商务英语中的中西方文化差异

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商务英语口译中的文化差异及应对策略

商务英语口译中的文化差异及应对策略

商务英语口译中的文化差异及应对策略【摘要】商务口译不仅仅是传递语言信息的双语活动,也是一种沟通不同文化内涵的交际行为。

因此,商务英语口译员不仅要深刻了解英汉语言文化差异,还要掌握熟练应对这些差异的技巧。

本文通过归纳分析中英商务口译中的文化差异现象,探讨了应对这些差异的策略,即如何提高口译员的跨文化交际意识和能力。

【关键词】商务英语口译;文化差异;应对策略;跨文化交际意识和能力一、引言随着经济活动日趋全球化,尤其是中国加入wto以来,我国与世界其他国家经济往来越趋频繁,商务口译人才在国际交往和交流中的作用日趋重要。

传统上,人们一直认为口译员只是担当着交际过程中语言转换专家的角色,而现在,众多的口译实践已经证明口译员的角色绝不仅限于此,他必须担当起一个新的角色——文化的传播者。

只具备较强的语言能力和丰富的商务知识还不足以成为合格的口译员,合格的口译员必须在语言和文化两方面架起沟通的桥梁。

因此,口译员的素质直接影响来自不同语言文化背景的商务人士之间交流的顺利进行。

译员在交际过程中不仅要克服语言方面的障碍,还要排除文化差异造成的障碍。

二、中英商务口译中的文化差异在漫长的历史长河中,由于风俗习惯、历史背景、宗教和地理环境的差异,每种语言逐渐形成了自己独特的民族特色。

汉语和英语是被具有不同生活经历和风俗习惯的社会成员所使用的,两种语言文化之间存在着很大的差异,甚至冲突。

不了解不尊重这些差异,有时候可能会引起不快,甚至导致交流的失败。

口译员作为跨文化交际的桥梁,需要了解各国不同的社会习俗、宗教信仰、生活习惯以及语言习惯。

1.称谓差异由于文化的差异,各国在称谓上也表现出极大的不同。

不少中国人认为西方人都很随意,喜欢别人直呼其名。

实际上,美国人也许如此,但欧洲人可能习惯更正式一些,喜欢别人称呼自己的姓加头衔,日本人则更注重头衔,而且正式场合都使用敬语。

所以译员对待称谓应谨慎,最好先使用对方的性,如对方要求,再使用名。

文化差异角度处理商务英语翻译

文化差异角度处理商务英语翻译

文化差异角度处理商务英语翻译摘要:翻译是一种跨文化的语际交流,商务英语翻译作为一种更加实用的翻译形式,也受到文化的影响。

在商务英语翻译工作中应灵活处理不同文化背景,语言习俗等造成的交际障碍,以便达到源语的语际传播目的。

关键词:商务英语翻译,文化差异,跨文化交际语言不仅是一套符号系统,语言有丰富的文化内涵,文化是指所学语言的国家地理历史、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学规范、价值观念、行为规范和文学艺术等。

语际翻译不仅是两种语言的互相互相转化,也是两种文化的传递,在翻译中文化因素不能忽略。

一、要形成跨文化翻译的意识我国翻译界出现了两个明显的趋向。

一是翻译理论深深地打上了交际理论的烙印。

二是从重视语言的转换向重视文化的转换。

这两种趋向的结合就是把翻译看作是一种文化交际的行为。

译者作为跨文化意识的载体在信息传递中起着桥梁的作用。

商务英语翻译的目的,就是把不同国度的语言与以相互转达,以达到商务交流。

就是要求从事国际商务英语翻译活动的译者既要熟悉相关商务专业知识和英语语言特点,又要注意培养商务翻译中的文化敏感性,即跨文化意识,尽量使其中的文化信息得到对等的传递。

二、文化差异渗透到商务英语翻译的各个领域1.品名的翻译在不同的文化体系中人们的思维方式存在着巨大的差异,这种差异不仅体现在人们对事物的认识上,也体现在人们对事物的命名上。

作为许多出口的中国特产,基本都有了固定的英语译名。

这些翻译译名已约定俗成,若译者随便“硬译”,必然物名分家,如:清凉油:essential balm 而不是: cooling oil or qin liang oil,风油精:medicated oil 而不是:feng you jing. 再者,Blue sky 在英国是“没有价值”的意思, 所以, 把“蓝天”牌台灯翻译成Blue sky lamp, 就是说“没有价值的台灯”, 这样的台灯怎能在国外畅销呢?此外, 蓝色在英语国家还象征着高贵、高远和严厉, 如, blue blood 名门望族, 所以, 世界知名品牌“蓝鸟”汽车并不是“伤心的鸟”的汽车, 否则就不会用“blue bird”来作为商标了。

