公示语英译错误分析
我国公示语英译失误分析及解决办法
是一个涉及 源语 推理的过程。一个最 常见的例子就是
其实， 与地名的 翻译有 所不 同， 路 、 道名 称 的 道 街
翻译要 采用“ 专名 ”＋“ 通名 ” 原则 ， 以， 放东 路 只 所 解
能翻译 为 Ｅ ｔ ｉ ａｇＲ ａ ， ｓ Ｊｆ ａ ｅ ｎ ｏｄ 同样 ， 阳大街 只能 翻译 朝
英国著名语 用学 家 ＪｎｙＴ ｏ ａ１８ ｅｎ ｈｍ ｓ９３年在 《 文 跨 化交 际 中 的语 用 失 误 》（ ｒｓ．ｕ ｕｅＰａｍ ｔ ａ － ＣｏｓＣ ｌ ｒ ｒ ａ ｃＦｉ ｔ ｇ ｉ ｌ ｕｅ 一文 中给语用失误下的定义是“ ｈ ａｉ ｙ ｏ ｎ ｒ） Ｔ ｅ ｎｂ ｉ — ｉ ｌ ｔｕ ｔ
和参照功能 。示 意功 能是指让人 们 明白示 意 内容 ， 如 ｓ ｒｉ ｄ已消毒 、 ｌｂｏｅ ； ｔ ｉｚ ｅ ｌｅ ｆ ｌ ｏｋｄ 指令功能是指用公示语的 ｕ
信息来指导人们 的行 为 ， Ｓｏ 、 ｅｐｏｔ ； 照功 如 ｌ Ｋ ｅ ｕ 等 参 ｗ
能多用 在 服务 性 的公 共 场 所 ， Ｔ ｌ Ｇ ｔ Ｂ ｓ ｅｓ 如 ｏ ａ ｌ ｅ、 ｕｉ ｓ ｎ
Ｐ ｋ。 ｒ ａ
（ 翻译不地道 三） 我国各地 的英 语公示 语有 很多 翻译 得不 地道 ， 例 如把“ 小心滑 倒 ” 成 Ｓｉ Ｃ ｅ ｌ ， 是请慢 慢 地滑 译 ｌ ａ ｆ ｌ 这 ｐ ｒ ｕｙ 倒之义 ； 把折扣 店 Ｄｓｏｎ Ｓ ｒ 译 为 Ｂ ｒａ ｈｐ 把 ｉ ｕｔ ｔｅ ｃ ｏ ａｇｉ Ｓｏ ， ｎ
Ｃｎ ｒ 。 ｅｔ 等 ｅ
二 、 示 语 英 译 中存 在 的 问题 的分 析 公
目前我 国的公示语英 译存在 的问题 比较 多， 归 但 纳起来 主要有拼写 错误 、 翻译混乱 、 翻译不 地道、 文化
公示语的英译错误分析及其矫治
西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)2010年11月,第40卷第6期,N ov.,2010,V o.l40,N o.6Journal o fN o rt hwest U niversity(Phil osophy and Soc ial Sciences Editi on)收稿日期:2008 09 13;修回日期:2010 03 11作者简介:薛红果,女,陕西周至人,从事应用语言学、社会语言学研究。
学术新视野公示语的英译错误分析及其矫治薛红果(西北工业大学人文与经法学院,陕西西安 710072)摘 要:从广告、标识、招牌、宣传语等公示语英语翻译入手,结合实地考察,对收集到的330条不规范的公示语进行了定性和定量分析。
根据错误案例指出了目前公示语翻译中存在的错误类型,在分析原因的基础上提出了公示语的翻译与错误矫治策略。
关键词:公示语;翻译错误;翻译策略一、问题的提出与相关文献综述公示语是国际化都市及国际旅游目的地语言环境、人文环境的重要组成部分。
公示语的翻译质量对提升城市品位,改善城市形象至关重要[1]。
随着2008北京奥运会、2010年上海!世博会∀成功举办,可以肯定地说,我国的国际化进程在加快,公共场所使用英文公示语的现象日益增多。
许多城市设立了公示语以方便国外游客。
然而,公示语英语翻译错误的存在既影响了这些城市的国际形象,又误导了国外游客,给他们的工作和生活带来不便。
所以,公示语的翻译研究具有重要的现实意义。
英国著名的翻译家N e wm a rk在他所著的#翻译教程∃(AT ex t book of T ranslation)一书中,按语言功能将语言的所有文本划分为三种:表达文本(expressive tex t)、信息文本(i nform ati on tex t)和号召文本(vocative tex t)[2]。
号召型文本强调以读者为中心,其主要目的是呼唤人们行动、思考或感受,实际上是以文本要求的方式作出反应[3]。
旅游景点英译公示语语用失误例析
旅游景点英译公示语语用失误例析旅游景点的公示语是为了向游客提供必要的信息、引导游客行为和保障游客安全而制定的。
正确的公示语可以起到宣传、导向、引导游客的作用，但如果语用不当，可能会导致误导、让人产生困扰或者不解等问题。
下面将就一些典型的语用失误进行分析。
1. 调门不当有些公示语使用的语气过于严肃或傲慢，可能会给游客一种不友善或者不被欢迎的感觉。
在某景点的公示牌上写着“闲人免进”、“本处谢绝三无人员”等，这些用词过于强硬，给人一种冷漠和排斥的感觉。
解决办法：公示语应该更加友善和亲切，以更加积极的态度向游客提供信息和服务，使其感到受欢迎和关怀。
2. 信息不准确或不完整有些景点的公示语虽然提供了一些信息，但是不准确或者不完整，可能会给游客造成误导。
