并购的财务风险研究外文翻译
财务风险外文文献(学习资料)

外文文献The Important Of Financial RiskSohnke M. Bartram Gregory W. Brown and Murat AtamerAbstract:This paper examines the determinants of equity price risk for a largesample of non-financial corporations in the United States from 1964 to 2008. Weestimate both structural and reduced form models to examine the endogenous natureof corporate financial characteristics such as total debt debt maturity cash holdingsand dividend policy. We find that the observed levels of equity price risk areexplained primarily by operating and asset characteristics such as firm age size assettangibility as well as operating cash flow levels and volatility. In contrast impliedmeasures of financial risk are generally low and more stable than debt-to-equity ratios.Our measures of financial risk have declined over the last 30 years even as measuresof equity volatility e.g. idiosyncratic risk have tended to increase. Consequentlydocumented trends in equity price risk are more than fully accounted for by trends inthe riskiness of firms’assets. Taken together the results suggest that the typical U.S.firm substantially reduces financial risk by carefully managing financial policies. As aresult residual financial risk now appears negligible relative to underlying economicrisk for a typical non-financial firm.Keywords:Capital structure;financial risk;risk management;corporate finance1 1.IntroductionThe financial crisis of 2008 has brought significant attention to the effects offinancial leverage. There is no doubt that the high levels o f debt financing by financialinstitutions and households significantly contributed to the crisis. Indeed evidenceindicates that excessive leverage orchestrated by major global banks e.g. through themortgage lending and collateralized debt obligations and the so-called “shadowbanking system”may be the underlying cause of the recent economic and financialdislocation. Less obvious is the role of financial leverage among nonfinancial firms.To date problems in the U.S. non-financial sector have been minor compared to thedistress in the financial sector despite the seizing of capital markets during the crisis.For example non-financial bankruptcies have been limited given that the economicdecline is the largest since the great depression of the 1930s. In fact bankruptcyfilings of non-financial firms have occurred mostly in U.S. industries e.g.automotive manufacturing newspapers and real estate that faced fundamentaleconomic pressures prior to the financial crisis. This surprising fact begs the question“How important is financial risk for non-financial firms”At the heart of this issue isthe uncertainty about the determinants of total firm risk as well as components of firmrisk.Recent academic research in both asset pricing and corporate finance hasrekindled an interest in analyzing equity price risk. A current strand of the assetpricing literature examines the finding of Campbell et al. 2001 thatfirm-specificidiosyncratic risk has tended to increase over the last 40 years. Other work suggeststhat idiosyncratic risk may be a priced risk factor see Goyal and Santa-Clara 2003among