japan out of recession. It is difficult to overstate the risk the world economy faced from the Japanese situation, where mountainous debt created the risk of a domino-like collapse inside Japan and subsequent rippling collapses around the world. That risk seems to have passed, helped by a critical margin of stimulus from China. Few books are written about global depressions that never happened, but it is quite possible that China’s globalization saved us from beginning the new century with a drastic global economic squeeze.Many other peoples have benefited from Chinese demand that rose just as the world economy was slowing. Raw materials producers had become inured to terms of trade that deteriorated inexorably year after year. Suddenly our ally Australia found that its terms of trade have improved to the best in its entire history, largely because of Chinese demand. Many of the world’s poorest countries, including Laos, Papua New Guinea, and much of Africa, benefited just when they needed it most. No aid programs, no IMF gold sales could have come close to providing the improved livelihoods that resulted from increasing, sustained demand for their products.In short, the most important results of China’s rise are the same as the results for the world of America’s rise or of the recoveries of Japan and Europe: you are always better off with a rich neighbor than with a denizen of the slums.Benefits and costs for the U.S.China’s globalization has had numerous impacts on the U.S. Most obviously, China has become a vast market for U.S. goods. Arguments that this is a mythic “China Dream” have proved false. Coca Cola has long since surpassed the fabled goal of selling a billion Cokes. General Motors, once ridiculed by the China Dream theory, sells many Buicks in China, and, despite a current cyclical pause, profits from China have been a critical margin for GM during a difficult time. We gain from billions of dollars of profits remitted back to our country and from the improved health of our most successful companies as they compete against other foreign companies.Lower prices for basic goods have contributed significantly to American standards of living, particularly for our less prosperous citizens. While we do not yet have definitive studies, indications are that lower-income Americans achieve improvements in theirstandards of living of perhaps 5% to 10% as a result of being able to buy lower-priced imports from China. That impact is undoubtedly expanded by the fact that competition from China drives other countries to produce less expensive goods for our consumption.Inexpensive Chinese goods have kept down our inflation rates and enabled us to prolong the upswings of our business cycles because the Fed