2011 Developmental Biology IF

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发育生物学研究英语作文

发育生物学研究英语作文Developmental Biology: Unraveling the Mysteries of Life.Developmental biology delves into the intricate processes that guide the transformation of a single-celled zygote into a fully formed organism. This multifaceted discipline encompasses a wide array of scientific approaches, ranging from molecular genetics to embryology,to elucidate the fundamental principles governing the development and growth of organisms.During early embryonic development, a remarkable cascade of events unfolds, orchestrated by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Thefertilized egg undergoes a series of rapid cell divisions, forming a blastula and subsequently a gastrula, which establishes the primary germ layers—the building blocks from which all tissues and organs will arise.Underlying these developmental processes is a symphonyof molecular events. Gene expression, controlled by a myriad of regulatory elements, dictates the fate of differentiating cells, specifying their identity and function. Morphogens, signaling molecules that diffuse through tissues, create concentration gradients that guide the organization and patterning of the embryo.As development progresses, tissues begin to specialize and organize into organs, a process known as organogenesis. The heart, brain, and lungs are just a few examples of the intricate structures that emerge during this critical period. The formation of these organs involves a concerted interplay of cell migration, cell adhesion, and tissue remodeling.Modern developmental biology has witnessed significant advancements, particularly in the realm of molecular genetics. The advent of techniques such as gene editing and genome sequencing has empowered researchers to identify and manipulate genes involved in developmental processes. This has led to a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of congenital malformations and diseases.Moreover, the integration of computational modeling and bioinformatics has facilitated the creation of sophisticated simulations that can predict how developmental processes will unfold. Such models have proven invaluable for exploring the complex interactions between different molecular pathways and for elucidating the genetic basis of human traits.Furthermore, developmental biology has far-reaching implications for understanding evolution. By studying how genes regulate the development of organisms, scientists can gain insights into the evolutionary forces that have shaped the diversity of life on Earth. Comparative developmental biology, which explores similarities and differences in developmental processes across species, provides a unique perspective on evolutionary relationships.The knowledge gleaned from developmental biology has profound implications for human health. Developmental disorders, such as neural tube defects and limb malformations, can arise from disruptions in the intricatedevelopmental processes that guide fetal development. Understanding the molecular and genetic basis of these disorders holds the potential to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.Additionally, regenerative medicine, which aims to repair or replace damaged tissues, draws heavily upon the principles of developmental biology. By manipulating developmental pathways, researchers seek to stimulate the regeneration of tissues that have been lost or damaged due to disease or injury.In conclusion, developmental biology stands at the forefront of scientific discovery, bridging the gap between the microscopic and macroscopic worlds. By unraveling the intricate mechanisms that govern the development and growth of organisms, researchers are gaining a deeper understanding of life's origins, evolution, and the human condition. As the field continues to advance, it promises to provide transformative insights into human health and disease, and to illuminate the boundless possibilities of life itself.。

Histology and Embryology(组织学与胚胎学)

Histology and Embryology（组织学与胚胎学）IntroductionHistology and embryology are branches of biology that deal with the study of tissues and embryonic development, respectively. Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues, including their organization and function. Embryology, on the other hand, is the study of the development of an embryo from a fertilized egg cell to a fully-formed organism.HistologyHistology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. Tissues are groups of cells that perform a specific function in the body. The human body is made up of four basic tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Each of these tissue types has a unique structure and function.Epithelial tissue is found on the surface of the body and in the lining of organs, such as the gut and lungs. It is composed of tightly-packed cells that form a barrier between the body and the external environment. Epithelial tissue also helps to absorb nutrients, secrete hormones, and protect the body from harmful substances.Connective tissue supports and connects other tissues and organs in the body. It includes structures such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Connective tissue is also found in the skin, where it forms the connective tissue layer known as the dermis.Muscle tissue is found in the heart, skeletal muscles, and smooth muscle. Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and is capable of generating force to move the body.Nervous tissue is used for communication and coordination in the body. It includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Nervous tissue is made up of specialized cells called neurons, which transmit electrical impulses to other cells in the body.EmbryologyEmbryology is the study of the development of an embryo from a fertilized egg cell to a fully-formed organism. The development of an organism is a complex process that involves many stages, including fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell and an egg cell combine to form a zygote. The zygote undergoes multiple rounds of cell division in a process called cleavage. During cleavage, the cells become smaller and more numerous, but do not increase in size.Gastrulation is the process by which the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) are formed. The endoderm gives rise to the digestive and respiratory systems, the mesoderm gives rise to the musculoskeletal system, and the ectoderm gives rise to the skin, nervous system, and sensory organs. Organogenesis is the process by which organs and organ systems are formed. During this process, cells differentiate and become specialized to perform specific functions. For example, cells in thepancreas differentiate and become specialized to secrete insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels in the body.Applications of Histology and EmbryologyHistology and embryology have many applications in the fields of medicine and biology. These fields include:1. Medical Diagnosis: Histology is used to diagnose diseases such as cancer. Tissue samples are taken from a patient and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present. Embryology is also used to diagnose genetic disorders in embryos before birth.2. Drug Development: Histology is used to study the effects of drugs on different tissues in the body. This helps pharmaceutical companies develop new medications that are safe and effective.3. Developmental Biology: Embryology is used to study the development of organisms and to understand how different genetic and environmental factors affect the development of an embryo.4. Tissue Engineering: Histology and embryology are used to study how cells interact with each other and with the extracellular matrix. This helps researchers develop new methods for growing tissues and organs in the laboratory for use in transplants.ConclusionIn conclusion, histology and embryology are two importantbranches of biology that have many applications in medicine and biology. Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues, while embryology is the study of the development of an embryo from a fertilized egg cell to a fully-formed organism. These fields are essential for understanding the structure and function of tissues and organs in the body, and for developing new treatments for es of Histology and Embryology in MedicineAs mentioned earlier, histology and embryology are used extensively in medicine for a wide range of purposes. The following are some of the areas where these fields play an essential role in medicine:Medical DiagnosisHistology is used to diagnose different types of diseases, including cancers. Doctors can take a small tissue sample, commonly called a biopsy, from a patient to examine it under a microscope. The use of histology for diagnostic purposes is called 'histopathology.'Histopathology provides a detailed analysis of the tissue structure, which enables doctors to identify any abnormalities. Doctors can look for signs of cancer, inflammation, and other conditions by examining tissue samples.Additionally, immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques are used to identify specific proteins in tissue samples. This works by using antibodies that attract to specific proteins in the sample and coat the tissue, highlighting the proteins in question. Based on thesefindings, doctors can diagnose the specific type of cancer or other conditions and recommend appropriate treatment options.Drug DevelopmentHistology is used extensively in drug development to study the effects of drugs on different tissue types. Medical researchers test new medications on tissue samples to determine their safety and effectiveness.By studying the effects of the drugs on tissues, researchers can determine any potential risks and develop safe medications. Moreover, histology is also used to study the toxicity of a substance and identify safe therapeutic doses accurately. The information from histology samples is used to fine-tune the drug development process, from preclinical to clinical trials, to ensure the drugs are efficacious and safe to use.Developmental BiologyEmbryology is integral to the study of developmental biology, which is the process of understanding how embryos develop into mature organisms. Researchers use embryonic cells to study the mechanisms involved in the formation of different organs and tissues.This research can help understand the interaction between genes and environmental factors and identify the genes involved in the development of specific organs. Embryology also provides critical insights into the cause of developmental disorders and geneticdiseases.Tissue EngineeringTissue engineering is a cutting-edge field in which researchers develop techniques to regrow or reconstruct tissues and organs that have been damaged or lost due to injury or disease. Histology and embryology techniques are essential for researching cell interactions and developing methods to grow functional tissues and organs.Researchers study how cells grow and interact with each other and extracellular matrix with histology and embryology. This research helps to develop new methods for growing tissues and organs in a laboratory setting, which can eventually be used for transplantation. Advancements in tissue engineering have led to the developmentof a range of medical treatments and therapies, including artificial skin, blood vessels, and even synthetic heart valves. In the near future, researchers hope to grow fully functional complex organs like the kidney or heart through the application of innovative tissue engineering techniques.Uses of Histology and Embryology in BiologyHistology and embryology have several uses in biology and related fields. Some of the main uses and applications are as follows:Cell BiologyHistology plays a crucial role in cell biology, mainly because it enables researchers to study the structure and function of different cells in detail. Cell biology involves understanding the fundamental characteristics of cells, including how they grow, divide, interact, and ultimately function.Histology enables researchers to identify and analyze different cell types and structures. For example, researchers may use histology techniques to identify the different cell types in neural tissue, including neurons, glial cells, and other supporting structures.Evolutionary BiologyEmbryology is essential in the study of evolutionary biology because it provides insights into how different organisms developed from a common ancestry. By examining the various stages of embryonic development, researchers can identify and compare traits across multiple species, looking for similarities and differences.This research has provided insights into the evolutionary origins of various life forms, which have helped to inform ecological conservation efforts. Understanding the evolutionary relationships of different species can inform conservation plans and aid in the preservation of life on Earth.GeneticsGenetics is another field that utilizes embryology. As we know, the development of an embryo involves the expression of specificgenes, which determine the characteristics that the embryo will inherit.By studying the genetic processes occurring during embryonic development, researchers can identify potential genetic disorders that can arise during embryonic development or identify genetic markers associated with various illnesses. Moreover, researchers include the study of genetic variation throughout embryonic development to enhance our understanding of genetic inheritance.ConclusionIn conclusion, histology and embryology are two essential branches of biology with numerous applications in the fields of medicine and biology. Histology involves the study of microscopic structures of tissues, while embryology entails the study of embryonic development. The use of these sciences has far-reaching impacts in medical diagnosis, drug development, and tissue engineering. Additionally, in biology, histology and embryology help to understand cell biology, evolutionary relationships, and genetic inheritance.It is without a doubt that continuing advances in these fields will continue to contribute to our scientific understanding and provide insights into the intricate workings of life.。