others. Also related to these studies is work by Pástor and V eronesi 2003showing how investor uncertainty about firm profitability is an important determinantof idiosyncratic risk and firm value. Other research has examined the role of equityvolatility in bond pricing e.g. Dichev 1998 Campbell Hilscher and Szilagyi2008.However much of the empirical work examining equity price risk takes the riskof assets as given or tries to explain the trend in idiosyncratic risk. In contrast thispaper takes a different tack in the investigation of equity price risk. First we seek tounderstand the determinants of equity price risk at the firm level by considering totalrisk as the product of risks inherent in the firms operations i.e. economic or businessrisks and risks associated with financing the firms operations i.e. financial risks.Second we attempt to assess the relative importance of economic and financial risksand the implications for financial policy.Early research by Modigliani and Miller 1958 suggests that financial policymay be largely irrelevant for firm value because investors can replicate manyfinancial decisions by the firm at a low cost i.e. via homemade leverage andwell-functioning capital markets should be able to distinguish between financial andeconomic distress. Nonetheless financial policies such as adding debt to the capitalstructure can magnify the risk of equity. In contrast recent research on corporate riskmanagement suggests that firms may also be able to reduce risks and increase valuewith financial policies such as hedging with financial derivatives. However thisresearch is often motivated by substantial deadweight costs associated with financialdistress or other market imperfections associated with financial leverage. Empiricalresearch provides conflicting accounts of how costly financial distress can be for atypical publicly traded firm.We attempt to directly address the roles of economic and financial risk byexamining determinants of total firm risk. In our analysis we utilize a large sample ofnon-financial firms in the United States.Our goal of identifying the most importantdeterminants of equity price risk volatility relies on viewing financial policy astransforming asset volatility into equity volatility via financial leverage. Thusthroughout the paper we consider financial leverage as the wedge between assetvolatility and equity volatility. For example in a static setting debt provides financialleverage that magnifies operating cash flow volatility. Because financial policy isdetermined by owners and managers we are careful to examine the effects of firms’asset and operating characteristics on financial policy. Specifically we examine avariety of characteristics suggested by previous research and as clearly as possibledistinguish between those associated of the company(i.e. factors determining economic risk) and those associated with financing the firm(i.e. factors determining financial risk).We then allow economic risk to be a determinant of financial policy in the structural framework of Leland and Toft(1996),or alternatively, in a reduced form model of financial leverage.An