中西方婚俗差异--商务英语本科学位论文

中西方婚俗差异--商务英语本科学位论文

中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目:中西方婚俗差异姓名: 00000班级、学号: 0000000000系 (部) :经济管理系专业:商务英语指导教师: 00000开题时间: 2009-04-10完成时间: 2009-11-082009 年11 月08 日目录课题中西方婚俗差异一、课题(论文)提纲二、内容摘要三、参考文献On Differences of Marriage CustomsBetween China and Western Countries00000000Abstract:There are many procedures in Chinese Marriage custom. The book Propriety and Ceremony,which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. In western marriage, there are four procedures. They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding. As the different religions, cultural origins, marriage concepts and geographies, there are many differences existing in the two kinds of Marriage customs. In Chinese Marriage custom, the matchmaker functions almost all the time and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men. By contrast, in western Marriage custom, the priest functions and the youths have legal right to choose whom they want to marry and men and women are equal. There also exist common things in the two sides. They have been maintained for thousands of years. But in recent years (especially after the founding of modern China), people havetended to discard some of the details and advocate simplified marriage procedures and wedding ceremonies.key words:Marriage custom; differences; reasonsIntroductionMarriage is formed in a long historical evolution of the marriage custom in a nation. It is the regularity of the activities that restrains people's awareness of marriage. Marriage custom’s binding does not depend on the law, and it can not rely on science tests neither, but on the force of habit, traditional culture and national psychology. During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development. Human have experienced group marriage, the dual system of marriage and individual marriage system (monogamy). As a union of a man and a woman and a family formation stage, marriage includes not only marriage, but also the preparation phase for the marriage and the performance stage after the festivities. It runs through the whole process of life. These customs, as a national symbol and cultural development, plays a very important role in ethnic studies and the history of mankind.China is a country with an ancient civilization and a long history, and many customs. Among so many customs, there is a particular marriage custom. This custom goes through various and long stages of development from ancient simple wedding ceremony to later complex ceremony, from feudal marriage custom to the modern free marriage custom. During these courses, people’s ideas are progressing, though we can not say that their ideas are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in all over the world at all over the time because there are still backward ideas existing in many places, in many people’s mind and they maybe will still exist for a long time. However, they are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in a certain stage of the uninterrupted development of ideas.Greek civilization is the base of western culture. Britain plays an important role in western history and western culture, and of course marriage custom.Comparing with each other, they are different in many aspects such as in right aspect and in freedom aspect and there are many reasons that result in these differences such as cultural reason and geographical reason.1.Chinese Marriage CustomLike other folk, marriage custom has the same developmentand evolving process. In the early days of humanity, the human relationship in a very long period of time still carried the irregular relations like the animal world. There was no marriage at all, if suggest some, the only "arbitrary marriage."In China, marriage has gone through for a long time. As a most grand etiquette, it has always been a high degree of attention. To control the marriage, the family and the whole society, since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Chinese marriage should comply with six procedures, which is the so-called "six etiquettes." And Later in Tang and Ming Dynasty in China, marriage also complied with the "six etiquettes". As time goes by, although many wedding customs experienced various changes "Six etiquettes" as the basic pattern has not changed much. It is still essential and core in marriage custom.. Marriage has changed much today, but in many places, there still remains traditional marriage custom.In feudal society, a marriage would be decided not by the youths’ love, but by their parents' desires. Only after a matchmaker's introduction and when parents considered the two family conditions were similar and could be matched, would the marriage procedures went forward. Conditions that should betaken into consideration included wealth and social status. If a boy's family was well-off or an official family, his parents would never permit him to marry a girl from a poor family. Essential to the marriage process were the commonly recognized 'three Letters and six etiquettes'. The three letters were the betrothal letter, the gift letter with a gifts list and the wedding letter used on the day the bridegroom met his bride at her home.The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage, usually, involves six necessary procedures, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal present to girl's family, discussing date of marriage and meeting the bride.1.1 ProposingProposing is the first etiquette in marriage and is the first meet between the members in the two families. Thus, it is very important. Using a common expression, it is making an offer of marriage to another family on behalf of the son or daughter.If the parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in old times, they would ask a matchmaker for sending the gifts and bring the son and the girl together. Ifthe girl’s parents also agreed on the marriage, they would accept the gifts. People usually used a wild goose when sending the gifts. Because the wild gooses could fly to the south or the north according to the seasons and they would never change it which implied the woman would be punctual and also because when the wild gooses flied they were in a row and when they stopped they were in a line which implied that woman should comply with the marriage rules and arrange in order that one should not breach it.1.2 Asking the NameIt aims to ask for girl’s name and pray.In ancient times the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was in an age of marriage.First, one must have the matchmaker and inform of the man’s family through a card. And the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the man’s family wanted to know the girl’s name, but also wrote down the woman’s birthday and Eight-characters (in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a person’s birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling). If the birthday and Eight-characters were not harm the man, theman’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Sometimes the woman’s parents also wrote down the official position of the woman’s great-grandpa, grandpa and father and the dowry that could be supplied. What’s interesting is that during this progress it was the matchmaker that functioned, not the man’s family or the woman’s family. Matchmaker was also important in the other procedures. In traditional Chinese marriage, people believed “behest of the parents and proposal of a matchmaker”. That’s why many marriages in the past were arranged by parents and matchmakers. Matchmaker’s proposal was the marriage’s valid basis in Tang dynasty.It has been simplified today. Many marriage does not nee this process.1.3 Asking for FortunedAfter asking the name, the bridegroom’s side had got the woman’s birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller then which was called “asking for fortune”. It included two aspects of contents. One was consult the female virtues. Ancient people regarded female virtues as the most important one in the gospel of three obedience that were obedience to one’s father before marriage, to one’s husband after marriage, and to one’s son after one’s husband’s deathand four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Confucian ethics.Zhong lichun, Zhuge Liang’s wife (Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the period of the Three Kingdoms, now a symbol of wisdom in Chinese folklore) was famous for her ugliness, wisdom and high female virtues. A man in old times always had many wives. In order to solidifying and stead in the family, people paid much attention to female virtues. Hence there was the saw “Marry wife is marrying virtues and take a concubine is marrying appearance”.The other one was consult good or bad luck. If they were not fit for each other in Eight-Characters according to the birthday and what’s more, the woman would harm the man, the result was that this marriage would not be held and would be cancelled. If the result was fit for each other and moreover the woman would