Plant Cell-2011-Graeber-2045-63

LARGE-SCALE BIOLOGY ARTICLEA Guideline to Family-Wide Comparative State-of-the-Art Quantitative RT-PCR Analysis Exempliﬁed with a Brassicaceae Cross-Species Seed Germination Case Study W OA Kai Graeber,a,1Ada Linkies,a,1Andrew T.A.Wood,b and Gerhard Leubner-Metzger a,2a University of Freiburg,Faculty of Biology,Institute for Biology II,Botany/Plant Physiology,D-79104Freiburg,Germanyb University of Nottingham,Division of Statistics,School of Mathematical Sciences,University Park,Nottingham NG72RD, United KingdomComparative biology includes the comparison of transcriptome and quantitative real-time RT-PCR(qRT-PCR)data sets in a range of species to detect evolutionarily conserved and divergent processes.Transcript abundance analysis of target genes by qRT-PCR requires a highly accurate and robust workﬂow.This includes reference genes with high expression stability (i.e.,low intersample transcript abundance variation)for correct target gene normalization.Cross-species qRT-PCR for proper comparative transcript quantiﬁcation requires reference genes suitable for different species.We addressed this issue using tissue-speciﬁc transcriptome data sets of germinating Lepidium sativum seeds to identify new candidate reference genes.We investigated their expression stability in germinating seeds of L.sativum and Arabidopsis thaliana by qRT-PCR,combined with in silico analysis of Arabidopsis and Brassica napus microarray data sets.This revealed that reference gene expression stability is higher for a given developmental process between distinct species than for distinct developmental processes within a given single species.The identiﬁed superior cross-species reference genes may be used for family-wide comparative qRT-PCR analysis of Brassicaceae seed germination.Furthermore,using germinating seeds, we exemplify optimization of the qRT-PCR workﬂow for challenging tissues regarding RNA quality,transcript stability,and tissue abundance.Our work therefore can serve as a guideline for moving beyond Arabidopsis by establishing high-quality cross-species qRT-PCR.INTRODUCTIONQuantitative real-time RT-PCR(qRT-PCR)has emerged as a gold standard technique in quantifying gene transcript abun-dances due to its high accuracy and resolution power.The principal ease of use of this technology,in terms of simply following a protocol to rapidly obtain quantitative values for steady state transcript abundance without the need for deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms,made qRT-PCR the method of choice for a broad range of applications.Never-theless,there are numerous pitfalls and potential difﬁculties that arise when using this powerful technique,of which several will be addressed in this introduction.Due to its high sensitivity,certain requirements must be met for each step to yield reliable and reproducible results.This is reﬂected in aﬂourish of publications dealing with the general workﬂow,quality assessment,perfor-mance,and standardization of various stages of the qRT-PCR procedure(Huggett et al.,2005;Nolan et al.,2006;Bustin et al., 2009,2010;Rieu and Powers,2009;Derveaux et al.,2010). Recently,this awareness has also caused debates in the plant research community and likewise led here to recommendations for reﬁning qRT-PCR standards(Martin,2008;Udvardi et al., 2008).These provide guidance for studying a deﬁned set of RNA samples in a single species for which sufﬁcient sequence infor-mation is available.One of the most important issues in this debate is the require-ment of a robust normalization strategy based on validated so-called reference or housekeeping genes,which are needed to normalize transcript expression data(Czechowski et al.,2004; Gutierrez et al.,2008b;Gue´nin et al.,2009).However,the choice of a reference gene becomes especially difﬁcult when the transcriptomes differ strongly,as the case may be for different samples,developmental processes,or species.For example, the transcriptomes of pollen and seeds are known to be very different from most other plant tissues(Czechowski et al.,2004, 2005;Cadman et al.,2006;Wang et al.,2008;Linkies et al.,2009; Wei et al.,2010).Comparative biology in which cross-species approaches are used to investigate conservation and diversity in a phylogenetic context also include the comparison of genome-wide transcript expression patterns(Bergmann et al.,2004; Rensink et al.,2005;Schranz et al.,2007;Tirosh et al.,2007;1These authors contributed equally to this work.2Address correspondence to gerhard.leubner@biologie.uni-freiburg.de.The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to theﬁndings presented in this article in accordance with the policy describedin the Instructions for Authors()is:Gerhard Leubner-Metzger(gerhard.leubner@biologie.uni-freiburg.de).‘The Seed BiologyPlace’-www.seedbiology.deW Online version contains Web-only data.OA Open Access articles can be viewed online without a subscription./cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.111.084103The Plant Cell,Vol.23:2045–2063,June2011,ã2011American Society of Plant Biologists.All rights reserved.Andersen et al.,2008;Vandenbroucke et al.,2008;Schreiber et al.,2009;Parikh et al.,2010).Multispecies global gene expres-sion analysis(phylotranscriptomics)aims to use the evolutionary distance between organisms to its advantage(Vandepoele and Van de Peer,2005;Kohonen et al.,2007;Fierro et al.,2008; Hashimshony and Yanai,2010).Cross-species phylotranscrip-tomics of distinct developmental processes such as pollen or seed development,maturation,and germination require vali-dated cross-species reference genes for normalization of com-parative qRT-PCR experiments.Here,we provide a guideline for moving qRT-PCR work recommendations(Czechowski et al., 2005;Gutierrez et al.,2008a;Udvardi et al.,2008)beyond Arabidopsis thaliana to the cross-species level illustrated in a spatio-temporal and hormonal case study with seeds for which the experimental challenges start already with the extraction of high-quality total RNA.General concerns in qRT-PCR analyses are the input RNA quality and the RT reaction performance,both of which have major impacts on reproducibility and quality of the detection of target transcripts as well as on the stability of reference gene expression and thereby on the output results(Pe´rez-Novo et al., 2005;Fleige and Pfafﬂ,2006).RNA extraction from seed tissues is a highly demanding task.Seeds often contain large amounts of polysaccharides that in many cases cause clogging of matrices of commercial column-based RNA extraction kits.Furthermore, seeds possess high phenolic content that,if not removed by excessive puriﬁcation steps,can negatively inﬂuence qRT-PCR performance at multiple levels(e.g.,by RT inhibition and PCR efﬁciency decrease).In terms of quality,not only the degree of RNA degradation matters,but also contamination with residual genomic DNA strongly inﬂuences qRT-PCR results and must be accounted for(Vandesompele et al.,2002a).Not only the RNA itself but also the conditions of the RT reaction leading to the cDNA template have a major impact on qRT-PCR results (Sta˚hlberg et al.,2004;Stangegaard et al.,2006;Ross et al., 2008).In our experimental strategy,we covered what we con-sider to be the most inﬂuential factors for robust qRT-PCR analysis and show how RT reactions can be improved even for demanding plant tissues.One of the most critical issues of the qRT-PCR run is the PCR efﬁciency(Pfafﬂ,2001;Bustin,2004;Gue´nin et al.,2009).To account for this,postrun data handling is of utmost importance and has a major inﬂuence on obtaining meaningful and repro-ducible results.In an ideal100%efﬁcient PCR run,the amount of DNA amplicon is doubled in each PCR cycle.This is often assumed to be true for any gene and sample in a qRT-PCR analysis.Therefore,non-normalized transcript abundance is often calculated as2(2CT),where CT is the cycle threshold(i.e., the fractional PCR cycle number at which theﬂuorescence of a particular sample passes a certain threshold within the early exponential phase of the ampliﬁcation curve).The assumption of a100%efﬁcient PCR in all investigated samples is highly questionable regarding the vast amount of possible factors negatively inﬂuencing this efﬁciency,which include poor RNA or cDNA quality,inhibitory contaminants,such as salts,phenolic compounds,and certain proteins,as well as primer design and concentration,amplicon size,and structure(Meijerink et al., 2001;Kontanis and Reed,2006;Karlen et al.,2007).Small efﬁciency differences between a target and a reference gene of only5%can lead to a profound under-or overestimation of the real expression ratio,as has been exempliﬁed in detail by Pfafﬂ(2004).Therefore,it is necessary to determine PCR efﬁciency in individual qRT-PCR reactions to be able to correct for it in postrun calculations.There are several methods available to determine PCR efﬁciency.Traditionally,this can be done by means of a standard curve or by using recent algorithms,such as LinRegPCR(Ramakers et al.,2003)or PCR Miner(Zhao and Fernald,2005).The latter ones are able to determine efﬁciency on aﬂuorescence per well basis for the individual qRT-PCR reactions.In this work,we address the effects of PCR efﬁciency correction and show how efﬁciency can be optimized.To analyze gene expression in different RNA samples and to adjust for sample-to-sample variation,relative transcript abun-dance quantiﬁcation is the most widely used method.Appro-priate and robust normalization for this is required to obtain corrected quantitative values.One approach is to normalize the amount of the detected mRNA of interest against the total mRNA amount present in a certain sample.Since the amount of all mRNAs in a sample is usually unknown,reference transcripts thought to be representative for the total mRNA pool are used (Huggett et al.,2005).These transcripts are ideally constitutively present(i.e.,no differential expression under any of the tested experimental conditions[tissues,treatments,etc.]).This is an often overlooked consideration,despite the vast number of publications pointing out that traditionally used reference genes are often not stably expressed under all possible circumstances, thereby highlighting the importance of validating reference genes (e.g.,Volkov et al.,2003;Radonic´et al.,2004;Nicot et al.,2005; Gutierrez et al.,2008b;Remans et al.,2008).Especially in the plant researchﬁeld such validation is most often ignored,as noted by Gutierrez et al.(2008a),who showed that out of188 different qRT-PCR analyses recently published in leading plant biology journals only3.2%used validated reference genes.It has been shown in a number of studies that different environmen-tal conditions,developmental stages,tissues,or treatments strongly affect the usability of potential reference genes by causing differential expression(Thellin et al.,1999;Suzuki et al.,2000;Lee et al.,2002;Czechowski et al.,2005).Therefore, conclusions drawn from nonvalidated data might reﬂect changes in reference rather than target gene expression and thus could be misleading.Another concern is that reference genes found to perform well in one species do not necessarily perform equally well in another species(Gutierrez et al.,2008b).The rational assumption that a reference gene of a model species like Arabidopsis or rice(Oryza sativa)can be used in another species seems to decrease with increasing phylogenetic distance be-tween the species.This is especially important for cross-species approaches and/or if working with rather weakly established species in terms of molecular knowledge,where the applicability of cross-species reference genes becomes a major point of concern.Czechowski et al.(2005)performed a global transcriptional comparison of different developmental stages of Arabidopsis to determine new stable reference genes performing consistently in a variety of different experimental conditions,tissues,and de-velopmental stages.In this analysis,they concluded that the2046The Plant Celltranscriptomes of seeds and pollen are highly distinct compared with other plant tissues.This conclusion is in agreement with recentﬁndings that many reference genes known from vege-tative tissues are not stably expressed in seeds and pollen (Paolacci et al.,2009;Chen et al.,2010;Wei et al.,2010). Gutierrez et al.(2008a,2008b)demonstrated that up to100-fold variation could be found for expression of a target gene in distinct plant tissues and species depending on the reference gene used for normalization(i.e.,there is a huge potential scope for misin-terpretation of the results).They concluded that a universal reference gene does not exist but that there is an urgent need for systematic validation of reference genes based on the actual experimental conditions under investigation.Here,we provide a guideline for obtaining and validating superior cross-species reference genes exempliﬁed by a seed germination study in the Brassicaceae family.The seed is a remarkable stage in a plant life cycle allowing for long distance and temporal displacement through diverse and harsh environ-ments that need special adaptations.Dry seeds are known to store RNA(Dure and Waters,1965;Comai et al.,1989;Ishibashi et al.,1990).Upon imbibition,dramatic changes in the transcrip-tional proﬁles take place from early germination on(Nakabayashi et al.,2005;Preston et al.,2009;Okamoto et al.,2010).Most traditional reference genes have been selected in the prege-nomic era and were assumed to be ubiquitously and constitu-tively expressed based on their functions in vegetative tissues. Thus,there is a need for reference gene identiﬁcation for other plant stages,like seed development and germination.For seeds, the situation gets even more complicated when speciﬁc seed tissues or organs are compared.Endosperm and embryo tissues show different transcriptional proﬁles due to their distinct func-tions during seed dormancy and germination(reviewed in Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger,2006;Holdsworth et al.,2008; Linkies et al.,2010a).Analyses of speciﬁc tissues are there-fore important,but this further complicates the identiﬁcation of stable reference genes that can be used both for the speciﬁc seed tissues and for entire seeds.Another general issue of tissue-speciﬁc analysis is that the amount of RNA available for qRT-PCR analysis is often a limiting factor as it requires time-consuming dissection during sampling.Therefore,multiple chal-lenges must be met when performing qRT-PCR analysis with seed samples.Here,we show how optimization at different experimental levels is possible to obtain high qRT-PCR signal intensity with a low RNA input,and we present a strategy for identiﬁcation of superior cross-species reference genes for seeds.We thereby provide a guideline for how to establish cross-species state-of-the-art qRT-PCR analysis using seed germination as a demanding case study.A stable cross-species reference gene must fulﬁll three main criteria for all developmental(tissues,organs,and life cycle processes)and physiological(treatments,times,environmental cues,and stresses)states:(1)comparable overall transcript abundance to the target genes;(2)low variation in transcript abundance(stable and constitutive)across all the samples;and (3)cross-species stability across a phylogenetic clade for the individual developmental and physiological states.As a starting point for identifying superior cross-species reference genes, we use our previous transcriptome analysis of garden cress (Lepidium sativum;Brassicaceae)seed germination(Linkies et al.,2009).The larger seed size compared with Arabidopsis was used to carry out a heterologous transcriptome analysis of distinct seed tissues at different times during germination and upon hormonal ing these L.sativum transcriptome data sets,we identiﬁed candidate reference genes with putative constitutive and sufﬁciently high expression during the germina-tion process and validated their stable expression by qRT-PCR. We further used public microarray data sets to identify conserved expression patterns and compare the stability of reference gene expression across different Brassicaceae species.Our case study with seeds thereby provides a guideline for moving qRT-PCR work recommendations(Czechowski et al.,2005;Gutierrez et al.,2008a;Udvardi et al.,2008)beyond Arabidopsis to the cross-species level and for applying it in a spatio-temporal and hormonal manner to germinating seeds as a demanding exam-ple.The presented cross-species in silico analysis together with qRT-PCR validation in germinating seeds of L.sativum and Arabidopsis provided superior stable reference genes for use within the Brassicaceae family.This results in a robust normal-ization procedure for seed qRT-PCR of different Brassicaceae species,which has been lacking so ing qRT-PCR off the beaten path of mainstream applications and model species with a sequenced genome will become increasingly important for multispecies gene expression analysis by phylotranscriptomics that will be promoted by the rise of next-generation sequencing as discussed later.