doesn’t have to raise interest rates so quickly in order to slow inflation. Similarly, Chinese purchases of U.S. Treasury bonds have helped to finance our budget deficits. Without those Chinese purchases we would either have to raise interest rates, slowing our growth, or we would have to run comparable trade deficits with other countries so that they could buy our bonds.We are just beginning to see another layer of benefits. The Chinese are beginning to invest here. Haier is now manufacturing refrigerators in this country. When China’s Lenovo bought IBM’s personal computer business, it saved jobs in a moribund division, freed IBM to move up into higher-tech markets, and helped finance that IBM move up. So far, this trend is small, but it will grow quickly. China’s goal for this year is to spend $30-40 billion buying resource and distribution companies.We also benefit indirectly from China’s boost to foreign economies like Japan and Australia. Having a prosperous partner is invaluable to the U.S. economy. We spent the 1980s fretting about Japan taking over the world, but we spent the 1990s worrying that Japan wasn’t doing its share to boost global growth. Those who worry about China’s success would have far more to worry about if China’s growth slowed drastically.Adjustment problemsChina’s globalization and growth also cause stresses for us. Some of these are politically eternal but economically and strategically tired. As countries get rich, the manufacture of textiles, and shoes, furniture and basic consumer electronics mostly migrates elsewhere. The manufacture of socks migrated from here to Japan, from Japan to South Korea and Taiwan, and thence to Southeast Asia and now China. That adjustment will continue. It has been gradual over many decades. We have had ten years to get ready for the current round of textile adjustments. We knew what was coming and we agreed to it, in return for China so stressful that they are virtually beyond Americans’ imagination. Our own adjustments are smaller than those of virtually any other country.These adjustments are smaller than we tend to believe, because China gets blamed for much that it does not cause. Virtually all of our job loss has been caused by productivity improvements. In fact, productivity gains have been sufficiently large that we should have experienced more job losses than we have. It is conceivable that our job losses have been smaller than they “should” have been because China has helped us adapt. We don’t know, because no lobby has been interested in paying for the research to find out how many jobs have been saved by partial moves to China decreasing the costs of endangered companies. And China is, of course, just part of a global readjustment