胰腺癌治疗进展英文
癌症治疗的英语
癌症治疗的英语Cancer TreatmentCancer is a devastating disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is a complex condition that can take many forms, affecting various organs and tissues in the body. The treatment of cancer has been a subject of intense research and medical advancement, with a range of therapies and approaches available to healthcare professionals.One of the most common forms of cancer treatment is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy involves the use of powerful drugs that target and destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells. These drugs are administered intravenously or orally, and they can be used alone or in combination with other treatments. Chemotherapy can be effective in treating a wide range of cancers, but it can also have significant side effects, such as nausea, fatigue, and hair loss.Another common form of cancer treatment is radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves, such as X-rays or protons, to destroy cancer cells. This treatment can be targeted to specific areas of the body, minimizing the impact onhealthy tissues. Radiation therapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or surgery.Surgery is another important component of cancer treatment. In some cases, the removal of the cancerous tumor or affected tissue can be an effective way to treat the disease. Surgery can be used to remove the primary tumor, as well as any nearby lymph nodes or other affected areas. In some cases, surgery may be combined with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, to improve the overall effectiveness of the treatment.In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the field of targeted cancer therapies. These therapies are designed to target specific genetic or molecular changes that are associated with the development and progression of cancer. Targeted therapies can be more effective and have fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy drugs, as they are more specifically targeted to the cancer cells.One example of a targeted therapy is immunotherapy. Immunotherapy works by stimulating the body's own immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. This can be done through the use of various types of immune system modulators, such as checkpoint inhibitors or CAR-T cell therapy. Immunotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of a variety of cancers, andit is an area of active research and development.Another emerging area of cancer treatment is personalized medicine. Personalized medicine involves the use of genetic and molecular testing to identify the specific characteristics of an individual's cancer, and then tailoring the treatment plan accordingly. This approach can help to ensure that the most effective and appropriate treatments are used for each patient, and can also help to minimize the risk of side effects.Despite the significant advancements in cancer treatment, the disease remains a major challenge for healthcare professionals and researchers. Many cancers are still difficult to treat, and the side effects of treatment can be debilitating for patients. Additionally, the high cost of some of the newer cancer treatments can be a barrier to access for many patients.In conclusion, the treatment of cancer is a complex and multifaceted field that involves a range of therapies and approaches. From traditional chemotherapy and radiation therapy to newer targeted therapies and personalized medicine, healthcare professionals are constantly working to improve the outcomes and quality of life for cancer patients. While significant progress has been made, there is still much work to be done to fully understand and effectively treat this devastating disease.。
胰腺疾病(英文)课件
Monitoring changes
Regular follow-up exams can help monitor the progress of pancreatic diseases and adjust treatment plans accordingly.
acute pancreatitis
急性胰腺炎是一种突发的、严重 的胰腺炎症，通常由过量饮酒、 暴饮暴食、胆结石或其他因素引
起。
主要症状包括上腹部剧痛、恶心 、呕吐、发热和黄疸。
严重病例可能导致多器官功能衰 竭和死亡。
chronic pancreatitis
慢性胰腺炎是一种长期慢性的 胰腺炎症，通常由急性胰腺炎 反复发作或长期饮酒引起。
REPORT
CATALOG
DATE
ANALYSIS
SUMMAR Y
01
Байду номын сангаасThe anatomy and physiology of the pancreas
The anatomical structure of the pancreas
The pancreas is a long, narrow organ that lies across the back of the abdominal cavity, behind the
REPORT
CATALOG
DATE
ANALYSIS
SUMMAR Y
胰腺癌治疗进展英文ppt课件-PPT课件
III
IV
Late Presentation - Poor Survival
24 18
Even “early” stage disease is advanced
12 6
0
I II Stage III IV
Median Survival (mos)
0
Howlander et al, SEER Cancer Statistics Review 2019. American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2019.