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONEstablishment of a State-of-the-Art qRT-PCR Workﬂow: Quality and qRT-PCR Performance of cDNA Depends Strongly on the RNA Extraction Method and ImprovedEfﬁciency for the RT ConditionsThe basis of our optimized qRT-PCR workﬂow with seeds are high-quality total RNA samples combined with improved efﬁ-ciency of the RT reactions,both being prerequisites for accurate qRT-PCR analyses also outlined by Bustin and Nolan(2004)and Udvardi et al.(2008).High RNA purity requires rigid RNA quality control(see Supplemental Figure1online).Besides that,a low RNA yield can limit downstream reactions.The amount of total RNA available can be restricted depending on the source of extraction and the hands-on time needed to obtain and process the samples.This is especially true for our case study with speciﬁc seed tissues in which tissue dissection and RNA extrac-tion are laborious.The extraction of5m g total RNA from L. sativum micropylar endosperm seed tissues requires a hands-on time of4h to collect tissue sufﬁcient for one biological replicate. Extraction of total RNA from seeds,including those of L.sativum and Arabidopsis,and other problematic plant tissues,is highly demanding(e.g.,Zeng and Yang,2002;Birtı´c and Kranner,2006; Wang et al.,2008)due to large amounts of polysaccharides (mucilage and storage substances),phenolic(tannins,and testa pigments),and other secondary compounds,which can nega-tively affect RNA quality and reduce RNA yield.L.sativum has extensive mucilage,which makes the use of commercial kits Cross-Species Brassicaceae qRT-PCR Guideline2047for fast RNA extraction almost impossible(e.g.,columns are clogged).Therefore,a cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide(CTAB)/ polyvinylpyrrolidone-based RNA extraction protocol accord-ing to Chang et al.(1993)was modiﬁed and used with subse-quent cleanup steps to obtain high-quality total RNA from seeds(see Methods and Supplemental Figure1online).The CTAB method combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone addition has also been named the pine tree method and can be successfully adapted to a variety of demanding phenol-rich plant tissues(Porebski et al.,1997;Zeng and Yang,2002; Gasic et al.,2004).Since the required extensive extraction and cleanup steps also reduce the yield,total RNA amount became the most limiting factor for qRT-PCR analyses with speciﬁc L. sativum seed tissues.Thus,we sought to obtain a reasonable qRT-PCR signal(i.e.,a low CT value)with the lowest possible cDNA input.To increase the qRT-PCR detection limit without increasing the total RNA starting amount,we analyzed the effects of different priming methods for the RT reactions and of different primer concentrations for the actual qRT-PCR reactions.Total RNA from L.sativum seeds was reverse transcribed using different priming methods(Table1).To compare the RT efﬁcien-cies of the different methods,qRT-PCR analysis was performed using gene-speciﬁc primers designed by state-of-the-art criteria (Udvardi et al.,2008)for elongation factor1-a(EF1-a)and actin7 (ACT7),two transcripts that are highly abundant in L.sativum seed tissues.Table1summarizes these results and shows that the RT efﬁciencies of the different priming methods differ con-siderably.For both genes,the0.3-nmol pentadecamer RT reac-tions(R15d)yielded the best results(i.e.,the highest signal strength based on the same RNA input).Theseﬁndings with plant RNA pools are in agreement with work demonstrating that pentadecamers produced higher cDNA yields and better cover-age of human RNA pools(Stangegaard et al.,2006;Ross et al., 2008).Especially when the amount of total RNA is limiting and/or low abundant transcripts are investigated,the highest possible efﬁciency of the RT reactions is desirable to provide sufﬁcient input cDNAs for the qRT-PCR reactions.For low-copy-number transcripts,Superscript III has been shown to be one of the two best reverse transcriptases with respect to repeatability,repro-ducibility,and sensitivity of the RT reaction(Okello et al.,2010). We show for EF1-a and ACT7that in reactions using Superscript III the increased RT efﬁciency with R15d was18-and35-fold, respectively,compared with the least efﬁcient RT priming method using random hexamers(R6)(Table1).Although in both cases R15d yielded the highest RT efﬁciency,the fold increase values were gene speciﬁc.Clearly,the RT priming method and the structure of the amplicon are important parameters for which optimization leads to substantial increases in qRT-PCR sensitivity important to obtain robust and reproducible results with a mini-mum amount of high-quality input RNA.An alternative to circumvent RNA amount restrictions is to amplify RNA prior to qRT-PCR,but this ampliﬁcation is error prone as it is not necessarily achieved in a linear manner for every transcript and,therefore,of doubtful use in qRT-PCR analyses (Derveaux et al.,2010).In contrast with well-directed diagnostic assays for which the linearity of RNA ampliﬁcation may be veriﬁed for the few genes in question,exploratory qRT-PCR assays in plant research often rely on comparing relative tran-script abundances of RNA samples for many genes.For our seed research,we therefore work with nonampliﬁed RNA samples. Furthermore,to minimize variation and errors,the same RT master mix should be used to generate one cDNA batch of all RNA samples in one experiment.Certainly there are other inﬂuential factors,such as different RT enzymes,RT tempera-tures,extraction protocols,and other experimental details(de-scribed in Sta˚hlberg et al.,2004;Nolan et al.,2006;Udvardi et al., 2008),but we limited our analysis to what we consider as the most important factors,especially when working with seed tissues.Table1.Impact of Different RT Priming Methods on the RT Efﬁciencies of EF1-a and ACT7Measured as Output Apparent Transcript Abundance of the qRT-PCR ReactionsGene RT Priming Method a Apparent Transcript Abundance b Fold Increase Compared to R6EF1-a R6 4.3310À660.7310À6 1.0R15 4.1310À561.2310À59.4R6+dT8.7310À662.4310À6 2.0R15+dT 3.9310À561.3310À58.9R15d7.7310À561.9310À517.5ACT7R6 2.6310À760.8310À7 1.0R15 2.8310À661.1310À610.9R6+dT8.9310À763.5310À7 3.4R15+dT 2.7310À661.0310À610.4R15d9.1310À662.7310À634.9a Different primer combinations and concentrations were used in RT reactions with5m g total RNA from dry L.sativum seeds:R6=0.14nmol random hexamers,R15=0.14nmol random pentadecamers,R6+dT=0.14nmol random hexamers+0.05nmol oligo(dT),R15+dT=0.14nmol random pentadecamers+0.05nmol oligo(dT),and R15d=0.3nmol pentadecamers(amount per reaction).b The output apparent transcript abundances were determined as(1+EAverageofReplicates)(ÀCT)(see Methods)and are presented as mean values6SD from four biological replicates.Equal RNA input amounts were used for the RT reactions,but different RT priming efﬁciencies resulted in different cDNA amounts.Of these,equal input volumes were used in the actual qRT-PCR reactions and generated based on differences in cDNA amounts different output apparent transcript abundances.2048The Plant CellThe Importance of PCR Efﬁciency Correction for Successful qRT-PCR Analysis and the Simplicity of Using Algorithms for Postrun PCR Efﬁciency Determination with Web-Based Tools Like PCR MinerAfter optimization of the RNA extraction and the RT conditions for high qRT-PCR signal strength,we investigated the effect of the primer concentrations on PCR efﬁciency of the qRT-PCR reactions.PCR efﬁciencies measured for different gene-speciﬁc primer concentrations are compiled in Table2.A decrease in primer concentration resulted in a decrease in PCR efﬁciency, with140nM yielding the best results for both transcripts tested. However,as for the RT efﬁciency,the extent of the decrease in PCR efﬁciency was gene speciﬁc.It caused a1.2-and1.4-fold increase in PCR efﬁciency for EF1-a and ACT7,respectively, when the lowest and highest primer concentrations are com-pared(Table2).This gene-speciﬁc effect is in agreement with results by Karlen et al.(2007)who showed that the amplicon structure is the main cause for PCR efﬁciency variation. Traditionally,PCR efﬁciency is determined via a dilution series of input cDNA.The CT values of the template dilution series are plotted against the input cDNA amounts,and the PCR ef-ﬁciency(E)is calculated from the obtained standard curve as E= 10(21/slope)(Pfafﬂ,2001;Rutledge and Coˆte´,2003).This ap-proach has the drawback that a lot of cDNA is wasted for the standard curve,which is especially important when working with small amounts of RNA.A faster and easier way for determining E is to estimate it directly from theﬂuorescence signal of each individual reaction.A vast number of algorithms to calculate PCR efﬁciencies fromﬂuorescence data on a per-well basis is avail-able.One of theﬁrst approaches was implemented in software called LinRegPCR(Ramakers et al.,2003),which handles abso-luteﬂuorescence data of the exponential ampliﬁcation phase of each individual reaction to determine E.Karlen et al.(2007) showed that LinRegPCR and standard curves both provide good estimators for E.Czechowski et al.(2004)found that these two methods provide very comparable E values,and Cˇikosˇet al. (2007)showed that the standard curve method and a variety of single-wellﬂuorescence data-based methods(LinRegPCR and others)perform comparably well for quantifying transcript abun-dances when the average PCR efﬁciency per gene is deter-mined.Theseﬁndings show that single-wellﬂuorescence-based PCR efﬁciency estimation is possible and can replace template-, time-and money-consuming standard curve analyses.Beyond LinRegPCR,today there are different algorithms available to determine PCR efﬁciency,and it is a matter of debate which of those is the best algorithm and might evolve to a gold standard in qRT-PCR analysis(see Ramakers et al.,2003;Tichopad et al., 2003;Wong and Medrano,2005;Guescini et al.,2008;Rutledge and Stewart,2008;Logan et al.,2009;Ruijter et al.,2009and references therein).We used the effect of different primer concentrations to demonstrate the impact of qRT-PCR efﬁciency correction in postrun analysis by mimicking any parameter that could alter PCR efﬁciency.For our qRT-PCR workﬂow,we used the Real-time PCR Miner algorithm(Zhao and Fernald,2005),a state-of-the-art software tool available for postrun qRT-PCR efﬁciency determination,which calculates single-well PCR efﬁciencies and CT values.Table2shows PCR efﬁciencies determined by PCR Miner that we used to calculate the efﬁciency corrected apparent transcript abundances for EF1-a and ACT7obtained for the different concentrations of gene-speciﬁc primers.We compared these corrected values to apparent transcript abundances with-out PCR efﬁciency correction(Figure1).The effect of a lowered PCR efﬁciency is immediately evident from the ampliﬁcation plots(insets in the top right corners)as a reduced steepness of the exponential phase of the ampliﬁcation curve.The PCR Miner algorithm uses this information to calculate individual efﬁciencies on a per-wellﬂuorescence curve basis without the need of a standard dilution curve.For each of these qRT-PCR reactions differing in primer concentrations,the same amount of input cDNA was used,but different apparent transcript abundances were obtained with and without PCR efﬁciency correction(Figure 1).When no efﬁciency correction was performed(i.e.,when a 100%PCR efﬁciency is assumed),the determined apparent transcript levels can be up to a100-fold underestimated(com-pare the35nM with the140nM results in Figure1).By contrast, the PCR Miner algorithm was able to precisely determine the different PCR efﬁciencies,and based on this postrun PCR efﬁciency correction provided highly similar apparent transcript levels for the reactions that had the same input cDNA amounts but different primer concentrations(Figure1).Table2.Impact of Gene-Speciﬁc Primer Concentrations on the PCR Efﬁciencies of qRT-PCR Reactions for EF1-a and ACT7Gene Primer Concentration(nM)a PCR Efﬁciency b Fold Increase Compared to35nMEF1-a350.7460.02 1.0700.8260.04 1.11400.8860.03 1.2ACT7350.6560.02 1.0700.8360.01 1.31400.9160.03 1.4a cDNA was obtained from RT reactions with0.3nmol pentadecamers(R15d in Table1)and total RNA of combined CAP&RAD tissues dissected from 8-h imbibed L.sativum seeds(Figure2).qRT-PCR reactions were performed with three different concentrations of gene-speciﬁc primers using the same amounts of input cDNA.b PCR efﬁciencies were determined for each reaction using the PCR Miner algorithm(Zhao and Fernald,2005).A value of1.0corresponds to100% PCR efﬁciency,which corresponds to an exact doubling of amplicon numbers in each PCR cycle.Mean PCR efﬁciency values6SD are presented for four biological replicates.Cross-Species Brassicaceae qRT-PCR Guideline2049。