caused by China, India, and the former Soviet Union joining our economic system.A more serious policy problem is hyper-competition created by cheap financing in China. The irrationalities of the Chinese financial system mean that in key sectors like steel China builds too many factories, and props up too many moribund companies, causing massive overcapacity. In recent years Chinese financial vagaries have led to excessive construction and huge demand for steel, aluminum, cement and others. For a while this has buoyed the global steel industry, including ours. But it has also led to construction of so many steel factories in China that soon China will have half of all world capacity. That means overproduction and eventually a steel price bust.This cycle creates problems for our industry, just as our Internet mania and tech bubble created problems for much of the world. It is fair for us to complain about such problems. It is fair to pressure the Chinese to reform their financial practices. It may be fair in some cases to view Chinese bank lending practices as constituting an inappropriate subsidy. The tone of our complaints and the substance of our policies needs, however, to reflect three facts. First, the Chinese are trying to reform their banks and put them on a market basis. Second, our financial vagaries cause them problems too. Third, the biggest price for their financial mismanagement will eventually be paid by them, because inappropriate lending eventually makes troubled banks much more troubled. China making steel today looks like Japan buying Rockefeller Center two decades ago; if you project their excesses indefinitely into the future, first the Japanese and now the Chinese look as if they are about to take over everything in the world. But when you look at their underlying finances, you see a black hole. The Japanese spent the 1990s in their black hole and are still trying to climb out. China will feel the pain of its recent spree for many years. Having said these things, some excesses may require a policy response by us.。
美国兰德公司性格测试题(3篇)
第1篇一、测试目的本测试旨在帮助您了解自己的性格特点、优点和不足，以便您在工作和生活中更好地发挥自己的优势，提升自我认知，实现个人成长。
二、测试说明1. 本测试共50题，每题只能选择一个答案，请根据您的第一印象选择。
2. 请在测试过程中保持诚实，以便获得准确的结果。
3. 测试完成后，请根据您的得分查看对应的性格分析。
三、测试题目1. 在以下情况下，您通常如何应对？A. 遇到困难时，我会积极寻求解决办法。
B. 遇到困难时，我会感到焦虑，需要朋友或家人的安慰。
C. 遇到困难时，我会选择逃避，希望问题能自行解决。
2. 您更喜欢以下哪种活动？A. 与人交流、参加社交活动。
B. 独自一人，享受安静的时光。
C. 做一些有挑战性的工作或运动。
3. 您在以下哪种情况下容易感到快乐？A. 完成一项任务或达成目标。
B. 与朋友或家人共度时光。
C. 获得他人的认可和赞扬。
4. 您在以下哪种情况下容易感到沮丧？A. 工作或生活中遇到挫折。
B. 朋友或家人发生争执。
C. 个人问题或健康问题。
5. 您通常如何看待自己的能力？A. 我相信自己有能力应对各种挑战。
B. 我相信自己的能力有限，需要不断努力提升。
C. 我对自己没有信心，害怕面对挑战。
6. 您在以下哪种情况下更容易感到焦虑？A. 在公共场合发言。
B. 在考试或比赛中。
C. 与陌生人交往。
7. 您在以下哪种情况下更容易感到压力？A. 工作或学习任务繁重。
B. 与家人或朋友发生争执。
C. 个人问题或健康问题。