Results
Survival
Biological factors related to tumor
• Differentiation • Nodal involvement • Perineural invasion • Resection margins
Degree of Tumor Differentiation
No Surgery
If..
• Major blood vessels involved
(Stage III) • Distant metastases (Stage IV) • Some Stage III may be exceptions
Pancreatic Resection
• Distal Pancreatectomy (no Appleby) • Whipple operation
60%
Percent at diagnosis
45% 30% 15% 0%
I II Stage
Howlander et al, SEER Cancer Statistics Review 2019. American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2019.
胰腺癌 组织学分级 g1
胰腺癌组织学分级g1（中英文实用版）Title: Pancreatic Cancer - Histological Grade G1英文：Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor that originates in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach.This type of cancer is known for its aggressive nature and often presents with few symptoms until the disease has advanced.The histological grade of a tumor provides valuable information about its aggressiveness and potential for spreading.In the case of pancreatic cancer, the histological grade is categorized into different levels, with G1 being the lowest grade and indicating a slower growth rate and less aggressive behavior.中文：胰腺癌是一种起源于胰腺的恶性肿瘤，胰腺是一个位于胃后面的器官。
这种癌症以其侵略性而闻名，往往在疾病进展到晚期之前几乎没有症状。
肿瘤的组织学分级提供了关于其侵略性和扩散潜力的宝贵信息。
在胰腺癌的情况下，组织学分级被分为不同的级别，G1是最低级别，表明其生长速度较慢，侵略性较低。
英文：The histological grade G1 in pancreatic cancer signifies a less aggressive and slower-growing tumor.This means that the cancer cells are well-differentiated and closely resemble normal pancreatic cells.Well-differentiated tumors have a higher likelihood of being removedsurgically and have a better prognosis compared to higher-grade tumors.However, even with a G1 histological grade, pancreatic cancer remains a challenging disease to treat due to its late presentation and limited treatment options.中文：胰腺癌的组织学分级G1表示这是一种侵略性较低、生长速度较慢的肿瘤。
消化内科英文缩写
GERD(Gastroesophageal reflux disease)胃食管反流病NERD(Non-erosive reflux disease)非糜烂性反流病RE(Reflux esophagitis)反流性食管炎IBD(Inflammatory bowel disease)炎症性肠病CD(Crohn’s disease)克罗恩病UC(Ulcerative colitis)溃疡性结肠炎IBS(Irritable bowel syndrome)肠易激综合征AIH(Autoimmune hepatitis)自身免疫性肝炎FD(Functional dyspepsia)功能性消化不良ALD(Alcoholic liver disease)酒精性肝病NASH(Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis)非酒精性脂肪性肝炎NAFLD(Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease)非酒精性脂肪性肝病DILI(Drug induced liver injury)药物性肝损伤VOD(Veno-occlusive disease)肝小静脉闭塞症SOS(Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome)肝窦阻塞综合征HCC(Hepatic cellular carcinoma)肝细胞肝癌HE(Hepatic