advantage of the structural model approach is that we are able to account for both the possibility of financial and operating implciations ofsome factors(e.g .dividends),as well as the endogenous nature of the bankruptcy decision and financial policy in general.Our proxy for firm risk is the volantility if common stock returns derived from calculating the standard deviation of daliy equity returns.Our proxies for econmic risk are designed to capture the essential charactersitics of the firm’s operations and assets that determine the cash flow generating process for the firm.For example,firm size and age provide measures of line of –business maturity; tangible assets(plant,property,and equipment)serve as a proxy for the ‘hardness’of a firm’s assets;capital expenditures measure captial intensity as well as growth potential.Operating profitability and operating profit volatility serve as measures of the timeliness and riskiness of cash flows.To understand how financial factors affect firm risk,we examine total debt,debt maturity,dividend payouts,and holdings of cash and short-term investments.The primary resuit or our analysis is surpriing:factors determining economic risk for a typical company exlain the vast majority of the varation in equity volatility.Correspondingly,measures of implied financial leverage are much lower than observed debt ratios. Specifically, in our sample covering 1964-2008 average actual net financial (market) leverage is 1.50 compared to our estimates of between 1.03 and 1.11 (depending on model specification and estimation technique).This suggests that firms may undertake other financial policise to manage financial risk and thus lower effective leverage to nearly negligible levels.These policies might include dynamically adjusting financial variables such as debt levels,debt maturity,or cash holdings (see,for example , Acharya,Almeida,and Campello,2007).In addition,many firms also utilize explicit financial risk management techniques such as the use of financial dervatives,contractual arrangements with investors (e.g. lines of credit,call provisions in debt contracts ,or contingencies in supplier contracts ),spcial purpose vehicles (SPVs),or other alternative risk transfer techniques.The effects of our ecnomic risk factors on equity volatility are generally highly statiscally significant, with predicted size and age of the firm.This is intuitive since large and mature firms typically have more stable lines of business,which shoule be reflected in the volatility. This suggests that companties with higher and more stable operating cash flows are less likely to go bankrupt, and therefore are potentially less risky .Among economic risk variables,the effects of firm size ,prfit volatility,and dividend policy on equity volatility stand out. Unlike some previous studies,our careful treatment of the endogeneity of financial policy co nfirms that leveage increases total firm risk. Otherwise,fiancial risk factors are not reliably to total risk.Given the large literature on financial policy , it is no surprise that financial variables are , at least in part , determined by the