make the man prosperous, the man’s side would inform the woman’s side through the matchmaker and send the betrothal gifts and exchange cards. Thus the marriage was actually decided to be held.1.4 Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girl’s FamilyThe book propriety and ceremony wrote by the scholars inHan dynasty regards it as sending money. If there is no receipt of gifts, there is no marriage. Hence whether receipt the gifts or not is the implication of the agreement of the marriage by the woman’s side.The significance of it includes two aspects of meaning. One is the thanks for the woman’s parents because the parents feed up her. The other is help the woman’s family prepare for dowry.1.5 Discussing the Date of MarriageIn the past, the bridegroom’s side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the woman’s family. People paid much attention to the marriage time. They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune. They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was the time that everything comes back to life and time when spring was changing into summer and was favor to pregnant with new life; autumn was the season of harvest. After the labor for a year, people had enough money to hold the marriage.Nowadays, it is also an important event. People pay many attentions to it.1.6 Meeting the BrideThe marriage is finally held after the five procedures. In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day.And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom. Now, the bridegroom wares western suit, and the bride wares wedding dress and usually in a car.2. Western Marriage CustomIn the middle ages children were married at a young age. Girls were as young as 12 when they got married, and boys as young as 14. The arrangement of the marriage was based on monetary worth. The family of the girl who was to be married gave a dowry, or donation, to the boy she was to marry. The dowry went with her when the marriage was held and stayed with the boy forever after the marriage. After the marriage was arranged, a wedding notice was posted on the door of the church. The notice was put up to ensure that there were no grounds for prohibiting the marriage. The notice stated who was to be married, and if anyone knew any reasons that the two could not marry, they were to come forward with the reason. If the reason was a valid one the wedding would be prohibited.There are many reasons for prohibiting a marriage. One reason was consanguinity, if the two were too closely related. If the boy or the girl had taken a monastic or religious vow, the marriage was also prohibited. Sometimes widows or widowers took vows of celibacy on the death of their spouse, and laterregretted doing so when they could not remarry. Other reasons which also prohibited marriage, but were not grounds for a divorce, were rape, adultery, and incest. A couple could not be married during a time of fasting, such as lent or advent. Nor could a couple be married by someone who had killed someone.In the middle ages there were few reasons the wedding could be dissolved. One reason was if either the man or woman were not of legal age, 12 for girls and 14 for boys. If the husband or wife had previously made a religious or monastic vow or were not Christian, the marriage would be dissolved. The last reason a marriage could end was if the woman, not the man, was incapable of sexual relations.2.1 ProposalWhen the prospective groom had obtained his father’s consent to marry, a formal marriage proposal had to be made. The prospective groom did not propose in person but sent his friends or members of his family to represent his interest to the prospective bride and her family. If they saw a blind man, a monk or a pregnant woman during their journey, it was believed that the proposal would not be accepted as these signs were thought to bring bad luck. If, however, they saw nanny goats, pigeons or wolves, this was a good omen which would bring goodfortune to the marriage.During Medieval times in western countries, the man proposed by leaving a hawthorn branch at the door of his beloved on the first of May. By leaving the branch at the door she accepted his proposal. She made known her refusal by replacing the hawthorn branch with a cauliflower.2.2 Changing SurnamesIt was thought unlucky for a woman to marry a man whose surname began with the same letter as hers. The sentiment was summarized in the following thyme: To change the name and not the letter is to change for the worst and not the better. The bride should not practice writing her new name before the wedding. This was thought to bring bad luck by tempting fate.2.3 Choosing the DayAlthough most weddings now take place on a Saturday, it was considered unlucky in the past. Fridays were also considered unlucky particularly Friday the 13th. The famous old rhyme advised a wedding in the first half of the week:Monday for wealthTuesday for healthWednesday the best day of allThursday for lossesFriday for crosses (= funerals)Saturday for no luck at allAdvice on which month to marry in was given by the following rhyme:Married when the year is new, he'll love, kind and true. When February birds do mate, you neither wed nor dread your fate.If you wed when March winds blow, joy and sorrow both you'll know.Marry in April when you can, Joy for Maiden and for Man. Marry in the month of May, and you'll surely rue the day. Marry when June roses grow, over land and sea you'll go. Those who in July do wed, must labor for their daily bred. Whoever wed in August be, many a change is sure to see Marry in September's shrine, your living will be rich and fine. If in October you do marry, love will come but riches tarry. If you wed in bleak November, only joys will come, remember. When December snows fall fast, marry and true love will last. Marry in May and you'll live to rue the dayMay had been considered an unlucky month to marry in for a number of reasons. In Pagan times the Feast of the Dead and the festival of the goddess of chastity both occurred in May.The advice was taken more seriously in Victorian times than it is today. In most Churches the end of April was a busy time for weddings as coupes wanted to avoid being married in May. Queen Victoria was thought to have forbidden her children from marrying in May.June was considered to be a lucky month to marry in, because it was named after Juno, the Roman goddess of love and marriage.The summer as a whole was considered a good time to marry and this was partly to do with the sun's association with fertility. In Scotland one popular custom was for the bride to "walk with the sun" to bring her good. She would walk from east to west on the south side of the church and then continue walking around the church three times.2.4 Holding the WeddingThe wedding ceremony was finally held.The church ceremony in the middle ages took place outside the church door before entering the church for a nuptial mass. During the ceremony in front of the church doors the man stood on the right side and the woman stood on the left side, facing the door of the church. “The reason was that she was formed out of a rib in the left side of Adam.” The priest began by asking if anyone knew of any reason the couple should not be married. He also asked thisof the man and woman so they might confess any reasons for prohibiting their marriage.The ceremony proceeded with the priest saying, “N (amen) wilt though have this woman to thy wedded wife, wilt the love her, and honor her, keep her and guard her, in health and in sickness, as a husband should a wife, and forsaking all others on account of her, keep thee only unto her, so long as ye both shall live?” Then the priest, changing the wording of “as a husband should a wife”, asked the same of the woman. Both the man and the woman should answer by saying” I will.” At this time the woman was given by her father. The wedding continued with the saying of vows. Both the man and the woman, with the exception of the words wife and husband, said, “I N. take thee N. to my wedded wife, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness, and in health, till death do us part, if the holy church will ordain it. And thereto I plight thee my troth.” At this time the ring exchange occurred. They bowed their heads and the priest gave them a blessing. As husband and wife they entered the church, where they knelt before the altar. At the altar the priest gave a prayer and a blessing, thus ending the marriage ceremony.If the bridegroom and bride did not belong to England ofChurch, they must use the second marriage form, according to the law, that was go to the marriage registrant to hold a secular marriage ceremony.3. Differences between themIt is clear that Chinese marriage custom and western marriage custom differ from each other in many aspects. In Chinese marriage custom the matchmaker has many functions and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men. By contrast, in western marriage custom, the priest has functions and the