encephalopathy)肝性脑病SBP(Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) 自发性细菌性腹膜炎HRS（Hepatorenal syndrome）肝肾综合征MAP(Mild acute pancreatitis)急性轻症胰腺炎SAP(Severe acute pancreatitis)急性重症胰腺炎CP(Chronic pancreatitis)慢性胰腺炎AIP(Auto-immune pancreatitis)自身免疫性胰腺炎PC(Pancreatic adenocarcinoma)胰腺癌MALT(Mucosa-associated lymphoid Tissue)粘膜相关组织淋巴瘤SIRS(Systematic inflammatory response syndrome)全身炎症反应综合征MOF(Multiple organ failure)多器官功能衰竭EUS(Endoscopic ultrasonography)超声内镜EUS-FNA（Fine needle aspiration）超声引导下细针穿刺DBE/SBE(Double/Single balloon endoscopy)双/单气囊小肠镜CE(Capsule enodoscopy)胶囊内镜ERCP(Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术EST(Endoscopic sphincterotomy)内镜下乳头括约肌切开ERPD(Endoscopic retrograde pancreatic drainage)内镜下胰管支架引流术ENBD(Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage)内镜下鼻胆管引流EMBD(Endoscopic metal retractor biliary drainage)内镜下胆管金属支架引流术ERBD(Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage)内镜下胆管支架引流术SOD(Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction)Oddi括约肌功能障碍PTCD(Percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage)经皮肝穿刺胆道引流TACE(Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization )肝动脉化疗栓塞术TAE(Transcatheter arterial embolization)肝动脉栓塞术TAI(Transcatheter arterial infusion) 肝动脉插管灌注化疗PSE(Partial splenic embolization)部分脾栓塞术TIPS(Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt)经颈静脉肝内门体分流术SMT(Submucosal tumor)粘膜下肿瘤EMR(Endoscopic mucosal resection)内镜下粘膜切除术ESD(Endoscopic submucosal dissection)内镜下粘膜下剥离术ESE(Endoscopic submucosal excavation)内镜粘膜下挖除术APC(Argon plasma coagulation)氩离子凝固术MBM (Multiband mucosectomy) 多环黏膜切除术(DT)LST(Lateral spreading tumor)侧向发育型肿瘤EVB(Esophageal variceal bleeding)食管静脉曲张破裂出血EVL(Endoscopic variceal ligation)内镜下曲张静脉套扎术EIS(Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy)内镜下曲张静脉硬化剂治疗术IPMN(Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms)胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤FNH（Focal Nodular Hyperplasia）肝局灶性结节增生PBC(Primary biliary cirrhosis) 原发性胆汁性肝硬化PSC(Primary sclerosing cholangitis) 原发性硬化性胆管炎ICP(Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy)妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症BCS (Budd-Chiari syndrome) 布-加综合征。
癌症中英文对照
癌症中英文对照Cancer - 癌症Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, affecting millions of people each year. In Chinese, cancer is commonly referred to as "癌症" (ái zhèng).Types of Cancer - 癌症类型There are many different types of cancer, each with its own specific characteristics. Here are some common types of cancer and their corresponding Chinese translations:1. Breast Cancer - 乳腺癌(rǔ xiàn