econmic risks frims take.However, some of the specific findings are unexpected. For example , in a simple model of capital structure ,dividend payouts should increase financial leverage since they represent an outflow of cash from the firm(i.e.,increase net debt ).We find that dividends are associated with lower risk. This suggests that paying dividends is not as much a product of financial policy as a characteristic of a firm’s operations(e.g.,a mature company with limited growth opportunities). We also estimate howsensitivities to different risk factors have changed over time.Our result indicate that most relations are fairly stable. One exception is firm age which prior to 1983 tends to be positively related to risk and has since been consisitently negatively related to risk.This is related to findings by Brown and Kapadoa (2007) that recent trends in idiosyncratic risk are related to stock listings by younger and riskier firms.。
企业并购财务风险参考文献

企业并购财务风险参考文献一、引言企业并购(Merger and Acquisition,简称M&A)作为一种重要的企业战略手段,在全球经济一体化背景下愈发受到关注。
通过对国内外相关文献的梳理,本文旨在总结企业并购财务风险的研究成果,为进一步深化该领域的研究提供理论参考。
二、企业并购财务风险的内涵及分类1.财务风险内涵财务风险主要包括债务风险、流动性风险、盈利能力风险和汇率风险等方面。
在企业并购过程中,这些风险可能对企业价值产生负面影响,进而影响并购交易的顺利完成。
2.财务风险分类(1)债务风险:指企业在并购过程中面临的负债违约风险。
高负债水平可能导致企业利息支出增加、偿债能力下降,甚至引发债务危机。
(2)流动性风险:指企业在并购过程中可能面临的资金短缺风险。
流动性不足会导致企业日常运营受到影响,甚至导致并购交易的失败。
(3)盈利能力风险:指企业并购后盈利能力的不确定性。
盈利能力下降可能导致企业市场价值受损,影响投资者信心。
(4)汇率风险:指企业在跨国并购中面临的汇率波动风险。
汇率波动可能对企业跨国经营的利润水平和现金流产生影响。
三、企业并购财务风险的影响因素与评估方法1.影响因素(1)企业内部因素:包括企业战略、治理结构、管理层能力等。
(2)市场环境因素:包括市场竞争、行业周期、政策法规等。
(3)外部融资环境因素:包括资本市场状况、信贷政策、利率水平等。
2.评估方法(1)财务比率分析:通过计算债务比率、流动比率、盈利比率等财务指标,评估企业并购财务风险。
(2)现金流量分析:分析企业现金流量状况,判断企业并购过程中的资金需求和流动性风险。
(3)事件研究法:通过分析并购事件对股价、汇率等市场因素的影响,评估企业并购财务风险。
四、企业并购财务风险的管理与控制策略1.债务风险管理:优化资本结构、加强债务监控、制定合理的利息支出预算等。
2.流动性风险管理:合理安排并购资金来源、加强现金流监控、制定应急预案等。
外文翻译--并购的风险因素分析

本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系别:经济系专业:会计学姓名:学号:年月日外文资料翻译译文并购的风险因素分析摘要:目的——目前世界市场经济的全球化趋势,这意味着公司合作和加强两国关系。
公司致力于发展当地市场没有许多可能性,所以合并和收购(并购)可以有机会为他们与来自世界各地的公司合作。
本文的主要目标是最重要的并购交易的风险因素。
这将是基于世界各地的一些著名的合并和收购的原因是什么写论文或研究的目的?设计/方法/方法——在欧洲和美国一些研究表明,许多并购注定要失败。
本文是基于研究的数据写的。
Selen,g·科尔文(2003)和s·杰克逊·r·舒勒(2002)。
也有相似的结论1998 - 2002年在波兰市场。
几乎40%的交易失败。
本文将比较一些合并和收购的案例。
发现这种分析的结果,考虑理论和实践解决方案,显示了并购失败的主要原因。
他们存在内部和外部风险因素。
并购的选择更短和更便宜的方式发展相当于传统的资本投资。
另一方面,他们有耗时和高风险的特点。
研究局限性——这项研究是基于一些世界并购流程指出主要的重点是这些交易的风险因素。
实际意义——本文的结论应该找对那些有兴趣的公司的领域投资。
它显示了本地和国际市场的主要威胁。
社会影响,本研究对社会的影响是什么?它将如何影响公众的态度?它将如何影响企业社会责任或环境问题?怎么通知公共或行业政策吗?它会如何影响生活质量?创意/价值——本文显示最重要的内部和外部风险因素。
了解那些方面可能非常有助于企业在并购交易过程中避免错误。
关键字:合并、收购、风险因素、整合、公司价值、金融风险、操作风险。
论文类型的观点介绍目前世界市场经济的特点是全球化趋势,这意味着公司合作和加强两国关系。
20世纪初以来的并购数量迅速增加不仅显现在世界经济中,而且在波兰这种情况更加明显。
21世纪的头两年的并购使世界各地的活力严重下降。
在2003年,这些交易的数量和金额又开始增长。
银行财务风险的外文文献

银行财务风险的外文文献银行财务风险的外文文献:1. Bank Financial Risk Management: A Practical Guide to Managing and Mitigating Financial Risks本书是由银行财务风险管理专家写的一本实践指南,介绍了银行在管理和缓解金融风险方面的具体策略和方法。
包括了市场风险、信用风险、利率风险、流动性风险等方面的内容。
2. Managing Financial Risks: From Global to Local该书是一本汇集了全球各地知名专家的讲座,内容涵盖了银行金融风险的最新研究成果。
从宏观经济风险到信用风险等方面,对银行金融风险管理提供了全面的视角和思路。
3. Financial Risk Manager Handbook该书是由全球金融风险管理协会GARP撰写的指南手册,涵盖了金融风险管理的理论、实践和案例研究。
介绍了金融风险的识别、量化、监控和管理等重要方面。