youths, particular the man, have legal right to choose whom they wanted to marry and men and women are equal.3.1 Different Marriage MediaMatchmaker and priest are different. Matchmaker has many functions. Almost in every process in marriage in old times, the matchmaker would attend. First, it was the matchmaker that introduced a man to a woman or a woman to a man, most the former. If matchmaker did not introduce them to each other, they would not know about each other for ever. If some accident event happened, that is they knew each other not through the matchmaker, they would be called “committing adultery with each other “or “a thief if a man and a whore if a woman”.Second, the other procedures after introduction in marriage were also done by the matchmaker.There are three conditions in marriage in old China that were the matchmaker’s proposals, six gifts and meet, people kept honoring the ancestors as the center in these three conditions. The regulation of listening to matchmaker’s proposals was the rule that people must abide by. The reason was not only the function the matchmaker had in society, but also the meaning that the matchmaker had in later generation reproduction.In modern times, matchmaker still has some of above functions such as the function of introduction.Priest does not always function. It is his duty only when he hosts the wedding ceremony. It was not the priest who introduces the man to the woman or the woman to the man.In Christian’s opinions, wedding ceremony is considered as an important way to get god’s save and wedding ceremony is a very important part of marriage. Priest plays an essential role in it. And marriage is not valid, unless the ceremony is hosted by priest. There are three conditions in marriage too. First, there should be some correct things that is used when go to church; second, correct means to go to church especiallycorrect reading prayer book; third, correct motive to go to church which emphasizes action by church’s order. It can be seen that church is important in western people’s eyes, so the priest is necessary when holding a marriage. And marriage is tinged with mystery because of these conditions.3.2 Differences on freedomIn old China, people looked at the country and society as the standard, thus, “behest of parents” played an absolute important role in marriage. It was the principles of heaven and earth—right and proper when parents dealt with the son's or daughter's marriage only by their own opinions. Marriage in China was arranged by family. “Behest of parents and proposals of matchmaker” decided everything about marriage. Usually the husband and the wife did not meet each other before getting married. They did not know what their husband or wife liked. Even sometimes they did not know the names of each. If they did not agree the marriage, it was no use because the right of decision belonged to their parents. The marriage would still be held. The youths are not free when chose the lover in some places even today.Marriage marks the beginning of complete independence from the parents. According to the English law, no one was allowedto get married under the age of sixteen. Marriage between the age of sixteen and eighteen must have the parents’ consent. But when the girl was over eighteen, she was free to choose her love. Youths in Britain were relatively free. In Britain, church pointed out “agreement principle” which pointed out that the marriage was valid only when the two persons involved in marriage expressed freely and openly in front of at least two chief witness at wedding ceremony; the marriage was not valid when there existing misunderstanding or force in marriage. Under this “agreement principle”, the father should listen to the daughter’s suggestion, and the father should not force the daughter to marry with the man whom she did not want to marry. Thus, it can be seen from this point that, one’s willing was superior to anything.3.3 Differences on rightChinese men were hold up as “sky” and women were considered as “earth” in old times. Sky was superior to earth in old people’s eyes. And women must comply with three obedience and four virtues. But man could have a wife and many concubines. In north of China in some places, husband and wife are still unequal.The Bible says that husband should respect wife becauseboth of them are blessed by God. And it emphasizes that the relations between husband and wife should include duty.3.4 Different Purposes of MarriageThe main purpose of getting marriage in China is to continue the male offspring. The so-called “there are three forms of filial impiety, of which the most serious is to have no heir”reflects the importance to serve ancestors. And the filial piety is traditional virtues.In western countries, they are influenced deeply by religion, especially the Christianity. They think that it is the God who has created marriage. There are three purposes of the marriage created by God. First, the couple is lifelong companion with each other; they serve God together. Then get married, start career and produce an heir to carry on the pious descendants. The final purpose is carrying on the pious descendants to serve to God. So they do not stress the blood relationship. They can remedy the defect of non-child by adopting other children.4. Reasons for the Differences4.1 ReligionsAmong all the religion by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the west. Everyphase of man’s life is touched by this religion, so much so that it has become part and parcel of western culture. British dominant religious belief is Christian faith; or rather the U.K. is a country of Christianity.Bishop ordered marriage law as the fourth chapter in 1234. After issuing the law, it was carried on under the strong church control. In 1917, the marriage law referred: wedding ceremony should be held by priest or at least two witness; the willing should be true and not be forced.Most Chinese people believes Buddhism which advocates “why and because relationship”. In this point of view, sky is the reason, and earth is the result; parents are the reason, and sons or daughters are the result; husband is the reason, and wife is the result.4.2 Cultural OriginsTraditional Chinese traditional marriage custom was characterized by a distinctive patriarchal clan system. “Three obedience and four virtues” decided that women should become an appendage to the men and be subordinated to the family interest. It was also characterized by strong feudal political color. Marriage sometimes was a kind of ways to ally in political. The policy of cementing friendly relations throughpolitical marriages was a typical example in history. The traditional marriage custom was influenced deeply by Confucianism.There sill exists differences between males and females in marriage custom today. This phenomenon is also caused by the traditional Chinese culture.Western marriage custom is influenced deeply by religion, however, which emphasizes both men and women are God’s sons and daughters, so they are equal unlike Chinese who pay more attentions to boys. Western people consider girls are also the fruit of love.4.3 Marriage ConceptsChinese people once thought that marriage was a kind of ways to increase families, offspring and protect and enhance family’s reputation and position. Marriage would add a girl of a clan other than one’s own, so marriage was looked as the important event of family but not one’s own event. The love between the man and the woman was not the first condition of marriage. Today the marriage concepts have not changed much especially in some backward places. The aim of getting marriage for them is till to increase families, offspring and protect and enhance family’s reputation and position.In western countries, marriage is the love’s home to return to. The aim of marriage is to make the woman and the man live together all the life. It is the personal affair. They have no duty to increase family, offspring and protect and enhance family’s reputation and position. The marriage just make them live together. Thus those westerners stress feeling not the family’s interest or reputation when they are choosing lover.4.4 GeographiesBritain is over one thousand kilometers from south to north. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with the longest coastlines in the world. In Britain no place is over one hundred and twenty kilometers from the sea. During the fight with the sea, British people feel the strong force of the nature that is difficult to control. Thus they believed God. They think God is omnipotent and they respect God very much.China’s geography is extremely varied and complex, including mountains, plateaus, plains, grasslands, basins, hills, islands, desert, glaciers, and frozen earth. Mountain areas cover about two-thirds of the total land area. This geography decides that Chinese people live mainly by farming and live in groups, and later formed the patriarchal clan system with rigidly stratified. This makes Chinese people respect the。