SCI杂志分区及简写完整版-生物类

4区总计阈值期刊数阈值期刊数期刊数期刊数8.71353 3.8782306491058序号ISSN 3年平均IF2011年IF1139.9939.1232135.39835.5323132.88138.0754131.98732.4035131.31134.3176125.94625.9627124.97625.4218119.83721.1829119.47419.48810119.08122.23311118.95719.27612116.80113.57413116.49515.83614116.40813.66815115.51914.6916114.52614.82917114.32714.17818113.9215.74819113.7814.0320113.5312.89721113.41613.522113.18814.34523112.84613.60824112.71212.71225112.60813.01826112.20811.65927112.20312.35428111.63511.45529111.52910.60330111.45211.45231111.08714.37332110.92810.84733110.84610.9634110.5347.66735110.50910.09136110.59.87537110.34211.04738110.2229.64739110.1398.62640110.03910.0644119.9210.2644219.6819.2724319.5579.4244419.44810.6674519.4419.2054619.41210.2254719.3327.6554819.2568.6944919.2258.9875019.1529.855119.0619.1271区2区3区期刊数阈值0066-4154ANNU REV BIOCHEM ANNUAL REVIEW OFBIOCHEMISTRY 1471-0056NAT REV GENETNATURE REVIEWSGENETICS 0092-8674CELL CELL 1471-0072NAT REV MOL CELL BIONATURE REVIEWSMOLECULAR CELL 1061-4036NAT GENET NATURE 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ANTHROPOLAMERICAN JOURNAL OFPHYSICAL3183 2.757 2.6733193 2.744 2.5363203 2.742 3.1143213 2.737 2.8633223 2.727 2.5213233 2.725 3.0563243 2.72 2.1453253 2.718 2.8653263 2.708 2.2923273 2.682 2.873283 2.659 2.9433293 2.656 2.7913303 2.652 3.2433313 2.65 2.5213323 2.644 1.7893333 2.636 2.83343 2.633 2.8783353 2.617 2.633363 2.613 2.8233373 2.609 2.2033383 2.605 2.7033393 2.597 2.7543403 2.592 2.153413 2.589 2.52934232.5762.4163433 2.575 2.8383443 2.573 2.6273453 2.571 2.5713463 2.569 2.5893473 2.56143483 2.56 2.9633493 2.557 2.5843503 2.556 2.6353513 2.551 2.3793523 2.542 2.4843533 2.538 2.573543 2.534 2.5343553 2.527 2.4473563 2.526 2.5713573 2.52 3.5773583 2.518 2.4343593 2.493 2.7253603 2.492 2.9453613 2.488 2.7353623 2.485 3.0843633 2.483 2.7993643 2.476 2.4763653 2.47 2.6593663 2.462 2.483673 2.46 2.3283683 2.458 2.1953693 2.454 2.85937032.4482.4130968-7688MOL MEMBR BIOL MOLECULARMEMBRANE BIOLOGY 0960-7722CELL PROLIFERATCELL PROLIFERATION 1058-8388DEV DYNAM DEVELOPMENTALDYNAMICS 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PHYSIOL BIOCH PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY1359-5113PROCESS BIOCHEM PROCESS BIOCHEMISTRY 0962-1075INSECT MOL BIOL INSECT MOLECULARBIOLOGY 1552-5007J EXP ZOOL PART BJOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND 0144-8463BIOSCIENCE REP BIOSCIENCE REPORTS 0006-291X BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH1474-905X PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PHOTOCHEMICAL &PHOTOBIOLOGICAL 1617-4615MOL GENET GENOMICSMOLECULAR GENETICSAND GENOMICS 0301-5556ADV ANAT EMBRYOL CELADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 0303-6812J MATH BIOLJOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL 1554-8600HUM VACCINES Human Vaccines 0021-9290J BIOMECH JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS 2152-4971CELL REPROGRAM Cellular Reprogramming 0009-3084CHEM PHYS LIPIDS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF LIPIDS 1434-5161J HUM GENETJOURNAL OF HUMANGENETICS1751-7907MICROB BIOTECHNOL Microbial Biotechnology 0031-949X PHYTOPATHOLOGY PHYTOPATHOLOGY 1472-6807BMC STRUCT BIOL BMC STRUCTURALBIOLOGY 1381-1177J MOL CATAL B-ENZYM JOURNAL OFMOLECULAR CATALYSIS1545-8547ZEBRAFISHZebrafish0022-1554J HISTOCHEM CYTOCHEMJOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY &0168-9452PLANT SCIPLANT SCIENCE 0721-7595J PLANT GROWTH REGUL JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 0031-8655PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOLPHOTOCHEMISTRY ANDPHOTOBIOLOGY1477-5956PROTEOME SCI Proteome Science 1878-6146FUNGAL BIOL-UK Fungal Biology 1066-5234J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC 0213-3911HISTOL HISTOPATHOL HISTOLOGY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY3713 2.441 2.7633723 2.44 2.4533733 2.439 2.117 3743 2.438 2.5653753 2.433 2.391 3763 2.432 2.705 3773 2.431 2.367 3783 2.42 1.9533793 2.419 2.205 3803 2.416 1.974 3813 2.404 2.403 3823 2.398 2.4753833 2.386 2.977 3843 2.384 2.2083853 2.382 2.527 3863 2.367 2.941 3873 2.367 2.7993883 2.352 2.51 3893 2.351 2.447 3903 2.347 2.1093913 2.342 2.395 3923 2.341 2.3413933 2.33 2.66 3943 2.323 2.532 3953 2.321 2.1393963 2.315 2.049 3973 2.306 1.65 3983 2.303 2.2743993 2.297 1.842 4003 2.285 2.274 4013 2.283 2.43 4023 2.281 2.929 4033 2.28 3.2234043 2.267 2.8144053 2.267 2.337 4063 2.264 2.264 4073 2.262 2.201 4083 2.261 2.433 4093 2.26 2.236 4104 2.258 2.214114 2.258 2.28 4124 2.256 2.335 4134 2.254 2.929 4144 2.244 2.85 4154 2.243 2.1254164 2.236 2.841 4174 2.225 2.4414184 2.221 2.129 4194 2.211 2.507 4204 2.2 2.756120016-6707GENETICA4GENETICA2.199 2.1481552-4825AM J MED GENET AAMERICAN JOURNAL OFMEDICAL GENETICS 1098-8823PROSTAG OTH LIPID MPROSTAGLANDINS &OTHER LIPID 0282-0080GLYCOCONJUGATE JGLYCOCONJUGATEJOURNAL 0003-4800ANN HUM GENETANNALS OF HUMANGENETICS 0923-2508RES MICROBIOLRESEARCH INMICROBIOLOGY 0141-8130INT J BIOL MACROMOLINTERNATIONALJOURNAL OFBIOLOGICAL0268-9146ANIM GENET ANIMAL GENETICS 1471-2156BMC GENET BMC GENETICS 1090-0535MOL VIS MOLECULAR VISION 0008-8749CELL IMMUNOLCELLULARIMMUNOLOGY 0141-0229ENZYME MICROB TECHENZYME ANDMICROBIAL 1464-1801J MOL MICROB BIOTECHJOURNAL OFMOLECULARMICROBIOLOGY AND0022-1503J HERED JOURNAL OF HEREDITY 0929-5313J COMPUT NEUROSCIJOURNAL OFCOMPUTATIONAL 1526-954X GENESIS GENESIS1431-0651EXTREMOPHILES EXTREMOPHILES 0012-1630DEV PSYCHOBIOLDEVELOPMENTALPSYCHOBIOLOGY 0022-5193J THEOR BIOLJOURNAL OFTHEORETICAL BIOLOGY 0169-6149ORIGINS LIFE EVOL BORIGINS OF LIFE ANDEVOLUTION OF THE 1040-452X MOL REPROD DEVMOLECULARREPRODUCTION AND 1435-8603PLANT BIOLOGY PLANT BIOLOGY 0378-1119GENE GENE1540-7063INTEGR COMP BIOLINTEGRATIVE ANDCOMPARATIVE BIOLOGY 1031-3613REPROD FERT DEVELOPREPRODUCTIONFERTILITY AND 0197-8462BIOELECTROMAGNETICSBIOELECTROMAGNETICS 0721-7714PLANT CELL REP PLANT CELL REPORTS 0897-7194GROWTH FACTORS GROWTH FACTORS 0022-2844J MOL EVOLJOURNAL OFMOLECULAR 0175-7571EUR BIOPHYS J BIOPHYEUROPEAN BIOPHYSICSJOURNAL WITHBIOPHYSICS LETTERS 1087-0571J BIOMOL SCREENJOURNAL OFBIOMOLECULAR 1364-5072J APPL MICROBIOLJOURNAL OF APPLIEDMICROBIOLOGY 2150-5594VIRULENCE Virulence1757-6180BIOANALYSIS Bioanalysis1011-1344J PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO BJOURNAL OFPHOTOCHEMISTRY ANDPHOTOBIOLOGY B-0019-1019IBIS IBIS0301-4851MOL BIOL REPMOLECULAR BIOLOGYREPORTS 0908-8857J AVIAN BIOLJOURNAL OF AVIANBIOLOGY 1614-2942TREE GENET GENOMES Tree Genetics & Genomes 0022-1910J INSECT PHYSIOLJOURNAL OF INSECTPHYSIOLOGY 0012-1592DEV GROWTH DIFFERDEVELOPMENTGROWTH & 1522-2152PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOLPHYSIOLOGICAL ANDBIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY 1555-8932GENES NUTR Genes and Nutrition 0024-4082ZOOL J LINN SOC-LONDZOOLOGICAL JOURNALOF THE LINNEAN 1871-6784NEW BIOTECHNOL New Biotechnology 1536-2310OMICSOMICS-A JOURNAL OFINTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 0024-4201LIPIDS LIPIDS0032-0862PLANT PATHOL PLANT PATHOLOGY 1942-0900OXID MED CELL LONGEVOxidative Medicine andCellular Longevity 1933-6896PRION Prion1445-4408FUNCT PLANT BIOLFUNCTIONAL PLANTBIOLOGY。