4. Risk Management and Financial Institutions该书是一本行业标准教材,由两位金融风险管理领域的权威合著,涉及了金融风险定义、评估和管理的关键内容。
书中还包括了现代金融和银行业的最新发展和趋势等方面的内容。
5. Financial Risk: Theory, Evidence and Implications该书是一本由多位学者合著的金融风险研究专著,旨在为银行业和投资机构等金融市场从业者提供有关金融风险识别和管理的理论和实践指南。
通俗易懂的语言介绍了金融市场的基本原则,包括风险、收益、投资组合构建和风险管理等重要方面。
中小企业的财务风险管理外文文献翻译2014年译文3000字

中小企业的财务风险管理外文文献翻译2014年译文3000字Financial Risk Management for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)Financial risk management is an essential aspect of business management。
particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)。
SMEs face numerous financial risks。
including credit risk。
market risk。
liquidity risk。
and nal risk。
which can significantly impact their financial stability and growth prospects。
Therefore。
the effective management of financial risks is crucialfor SMEs to survive and thrive in today's competitive business environment.One of the primary challenges for SMEs in managing financial risks is their limited resources and expertise。
Unlike large ns。
SMEs often lack the financial resources and specialized staff to develop and implement comprehensive risk management strategies。
As a result。
企业并购融资风险分析

本文介绍了企业并购融资存在的风险及产生的原因,并结合具体并购案例的对照分 析,总结出企业并购融资风险的控制对策。
:并购 融资风险 风险管理 This article describes the risks and causes of the existence of financing mergers and acquisitions, and mergers and acquisitions combined with comparative analysis of specific cases, summed Control Measures of risk financing mergers and acquisitions.
Mergers and acquisitions Financing risks Risk management
随着经济全球化的深入,不少企业采取并购这一方式作为扩张的手段,并购已经成为 企业资本运营的重要方式之一。企业并购需要大量的资金周转,如果企业单靠自有资金的 支持,那末将难以完成并购,这就必须依靠外部融资来达成目标,这样,融资便成为企业 并购的一个重要环节。从我国企业的并购发展情况来看,在我国并购史上真正成功的案例 并非不少,大多数企业都以失败告终。总结这些失败案例,我们可以发现不少并购都是 在融资环节浮现了问题。为保证企业并购活动能够顺利开展,提高并购效率,必须对并购 融资风险进行管理。 基于上述背景,本文选择企业并购融资风险分析为题,从介绍并购融资风险的概念及 风险类型出发,解释风险产生的原因,并分析具体并购案例,通过对照不同案例中的融资 风险管理,总结出具体的管理对策。
每一个成功企业并购案例的暗地里,都需要雄厚的资金作为后盾,公司并购的资金筹集 环节会给企业带来融资风险。本章节介绍企业并购融资风险的概念、类型以及各种风险产 生的原因。
“企业并购融资风险是指与并购资金来源和融资后资本结构有关的资金来源风险” [1] ,具体包括融资在数量和时间上是否保证需要、融资方式是否符合并购动机以及是否影 响并购方的控制权、融资成本是否影响企业正常的经营等。 融资风险是因企业并购融资 是影响因素的不确定而客观存在的,并且不确定随融资量的增大而加大。
Mergers & Acquisitions

Tax Gains
Net operating losses
Unused debt capacity Surplus fund
The cost of capital
6 L8: M&A
Hale Waihona Puke Principal Constituents
• Shareholders: concerned about valuation, control, risk and tax issues • Employees: focus on compensation, termination risk and employee benefits • Regulators: must be persuaded that anti-trust, tax and securities laws are •
•
• • •
adhered to Union leaders: worry about job retention and seniority issues Credit rating agencies: focus on credit quality issues Politicians: they get involved if constituent jobs and tax base are at risk Equity research analysts: focus principally on growth, margins, market share and EPS Debt holders: consider whether debt will be increased, retired, or if there is potential for changing debt values
《2024年基于Earnout协议的海外并购财务风险防范研究》范文

《基于Earnout协议的海外并购财务风险防范研究》篇一一、引言随着全球化进程的加速,海外并购已成为企业扩张、提升竞争力的重要手段。
然而,海外并购过程中伴随着诸多财务风险,其中Earnout协议作为一种常见的并购支付方式,其风险防范显得尤为重要。
本文旨在深入探讨基于Earnout协议的海外并购财务风险及其防范策略。
二、Earnout协议概述Earnout协议,也称为盈利保证协议,是指并购方与被并购方在并购过程中,就未来一定期限内被并购方的盈利情况达成的一种支付协议。