商务英语翻译中的文化差异及应对策略

商务英语翻译中的文化差异及应对策略
2 . 商务 英语 翻译 的特 点
词 汇是 学 习英语 的必 须 掌握 的基本 条 件 , 用 于商 务英 语 的词 汇具 有 较强 的专 业性 , 而且 表达 要 准确 , 多是些 缩 略词 、 专业词或包含商务 、 法律意义的词汇。缩略词在商务英语翻 译 中 比较常 见 , 通常 是在 不 断探 索实践 中总结 出来 的 , 人 们 使用 的频率较高 ,因此必须熟悉缩略词 的全称及意义 ,如

资产 负债 表 ” 。还有 许 多一 词多 义 的词汇 ,在 不 同 的语 境 中 有不同的意思 ,如 A v e r a g e ,在保险行业表示海损 , 在股市 则表示 若 干股 票 的平 均价 格 。
其次是文体一致原则 , 商务问题具有多样性,翻译者必须 熟悉各种文体,翻译前先对文体类型做出明确判断, 如果比较
学园 I ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱX U E Y U A N
2 0 1 3年 第 2 2期
商务英语翻译 中的文化差 异及 应对策 略
任红 霞 广 西国际商务职 业技术 学院应 用外语 系
【 摘 要】 每个民族都有 自己的语言,要想实现 良好的沟通 ,首先要克服语言上的障碍。商务英语在 当前世界贸易 中的 作 用 目益 突 出 , 但 与一般 的翻 译不 同,商 务英 语更 具实 用性 和专 业性 ,除 了要求有 较高 的英 语水平 ,还要 深刻地 了解 西 方文 化及其 与东方文化 的差异,而且具备足够的商务知识 ,如此才能做好商务英语翻译工作 ,促进中外经济贸易顺利开展。 【 关键词 】商务英语翻译 文化差异 应对策略
整篇 翻译 即是词 汇 和语 句 的结 合 , 其 主要 作 用是 传递有 效的商业信息 ,因此语篇翻译需有较强的专业性 , 在简练严

商务英语翻译中的跨文化因素

商务英语翻译中的跨文化因素

商务英语翻译中的跨文化因素随着全球化的不断发展,各国之间的商务活动日益频繁。

商务英语作为商务交流的主要语言,其翻译的准确性、得体性和跨文化因素的处理显得尤为重要。

本文将从商务英语翻译概述、跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响以及如何应对跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响三个方面进行探讨。

商务英语翻译是指在商务环境下将英语作为交流语言的双方,将源语言的信息通过译者转化为目标语言的过程。

商务英语翻译的特点主要包括准确性、礼貌性、专业性和跨文化性。

其中,准确性是商务英语翻译的首要原则,指翻译要忠实、准确、明确地传达源语言的信息,避免歧义和误解。

礼貌性则是指在翻译过程中要尊重对方的身份、地位和职业,保持措辞得体、礼貌。

专业性要求译者具备商务专业知识,能够准确传达商务术语和概念。

而跨文化性则是商务英语翻译中需要特别的一个方面。

文化差异是指不同国家、地区和民族之间在历史、地理、风俗习惯、价值观念和宗教信仰等方面的差异。

这些差异往往会导致商务英语翻译中的误解和沟通障碍。

例如,在东方文化中,“龙”被视为吉祥、权威的象征,而在西方文化中则是邪恶的象征。

因此,在翻译与“龙”相关的商标或产品名称时,需要考虑目标市场的文化背景,以避免引起负面联想。

文化认知是指个体或团体在长期生活实践中形成的对事物的看法、观念和价值观等方面的差异。

在商务英语翻译中,文化认知的差异可能导致对相同语言符号的不同理解。

例如,“dog”在西方文化中通常是忠诚、勇敢的象征,而在汉语中则常常被赋予贬义含义。

因此,在翻译过程中需要深入了解双方的文化背景,以便准确传达信息。

文化情感是指不同文化背景下人们对待事物的态度、情感和行为方式的差异。

在商务英语翻译中,一些看似普通的词汇或表达方式可能会触动目标市场的文化情感。

例如,在一些西方国家,人们非常注重个人隐私,因此在翻译过程中需要避免使用或提及对方的隐私信息。

否则,可能会引起对方的不满或反感,进而影响商务合作。

译者首先需要增强跨文化意识,了解不同文化之间的差异和共性。

基于中外文化差异的商务英语教学方法研究

基于中外文化差异的商务英语教学方法研究

基于中外文化差异的商务英语教学方法研究作者:张宏琰来源:《科教导刊》2013年第14期摘要笔者分析了商务英语学习存在的外文化差异,并从教学技能、商务文化意识教学渗透等方面探讨了商务英语的教学方法。

关键词中外文化商务英语教学方法中图分类号:G424 文献标识码:A商务英语作为一门国际英语教学课程,它与普通的大学英语课程的教学有所不同,它不仅仅要提高学生的英语水平和应用英语的能力,还要让学生在学习英语的过程中,对西方企业的管理理念、西方人工作心理、西方人日常生活习惯等进行全面了解,而对这些方面的了解就从侧面反映了学生在学习商务英语的同时,还要学习西方文化。

面对中西反复文化存在的众多差异时,教师如何将商务英语课程顺利开展,如何培养更多的商务英语人才,这就需要教师在教学过程中,不断积累经验,不断探索和创新教学方法,以加强对学生商务文化意识的培养。

1 商务英语学习中体现出的中外文化差异语言是文化的重要组成部分,在商务英语课堂学习中了解中外文化背景知识是必要的,也是重要的,要想学好商务英语,将所学英语有效地应用到实际生活和工作中去,还应对中外文化背景知识的差异进行全面了解和认识。

1.1 了解西方文化中的宗教信仰宗教信仰自古以来对文化的发展就产生着重要影响,也可以说宗教信仰的出现和发展涉及到国家的经济、政治和文化等各个方面。

在西方,受基督教文化影响的国家较多,因此,很多西方国家的社会习俗与基督教的文化都息息相关,尤其是基督教中的经典故事和传说,多数渗透在西方文学、绘画和音乐作品之中,这就在一定程度上影响了西方的语言习惯、语言艺术和语言文化。

因此,在商务英语教学中应让学生了解更多的西方宗教信仰。

1.2 了解西方文化中的价值观世界上的文化多种多样,每种文化都有属于自己的、特定的价值观和价值体系,这种文化的价值体系在国家中就体现为民族文化的价值观念。

一般而言,每个民族价值观都体现在一直以来的风俗习惯和礼仪习惯上,其中,礼仪习惯对一个民族的语言文化的影响是非常深刻的。

商务英语中跨文化交际及文化差异的处理策略

理论专著今天商务英语中跨文化交际及文化差异的处理策略赵伟志(成都理工大学外国语学院 四川 成都 610051)摘要:语言将一国的文化进行传承与发展,而文化亦构成语言庞大的内容与价值,这致使不同国家间的语言及文化存在较大的鸿沟与差异。