ái)2. Lung Cancer - 肺癌 (fèi ái)3. Prostate Cancer - 前列腺癌 (qián liè xiàn ái)4. Colorectal Cancer - 结肠直肠癌 (jié cháng zhí cháng ái)5. Skin Cancer - 皮肤癌(pí fū ái)6. Leukemia - 白血病 (bái xuè bìng)7. Ovarian Cancer - 卵巢癌(luǎn cháo ái)8. Pancreatic Cancer - 胰腺癌 (yí xiàn ái)Causes and Risk Factors - 引起癌症的原因和风险因素The development of cancer can be attributed to a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices. Some common causes and risk factors for cancer include:1. Tobacco Use - 吸烟2. Alcohol Consumption - 饮酒3. Unhealthy Diet - 不健康的饮食4. Exposure to Carcinogens - 接触致癌物质5. Family History of Cancer - 家族癌症史6. Age - 年龄7. Obesity - 肥胖8. Chronic Infections - 慢性感染Early Detection and Treatment - 早期检测和治疗Early detection plays a critical role in improving the prognosis and survival rates of cancer patients. Regular screenings and tests can help identify cancer at an early stage when treatment is most effective. In Chinese, early detection is commonly referred to as "早期检测" (zǎo qī jiǎn cè).Treatment options for cancer vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. Common treatment modalities include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. In Chinese, treatment is commonly referred to as "治疗" (zhì liáo).Prevention Strategies - 预防策略While not all cancers can be prevented, there are several strategies individuals can adopt to reduce their risk of developing cancer. These strategies include:1. Healthy Lifestyle Choices - 健康的生活方式选择2. Regular Exercise - 定期锻炼3. Healthy Diet - 健康饮食4. Avoidance of Carcinogens - 避免致癌物质5. Vaccinations - 接种疫苗6. Sun Protection - 防晒7. Regular Check-ups - 定期体检Support and Resources - 支持与资源Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be devastating for individuals and their families. However, there are numerous support groups, organizations, and resources available to provide emotional support, financial assistance, and educational materials. In Chinese, support is commonly referred to as "支持" (zhī chí), and resources as "资源" (zī yuán).Conclusion - 结论Cancer is a complex disease that affects millions of people globally. Understanding the terminology and concepts related to cancer in bothEnglish and Chinese is essential for effective communication, research, and patient care. By continuing to advance our knowledge, prevention strategies, and treatment options, we can work towards reducing the burden of cancer and improving the lives of those affected.。
最新：NCCN胰腺癌临床实践指南更新解读要点(全文)
最新：NCCN胰腺癌临床实践指南更新解读要点（全文）摘要胰腺导管腺癌生物学行为不良、预后较差，如何规范诊疗以进一步提高术后生存率和长期生存质量是胰腺外科医生长久以来所面临的难题。