8. 您通常如何看待自己的价值观？A. 我有明确的价值观，并努力践行。
B. 我对自己的价值观不太清楚，需要不断探索。
C. 我没有明确的价值观，随波逐流。
9. 您在以下哪种情况下更容易感到满足？A. 实现自己的目标。
B. 与家人或朋友共度美好时光。
C. 获得他人的认可和赞扬。
10. 您在以下哪种情况下更容易感到失望？A. 工作或学习任务没有完成。
B. 与朋友或家人发生争执。
论思想库对公共政策的作用——以兰德公司为例
摘要 ： 思想库 ” “ 主要是指那些 以政策研 究为核心、 以影响政府公共政 策选择为 目的 、 营利 的、 非 独立的研 究机构 。 作 为世界 思想库 的典 型代表—— 兰德公司对公共政策的制定产生了重要的影响 ， 它主要是通过生产思想 、 计政策 、 设 引导舆 论和网 罗人 才等途径影响 美国政 府的决策 。我们应该积极借鉴 兰德公司的发展模式 ， 尤其是在 培养素质人 才
公共 决策水 平高 低的重要 尺度 。 提 出新 的思想 观 点 和价 值 目标 ， 引导 公 众 舆 论 和 社 会走 者 的研究 成果转 化为政府 的政 策产 品 ， 是沟通 政治 和学 术 的桥 梁 ； 它及 时 反 映和 汇集 社会 各 种意 见和需 求 ， 着利 起 益表 达 的作用 。在美 国 ， 有一 种 流行 的说法 ， 即思想 库 的
研究 成果 ， 定着 美 国人 从摇篮 到坟墓 的一生 。 决
“ 思想库 ” 之所 以被 称 为 “ 想 库 ”， 键 点 在 于 “ 思 关 思
在现 代社会 ， 思想库 的作 用是 十分重 大 的。它为社会 想 ” 其最 大的影响在 于它所 产生 的新思 想 、 ， 新观 念 。这些 不同寻常 的见解 往往 能够 影 响到 高层 决 策 者对 本 国 国家 等等 。
冷 战时期著名 的“ 承认一Fra bibliotek 中国 ， 但不 是现在 ” 以及冷
向； 它为政府决策提供咨询参谋， 影响政府的政策； 它把学 利益 的理 解 ， 重 大事 项 的判 断 ， 优 先 发展 计 划 的 安排 对 对
战后 的对 华“ 制 与接 触” 遏 政策 都 出 自兰德 公 司 的研 究报
告 。近年 来 ， 一篇兰 德公 司所 写 的关 于 中国人 的报道 里 提
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兰德公司周宇兰德公司（RAND Corporation）是美国最具盛名和影响力的综合性智库之一。
其全称是“研究与开发公司”(Research and Development Corporation）①。
兰德公司成立于1948年，该智库是从道格拉斯公司分离出来的一个研究机构，其创立得到福特基金会的大力资助。
兰德公司具有全美一流的调查研究团队，其职能是通过收集信息和分析数据，研究美国和当今世界面临的种种问题和挑战，为其客户提出相应的解决方案和对策。
早期的兰德公司主要从事国家安全问题研究，是服务于美国空军的科研机构，为军方提供调研和情报分析。
其后，在半个多世纪的发展中，兰德公司的研究范围逐渐扩大到商业、教育、卫生、法律、科技、能源、国际关系等领域，在这一发展过程中，兰德公司演变成为对美国政府决策有着巨大影响力的综合性智库，而且就规模来说，成为了美国第一大智库。
被世人视为当代智库的“巨无霸”和代表。
一、机构概况（一）发展沿革兰德公司成立于第二次世界大战结束后，是美国军方对二战进行反省的产物。
在二战中，科技、产业技术与信息在军事领域的运用对美国赢得这场战争胜利发挥了至关重要的作用。
鉴于这一经验和教训，军方认识到有必要建立一个将军事、科技、产业技术与信息结合在一起的研究机构。
基于以上认识，1945年年底，美国空军与道格拉斯飞机公司签署了一份共同进行“研究与开发（Research and Development）”的计划合同，其缩写为RAND，即“兰德计划”。
该项目的主要任务是在军方、政府情报部门、产业界和大学之间建立联系，加强这些部门之间的合作和交流并实现相互之间的资源共享。
1946年5月，“兰德计划”提交了成立以来的第一份报告“试验性环球飞船的初步设计”，其主要内①本文有关兰德公司的介绍主要参考其官方网站（）资料。
容涉及人造卫星的设计、性能及其应用。
1947年，相关组织在纽约举行了兰德计划项目评估的专题报告会，这是兰德公司招募社会科学家的第一步。
到1948年年初，“兰德计划”已经拥有超过200名不同领域的研究团队，其成员包括数学家、物理学家、经济学家、工程师、化学家、心理学家、空气动力学家等方面的人才。
从这一研究团队的构成可以看出，“兰德计划”涉及的研究领域非常广泛，这一优势为此后兰德从事多学科交叉研究打下了坚实的基础。
1947年年底，为了“兰德计划”和道格拉斯公司的共同利益，双方开始讨论分离事宜。
1948年2月，美国空军参谋长写信给唐纳德·道格拉斯，批准“兰德计划”从道格拉斯公司脱离出来，成为一家独立和非营利性的研究机构。
1948年5月14日，兰德公司正式成立。
公司的宗旨是：“通过促进科学、教育和慈善的发展，维护美国的公共福利和国家安全”。
在兰德公司起步后，该智库需要解决的首要问题是资金问题。
1948年7月，兰德公司与福特基金会代表进行非正式谈判，基金会和在其担保下的一家私人银行同意向兰德提供100万美元的无息贷款，保证该机构的正常运转。
四年后，福特基金会又发放了一笔贷款帮助兰德公司建立“兰德公司资助研究计划”，该计划资助兰德的研究团队从事非军事项目的研究，这也是兰德公司研究项目趋于多元化的重要标志。
20世纪50年代末期，兰德公司开始为美国国防部长和民间机构提供研究服务，其研究范围扩大到国际关系、原子武器、火箭、卫星技术等方面。
60年代，兰德参与了互联网浏览技术开发所需要的电信技术的研究。
1970年，兰德研究生院成立，致力于培养公共决策分析专业博士，是当今世界决策分析的最高学府。
1973年兰德公司设立兰德基金，其职能是资助新领域的研究和鼓励创新。
其后兰德又建立了司法研究所。
20世纪80年代，兰德欧洲分部科学技术研究所成立并且开始尝试为私人部门提供长期服务。
90年代，兰德公司又相继成立匹兹堡分部、卡塔尔政策研究所和兰德海湾国家政策研究所。
（二）组织框架兰德公司在美国本土有三个主要的办公地，它们分别是加利福尼亚州的圣莫尼卡总部，弗吉尼亚州的阿林顿分部，宾夕法尼亚州的匹兹堡分部。
第四个办事处于2009年建立，地址位于马萨诸塞州的波士顿。