中国农业大学研究生课程中英文对照表

课程名称课程英文名称发展社会学专题Development Sociology中国概况 A Brief Introduction of “The General Situation of China”英美经典短篇小说赏析 A Guide to Classic Short Stories in British and AmericanLiterature对策论 A Primer in Game Throry对策论 A Primer in Game Throry植物蛋白研究进展Aadvance of Vegetable Protein Research植物蛋白研究进展Aadvance of Vegetable Protein Research作物遗传育种专业英语Academic English作物遗传育种专业英语（必修）Academic English会计学Accounting高等农业机械化管理与模拟Adanvced Agricultural Mechanization Management and System Simulation高等农业机械化管理与系统模拟Adanvced Agricultural Mechanization Management and System Simulation调整型抽样Adjusting Sampling行政法Administrative Law高等动力学Advaced Dynamics动物传染病学专题Advance in Animal Infectious Diseases动物传染病学Advance in Animal Infectious Diseases动物传染病专题Advance in Animal Infectious Diseases动物病理学进展Advance in Animal Pathology动物病理学进展Advance in Animal Pathology植物病害生物防治进展Advance in Biological Control of Plant Diseases植物病害生物防治Advance in Biological Control of Plant Diseases植物逆境信号传递研究Advance in Plant Stress Signaling植物逆境信号传递研究Advance in Plant Stress Signaling先进制造技术Advance Manufacture Technology蛋白质互作的研究方法进展Advance of Methods for Analysis of Protein-protein Interaction 国际农药残留分析进展Advance of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Foreign Countries国际农药残留分析进展Advance of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Foreign Countries果蔬采后生理研究进展Advance of Postharvest Physiology of Fruit and Vegetable果蔬采后生理研究进展Advance of Postharvest Physiology of Fruit and Vegetable资源环境科学进展Advance of Recources and Enviromental Science高级建筑设计Advanced Garden Building Design高级园林建筑设计Advanced Garden Building Design高级生物气象学Advanced Biometeorology高级生物气象学Advanced Biometeorology高级会计理论与实务Advanced Accounting Theory and Practice高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械化管理Advanced Agricultural Mechanization Management高等农业机械化管理Advanced Agricultural Mechanization Management农业机械化工程新技术讲座Advanced Agricultural Mechanization New TechnologyLectures农业机械化工程新技术讲座Advanced Agricultural Mechanization New TechnologyLectures人工智能Advanced Artificial Intelligence高级人工智能Advanced Artificial Intelligence高级审计理论与实务Advanced Auditing Theory and Practice高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级生物信息SEMI.Advanced Bioinformatics Seminar高级生物信息学Seminar Advanced Bioinformatics Seminar高级害虫生物防治Advanced Biological Control of Insect Pests高级害虫生物防治Advanced Biological Control of Insect Pests高级蔬菜育种学Advanced Breeding of Vegetable Crops高级蔬菜育种学Advanced Breeding of Vegetable Crops高级财务管理Advanced Corporate Finance高级财务管理Advanced Corporate Finance高级园林植物遗传育种学Advanced Course of Ornamental Plant Breeding高级园林植物遗传育种学Advanced Course of Ornamental Plant Breeding高级作物育种学I Advanced Crop Breeding I高级作物育种学ⅠAdvanced Crop Breeding I高级作物育种学II Advanced Crop Breeding II高级作物育种学ⅡAdvanced Crop Breeding II作物生态学Advanced Crop Ecology高级作物生态学Advanced Crop Ecology高级作物生理学Advanced Crop Physiology高级细胞遗传学Advanced Cytogenetics高级发展学Advanced Development Studies高级发展学Advanced Development Studies高等结构动力学Advanced Dynamics of Structures高级计量经济学Advanced Econometrics高级计量经济学Advanced Econometrics高级园林植物生理生态学Advanced Eco-physiology of Ornamental Plants高级园林植物生理生态Advanced Eco-physiology of Ornamental Plants高等工程热力学Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics高等工程热力学Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics高级试验设计与数据分析Advanced Experimental Design and Data Analysis 高级试验设计与数据分析Advanced Experimental Design and Data Analysis 兽医免疫高级实验Advanced Experiments of Veterinary Immunology 兽医免疫高级实验Advanced Experiments of Veterinary Immunology 高级饲料分析技术Advanced Feed Analysis Technology高级饲料分析技术Advanced Feed Analysis Technology高级财务管理理论与实务Advanced Financial Management食品微生物学专题Advanced Food Microbiology动物遗传工程Advanced Gene Engineering高级基因工程Advanced Gene Engineering高级葡萄生理与分子生物专题Advanced Grape Physiology and Molecular Biology 高级葡萄生理与分子生物学专题Advanced Grape Physiology and Molecular Biology 高级昆虫生理生化Advanced Insect Physiology and Biochemistry高级昆虫生理生化Advanced Insect Physiology and Biochemistry高级昆虫毒理学Advanced Insect Toxicology高级昆虫毒理学Advanced Insect Toxicology高等内燃机学Advanced Internal-combustion Engine高等内燃机学Advanced Internal-combustion Engine高级实验动物学Advanced Laboratory Animal Science高级实验动物学Advanced Laboratory Animal Science高级园林设计Advanced Landscape Design高级园林设计Advanced Landscape Design高级园林工程Advanced Landscape Engineering高级环境绿地规划Advanced Landscape Planning高级宏观经济学Advanced Macroeconomics高级宏观经济学Advanced Macroeconomics高级管理会计理论与实务Advanced Management Accounting管理科学与工程专业Seminar Advanced Management Science and Engineering (Ph.D)管理科学与工程专业Seminar Advanced Management Science and Engineering (Ph.D)高级市场营销学Advanced Marketing高级市场营销Advanced Marketing高等金属学Advanced Metal高等金属学Advanced Metal高级微生物遗传学Advanced Microbial Genetics高级微生物遗传学Advanced Microbial Genetics高级微生物学进展Advanced Microbiological Seminar高级微生物学进展(全年）Advanced Microbiological Seminar高级微观经济学Advanced Microeconomics高级微观经济学Advanced Microeconomics高级运筹学Advanced Operations Research高级运筹学Advanced Operations Research高级果树生理学Advanced Physiology of Fruit Trees高级果树生理学Advanced Physiology of Fruit Trees高级植物与细胞生物学Seminar Advanced Plant and Cell Biology Seminars高级植物与细胞生物学Seminar Advanced Plant and Cell Biology Seminars高级植物营养学Advanced Plant Nutrition高级植物营养学Advanced Plant Nutrition高级植物生理生态Advanced Plant Physiological Ecology高级植物生理生态Advanced Plant Physiological Ecology高级植物生理学专题Advanced Plant Physiology高级植物生理学Advanced Plant Physiology高级植物生理学Advanced Plant Physiology高级植物生理学专题Advanced Plant Physiology高级观赏植物采后生理Advanced Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants 高级观赏植物采后生理Advanced Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants 高级植物营养进展Advanced Progress in Plant Nutrition高级设施园艺学Advanced Protected Horticulture高级设施园艺学Advanced Protected Horticulture高级可再生资源工程专题Advanced Renewable Resource Engineering现代可再生资源工程学Advanced Renewable Resource Engineering国际食品研究进展Advanced Research of Food Science植物细胞信号转导研究中的反向遗传学与细胞生物学研究技术与方法Advanced Reverse Genetic and Cell Biological Approaches to Study Signal Transduction in Plant高级生物化学与分子生物学Seminar Advanced Seminar for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology高级生物化学与分子生物学SeminarAdvanced Seminar for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology高级遗传学Seminar Advanced Seminar for Genetics高级遗传学Seminar Advanced Seminar for Genetics高级生物质工程Seminar Advanced Seminar on Biomass Engineering高级社会统计Advanced Social Statistics高级社会统计Advanced Social Statistics高级生化专题Ⅲ（生物膜）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Biomembrane 高级生化专题Ⅲ（生物膜）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Biomembrane高级生化专题IV(酶学及代谢调控)Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Enzymology and Metabolism Control高级生化专题Ⅳ（酶学与代谢调控）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Enzymology and Metabolism Control高级生化专题II(核酸化学)Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Nucleic Acid高级生化专题Ⅱ（核酸化学）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Nucleic Acid高级生化专题Ⅰ（蛋白质化学）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Protein高级生化专题Ⅰ（蛋白质化学）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Protein农产品物料干燥技术特论Advanced Topics in Drying Technology：Drying of PorousMedia高级分子生物学专题Advanced Topics in Molecular Biology高级分子生物学专题Advanced Topics in Molecular Biology高级城市规划Advanced Urban Planning高级蔬菜生理学Advanced Vegetable Physiology高级蔬菜生理学Advanced Vegetable Physiology高级杂草学Advanced Weeds高级杂草学Advanced Weeds高级兽医寄生虫学Advanceds Veterinary Parasitology高级兽医寄生虫学Advanceds Veterinary Parasitology高级兽医微生物学Advances in Veterinary Microbiology高级兽医微生物学Advances in Veterinary Microbiology作物栽培新技术专题Advances in 4H Crop Cultivation作物分子生理与生物技术Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology农业水土工程研究进展Advances in Agricultural Water-soil Research农业水土工程研究进展Advances in Agricultural Water-soil Research动物育种专题Advances in Animal Breeding动物育种专题Advances in Animal Breeding动物病理生理学专题Advances in Animal Pathophysiology动物病理生理学专题Advances in Animal Pathophysiology动物科学研究进展Advances in Animal Science动物科学研究进展Advances in Animal Science害虫生物防治理论与实践新进展Advances in Biological Control of Insect Pests害虫生物防治理论与实践新进展Advances in Biological Control of Insect Pests细胞生物学进展Advances in Cell Biology细胞生物学进展Advances in Cell Biology农副产品化学进展Advances in Chemistry of Agricultural Byproducts农副产品化学进展Advances in Chemistry of Agricultural Byproducts作物营养与水分生理专题Advances in Crop Nutrition and Water Physiology作物光合、产量与品质生理专题Advances in Crop Photosynthesis,Yield and Quality能源作物与生物质工程专题Advances in Crop Physiology and Ecology作物科学研究进展Advances in Crop Science作物科学研究进展Advances in Crop Science作物逆境生理专题Advances in Crop Stress Physiology发育生物学进展Advances in Developmental Biology数字农业研究进展Advances in Digital Agriculture Research 农作制度理论与技术专题Advances in Farming System Science果树学进展讨论Advances in Fruit Sciences果树学进展讨论Advances in Fruit Sciences现代果树遗传学研究进展Advances in Genetics of Fruit Crops分子遗传学进展Advances in Molecular Genetics病毒学进展Advances in Molecular Virology营养科学研究进展Advances in Nutritional Sciences营养科学技术研究进展Advances in Nutritional Sciences杀菌剂药理学及抗药性研究进展Advances in Pharmacology and Fungicide Resistance in Phytopathogen药理学与毒理学专题Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology药理学与毒理学专题Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology植物同化物运输高级讲座Advances in Photoassimilate Transport Mechanisms 植物同化物运输高级讲座Advances in Photoassimilate Transport Mechanisms 植物生物学进展Advances in Plant Biology植物激素与化学控制专题Advances in Plant Hormones and Chemical Regulation 植物病毒学进展Advances in Plant Virus Research植物病毒学进展Advances in Plant Virus Research家禽营养与饲养技术（案例）Advances in Poultry Nutrition and feeding Technology 种子病理学进展Advances in Seed Pathology种子病理学进展Advances in Seed Pathology兽医免疫学进展Advances in Veterinary Immunology兽医免疫学进展Advances in Veterinary Immunology兽医科学进展Advances in Veterinary Medicine兽医科学进展Advances in Veterinary Medicine水资源研究进展专题Advances in Water Resource Science水资源研究进展专题Advances in Water Resource Science分子植物病理学研究进展Advances of Molecular Plant Pathology分子植物病理学研究进展Advances of Molecular Plant Pathology生物环境与能源工程综合专题Seminar Advances on Agricultural and Bioenvironmental Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程研究进展Advances on Agricultural and Bioenvironmental Engineering 食品保藏技术研究进展Advances on Food Preservation Technology食品保藏技术研究进展Advances on Food Preservation Technology水土保持与荒漠化防治新技术研究进展Advances on Soil and Water Conservation and Deforestation Control水土保持与荒漠化防治研究进展Advances on Soil and Water Conservation and DeforestationControl结构工程研究新进展Advances on Structure Engineering城镇与区域规划Advances on Urban and Regional Planning城镇与区域规划研究进展Advances on Urban and Regional Planning近代水文学及水资源研究进展Advances on Water Concervancy Project水利工程研究进展Advances on Water Concervancy Project农业商务管理Agri-business Management农业产业组织Agribusiness Organization核技术农业应用基础Agricultural Application Foundation of Nuclear Technology 核技术农业应用基础Agricultural Application Foundation of Nuclear Technology 核技术农业应用基础Agricultural Application Foundation of Nuclear Technology农业可控管理技术Agricultural Controllable Management Technology农业可控管理技术Agricultural Controllable Management Technology农业发展经济学Agricultural Development Economics农业经济理论与政策Agricultural Economics: Theory and Policy农业经济理论与政策Agricultural Economics: Theory and Policy农业装备开发与设计Agricultural Equipment Development and Design农产品期货市场Agricultural Futures Markets农产品期货市场Agricultural Futures Markets农业历史文献选读Agricultural History Literature农业历史文献选读（必修）Agricultural History Literature农业信息系统工程Agricultural Information and System Engineering农业信息系统工程Agricultural Information and System Engineering农业保险Agricultural Insurance农产品市场分析Agricultural Market Analysis农产品市场分析Agricultural Market and Analysis农产品市场分析Agricultural Market and Analysis有害生物治理的原理与方法Agricultural Pests Prevention and Control农业有害生物的预防与控制Agricultural Pests Prevention and Control农业资源与利用Agricultural Resources and Utilization核技术农业应用专论Agricultural Specialized Application of Nuclear Technology 核技术农业应用专论Agricultural Specialized Application of Nuclear Technology 农业系统工程Agricultural Systems Engineering农村技术创新与知识系统Agricultural Technology Innovation and Knowledge System 农村技术创新与知识系统Agricultural Technology Innovation and Knowledge System 农业与食品企业管理Agriculture and Food Corporate Managemnt农业信息学Agriculture Informatics农业科技与“三农政策”Agriculture Technology and Rural Development农业装备机电一体化技术Agricutural Equipment Mechantronics农业项目的计划与管理Agricutural Project Plan and Management农业工程项目规划Agricutural Project Plan and Management农产品国际贸易实务Agri-goods International Trade Practice农业生态系统分析Analysis and Simulation of Ecosystem生态系统分析与模拟Analysis and Simulation of Ecosystem农业关联产业分析Analysis of Agribusiness国情分析和发展战略Analysis of Country Situation and Development Stratagem 兽医临床病例分析Analysis of Veterinary Clinical Cases兽医临床病例分析Analysis of Veterinary Clinical Cases现代食品分析技术Analytic Technology of Modern Food Science现代食品分析技术Analytic Technology of Modern Food Science古汉语Ancient Chinese古汉语Ancient Chinese动物病理剖检诊断技术Animal Autopsy Technique for Pathological Diagnosis克隆动物与转基因动物Animal Cloning and Transgensis克隆动物与转基因动物Animal Cloning and Transgensis动物源食品卫生检验技术Animal Derived Food Inspection Technique动物实验方法Animal Experiment Technology动物消化道微生物Animal Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiology动物消化道微生物Animal Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiology动物遗传资源Animal Genetic Resource 动物卫生行政法学Animal Health Management 动物卫生行政法学Animal Health Management 畜牧工程Animal Husbandry Engineering 动物营养代谢病Animal Metabolic Diseases 动物营养代谢病专题Animal Metabolic Diseases 人类疾病模型的构建与应用Animal Models for Human Diseases 动物分子病毒学Animal Molecular Virology 动物分子病毒学Animal Molecular Virology 动物神经生物学Animal Neurobiology 动物神经生物学Animal Neurobiology 动物营养与免疫专题Animal Nutrion and Immunology 动物营养与免疫专题Animal Nutrion and Immunology 动物保护与福利Animal Protection and Welfare 动物生殖内分泌学Animal Reproduction and Endocrinology 动物生殖内分泌学Animal Reproduction and Endocrinology 动物繁殖学SeminarAnimal