作为新时代的翻译人才,在从事商务英语翻译及相关活动时,应注意到本国与他国的文化差异,并在跨文化交际时,如会议同传,商务谈判、企业简介等,将其中因为文化差异而导致的歧义在翻译过程中消除。

故译者从事商务英语翻译时,应采取相关翻译策略避免不必要的歧义,如采取直译、意译、改译、增译等方法消除文化差异的不利影响,实现信息与文化方面的等值。

关键词:商务英语;翻译策略;跨文化交际;文化差异;信息等值中图分类号:H059 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1002-3917(2021)04-0031-02 引言1978年12月十一届三中全会中国开始实行对内改革、对外开放的国家政策,即对外开放。

自实行对外开放以来,我国的对外贸易水平逐年攀升,与他国的国际业务往来也不断增加。

对此,不断增强的对外贸易往来也催生了一门独立的新兴学科———商务英语的产生,它是我国进行对外经济交流以及相关商务活动的重要交流工具。

(Song2010:65)要进行跨国经济交流与商务活动,国家需要精通商务英语的高素质人才,能够熟悉掌握本国与他国的文化差异,并在实际的翻译实践中,运用自身所学的商务英语相关理论知识,进行高效的跨文化交际。

1.商务英语与跨文化交际的关系商务英语和跨文化交际之间的关系可谓是你中有我,我中有你,但却不能简单把商务英语与跨文化交际划等号。

商务英语中会涉及到跨文化交际,但跨文化交际交际并不局限于商务英语。

译者需要处理的是商务英语中的跨文化现象,即在将中文转换为英文的过程中,将不符合英文读者价值需求或取向,不符合目标语读者语用习惯及表达,不符合其文化内涵的东西进行转化或者剔除。

2.商务英语中的跨文化现象在做商务英语中的企业简介翻译时,不可避免地就会接触到一些因为文化差异而导致的难题,即跨文化交际难题。

从文化角度看中西方英语翻译的差异

AY30233 从文化角度看中西方英语翻译的差异摘要语言是文化的载体,是古代文明得以传承的基础,英汉两种语言拥有很久的历史,都有属于自己特有的文化内涵,可是由于两者地处不同的地方,经过漫长的独立发展后,会有很大的不同,因此在翻译过程中,要考虑很多文化因素,找到共同点,这样才能使两者的交流能够顺利进行。

关键词英汉互译文化特色习俗中西差异0引言现代社会的快速发展,中西两种文化的碰撞越来越强烈,由于英语和汉语的语言的差异,所以英语翻译对于我们来说很重要,在实际的交流中,双方处于不同的地理环境,宗教信仰和风俗习惯的不同,所以会造成在翻译过程当中,会出现偏差,下面就从文化角度分析中西方英语翻译差异的原因。

1认知角度由于每个民族有他们特定的历史文化背景,所以不同的民族对于客观存在的事物认识是不同的。

也就是认知角度不同,认知角度不同,一个词语代表的意思就大不相同,因此要注意。

就拿颜色来说,赤橙黄绿青蓝紫七种颜色,每个颜色对于不同民族来说,同一颜色的词语有着不同的理解和看法。

白色在中国代表着不详,人们只有在老人去世时戴上白色的孝布,以及在有人去世的家庭里过年时就得贴白色的对联,以表示对死者的哀悼。

而在西方国家,白色象征着天使和纯洁,他们结婚时新娘就穿着白色的婚纱。

再看红色,在中国,红色意味着喜庆,欢乐美满,在过年时,在家门口会大红灯笼高高挂,也会贴红色的春联,在一些喜庆的日子里,例如结婚和出嫁,人民会用红色来增添喜庆,在自己的本命年里,人们会穿红色的衣服,红色还有避邪的说法,再看西方,在他们看来,红色是暴力,血腥,一种厌恶这种颜色的认知。

然后就是蓝色,蓝色在英语国家是忧郁,代表心情不好,蓝天是说没有用的东西,而在中国,当人们说蓝天时,大家第一反应是碧水蓝天,阳光明媚,空气清新,代表的是快乐的积极的。

从上面举的几个例子可以看出,同一个代表颜色的词语,代表的意思是不同的甚至是相反的,因此翻译人员在翻译时,要特别注意这种差异,认知的不同是不可改变,体现是是文化的差异,在翻译时要特别留心。

商务英语毕业论文完整版

商务英语毕业论文 HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】上虞分院毕业论文(调研报告、设计)(2016届)(中英文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响)学生姓名史斌学号 1320336专业班级商英133指导教师王海英二○一六年三月中英文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响摘要翻译是两种语言的转换,也是两种文化的传递。

由于中外文化在各个方面存在很大的差异,在商务活动中也不例外。

作者我联系实际从风俗习惯、宗教信仰、商务谈判和个人价值观上来分析文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响。

关键词文化差异;翻译;影响1风俗习惯对商务英语翻译的影响在社会生活和文化交流中,不同的国家会在这个过程中形成自己独一无二的风俗习惯。

中外在这个方面的差异是多方面的。

对待动物上的差异列如在对待狗的态度上面。

在中国,“狗”这个词不管是对人还是对事都是形容坏的、不好的,列如说某人是狗东西,那就是在骂这个人是没良心,或者某人遇到狗急跳墙的事情那就说明这件事情不好。

在中国还有很多带有“狗”字的成语,像鸡飞狗跳、狐朋狗友、狼心狗肺等等都是形容不好的事或者人,总之“狗”在中国大多数都是贬义的。

但是在英国,他们对狗都很有好感,他们有很多赞美人的话里面都带有“狗”字,列如“lucky dog”(幸运儿)、“top dog”(重要的人物),“love me, love my dog”(爱屋及乌)等等。