美国国家综合癌症网络（NCCN）指南于2023年6月19日发表了本年度第2版胰腺癌诊治指南。
相较于前版，新版指南做出如下更新：NALIRIFOX 方案正式进入局部进展期和转移性胰腺癌的一线全身治疗中；功能状态评分细分为良好（0~1分），中等（2分）和较差（3~4分）；以及某些新型药物纳入了胰腺癌靶向治疗的范畴，整体治疗趋于精准化、综合化、实效化。
NCCN指南在全球范围内具有权威的影响力，期待未来更多循证医学证据的面世，从而使胰腺癌的治疗更加规范。
胰腺导管腺癌（pancreatic adenocarcinoma）是一种预后不佳、死亡率极高的恶性肿瘤。
随着外科、肿瘤科、病理科等科室诊断水平不断进步、外科干预技术不断升级、局部治疗手段不断涌现以及新型抗肿瘤药物不断问世，胰腺癌的诊治已初见曙光。
但据2021年流行病学数据显示，胰腺癌病人死亡率仍逐年攀升，占美国恶性肿瘤相关死亡率第4位［1］，在我国这一数值为第6位［2］。
美国国家综合癌症网络（National Comprehensive Cancer Network，NCCN）指南形成了由外科、肿瘤内科、病理科等数十位专家组成的专家小组，结合最新的高质量循证医学证据和专家共识，出版了2023年胰腺癌临床实践指南（V2版）［3］，以期进一步规范胰腺癌诊治流程，提高病人生存率和总体生活质量。
新版指南较前版在体能评分、联合用药方案和免疫治疗等方面有所更新，本文将就以上更新点对新版指南进行解读。
1 胰腺癌病人的临床检查和危险因素筛查当临床可疑胰腺癌或存在胰胆管扩张/狭窄证据时，新版指南建议通过腹部CT或MRI行横断面扫描。
多学科综合治疗协作组（multidisciplinary treatment，MDT）模式应作为核心理念贯穿诊疗全程，必要时加做增强CT、肝脏MRI、超声胃镜检查术（endoscopic ultrasonography，EUS）、正电子发射计算机断层扫描（positron emission tomography - computed tomography，PET-CT）等方式评估可切除性及是否转移，指导肿瘤分期。
考博外科学——精选推荐
考博外科学外科学总论（共50分）⼀名词解释：1.基因诊断2.⾼温灭菌法3.NHSTR4.GHTRS5.MODS⼆简答题：1 简述外科疾病的分类2 外科⼿术进⾏中的⽆菌原则3 感染性休克的治疗三问答题低渗性缺⽔的定义病因临床表现诊断治疗普外科各论（50分）⼀名词解释mastopathy 原发性腹膜炎strangulated hernia （狂晕刚意识到答成绞窄性肠梗阻了）abdominal compartment syndrome 第五个忘了⾼选择⾏迷⾛神经切断术（英⽂）⼆问答题甲状腺功能亢进症的病因术前术中注意事项⼿术适应症⼿术禁忌症术后常见并发症及处理原则原发性肝癌的病因病理临床表现诊断和鉴别诊断治疗2007年第⼆军医⼤学考博普通外科学⼀、多选题（12题，每题1分）1、腹腔镜⼿术禁忌：2、能叩诊出移动性浊⾳的腹腔积液：A、100ml B、200ml C、300ml D、400ml E、⼤于500ml3、急性胰腺炎⾎淀粉酶的变化：4、胆囊癌最佳的诊断⽅法：B超、CT、ERCP、？、？5、⼩⼉肠扭转病例6、肝脓肿病例7、以下胃、⼗⼆指肠穿孔描述不正确的是：⼆、填空题（8分）1、影响胃癌预后的因素有：（7空）2、下消化道出⾎的诊断⽅法有：（5空）3、下肢深静脉栓塞分为四型：_____型（4空）三、名词解释（6分，每题2分）1、buerger病2、charcot 综合征3、TME四、问答题1、家族性结肠息⾁病的发病原理、诊断、⼿术⽅式、术后随访原则？（20分）2、甲亢术后并发症及处理？（24分）3、肠梗阻按梗阻原因的分类；肠梗阻的治疗原则以及⾮⼿术治疗⽅法？（30分）第三军医⼤学2013博⼠普外专业⼀、名词解释1、richer疝2、倾倒综合征（英⽂）3、布加综合征（英⽂）4、⼆、简答题1、乳腺癌根治术切除范围2、胰腺癌⼿术切除范围3、简述直肠癌超低位保肛术4、chiold分级及其临床意义三、问答题1、急性梗阻性黄疸治疗原则2、论述胃癌外科治疗的最新进展2013南京医科⼤学普外科学（总论+普外）考博真题回忆版简答4分*61、创伤组织修补基本过程？2、30秒内确定⼼搏骤停的⽅法？3、输⾎后常见并发症？4、低钾的常见病因？5、营养⽀持⽅法选择原则？6、⼿术中的⽆菌原则？问答19分*41、胰腺假性囊肿的⼿术指征、⽅式、要点？2、甲状腺⼿术并发症及治疗？3、腹膜后⼗⼆指肠破裂诊断依据及治疗？4、完善的科研设计标志有哪些？第三军医⼤学2013年外科专业基础之⼈体解剖真题名词解释：胸⾻⾓纵隔膜迷路动脉韧带肺段简答脑屏障的主要特点喉的结构，运动及功能的关系胆汁的产⽣，排出的主要特点问答⽪质核束的主要特点内脏传导通路的主要特点迷⾛神经的主要特点腰丛的主要特点2013中⼭⼤学博⼠⽣⼊学考试（普外）1糖⽪质激素外科感染性休克2糖尿病围术期准备要点3开放⽓胸处理原则4影像学在泌尿系结⽯的诊断应⽤5胃癌腹腔镜禁忌6胆管囊性扩张的分型7下肢静脉体格检查名称8外科真菌感染因素和抗真菌药物9切⼝裂开预防10⿊⾊素瘤的临床表现11CEA.AFP.CA199.CA125.PSA，中⽂名称及诊断价值12门脉⾼压⾮⼿术治疗及贲门⾎管离断理由13 低渗性缺⽔的原因14乳腺癌分⼦分型及治疗建议15胃癌根治原则，根治划分，远端胃癌根治切除范围16慢性胰腺炎⼿术指征，⼿术原则，⼿术⽅式。
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Survival
Negative
R0 R1
60% 40% 20% 0% 0 12
Positive
27% 27%
24
36
48
60
Months of Follow Up
(1987-2005)
Negative
Positive
Biologic features of the tumors themselves are the primary determinants of prognosis!