Reproduction Seminar 动物繁殖学SeminarAnimal Reproduction Seminar动物繁殖理论与现代生物技术（案例）Animal Reproduction Theory and Modern Biotechnology 动物生殖生理学实验Animal Reproductive Physiology 动物生殖生理学Animal Reproductive Physiology动物生殖生理学实验Animal Reproductive Physiology Experiment 动物生殖生理学实验Animal Reproductive Physiology Experiment 动物功能基因组学Animl Functional Genomics 动物功能基因组学Animl Functional Genomics 人类学与中国社会研究Anthropology and Chinese Society 人类学与中国社会研究Anthropology and Chinese Society 植物抗菌化合物专题Antimicrobial Compounds from Plants 植物抗菌化合物专题Antimicrobial Compounds from Plants 3S 技术农业应用Application of 3S in Agriculture 3S 技术在水利工程中的应用Application of 3S Techniques on Soil and Water Conservation生物多样性与应用Application of Biodiversity 生物多样性与利用Application of Biodiversity 生物多样性与利用Application of Biodiversity 3S 技术应用Application of GIS, GPS and RS 3S 技术应用Application of GIS, GPS and RS应用数理统计Application of Mathematical Statistics 应用数理统计Application of Mathematical Statistics 分子生物学在昆虫学中的应用Application of Molecular Biology to Entomology 分子生物学在昆虫学中的应用Application of Molecular Biology to Entomology 植物生理生态仪器Application of Plant Physiology and Ecology 植物生理生态仪器Application of Plant Physiology and Ecology 3S 在水文模拟中的应用Applications of "3S" to Hydrology Simulation电力系统最优化技术Applications of Optimization Method in Electrical Power System 电力系统最优化技术Applications of Optimization Method in Electrical Power System 稳定同位素在生态环境研究中的应用Applications of Stable Isotopes in Studies of Environment and Ecology 稳定同位素在生态环境研究中的应用Applications of Stable Isotopes in Studies of Environment and Ecology 应用数理统计Applied Mathematical Statistics应用经济学Seminar Applied Economics Seminar应用地质地貌与土地资源Applied Geology Geomorphology and Land Resource应用地质地貌与土地资源Applied Geology Geomorphology and Land Resource应用植物生物技术Applied Plant Biotechnology农业应用随机过程Applied Stochastic in Agriculture应用随机过程Apply Stochastic Processes园林设计研究进展Approach of Landscape Architecture风景园林研究进展Approach of Landscape Architecture观赏植物生理生态研究进展Approach of Ornamental Horticulture观赏园艺研究进展Approach of Ornamental Horticulture英语教学法Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching英语教学法Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching水生昆虫学Aquatic Entomology水生昆虫学Aquatic Entomology艺术设计Art Design人工智能原理Artificial Intelligence人工智能技术Artificial Intelligence结构抗震减震分析原理Aseismic Analysis Principle of Structure兽药安全评价技术Assessment Technique of Veterinary Drug Safety不对称合成Asymmetric Synthesis不对称合成Asymmetric SynthesisAutoCAD 二次开发技术Auto CAD Customization自动控制技术Automatic Control Technology自动控制理论Automatical Control Theory自动控制理论Automatical Control Theory自动机械设计Automatical Machine Design禽类生理学Avian Physiology禽类生理学Avian Physiology遗传分析原理Basic Concepts of Genetic Analysisi基础分子生物学实验Basic Experiment of Molecar Biology基础分子生物学实验Basic Experiment of Molecar Biology新能源发电技术基础Basic of Renewable Energy Generation Technology交通规划理论与方法Basic Theory and Method of Traffic-layou放射卫生防护知识Basical Knowledge of Radiation Protection放射卫生防护知识Basical Knowledge of Radiation Protection放射卫生防护知识Basical Knowledge of Radiation Protection土壤物理与作物学基础Basics of Soil Physics and Crop土壤物理与作物学基础Basics of Soil Physics and Crop篮球Basketball生化分析Biochemical Analysis生化分析Biochemical Analysis生物气候模型与信息系统Bioclimatological Model and Information System生物气候模型与信息系统Bioclimatological Model and Information System畜牧生物工程专业硕士生Seminar Bio-engineering Seminar in Animal配子与胚胎生物工程Bio-engineering Technology in Animal Gamete and Embryo 配子与胚胎生物工程Bio-engineering Technology in Animal Gamete and Embryo 植物小RNA的生物合成和功能Biogenesis and Function of Small RNAs in Plant生物地球化学Biogeochemistry生物地球化学Bio-geochemistry生物信息学Bioinformatics生物信息学Bioinformatics生物信息学Bioinformatics生物信息学算法Bioinformatics Algorithm生物信息学算法Bioinformatics Algorithm生物信息检测与处理专题Bioinformatics Detection and Processing Topic生物信息学SEMI.Bioinformatics Seminar生物信息学Seminar Bioinformatics Seminar植物病害生物防治Biological Control of Plant Diseases植物病害生物防治Biological Control of Plant Diseases生物饲料加工与利用Biological Feed Processing and Application植物病原细菌生物学Biology of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria植物病原细菌生物学Biology of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria生物质工程Bio-mass Engineering Theory生物质工程原理Bio-mass Engineering Theory生物膜与信号转导Biomembrane and Signal Transduction生物膜与信号传导Biomembrane and Signal Transduction生物物理学BiophysicsBioprocessing and Food Quality Bioprocessing and Food QualityBioprocessing Engineering Bioprocessing Engineering生物生产自动化与机器人Bio-production and Robot生物生产自动化与机器人Bio-production and Robot生化反应动力学与反应器Bioreaction Engineering生化反应动力学与反应器Bioreaction Engineering生物修复Bioremediation生物修复Bioremediation农业生物安全Biosafty for Agriculture生物系统动力学（Biosystem）Biosystem Dynamics生物系统动力学Biosystem Dynamics观赏植物生物技术Biotechnology of Ornamental Plants蔬菜生物技术Biotechnology to Vegetable Science植物源杀虫剂及作用机理Botanic Pesticide植物源杀虫剂及其作用机理Botanic Pesticide边界元法Boundary Element Method材料成型中的计算机应用Brief Introduction of Computer Application in Plastic Working 经济学流派Brief Introduction of Economics Schools经济学流派Brief Introduction of Economics Schools商务英语Business EnglishC语言程序设计 C LanguageC语言程序设计 C Language基于PRO-E的CAD/CAM集成制造技术CAD/CAM Based on Creo资本运营Capital Operation汽车网络通讯技术Car Network Communication Technology汽车网络通讯技术Car Network Communication Technology碳水化合物化学Carbohydrate Chemistry碳水化合物化学Carbohydrate Chemistry农业水土工程设计案例Case Analysis for Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering国内外食品安全案例辨析Case Studies on Food Safety Incidents企业管理案例分析Case Study for Corporation Management企业管理案例分析Case Study for Corporation Management电子商务案例Case Study for E-Commerce细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞培养基础和实验Cell Culture Basics and Experiments细胞培养基础和实验Cell Culture Basics and Experiments动物细胞工程Cellular Engineering Technology in Animal动物细胞工程原理与方法（原细胞Cellular Engineering Technology in Animal工程　）英语六级CET-6化学生态学Chemical Ecology临床化验及病理诊断技术Chemical Examination and Pathological Diagnostic Technique 化学计量学Chemistry Metrology化学计量学Chemistry Metrology中国概况China Panorama粮食经济Grain Economy粮食经济Grain Economy中国化的马克思主义研究Chinalized Marxism Studies中国化的马克思主义研究Chinalized Marxism Studies土木工程抗灾原理Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention Theory土木工程材料专论Civil Engineering Material Monogragh土木工程材料专论Civil Engineering Material Monogragh传统文化与现代企业管理系列专题Classical Cutlure and Modern Enterprise Management期货品种专题Classification of Futures Commodities气候与农业减灾研究专题Climate Resource and Agriculture Disaster Reduction Seminar 气候与农业减灾研究专题Climate Resource and Agriculture Disaster Reduction Seminar 临床病理诊断技术Clinical Pathological Diagnostic Technique临床兽医学专业Seminar Clinical Veterinary Medicine Seminar公共经济学理论专题Colloquium of Public Economics公共经济学理论专题Colloquium of Public Economics组合优化Combination Optimization组合优化Combination Optimization组合数学Combinatorial Mathematics组合数学Combinatorial Mathematics农业传播技术与应用Communication for Rural Development社区基础的自然资源管理Community-based Natural Resource Management社区基础的自然资源管理Community-based Natural Resource Management社区基础的自然资源管理Community-based Natural Resource Management社区基础的自然资源管理Community-based Natural Resource Management动物生殖生理学Comparative Animal Breeding动物比较育种学Comparative Animal Breeding比较基因组学与分子进化Comparative Genomics and Molecular Evolution比较政府与政治Comparative Government and Politics比较病理学Comparative Pathology比较病理学Comparative Pathology中外教育比较评价Comparative Studies of Sino-foreign Eduction 中外教育比较研究Comparative Studies of Sino-foreign Eduction 竞争情报研究Competitive Intelligence Research 竟争情报研究Competitive Intelligence Research 竞争情报研究Competitive Intelligence Research 综合测评Comprehensive Assessment 农产品加工与贮藏综合实验Comprehensive Experiments of Agricultural Products Processing and Storage 营养与食品卫生综合大实验Comprehensive Experiments of Nutrition and Food Hygiene 营养与食品安全综合大实验Comprehensive Experiments of Nutrition and Food Hygiene 营养与食品安全综合实验Comprehensive Experiments of Nutrition and Food Hygiene 生物质综合利用与转化Comprehensive Utilization and Conversion of Biomass Resources 计算流体力学Computation Fluid Dynamics 计算流体力学Computation Fluid Dynamics 两相流与多相流计算Computation of Two-phase and Multi-phase Flow 统计计算方法Computational Method for Statistic 统计计算方法Computational Method for Statistic 农业生物信息计算机采集与处理Computer Acquisition Agricultural Biological Information and Processing 计算机算法设计Computer Algorithm Design 英语多媒体网络教育Computer Assisted Language Learning 英语多媒体网络教学Computer Assisted Language Learning 计算机图形学Computer Graphics 计算机图形学Computer Graphics 计算机图形学Computer Graphics 计算机网络体系结构Computer Network Architecture 计算机网络体系结构Computer Network Architecture 现代干燥技术Computer Simulation for Farm Product Drying 现代干燥技术Computer Simulation for Farm Product Drying 土壤水土过程模拟Computer Simulation of Soil Physical ProcessesComputer simulation of soil-water processesComputer Simulation of Soil Physical Processes 计算机支持的协同工作与网络计算Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Grid Computing 计算机支持的协同工作与网格计算Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Grid Computing 机械系统计算机虚拟样机技术Computer Virtual Prototyping Technology for Mechanical System 基于PRO_E 的CAD/CAM 集成制造技术Computer Virtual Prototyping Technology for MechanicalSystem 机械系统计算机虚拟样机技术Computer Virtual Prototyping Technology for Mechanical System 计算机视觉Computer Vision 计算机视觉技术Computer Vision 家畜育种中的计算方法Computing Algorithms in Animal Breeding 家畜育种中的计算方法Computing Algorithms in Animal Breeding 混凝土结构原理Concrete Structure Theory 混凝土结构理论Concrete Structure Theory 共轭曲面理论Conjugate Surface Theory 生物质工程导论Conspectus of Biomass Engineering 工程材料本构关系Constitutive Relation of Engineering Materials 工程材料本构关系Constitutive Relation of Engineering Materials 信息资源建设与评价Construction and Evaluation of Information Resources 土木工程质量事故处理与分析Construction Quality Accident Analysis and Treatment中外城市建设史Constructual History on China and Foreign cities农产品需求分析Consumer Demand Analysis for Food and AgriculturalProducts现代区域发展规划与管理Contemporary Regional Development Planning andManagement现代区域发展规划与管理Contemporary Regional Development Planning andManagement可持续机械化生产系统Continuable Mechanization Production System可持续机械化生产系统Continuable Mechanization Production System连续介质力学Continuity Mechanics连续介质力学Continuity Mechanics连续型抽样Continuous Sampling畜禽寄生虫病防治Control of Parasite infection in Poultry and Animals 公司金融理论Corporate Finance Theory公司法与现代企业制度Corporation Law and Modern Enterprise System公司法与现代企业制度Corporation Law and Modern Enterprise System机电产品创新设计Creative Design of Mechantronic Product机电产品创新设计Creative Design of Mechantronic Product英美文学专题Critical Approaches to Literature发展研究前沿Critical Development Studies区域经济学前沿Critical Regional Economics作物生理与分析研究技术Crop Analysis Technology作物育种理论与案例分析Crop Breeding and Cases Analysis作物抗逆机理与育种Crop Breeding for Tolerance作物抗逆机理与育种Crop Breeding for Tolerance作物生理学SEMI.Crop Physiology Seminar作物生理学Seminar Crop Physiology Seminar作物生产系统分析与模拟Crop System Analysis and Simulation作物生产系统分析与模拟Crop System Analysis and Simulation当代国际贸易体制Current International Trading System当代国际贸易体制Current International Trading System现代生物学技术Current Techniques in Biological Sciences数据拟合Data Fitting数据拟合Data Fitting数据挖掘Data Mining数据挖掘Data Mining数据挖掘Data Mining数据挖掘Data Mining数据结构Data Structure数据结构Data Structure数据结构Data Structure数据、模型与决策Data, Model and Decision-making数据库与空间数据管理Database and Spatial Data Management数据库与空间数据管理Database and Spatial Data Management数据库原理与技术Database Principle and Technology数据库原理与技术Database Principle and Technology决策分析Decision Making and Analysis决策分析Decision Making and Analysis生态工程设计与应用Design and Application of Ecological Engineering绿地工程设计与建设Design and Construction of Landscape Project绿地工程设计与建设Design and Construction of Landscape Project试验设计与多元分析Design of Experiment and Mult Variate Statistical Anlylisis 试验设计与多元分析Design of Experiment and Mult Variate Statistical Anlylisis 有机合成设计Design of Organic Synthesis设计模式Design Patterns农业建筑结构设计原理Design Principle on Agricultural Structure车辆工程专业进展Development of Vehicle Engineering车辆工程专业进展Development of Vehicle Engineering信息资源开发利用技术Development and Utilization of Information ResourcesTechnology信息资源开发利用技术Development and Utilization of Information ResourcesTechnology发展经济学专题Development Economics发展经济学Development Economics发展研究方法Development Methods发展研究方法Development Methods发展研究方法Development Methods发展研究方法Development Methods中国发展模式Development Models of China食品科学技术研究进展Development of Food Science Technology Research食品科学技术研究进展Development of Food Science Technology Research葡萄酒化学进展Development of Wine Chemistry葡萄酒化学进展Development of Wine Chemistry农业工程专业Seminar Development of Agricultural Engineering农业工程专业Seminar Development of Agricultural Engineering农业装备工程专业进展Development of Agricultural Equipment Engineering农业装备工程专业进展Development of Agricultural Equipment Engineering农业机械化工程专业进展Development of Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业机械化工程专业进展Development of Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农产品加工工程进展Development of Farm Product Processing Engineering农产品加工工程专业进展Development of Farm Product Processing Engineering食品质量管理进展Development of Food Quality Management食品质量管理进展Development of Food Quality Management食品安全研究进展Development of Food Security Research食品安全研究进展Development of Food Security Research物流工程技术进展Development of Logistics Engineering机械设计及理论专业进展Development of Mechanical Design and Theory机械设计及理论专业进展Development of Mechanical Design and Theory机械工程技术进展Development of Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化专业进展Development of Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation 现代制造前沿技术与进展Development of Modern Manufacturing Technology现代制造前沿技术与进展Development of Modern Manufacturing Technology发展规划Development Planning发展项目管理Development Project Management发展社会学Development Sociology发展社会学Development Sociology发展社会学Development Sociology发展理论与实践Development Theories and Practices自然辩证法Dialectics of Nature微分几何Differential Coefficient Geometry微分几何Differential Coefficient Geometry。