在他们国家“狗”这个词大多数情况都是褒义的。

同时日本人对“狗”也很有好感,着名的《忠犬八公》就发生在日本,为此日本不仅对它拍了电影还为它树立了雕像来纪念八公。

再还有中外对老虎与狮子上不同的反应。

在中国老虎用来比喻“勇猛威武”,列如狐假虎威、虎踞龙盘等等但是在英语中把汉语中的“虎”用“lion”来表示而不是“tiger”。

在西方,狮子才是力量和好战勇猛的象征而并非老虎,如“bold as a lion”(如狮子般勇猛)、“majestic as a lion”(如狮子般威风凛凛)等等。

中西文化差异对翻译的影响


参考内容
基本内容
随着全球经济一体化的不断发展,贸易和商务活动越来越频繁。因此,商务 英语翻译作为一种重要的跨文化交流工具,也日益受到广泛。然而,中西文化差 异对商务英语翻译产生了深远的影响。本次演示将从几个方面探讨这种影响并提 出应对策略。
一、文化差异对商务英语翻译的 影响
1、词汇差异
中西文化中的词汇差异很大。在商务英语中,一些词汇在中文中可能没有完 全对应的翻译,反之亦然。例如,“inventory”在英文中指“库存”,而在中 文中却没有完全对应的词汇。同样,中文中的“关系”一词在英文中也没有完全 对应的翻译。
中西文化差异对翻译的影响
基本内容
随着全球化的推进,跨文化交流日益频繁,翻译成为不同语言之间沟通的桥 梁。然而,中西文化差异对翻译产生了很大的影响。本次演示旨在探讨中西文化 差异对翻译的影响,并从研究综述、研究方法、结果与讨论、结论等方面展开论 述。
在文献综述方面,中西文化差异对翻译的影响一直以来受到广泛。国内外学 者从不同角度对此进行了深入研究。这些研究主要集中在语言与文化、文化差异 与翻译策略、译者素养与跨文化意识等方面。虽然已有研究取得了一定的成果, 但仍存在需要进一步探讨的问题,例如如何更加客观地评估文化差异对翻译的影 响等。
3、社交习俗层面:中西方文化中的社交习俗存在很大差异。例如,中国人 注重礼尚往来,而西方人则更注重个人独立。在翻译过程中,需要目标语言的社 会文化背景,避免产生误解或冒犯。
4、价值观层面:中西方文化的价值观存在明显差异。例如,西方文化强调 个人主义和自由,而东方文化更注重集体主义和和谐。在翻译过程中,需要尊重 目标语言的价值观,避免产生冲突。
2、语境差异
中西文化中的语境差异也是很大的。在商务英语中,一些表达在中文中可能 有着完全不同的含义。例如,“in the black”在英文中通常指“盈利”,而在 中文中却可能被误解为“黑暗”。
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华东理工大学继续教育学院 专科毕业综合训练

题 目 商务英语中的中西方文化差异 专 业 商务英语 年 级 2011级 学 号 24112706 姓 名 林璐芸 导 师

完成日期2013年12月5日

目录 摘要··············································1 1商务英语翻译特点·································2 1.1即席性·········································2 1.2专业性·········································2 1.3 精确性········································2 2 跨文化交际与商务英语······························2 2.1中国与英语国家间的跨文化交际····················2 2.2 商务英语翻译中面临的文化意象处理障碍···········3 3 商务英语翻译人员的应对方法························4 3.1强化自身文化素养·······························4 3.2实战强化演练····································5 4 结论···············································5 5 参考文献···········································5 6 致谢···············································6 1

商务英语中的中西方文化差异 摘要:在中国,随着经济的迅猛发展和国际地位的迅速提升,商务翻译的重要性与需求量

也日益增加,商务翻译的研究工作也日益紧迫。很多人认为只要是掌握英汉两种语言及一定商务知识的人都可以胜任,商务翻译的研究工作受到了忽略,因而难以取得突破。针对这种现象,笔者就中国与西方英语国家间的跨文化交际进行了论述,着重探讨了中国与英语国家间在风俗意象、文字意象和思维模式上的差异。并且针对这些商务英语翻译中出现的中西方文化差异问题,相应的为翻译人员提出了具体的学习改进措施。

关键词: 中西方;文化差异;商务英语 2

一、 商务英语翻译特点 1. 即席性 众所周知,商务活动通常十分多样化,这意味着商务英语口译发生的场合多种多样,翻译员可能事先不清楚商务活动会在何时何地发生,比如,外商的航班在深夜抵达,而此时翻译员才刚从睡梦中醒来。因此,能快速融入场合、进入状态,能根据现场情况灵活应变,这些对于商务英语翻译员来说是必备要求,这就是所谓的即席性。即席性是商务英语口译活动的第一个特性,翻译员能否充分认识即席性,针对不同场合,调整状态,从而有效提高口译效率,将直接影响到商务英语口译的效果。 2. 专业性 商务英语口译具有专业性的特征,这是由商务活动本身具有涉及专业知识的性质所决定的,也就是说,商务英语口译活动要求翻译员同时具备从事商务活动、处理商务难题的专业素养。跨国境的国际化贸易早己形成了一套完整又相对固定的规则,各个参与国尊重这些规则,在这些规则下互相进行商贸往来以获取利益。商务英语口译尤其会涉及诸多此类规则,而作为双方交流的中间人,翻译员就必须具备专业知识来吃透这些规则,专业性对于商务英语翻译员来说至关重要,商务英语翻译员解释的对象往往是各个专业领域的产品和技术,假使翻译员不具备这方面最基本的专业知识,那么恐怕在口译活动中将寸步难行。 3. 精确性 商务英语口译的精确性包括:立场正确、术语准确、数字精确、口吻贴切等等。可见,精确性对于商务英语口译至关重要,翻译员作为交际双方沟通的桥梁,应当起到疏通的作用,防止由于口译不准确而造成误解。“信、达、雅”作为评价翻译质量的标准,在笔译方面体现的淋滴尽致。人们对艺术总是怀着一种追求完美的态度,而商务英语翻译作为一门艺术也有相同的诉求。 二、 跨文化交际与商务英语 1. 中国与英语国家间的跨文化交际 跨文化是指不同文化背景的群体之间的交互作用。 从科学的角度来看,跨文化是指在交流中“人们不仅仅是有自身的习惯、观念和行为方式,也了解别人的习惯、观念和行为方式的所有关系。从文化学理论角度来看 “跨文化”,其实就是指跨越不同国家不同民族界线的文化。文化只是对自身文化系统和知识系统的理解,它没有跨文化的视野开阔。 “跨文化”是指通过越过体系界限来经历文化归属性的所有的人与人之间的互动关系。 众所周知,生活在不同文化背景之下的人们,在语言、意识形态、历史文化、风俗礼仪、政治体制、教育体系、思维观念等方面都不尽相同。 19世纪初,当时的英帝国在全世界范围内广兴贸易,英语从那时起逐渐成为全球商务活动的通用语言。1840年鸦片战争的爆发间接开启了中国与英语国家间的跨文化交际,随后五口通商和允许传教士进入中国传教的事件更加速了中国与英语国家的跨文化交际。“跨文化交际是古往今来存在的普遍现象,近几十年来人们之所以重视这一现象的研究,是因为交通工具和通讯手段的快速发展使得各国人民得以频繁地交往”。中国自从改革开放以后,与英语国家的贸易往来不断增多,特别是随着自然科学的迅速发展,交通网络覆盖全球,信息高速路四通八达,我们身处的世界越来越成为一个名副其实的地球村。“跨文化交际已成为全球化时代的一个突出特征”,正如前文所述,英语翻译人员应扮演沟通桥梁的角色,David Katan 认为:“As a cultural mediator, the interpreter will need tobe a specialist in negotiating understanding between cultures。”商务英语翻译员作为中国与英语国家间跨文化交际的桥梁,自然而然地承担起促使“生活在两种文化之下人们互相理解”的重任。那么,如何才能有效克服商务英语翻译中出现的文化意象障碍,从而实现顺畅的沟通呢? “顺畅的沟通首先要解决文化与语言问题”,近现代中外大规模文化交流历经百佘年,而中国与英语国家间的文化交流更是大潮流中的潮头,本章就商务英语 3