在美国本土以外，兰德1992年在荷兰的莱顿设立了其欧洲总部，在德国柏林和英国剑桥设立了办事处。
另外，兰德海湾国家政策研究所在密西西比州杰克逊市和路易斯安那州新奥尔良市都设有机构。
兰德卡塔尔政策研究所位于卡塔尔的首都多哈。
兰德公司的研究领域非常广泛，包括帮助政府和私营部门制定和完善决策等内容。
有关社会政治经济问题的研究由五个部门共同执行，并且在美国和海外同时进行；三个联邦资助的研究和开发中心致力于国家安全和政策问题。
所有的兰德部门都履行同样的承诺，即提供高品质和客观公正的分析，这是兰德公司能够享誉全球的基础。
另外，为了提高效率和实现资源的有效利用，兰德非常注重内部分工合作。
针对一些不同性质的课题，兰德会根据情况需要，从不同的研究部门中抽选合适的研究人员组成课题组，共同对某一具体问题或领域进行合作研究，这一研究方法强化了兰德公司的研究能力和分析能力。
兰德公司的组织框架分为两个部分:行政部门和科研部门。
所有行政部门和科研部门都是独立单元，统一由总裁办公室管理。
其中，行政部门包括“总财务长办公室”、“对外事务办公室”、“职员培训及发展管理处”、“服务办公室”。
其主要责任是负责公司日常办公制度的维护、管理，制定公司长期规划、年度工作计划、对外联系客户、宣传公司、并对研究部门提供支持等。
其科研部门主要包括：兰德公司阿罗约中心（军备研究部）；兰德教育；兰德公司欧洲分部；兰德健康；兰德基础设施、安全与环境部门；兰德司法研究所；兰德内部安全与环境部；兰德劳动力与人口研究所；兰德国家安全研究部（国防研究所）；兰德空军项目部。
除以上主要研究部门外，还有其他机构，如儿童政策项目、兰德海湾国家政策研究所、兰德卡塔尔政策研究所、兰德公司调查研究组、帕蒂兰德研究生院、人类学科保护委员会，兰德希望工程网络等。
凭借其深厚的知识储备和精密的分析工具，兰德公司对基础学科也有很深入的研究，可以给顾客和委托人提供高质量的数据采集与模型、科学的统计分析和最新的研究方法。
其涉及的基础学科包括：艺术与文学、信息科学、物理、数学、计算机科学、运筹学、行为科学、社会科学、政治学和统计学等。
（三）定位和特色与美国其他智库相比，机构规模庞大、研究种类齐全是兰德公司主要特点，基于这一特点，注重进行多学科交叉合作研究、注重宏观与微观研究相结合，注重教育与科研相结合构成了兰德研究的主要特色，下面我就这些特色展开更具体的讨论：第一，注重多学科交叉合作研究。
兰德公司研究部门汇集了来自不同领域的专家学者，立足于这一优势，兰德公司将多样化作为公司发展的重要原则。
兰德研究项目通常使用多种不同学科的理论、方法和概念进行综合研究分析，在此基础上制定出多种解决方案。
针对多学科交叉合作研究课题，兰德公司会从不同部门中挑选合适的课题组成员，把不同学科的专家结合起来，使他们能够积思广益，取长补短，发挥互补优势。
兰德公司是一个独特的研究团体，它不仅注重发挥成员的个人能力，而且还注重发挥团队的合作精神,这是该智库能够在多学科交叉研究领域占据优势的重要原因之一。
也正因为如此，兰德公司在多学科交叉研究领域赢得了较高的声誉。
第二，在经济研究方面，兰德公司的特色之一是注重宏观研究与微观研究相结合、注重理论研究与实证研究相结合、注重调查研究和统计研究相结。
兰德旗下有三个核心研究团队，即兰德经济研究团队、兰德统计团队和兰德调查研究团队。
大约有80名经济学家归属于经济研究组和统计组，他们可以通过内部劳动力市场，从近百个政府机构和私人基金会资助的项目中选择自己希望从事的课题。
兰德统计团队成立于1976年，其目标是通过最新的统计技术为项目研究提供最专业、最可靠的数据分析与模型，以确保高质量的调查研究。
在经济研究领域，以上三个研究团队的存在为兰德公司实现宏观研究与微观研究的结合、理论研究与实证研究的结合以及调查研究和统计研究的结合供了人才保证，而这三个结合保证了研究结论的客观性和可信度。
第三，注重教育与科研相结合构成了兰德研究的另一重要特色。
尽管兰德的定位是科研机构,但是兰德非常重视教育和人才的培养。
兰德公司为一些有意愿从事教育的研究人员提供了大量教学机会。
帕蒂兰德研究生院是世界“政策分析”专业博士学位的主要授予点，该院的办院宗旨是培养高级政策决策者。
目前，其学员已遍布美国政界和商界，表1的数据反映了学员的主要去向。
到2009年4月为止，该院已经培养了229名专业博士。
学院的课程包括微观经济学和计量经济学，还有应用型学科如健康、组织经济学和教育等内容。
另外，帕蒂兰德研究生院还通过举办各种进修班的形式，为政府、军方和私营企业培训高端专业人才。
另外，就课程安排而言，除了正规的课程外，兰德还要求其学员在学校学习期间完成至少400天的政策项目的研究，即参与岗位实习。
确保学员有机会接触不同的政策范畴，研究方法以及各种各样的同事与客户，到他们毕业时大部分学员已经积累了至少两年的政策分析和政策咨询工作经历，这为其学员未来的发展奠定了坚实的基础。
而且，从实习内容来看，大部分实习都与兰德公司最新的研究项目相关联。
学员加入兰德公司的研究团队，与兰德的分析师一起工作，研究最新的研究项目。
在实习的初期阶段，这些学员担任学徒，其后随着技能的逐步提高，他们被赋予独立的研究机会。
无论何时，兰德公司都有至少500个进行中的项目，研究院的学生均可申请参与，这给学生提供了选择机会，为学生的发展提供了练习实战的平台，这也是帕蒂兰德研究生院可以培养出杰出人才的关键因素。
二、研究组织（一）研究重点与其巨大的规模相对应，兰德公司拥有非常宽泛的研究领域。
其核心研究领域包括：艺术，儿童政策，民事司法，教育，能源与环境，健康与保健，国际政策，国家安全，人口和老龄化，公众安全，科学技术，药物滥用，恐怖主义与国土安全，交通和基础设施，劳动力及其工作场所等项目。
下面是一些主要项目的内容：1．艺术：兰德在艺术上的研究是为政策制定者、艺术工作者和学术界人士提供实用的数据和分析。
其代表性的研究有：广泛传播阿拉伯世界创造性作品的障碍、新时代的表演艺术和改进匹兹堡公立学校学生艺术学习机遇等。
2．儿童政策：超过140人的研究团队和顾问参与儿童政策研究，给地区、州和联邦政府的需求者提供最新的儿童问题研究成果，每个季度都向国会职员提供业务通讯，并且管理“希望工程网络平台”，帮助家庭和社区改善孩子与家庭的生活。
3．民事司法：兰德公司从事民事司法研究的目的是为了建立更加高效和更加公平的民事司法系统。
主要研究成果包括911袭击后的损失补偿，石棉诉讼等。
4．教育：兰德从事教育的研究人员都有实际的教育和培训经验。