具体而言,并购方在并购时先支付一部分款项,剩余款项则根据未来被并购方的盈利情况分期支付。
这种支付方式在一定程度上降低了并购方的财务风险,同时也给予被并购方一定的激励。
三、海外并购中的Earnout协议财务风险(一)信息不对称风险由于海外并购涉及不同国家、地区的法律法规、市场环境、企业文化等因素,信息不对称问题较为突出。
这可能导致对被并购方的实际盈利能力、市场前景等关键信息了解不足,从而影响Earnout协议的制定和执行。
(二)汇率风险海外并购涉及不同国家的货币,汇率波动可能对Earnout协议的执行产生重大影响。
例如,若在协议执行过程中,货币汇率出现大幅波动,可能导致并购方支付更多的成本或无法按时足额收到应付款项。
(三)法律风险不同国家和地区的法律法规存在差异,可能导致Earnout协议的合法性、执行效力等问题。
若未充分了解当地法律法规或存在合同漏洞,可能给并购方带来财务风险。
四、Earnout协议财务风险防范策略(一)加强信息收集与评估为降低信息不对称风险,并购方应充分收集被并购方的相关信息,包括财务状况、市场前景、竞争优势等。
同时,应通过尽职调查等方式对信息进行评估,确保对被并购方的实际状况有充分了解。
(二)建立汇率风险管理机制为应对汇率风险,并购方应建立汇率风险管理机制,包括关注汇率市场动态、制定汇率风险管理策略、使用金融衍生工具等进行风险对冲等。
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中文3270字 JohnA . Douka,International Journal of business and management[J]January2009
并购的财务风险研究 摘要 并购是一个高风险的活动。并购业务,无论是在准备阶段,还是在合并的运营阶段,或之后的整合阶段,将伴随着大量的不确定性。这些跨国并购所带来的不确定性有可能导致巨大的财务风险。尤其在当前,更多的国内企业已经选择了并购这条路。本文对并购的各个重点阶段容易受到的财务风险分析,并对这些风险提出了防范措施。 关键词:并购,财务风险,防范措施 在西方国家,并购有大约超过100年的历史,交易规模不断扩大。2000年,在我国,第五次全球并购浪潮达到一个高峰,并购在我国越来越受欢迎。例如,许多公司加快海外扩张和并购的步伐,许多企业选择并购来渡过难关。正如我们所知道的,并购一定会有风险,比如:目标公司的评估,交易方法,或财务风险的选择。如何才能避免这些风险?我们要选择哪种方法?这就是这篇文章的目的。 1.并购导致财务风险的原因 1.1高估或低估了公司价值带来的风险 1.1.1信息不对称是影响估计的主要因素 由于信息不对称,目标公司一直隐瞒不良信息和夸大良好的信息。投标人还夸大自己的实力,他们所披露的情况不足或失真。因此,贸然行动的失败结果随处可见。有很多有关风险的资料,两个重要的例子就是:第一,股票风险,公平对任何一家公司都是很重要的,但所提供的信息和真实情况之间存在着差异,这些虚假的信息威胁到并购的成功;第二,债务信息的风险,如果没有发现这种风险,庞大的债务将毫无缘由的转嫁到投标人身上。 1.1.2缺乏合理的评估方法 有三种评估方法:成本法、市场法、收益法,这其中,市场法要求有关信息的对称性要高,只有当信息评价具有高对称性时才可以对企业作出准确判断。然而,在我国,信息对称水平低,小企业采用这种方法。他们大多采用替代法和收益法。这两个方法也有缺点,重置成本反映历史成本,不能反映未来盈利能力;就算把现值看做增值的收入,它也明显的缺陷,那就是,未来的收入预期是不同的。 1
1.1.3评估体系不健全 这是在整个行业中的一种评估制度,而不是一个简单的方法。目前,我国缺少独立、专业的团体,海外并购多数由企业自行完成,在这点上是有一定程度的不合理。由于缺乏专业技能,且没有长期随访观察的习惯,并不能得到长期、稳定的信息等等,这一切导致了评估结果不能按照预期发展。 1.2交易方式的选择导致的风险 1.2.1现金方法 如果你不期望在现金支付中有风险,就必须使增加的预期现金流的净现值大于所支付的,而投标人的股东将承担损失。当现金付款的成本扩大,面临着巨大的债务负担,并且最后期限的资金来源结构不合理,或缺乏短期融资,很容易带来收购的流动性压力。此时如果有一个新公司流动性资产水平低,就会产生流动性风险,而流动性风险最突出的是通过现金付款体现的。 1.2.2支付普通股 整体而言,股票支付的主要风险来自增值的期望,股东交易所扩大股东的基础,导致了每股收益下降,因为稀释了每股收益,投资者会怀疑目标公司取回每股收益的能力下降,投标人的股票价格将下降。这表明从该可转换股权稀释的比例是造成支付风险的最重要手段。 1.2.3杠杆付款 杠杆将不可避免地带来债务风险。杠杆是投标人作出贷款,向银行抵押企业资产,合并后的生产和经营活动产生的现金将成功偿还贷款。其杠杆付款方式目的是通过贷款解决使用贷款的资金问题,并希望收购能得到有效的杠杆效益。这种方法必将实现高的投资回报,这需要稳定的现金流来完成。否则,因为无法还清了更高的债务,收购公司可能会破产。 1.3合并后的整合不利导致财务风险 在整合期间,当风险因素作用到一定程度时,这将导致财务风险的发生。根据表现,财务风险可以分为机制风险,财务风险和经营风险。机制风险意味在整合时期,由于设立了金融机构,财政职能,财政管理体制,金融机构的更新,金融的协同作用和其他因素,财政收入和投标人的预期财政收益发生偏离并因此遭受到的损失。财务风险是指如果当金融运行有错误,财政收入和财政税收将脱离预期。在资产管理过程中,投标人控制他们的资产、成本、金融业务、负债、利润和其他财务职能,按照实现协同收入最大化的原理是为了实现跨国并购成功的的最终目的。然而,不确定性的宏观和微观环境的,影响着财务运作,从而导致财务风险。经营风险是指金融活动的监管不足,导致财务风险的结果。 这说明并购进程的结束并不等于最后的成功,金融一体化是财务管理的结 2
束,也是最重要的方面,如果失败就意味着整个并购是失败的。 2.财务风险防范措施 2.1防范信息风险 这主要作用是通过合理,有效的方法排除虚假信息然后获得真正的,全面的信息。对于股票的风险,有两个要点:适当谨慎和披露。适当的谨慎是指调查,审查和评价过程。投标人必须调查目标公司外部和内部的情况,以便找到一些限制产权交易的政府活动。信息披露是指目标公司应该告诉诸如投标人的有关材料,信息,债权债务等。信息披露必须真实,完整,没有误导成分。至于债务风险,我们必须首先选择最好的方法;第二,你必须与有关的债务范围达成一致。 2.2建立完善的评价体系,并选择适当的评估方法 适当的评价方法通常包括两个系统的评价:一个是基本系统,包括财务分析,业内人士分析,运行情况分析。金融体系的分析有助于理解双方财政状况,业内人士分析系统,可以使投标人了解了外部环境,以及行业发展趋势的状态。通过对经营状况分析,可以了解存在的问题,操作并提供了整合的基础。在此基础上,企业才能避免这种风险。 二是评价体系。有很多评价体系的方法,正如账面价值,市场价值,清算价值,贴现现金流量等。不同的评估方法会导致不同的价格,因此企业应根据自己的动机,选择更好的方法。 2.3选择灵活的付款方式 在付款方式上合理安排和减少财务费用,是与该付款方式有关,其中现金支付面临最大压力。并购企业可以结合自己的现有资源,稀释每股收益和股票价格波动,在股权结构的变化,以便使他们发放现金,债券和股票的组合,使其能满足双方的需要。例如,并购需要两层付款方式,在第二个步骤,采取现金方式的混合方法。此付款,在一方面,由于交易规模,买方支付现金对价的能力有限,应保持一个比较合理的资本结构,以减少对贷款的巨大压力,另一方面,投标人可以诱导目标公司股东尽快作出出售决定,接着就可以达到取得对目标企业控制的目的。 2.4加强并购后的整合 2.4.1加强财务控制,人力资源,金融机构和金融一体化的功能 例如,兼并和收购业务,任命首席财务总监,在日常的日常财务活动,财务主任明确责任和权力,他们发挥对并购业务的组织和监督作用,并享有对整个企业所涉及的重大事件的决策权;并购实施调整,资源的分配,重大投资,技术结构发展和其他重大决策权的企业并购,预算的重大决策的监测和控制各种类型的预算执行情况,并审核其财务报告;负责人事管理业务的的财务会计,定期报告 3