翻译中面临的文化意象处理障碍及其应对方法进行讨论。 2. 商务英语翻译中面临的文化意象处理障碍 Eugene Nida 认为:“Each language has its own genius。”语言是文化中不可或缺的一部分,同时语言又是文化传播的重要工具之一,两种文化之间的差异对语言有着极为重大的影响,这些差异正是体现在文化意象处理的障碍上。文化意象有具体的也有抽象的,在一些情况下,源语信息中所蕴含的文化意象可能在目标语的文化背景下没有对应意象,这就要追溯到两种文化的历史、宗教、信仰、风俗乃至人们的思维模式上的不同。在商务活动中,“双方对互相的社会文化缺乏了解,于是以自己的角度去瑞摩对方,致使两种文化不能融合”。因此,商务英语翻译人员必须成为一名真正意义上的文化人,才能有效融入到跨文化交际活动当中。下面,我们就从风俗意象差异、文字意象差异、思维模式差异三方面来解析商务英语翻译面临的文化意象处理障碍。 (1)中国与英语国家间的风俗意象差异 每一个民族在不断的社会进步中形成了其独特的风俗,这些风俗正如文明宝库中的瑰宝,闪耀着文明之光。风俗主要指习俗、礼仪、禁忌等,这些无一不在人们的曰常交际中加以体现,下面就来阐述常见的风俗意象差异。礼仪是风俗中十分重要的一环节,中国自古以来就因礼仪之邦而闻名,古代中国人更是在礼仪上有很多讲究。例如,中国人称人为“阁下”,称己为“鄙人”;称人之子为“令郎”,称己之子为“犬子”;称人之家为“贵府”,称己之家为“寒舍”;赞人见解说“高见”,称己见解为“拙见”;称人爱护说“垂爱”,谢人爱护说“错爱”,即便在如今,人们仍沿袭着古人的许多做法。翻译员在遭遇这些风俗文化意象时,难免不知所措,假如翻译员就此瑞摩语者的口气,并十分详尽地进行模仿,译语中体现出无比的卑微和恭敬,然而外宾却摸不着头脑、一脸茫然,相反地还令中方人员感到无比逾旭:。其实,诸如此类敬辞,假如其本身不包含任何身份层面的以下对上、以幼对长的语境的话,完全可以不译,仅用最朴实的英语来传达。 不仅中国人爱用敬语,英语国家的人也是如此。例如,称呼男士时,英国人用“Dear Sir”,以及称呼女士时用的“Dear Madame”。翻译员在处理这些敬语时,假如直译为“亲爱的先生”、“亲爱的女士”,恐怕会令中方人员感觉不适,因为在中国人的印象里,“亲爱的”仅仅适用于爱人、亲人、挚友之间,对于商务往来的双方,还谈不上用“亲爱的”这个词。那么在此时,翻译员最好翻译成“尊敬的先生”和“尊敬的女士”较为稳妥,这也符合商务场合庄重的氛围。此外,英语中常常存在一词多意的情况,比如,在官职称呼上,“director”这个词可以指“主任”,也可以指“处长”或“局长”;英美人士对这几个官职或许没有具体的概念,可中国人却不同,要知道,中国的官僚体制等级分明,假如翻译员在翻译中不经意地把别人官职“压低” 了,这可是犯了大忌。 (2)中国与英语国家间的文字意象差异 文字是一个民方矣文化中最核心的组成部分,它记载着所归属文化数千年来的演变历史。在东方,从五千多年前的甲骨文到今日的白话文,在这一段历史长河中,文字不知经历了多少变迁,其中包含的故事更是不为西方人所知,东西方人们在文字意象上存在差异自然不足为奇了。本文以商务英语活动为背景,讨论的自然是存在于商务英语活动之中的跨文化文字意象差异,下面就以商务往来中最基本的“企业称谓”这一点来展幵论述。例如,近现代工商业始于西方,西方早在16世纪资本主义兴起时就有了“公司”这一概念,如1602年在荷兰成立的世界上最早的股份制公司——东印度公司。其实,“公司“并非舶来词,在中国,“公司”一词曾经指的是明末清初福建农村地带存在的“具有帮会性质的组合形式”。在当代商务交往中,中国人习惯将一切企业都统称为公司,但是,与中文“公司”相对应的“company”一词并不能代表所有的西方企业,同样地,并非所有的中国企业均可用“company”一词来进行翻译,不同行业的企业有其特有的称谓,比如汽车业用“Motor”,

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