Adjuvant Therapy
• Treatment given after •
• •
resection Effort to eradicate any remaining microscopic tumor All pts in USA receive chemotherapy after resection! Some in USA also get radiation
Pylorus Preserving Whipple
Factors Influencing Survival
Study Design
182 consecutive patients underwent a Whipple for pancreatic cancer between 1987 and 2005. Patients from 19871995 were compared with those from 1996-2005.
Arch Surg. 2011;146(7):836-843. Donahue TR, Reber HA et al
Initial scan shows SMA involvement
6 mos scan looks similar
But patient felt well and CA19-9 fell from 840 to normal..
(colon #1)
Pancreatic Cancer
Epidemiology
New Cancer Deaths , United States, 2014.
Pancreatic Cancer
Epidemiology
Incidence increasing 1% yearly
Pancreatic Cancer
No Surgery
If..
• Major blood vessels involved
(Stage III) • Distant metastases (Stage IV) • Some Stage III may be exceptions
Pancreatic Resection
• Distal Pancreatectomy (no Appleby) • Whipple operation
Neoadjuvant Therapy
• Treatment given before surgery in •
pts with resectable disease (Stage I and II) Some in USA recommend this instead of surgery first Advantages and disadvantages
Lymph Nodes
Lymph Nodes
100% 80%
Negative
38%
Survival
60% 40% 20% 0% 0 12 24
Positive
28% 22%
36
48
60
Months of Follow Up
(1987-2005)
Negative
Positive
Actuarial survival for node-negative (solid line) and node-positive (dotted line) patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas undergoing a pancreaticoduodenectomy (P<.001).
Effect of Chemotherapy on Tumor
Before After
Tumor: 4.4 x 3.8cm PV invasion (+)
Tumor: 2.8 x 2.5cm (57% reduction) PV invasion (-)
When/Whether to Operate? CT Imaging
III
IV
Late Presentation - Poor Survival
24 18
Even “early” stage disease is advanced
12 6
0
I II Stage III IV
Median Survival (mos)
0
Howlander et al, SEER Cancer Statistics Review 2012. American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2013.
Epidemiology
• 85% of new cases are advanced • Locally advanced: blood vessels
(Stage III) • Distant spread to liver, lungs (Stage IV)
Late Presentation - Poor Survival
Actuarial survival for patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (P<.001).
Resection Margins
Resection Margins
100% 80%
Cancer may involve HA, PV, superior mesenteric vein or artery
UNRESECTABLE
Criteria for Resection
• Why not resect the
involved blood vessels?
Criteria for Resection
Pancreatic Cancer Surgical Approach in the USA - 2014
Howard A. Reber, MD Professor of Surgery UCLA School of Medicine
Agi Hirshberg Center for Pancreatic Diseases at UCLA
Observed five-year survival rate: 28%
Adjuvant Therapy
• Treatment given after surgery •
•
(Whipple/distal) Effort to eradicate any remaining microscopic tumor Standard approach
Survival for Entire Cohort
Overall Survival
All All 182 182Pts Pts
100%
76.4%
80%
Survival
60% 40% 20% 0% 0
(1987-2005)
40.9% 27.4%
12
24
36
48
60
Months of Follow Up
Tumor Differentiation
100% 80%
Survival
60% 40% 20% 0% 0 12 24 36 48
50%
60
Months of Follow Up
(1987-2005)
Well
Moderate
Poor
Actuarial survival estimate for patients with well, moderately, and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (P<.001).
•
“Downstaging” of PaCa
So..
• • • • • •
Pts given chemotherapy 6-12 mos We try to kill the microscopic tumor first Re-evaluation by CT, CA19-9 Resection then possible in some First reported by our group (1998) Now more widely done in USA…
60%
Percent at diagnosis
45% 30% 15% 0%
I II Stage
Howlander et al, SEER Cancer Statistics Review 2012. American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2013.
(Pancreaticoduodenectomy)
Standard Whipple
Standard Whipple
Roux-en-Y rarely done
Pylorus Preserving Whipple
Cure rate is same with each.. Most resections are Pylorus Preserving Whipples