并购的资产经营和财务状况。与此同时,当收购完成后,金融机构应改善其组织的具体情况,包括财务会计制度,内部控制制度,投资和融资制度,使其更符合双方的需要,并建立一个统一的金融信息平台,以便使能更快,更准确和更全面的管理,使得所有类型的财务信息得以满足决策的需求。 2.4.2财务管理一体化 财务管理的目标是财务工作的出发点和归宿点,其结果影响到金融体系的理论,将决定一个财务决策的各种选择。一旦并购完成后,企业应该在目标公司财务方面做一个财务管理基础上的明确目标。 2.4.3整合资产和负债 在并购业务,投标人的债务可能增加,因为在接管时所采取的债务等方法只是为贷款和发行债券。如果资本结构不合理,金融形势也变得恶化。因此旨在改善财务状况的综合平衡和加强企业的偿付能力。 2.4.4为了加强企业管理的风险意识,建立和完善金融风险的预测和监控 若要提高风险管理业务的认识,将从源头防范并购的财务风险。此外,建立企业内部自己的财务风险防范和控制系统,加强企业对并购风险的预测是建立早期预警机制的关键领域之一。 综上所述,并购作为一种扩展业务规模,转变市场策略,调整社会经济结构和资源优化配置的更好更独特的方式,因而成为一个很受关注的话题,财务风险由并购产生的,因此也在各领域引起了深人广泛的讨论。随着市场的成熟,我认为并购活动的研究将更加深入,对并购和其财务风险问题将得到进一步深化,实现真正意义上的理论指导实践。
注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。 4
International Journal of business and management[J]January2009 The Study of Financial Risk in M&A JohnA . Douka Abstract M &A is a risky activity. M & A business, whether in the preparation stage, or in the operational phase of the merger, or post-integration phase, will be accompanied by a large number of uncertainties. These uncertainties brought about by mergers and acquisitions could lead to a huge financial risk. In particular, more domestic enterprises have chosen the path of M & A. This article focuses on the various stages of the merger vulnerable to financial risks, and risks of these raised a number of preventive measures. Keywords: M&A, Financial risk, Preventive measures In the west countries, M&A have a history about more than 100 years, and transactions have been expanding. The 5th wave of global mergers and acquisitions peaked in 2000.In our country, M&A become more and more popular. For example, many companies step up the pace of overseas expansion and M&A. However, , many companies choose M&A to tide over the difficulties. As we known, M&A must have risks, for instance: estimate of target firms, choice of transaction method, or financial risks. How can avoid these risks? Which method should we choose? This is the purpose of this article. 1.The cause of financial risk in M&A 1.1 Overestimate or underestimate the value of firms lead to the risk 1.1.1 Information asymmetry is the major factor which impacts the estimation Because of Information asymmetry, target firm always conceal adverse information and exaggerate good information. Bidders also exaggerate their strength, disclosure between them are inadequate or distorted. Therefore, failures which result from rash actions can be found everywhere. There are many information risks, for tow important examples: first, equity risk, equity is very important in any firms, however there are difference between the offer information and the real, these illusive information threaten the succeed of M&A; second, debt information risk, if this risk would not be found, a large debt will fall to the bidders with no reasons.