医学的期刊影响因子排名

医学的期刊影响因⼦排名NO. 期刊名称名称缩写参考中⽂名字影响因⼦1 CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians CA Cancer J Clin 癌 74.575 ↑2 New England Journal of Medicine N Engl J Med 新英格兰医学杂志 50.017 ↓3 Annual Review of Immunology Annu Rev Immunol 免疫学年评 41.059 ↓4 Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol ⾃然评论：分⼦细胞⽣物学 35.423 ↑5 Physiological Reviews Physiol Rev ⽣理学评论 35 ↑6 JAMA JAMA 美国医学会志 31.718 ↑7 Nature Nature ⾃然 31.434 ↑8 Cell Cell 细胞 31.253 ↑9 Nature Reviews Cancer Nat Rev Cancer ⾃然评论：癌症 30.762 ↑10 Nature Genetics Nat Genet ⾃然遗传学 30.259 ↑11 Annual Review of Biochemistry Annu Rev Biochem ⽣物化学年评 30.016 ↓12 Nature Reviews Immunology Nat Rev Immunol ⾃然评论：免疫学 30.006 ↑13 Nature Reviews Drug Discovery Nat Rev Drug Discov ⾃然评论：药物发现 28.69 ↑14 Lancet Lancet 柳叶⼑ 28.409 ↓15 Science Science 科学 28.103 ↑16 Nature Medicine Nat Med ⾃然医学 27.553 ↑17 Annual Review of Neuroscience Annu Rev Neurosci 神经科学年评 26.405 ↑18 Nature Reviews Neuroscience Nat Rev Neurosci ⾃然评论：神经科学 25.94 ↑19 Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 天⽂学与天体物理学年度评论 25.826 ↑20 Nature Immunology Nat Immunol ⾃然免疫学 25.113 ↓21 NATURE PHOTONICS Nat Photonics ⾃然光学 24.982 ↑22 Cancer Cell Cancer Cell 癌细胞 24.962 ↑23 Nature Reviews Genetics Nat Rev Genet ⾃然评论：遗传学 24.185 ↑24 Chemical Reviews Chem Rev 化学评论 23.592 ↑25 Nature Materials Nat Mater ⾃然材料 23.132 ↑26 Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 细胞与发育⽣物学年评 22.731 ↓27 Nature Biotechnology Nat Biotechnol ⾃然⽣物技术 22.297 ↓28 Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology Annual Review of Pla nt Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 植物⽣理学与分⼦⽣物学年评 22.192 ↑29 Pharmacological Reviews Pharmacol Rev 药理学评论 21.936 ↑30 Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 药理学与毒理学年评 21.561 ↓31 Immunity Immunity 免疫 20.579 ↑32 NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY Nat Nanotechnol ⾃然纳⽶技术 20.571 ↑33 Annual Review of Physiology Annu Rev Physiol ⽣理学年评 19.74 ↑34 Endocrine Reviews Endocr Rev 内分泌评论 18.562 ↑35 Physics Reports Phys Rep 物理学通讯 18.522 ↑36 Nature Cell Biology Nat Cell Biol ⾃然细胞⽣物学 17.774 ↑37 Annals of Internal Medicine Ann Intern Med 内科学纪事 17.457 ↑38 Chemical Society Reviews Chem Soc Rev 化学学会评论 17.419 ↑39 Journal of Clinical Oncology J Clin Oncol 临床肿瘤学杂志 17.157 ↑40 Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure QSAR Comb Sci ⽣物物理学与⽣物分⼦结构年评41 Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 微⽣物学与分⼦⽣物学评论 16.95 ↑42 CELL STEM CELL Cell Stem Cell ⼲细胞 16.826 ↑43 Nature Physics Nat Phys ⾃然物理学 16.821 ↑44 Progress in Polymer Science Prog Polym Sci 聚合物科学进展 16.819 ↑45 Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 美国⾃然史博物馆通报 16.692 ↑46 Journal of Clinical Investigation J Clin Invest 临床研究杂志 16.559 ↓47 Clinical Microbiology Reviews Clin Microbiol Rev 临床微⽣物学评论 16.409 ↑48 Annual Review of Psychology Annu Rev Psychol ⼼理学年评 16.217 ↑49 Cell Metabolism Cell Metab 细胞代谢 16.107 ↓50 Journal of Experimental Medicine J Exp Med 实验医学杂志 15.219 ↓51 Journal of the National Cancer Institute and Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs J Natl Cancer Inst 国⽴癌症研究所杂志 14.933 ↓52 CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 中枢系统与神经障碍药靶研究 14.75 ↑ 53 Annual Review of Physical Chemistry Annu Rev Phys Chem 物理化学年评 14.688 ↑54 Nature Chemical Biology Nat Chem Biol ⾃然化学⽣物学 14.612 ↑55 Circulation Circulation 循环 14.595 ↑56 Nature Reviews Microbiology Nat Rev Microbiol ⾃然评论：微⽣物学 14.31 ↓57 Archives of General Psychiatry Arch Gen Psychiatry 普通精神病学集刊 14.273 ↓58 Lancet Neurology Lancet Neurol 柳叶⼑：神经病学 14.27 ↑59 Neuron Neuron 神经元 14.17 ↑60 Nature Neuroscience Nat Neurosci ⾃然神经科学 14.164 ↓61 Trends in Biochemical Sciences Trends Biochem Sci ⽣物化学趋势 14.101 ↓62 Astrophysical Journal, The - Supplement Series Astrophys J Suppl Ser 天体物理学杂志-增刊 13.99 ↑63 Nature Methods Nat Methods ⾃然⽅法 13.651 ↓64 Genes & Development Genes Dev 基因和发育 13.623 ↓65 Trends in Cell Biology Trends Cell Biol 细胞⽣物学趋势 13.385 ↓66 Lancet Oncology Lancet Oncol 柳叶⼑：肿瘤学 13.283 ↑67 Lancet Infectious Diseases Lancet Infect Dis 柳叶⼑：传染病 13.165 ↑68 Molecular Cell Mol Cell 分⼦细胞 12.903 ↓69 Developmental Cell Dev Cell 发育细胞 12.882 ↑70 Behavioral and Brain Sciences Behav Brain Sci ⾏为与脑科学 12.818 ↓71 Trends in Neurosciences Trends Neurosci 神经科学趋势 12.817 ↑72 Annual Review of Genetics Annu Rev Genet 遗传学年评 12.78 ↓73 PLoS Biology PLoS Biol PLoS⽣物学 12.683 ↓74 Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports Mater Sci Eng R Rep 材料科学和材料⼯程 12.619 ↑75 Gastroenterology Gastroenterology 胃肠病学 12.591 ↑76 Psychological Bulletin Psychol Bull ⼼理学通报 12.568 ↑77 Current Opinion in Cell Biology Curr Opin Cell Biol 细胞⽣物学新见 12.543 ↓78 Molecular Psychiatry Mol Psychiatry 分⼦精神病学 12.537 ↑79 Molecular Systems Biology Mol Syst Biol 分⼦系统⽣物学 12.243 ↑80 Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics Q Rev Biophys ⽣物物理学评论季刊 12.188 ↑81 PLoS Medicine PLoS Med PLoS医学 12.185 ↓82 Accounts of Chemical Research Acc Chem Res 化学研究述评 12.176 ↓83 Epidemiologic Reviews Epidemiol Rev 流⾏病学评论 12.13 ↑84 Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 基因组学与⼈类遗传学年评 12.029 ↑85 Annual Review of Entomology Annu Rev Entomol 昆⾍学年评 11.918 ↑86 Trends in Ecology & Evolution Trends Ecol Evol ⽣态学与进化趋势 11.904 ↓87 Psychological Review Psychol Rev ⼼理学评论 11.765 ↑88 Immunological Reviews Immunol Rev 免疫学评论 11.761 ↑89 Mass Spectrometry Reviews Mass Spectrom Rev 质谱学评论 11.507 ↑90 Journal of the American College of Cardiology J Am Coll Cardiol 美国⼼脏病学会志 11.438 ↑91 Hepatology Hepatology 肝脏病学 11.355 ↑92 Progress in Lipid Research Prog Lipid Res 脂类研究进展 11.237 ↑93 Nature Structural & Molecular Biology Nat Struct Mol Biol ⾃然结构与分⼦⽣物学 10.987 ↑94 Annual Review of Medicine Annu Rev Med 医学年评 10.985 ↓95 Trends in Cognitive Sciences Trends Cogn Sci 认知科学趋势 10.981 ↑96 Annual Review of Microbiology Annu Rev Microbiol 微⽣物学年评 10.902 ↓97 Angewandte Chemie International Edition Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 国际英语教育 10.879 ↑98 Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering Annu Rev Biomed Eng ⽣物医学⼯程年评 10.789 ↓99 Current Biology Curr Biol 当代⽣物学 10.777 ↑100 Coordination Chemistry Reviews Coord Chem Rev 配位化学评论 10.566 ↑101 American Journal of Psychiatry Am J Psychiatry 美国精神病学杂志 10.545 ↑102 Current Opinion in Immunology Curr Opin Immunol 免疫学新见 10.455 ↑103 Blood Blood ⾎液 10.432 ↓104 Nano Letters Nano Lett 纳⽶通讯 10.371 ↑105 Annual Review of Phytopathology Annu Rev Phytopathol 植物病理学年鉴 10.237 ↓106 Genome Research Genome Res 基因组研究 10.176 ↓107 American Journal of Human Genetics Am J Hum Genet 美国⼈类遗传学杂志 10.153 ↓108 Circulation Research Circ Res 循环研究 9.989 ↑109 Annals of Neurology Ann Neurol 神经病学纪事 9.935 ↑110 Trends in Immunology Trends Immunol 免疫学趋势 9.91 ↑ 111 American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Am J Respir C rit Care Med 美国呼吸道与危重护理医学杂志 9.792 ↑112 Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology J Allergy Clin Immunol 变态反应与临床免疫学杂志 9.773 ↑113 Gut Gut 消化道；英国胃肠病学会志 9.766 ↓114 Current Opinion in Genetics & Development Curr Opin Genet Dev 遗传与发育新见 9.677 ↓115 Trends in Molecular Medicine Trends Mol Med 分⼦医学趋势 9.621 ↑116 Brain Brain 脑 9.603 ↑117 Pharmacology & Therapeutics Pharmacol Ther 药理学与治疗学 9.443 ↑118 Ecology Letters Ecol Lett ⽣态学通讯 9.392 ↑119 PNAS Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 美国国家科学院汇刊 9.38 ↓120 Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Trends Pharmacol Sci 药理学趋势 9.34 ↓121 Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics Annu Rev Fluid Mech 流体⼒学年评 9.314 ↓122 Plant Cell Online Plant Cell 植物细胞 9.296 ↓123 Trends in Plant Science Trends Plant Sci 植物科学趋势 9.21 ↑124 Progress in Neurobiology Prog Neurobiol 神经⽣物学进展 9.13 ↓125 PLoS Pathogens PLoS Pathog PLoS病原体 9.125 ↓126 The Journal of Cell Biology J Cell Biol 细胞⽣物学杂志 9.12 ↓127 Seminars in Immunology Semin Immunol 免疫学论⽂集 9.114 ↑128 Nature Clinical Practice Oncology Nat Clin Pract Oncol ⾃然临床诊疗:肿瘤学 9.113 ↑129 Archives of Internal Medicine Arch Intern Med 内科学集刊 9.11 ↑130 Current Opinion in Structural Biology Curr Opin Struct Biol 结构⽣物学新见 9.06 ↓131 European Heart Journal Eur Heart J 欧洲⼼脏杂志 8.917 ↑132 Medicinal Research Reviews Med Res Rev 医药研究评论 8.907 ↑133 PLoS Genetics PLoS Genet PLoS遗传学 8.883 ↑134 Molecular & Cellular Proteomics Mol Cell Proteomics 分⼦和细胞蛋⽩质 8.834 ↓135 Biological Reviews Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 剑桥哲学学会⽣物学评论 8.755 ↓136 Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology Front Neuroendocrinol 神经内分泌学前沿 8.692 ↑137 Current Opinion in Plant Biology Curr Opin Plant Biol 植物⽣物学最新观点 8.688 ↓138 Biological Psychiatry Biol Psychiatry ⽣物精神病学 8.672 ↑139 Trends in Genetics Trends Genet 遗传学趋势 8.659 ↓140 Leukemia Leukemia ⽩⾎病 8.634 ↑141 Advances in Immunology Adv Immunol 免疫学研究进展 8.625 ↑142 Annals of Surgery Ann Surg 外科学年鉴 8.46 ↑143 Diabetes Diabetes 糖尿病 8.398 ↑144 Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol ⽣物化学和分⼦⽣物学评论 8.306 ↓145 EMBO Journal EMBO J 欧洲分⼦⽣物学学会志 8.295 ↓146 Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Adv Drug Deliv Rev 先进药物输送评论 8.287 ↑147 Seminars in Cancer Biology Semin Cancer Biol 癌⽣物学⽂辑 8.284 ↑148 Molecular Interventions Mol Interv 分⼦介⼊ 8.273 ↑149 Clinical Infectious Diseases Clin Infect Dis 临床传染病 8.266 ↑150 Advances in Microbial Physiology Adv Microb Physiol 微⽣物⽣理学进展 8.25 ↑151 Annual Review of Nutrition Annu Rev Nutr 营养学年评 8.205 ↓152 Advanced Materials Adv Mater Deerfield 先进材料 8.191 ↑153 Current Opinion in Neurobiology Curr Opin Neurobiol 神经⽣物学新见 8.102 ↓154 Journal of the American Chemical Society J Am Chem Soc 美国化学会志 8.091 ↑155 FEMS Microbiology Reviews FEMS Microbiol Rev 欧洲微⽣物学会联合会：微⽣物学评论 7.963 ↓156 Journal of Autoimmunity J Autoimmun ⾃体免疫杂志 7.881 ↑157 Current Opinion in Chemical Biology Curr Opin Chem Biol 化学⽣物学新见 7.854 ↑158 Systematic Biology Syst Biol 系统⽣物学 7.833 ↓159 Current Topics in Developmental Biology Curr Top Dev Biol 发育⽣物学当代课题 7.827 ↑160 Blood Reviews Blood Rev ⾎液评论 7.816 ↑161 Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews Neurosci Biobehav Rev 神经学与⽣物⾏为评论 7.804 ↓162 Aging Cell Aging Cell ⽼化细胞 7.791 ↑163 Stem Cells Stem Cells ⼲细胞 7.741 ↑164 Human Reproduction Update Hum Reprod Update ⼈类⽣殖学新资讯 7.59 ↑165 Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Clin Pharmacol Ther 临床药理学与治疗学 7.586 ↓166 Cell Death and Differentiation Cell Death Differ 细胞死亡与变异 7.548 ↓167 Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease Annu Rev Pathol 病理学年评 7.529 ↑168 Cancer Research Cancer Res 癌症研究 7.514 ↓169 Journal of the American Society of Nephrology J Am Soc Nephrol 美国肾病学会志 7.505 ↑170 Current Opinion in Biotechnology Curr Opin Biotechnol ⽣物技术新见 7.485 ↑171 Current Opinion in Microbiology Curr Opin Microbiol 微⽣物学新见 7.483 ↓172 Canadian Medical Association Journal CMAJ 加拿⼤医学会志 7.464 ↑173 Journal of Neuroscience J Neurosci 神经科学杂志 7.452 ↓174 Natural Product Reports Nat Prod Rep 天然产物报告 7.45 ↓175 Cell Host & Microbe Cell Host Microbe 细胞宿主与微⽣物 7.436 ↑176 Hypertension Hypertension ⾼⾎压 7.368 ↑177 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 胃肠内窥镜检查 7.367 ↑178 Diabetes Care Diabetes Care 糖尿病护理 7.349 ↓179 Molecular Aspects of Medicine Mol Aspects Med 医学分⼦问题 7.32 ↓180 Molecular Biology and Evolution Mol Biol Evol 分⼦⽣物学与进化 7.28 ↑181 Human Molecular Genetics Hum Mol Genet ⼈类分⼦遗传学 7.249 ↓182 Oncogene Oncogene 致癌基因 7.216 ↑183 Drug Resistance Updates Drug Resist Updat 耐药性新资讯 7.206 ↑184 Critical Reviews in Toxicology Crit Rev Toxicol 毒理学评论 7.204 ↑185 Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases Ann Rheum Dis 风湿病纪事 7.188 ↑186 Physical Review Letters Phys Rev Lett 物理评论通讯 7.18 ↑187 Physiology Physiology (Bethesda) ⽣理学 7.159 ↑188 Reviews in Medical Virology Rev Med Virol 医学病毒学评论 7.13 ↓189 Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism Trends Endocrinol Metab 内分泌学和新陈代谢趋势 7.119 ↓190 Reviews of Geophysics Rev Geophys 地球物理学评论 7.114 ↑191 EMBO Reports EMBO Rep 欧洲分⼦⽣物学会报告 7.099 ↓192 Thorax Thorax 胸腔 7.069 ↑193 Journal of Hepatology J Hepatol 肝脏病学杂志 7.056 ↑194 The FASEB Journal FASEB J 美国实验⽣物学会联合会会志 7.049 ↑195 Neurology Neurology 神经病学 7.043 ↑196 Human Mutation Hum Mutat ⼈类突变 7.033 ↑197 Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 细胞因⼦与⽣长因⼦评论 7.022 ↓198 Nature Clinical Practice Neurology Nat Clin Pract Neurol ⾃然临床诊疗:神经病学 6.979 ↑199 Nucleic Acids Research Nucleic Acids Res 核酸研究 6.878 ↓200 Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 动脉硬化、⾎栓形成与⾎管⽣物学。

Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo)

Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo) Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo) is a fascinating and dynamic field that seeks to understand the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying the evolution of diverse animal forms. It combines insights from developmental biology, genetics, and evolutionary biology to unravel the processes that have led to the incredible diversity of life on Earth. Evo-Devo has revolutionized our understanding of how organisms develop and evolve, shedding light on the deep connections between different species and the shared genetic and developmental pathways that underpin their morphological diversity.One of the central tenets of Evo-Devo is the concept of deep homology, which suggests that the genetic and developmental mechanisms controlling the formation of body structures are often shared across distantly related species. This idea challenges traditional views of evolution, which emphasized the role of natural selection acting on random genetic variations. Instead, Evo-Devo highlights the importance of conserved developmental pathways in shaping the diversity of life, providing a unifying framework for understanding the evolution of animal forms.At the heart of Evo-Devo is the study of regulatory genes that control the development of body structures. These genes, known as \"master regulators,\" orchestrate the complex processes of embryonic development, guiding the formation of tissues, organs, and body plans. By comparing the activity of these genes across different species, Evo-Devo researchers have uncovered striking similarities in the genetic programs that govern development, revealing deep evolutionary connections that transcend the boundaries of traditional taxonomic classifications.Moreover, Evo-Devo has also illuminated the role of gene regulatory networks in shaping the evolution of animal forms. These intricate networks of interacting genes control the timing and spatial patterning of gene expression during development, playing a key role in generating the diversity of body structures seen in nature. By deciphering the architecture of these regulatory networks, Evo-Devo researchers have gained insights into the genetic basis of evolutionary change, providing a molecular understanding of how new traits and body plans arise over evolutionary time.From a broader perspective, Evo-Devo has profound implications for our understanding of the unity of life. By revealing the deep homologies that underlie the diversity of animal forms, Evo-Devo highlights the fundamental similarities that unite all living organisms. This perspective challenges traditional views of the tree of life, emphasizing the shared genetic and developmental heritage that links all species on Earth. In doing so, Evo-Devo fosters a sense of interconnectedness and kinship among all living beings, underscoring the rich tapestry of life that has evolved through the eons.In conclusion, Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo) represents a paradigm-shifting approach to understanding the evolution of animal forms. By integrating insights from developmental biology, genetics, and evolutionary biology, Evo-Devo has revealed the deep connections that unite all living organisms, shedding light on the shared genetic and developmental pathways that underpin the diversity of life. Through its focus on deep homology, regulatory genes, and gene regulatory networks, Evo-Devo has provided a powerful framework for unraveling the genetic basis of evolutionary change, offering a molecular understanding of how new traits and body plans arise over evolutionary time. Ultimately, Evo-Devo invites us to contemplate the unity of life, emphasizing the fundamental similarities that unite all living beings and fostering a sense of interconnectedness and kinship across the tree of life.。

生物学英语中英对照

生物学英语中英对照1. 遗传学 Genetics基因 Gene染色体 Chromosome遗传变异 Genetic variation2. 细胞生物学 Cell Biology细胞 Cell细胞核 Nucleus细胞膜 Cell membrane3. 生态学 Ecology生态系统 Ecosystem生物多样性 Biodiversity生物群落 Biome4. 分子生物学 Molecular Biology蛋白质 Protein核酸 Nucleic acid酶 Enzyme5. 发育生物学 Developmental Biology胚胎发育 Embryonic development细胞分化 Cell differentiation形态发生 Morphogenesis6. 植物学 Botany叶绿体 Chloroplast光合作用 Photosynthesis根系 Root system7. 动物学 Zoology器官 Organ组织 Tissue神经系统 Nervous system8. 微生物学 Microbiology细菌 Bacteria病毒 Virus真菌 Fungus9. 生物化学 Biochemistry代谢 MetabolismATP（三磷酸腺苷） ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)酶促反应 Enzymatic reaction10. 生理学 Physiology心脏 Heart肺 Lung肝脏 Liver生物学英语中英对照（续）11. 进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology自然选择 Natural selection物种形成 Speciation进化树 Evolutionary tree12. 行为生物学 Behavioral Biology繁殖行为 Reproductive behavior领域行为 Territorial behavior社会行为 Social behavior13. 神经生物学 Neurobiology神经元 Neuron突触 Synapse神经递质 Neurotransmitter14. 免疫学 Immunology抗体 Antibody免疫系统 Immune system炎症 Inflammation15. 营养学 Nutrition蛋白质 Protein碳水化合物 Carbohydrate脂肪 Fat16. 遗传工程 Genetic Engineering基因克隆 Gene cloning基因编辑 Gene editing转基因技术 Genetic modification 17. 生态遗传学 Ecological Genetics种群 Population环境适应性 Environmental adaptation遗传漂变 Genetic drift18. 生物信息学 Bioinformatics基因组学 Genomics蛋白质组学 Proteomics生物数据挖掘 Bioinformatics data mining19. 生物统计学 Biostatistics实验设计 Experimental design数据分析 Data analysis显著性检验 Significance test20. 环境生物学 Environmental Biology环境污染 Environmental pollution生态修复 Ecological restoration生物降解 Biodegradation这份生物学英语中英对照文档旨在帮助您更全面地了解生物学领域的专业术语。

(发育生物学)08第八章神经胚和三胚层分化

Developmental Biology
• (4)神经管的闭合：指中线两侧的神经褶在背部中线处合并。神经管最终要与其背部上方的外胚层分开，这一过程可能受钙粘蛋白介导。鸟类神经管闭合早晚与A－P轴走向一致；哺乳动物神经管的闭合同时发生在多处。在人类胚胎上，神经管闭合失败导致胎儿先天缺陷；SHH、Pax3等是闭合所必需的，叶酸可降低神经管缺陷风险。
（paraxial mesoderm） 3. 居间中胚层（intermediate mesoderm） 4. 侧中胚层（lateral mesoderm） 5. 头部间充质（head mesenchyme）
Developmental Biology
鸡胚的肠胚化及神经形成。
（A）Primitive streak形成。
Developmental Biology
神经嵴部分衍生物
Developmental Biology
鸡胚躯干部神经嵴细胞的迁移
Developmental Biology
神经嵴细胞的迁移路径由胚胎的胞外基质决定。
一种蝾螈的突变体中神经嵴细胞能够形成但不能迁移，除背部之外的部位将缺乏色素细胞B.
2. 在组织水平, 神经管壁中的细胞群以不同方式重排形成脑和脊髓不同的功能区;
3. 最后在细胞水平神经上皮细胞分化为多种类型的神经元和支持的胶质细胞。
Developmental Biology
（1）脑区的形成:
神经管前部膨大形成三个初级泡, 它们分别是前脑、中脑和菱脑。到后神经孔关闭时，次级膨大(视泡，optic vesicle)从前脑两侧伸出。同时出现头曲和颈曲。前脑再分化为前部的端脑和较后的间脑。端脑最后形成大脑半球，间脑将形成丘脑和下丘脑，主要接受眼视神经的传入。菱脑再分化形成后脑和髓脑。后脑形成小脑，髓脑最终形成延髓。中脑并不进一步分化，其腔形成大脑导水管。

frontiers in cell and developmental biology参考文献格式

frontiers in cell and developmental biology参考文献格式全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Title: Formatting References for Frontiers in Cell and Developmental BiologyFrontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology is a reputable journal that publishes cutting-edge research in the field of cell and developmental biology. When preparing a manuscript for submission to this journal, it is essential to follow the proper reference format to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information presented. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive guide on how to format references for Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.1. Types of References2. Formatting Guidelines- Research Articles:- Books:Example:Brown EF, White GH. Regulation of cell cycle progression. In: Smith JK, ed. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cell Biology. London: Academic Press; 2017. pp. 56-68.- Reviews:第二篇示例：Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 是一个开放获取的生物学期刊，致力于推动细胞和发育生物学领域的研究。

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4
生物
3
2.60
2.55
0967-1994
ZYGOTE
ZYGOTE
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
1.10
1.24
0950-1991
DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
2
生物
2
7.29
6.90
0949-944X
DEV GENES EVOL
BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH PART A-CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
医学
4
2.03
1534-5807
DEV CELL
DEVELOPMENTAL CELL
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT GENES AND EVOLUTION
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
2.13
2.01
0926-5287
REPROD NUTR DEV
REPRODUCTION NUTRITION DEVELOPMENT
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
SCI
ISSN
刊名简称
刊名全称
小类名称(中文)
小类名称(英文)
小类分区
大类名称
大类分区
06-08均影响因子
2011年影响因子
1932-8451
DEV NEUROBIOL
Developmental Neurobiology
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
3
2.33
2.86
1661-5425
SEX DEV
Sexual Development
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
1.00
3.05
1567-133X
GENE EXPR PATTERNS
GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
2.12
2.05
0.91
1058-8388
DEV DYNAM
DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
3
生物
3
3.09
2.86
1054-5476
IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL
IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT
MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
3
2.40
2.40
1031-3613
REPROD FERT DEVELOP
REPRODUCTION FERTILITY AND DEVELOPMENT
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
1.94
1.47
0301-4681
DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATION
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
3
生物
3
3.27
3.07
0214-6282
INT J DEV BIOL
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
1471-213X
BMC DEV BIOL
BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
3
生物
3
3.31
2.78
1470-1626
REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
3
生物
3
3.00
1552-5007
J EXP ZOOL PART B
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
3
生物
3
3.23
2.37
1542-0752
BIRTH DEFECTS RES A
4
生物
3
2.72
3.51
1084-9521
SEMIN CELL DEV BIOL
SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
2
生物
2
6.56
5.91
1081-0706
ANNU REV CELL DEV BI
ANNUAL REVIEW OF CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
2
生物
2
5.23
5.89
0012-1630
DEV PSYCHOBIOL
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
1.90
2.06
0012-1606
DEV BIOL
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
1.36
0301-5556
ADV ANAT EMBRYOL CEL
ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
1
生物
1
24.28
14.08
1071-2690
IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN
IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
0.66
3.05
1422-6405
CELLS TISSUES ORGANS
CELLS TISSUES ORGANS
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
2.00
2.30
1360-9947
MOL HUM REPROD
MOLECULAR HUMAN REPRODUCTION
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
0.55
1.06
1041-1232
GROWTH DEVELOP AGING
GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND AGING
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
0.48
3.00
1040-452X
MOL REPROD DEV
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
3
生物
3
2.92
2.86
0143-4004
PLACENTA
PLACENTA
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
3
医学
3
2.99
2.99
0070-2153
CURR TOP DEV BIOL
CURRENT TOPICS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
3
生物
2
4.67
4.09
0012-1592
DEV GROWTH DIFFER
DEVELOPMENT GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
4
1.92
2.28
注：目录分类来源于中国科学院，参考“期刊印证报告”（JCR），所收集信息仅供科学研究使用。
2
生物
1
12.95
13.95
1526-954X
GENESIS
GENESIS
发育生物学
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4
生物
3
2.45
2.40
1520-541X
EVOL DEV
EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT
发育生物学