在某火车站的公示牌上写着“窗口开放时间为8:00-17:00”，但实际上在假日和特殊情况下，窗口的开放时间可能会有所调整，这样的信息会让游客产生困惑和误解。
解决办法：公示语应提供准确和全面的信息，同时应注明如有特殊情况或调整，需要随时更新并告知游客。
3. 措辞冗长或复杂有些公示语的措辞过于冗长或复杂，可能会给游客造成理解困难或者产生疑惑。
在某景区的公告牌上写着“请游客朋友们保持空气清洁，尽量不要随地吐痰、乱扔垃圾和烟蒂，共同维护美丽山山水水的环境”，这样的句子过长且过多，容易让游客产生困惑。
解决办法：公示语应该简洁明了，用简单的语言表达，避免使用过于复杂的措辞，让游客容易理解和接受。
4. 文化差异忽视旅游景点通常会有来自不同国家和地区的游客，因此公示语需要考虑到文化差异，避免给游客带来困扰或冲突。
在某景点的公告牌上写着“请脱鞋进入”，这在中国是一种常见的习惯，但在西方国家可能被认为是不文明的行为。
解决办法：公示语应该尊重不同文化的差异，避免使用具有歧视或者冲突性的语言，同时可以考虑使用多语种的公示语，以适应不同国家和地区的游客。
旅游景点的公示语应该注重语用准确和恰当，以确保游客能够准确理解和接受信息，并为其提供良好的游览体验。
公示语的英译错误分析及其矫治
本研究 运用 科学 的统计 方法 ， 大 量 的公示语 中找 出 从 ３０条有典型 翻译 错误 或 翻译 不 规范 的公 示语 进 行研究 。 ３ 通过实地考察 ， 文本记录 、 照片拍摄等方法 ， 从公示语使用者 的视角 ， 结合不 同标识 的类 型 、 点、 能 ， 中发现公 示语 地 功 从 标识 中普遍存在 的问题 ， 并加以归类分析 。
公示语是国际化都市及 国际旅游 目的地语 言环 境、 人文
环境 的重要组成部分。公示语 的翻译质量对提升城 市品位 ， 改善城市形象至关重要 。随着 ２０ ０ ８北京 奥运会 、０ ０年 ２１ 上海 “ 世博会 ” 功举办 ， 成 可以肯定地说 ， 国的国际化进程 我 在加快 ， 公共场所使用英文公示语的现象 日益增多 。许 多城 市设立 了公示语以方便 国外游客 。然而 ， 公示语英语翻译错 误 的存在既影 响了这 些城 市的 国际形 象 ， 又误导 了国外游
“ ｌａｅｃ ｍｅａ ａｎ！ Ｐｅｓ ｏ ｇｉ ”
接受者和译语信息之 间的关系应该 与源语接 受者和原 文信 息之间的关 系基本相 同”４。在 翻译 实践 中， 【 Ｊ 译者所 寻求的
应当是意义上 的对等语 ， 而不是字面上的同义语。在翻译汉 语公示语 时 ， 就要注意英语和汉语 的语义对等。
ｒ ＮＷＵ Ｊ
【 学术新视野】
公 示语 的英 译错 误 分 析及 其 矫 治
薛红 果
（ 西北工业大学 人文 与经法学院 ， 陕西 西安 ７０ ７ ） １０ ２
摘
公示语错误例子
公示语错误例子【篇一：公示语错误例子】为了了解具体情况，笔者组织学生走上街头进行实地考察，对哈尔滨市存在的公示语汉英翻译错误进行了调查分析，开展了一次教学实践活动。
在实践教学中，学生们发现，城市的大街小巷上到处充斥着公示语汉英翻译的错误。
包括商场及酒店宾馆的牌匾、街路牌、银行及旅游景点指示牌等等。
通过对所发现的翻译错误进行总结，我们将主要错误分类如下：1.拼写错误例1美视达眼镜译为“mei shi da giass”眼镜应拼写为“glass”，而且应使用复数形式。
而且，根据《现代实用英语例解》，英语公示语的突出特点之一是往往全部用大写字母。
建议译为“meishida glasses”。
拼写错误在公示语翻译的所有错误中属于最低级的错误，简单的一个“glass”是小学生都会拼写的。
但令人遗憾的是，在我们身边此类错误比比皆是，在此就不一一赘述。
2.语法错误例2金太阳购物中心的广告语“创造流行，带动潮流”译为“createtopdriven trend”其中的两个动词“创造”和“带动”，一个使用了动词原形“create”，一个使用了过去分词形式“driven”，而且“createtop”两词中间没有空格。
建议动词使用现在分词形式，名词“top”和“trend”前加定冠词，译为“creating the topdriving the trend”。
3.用词不当例3某一处售楼的广告语“大江岸上的院馆”译为“museum of the hospital on shore dajiang”。
根据该楼盘的位置可以推测，“大江岸上”指该处房产位于松花江边，翻译成“shoredajiang”会让外国人误解为“d ajir ig 为另一条江的名字，而非松花江。
“hospital”一词的使用着实令人费解，我们查阅了多部字典，该词只有“医院”的意思。
试想一下，如果让外国读者看这则广告的话，他们也许会认为是“医院博物馆”的广告吧。
青海省旅游景区公示语英译错误分析及规范化研究
（三）确立参照性标准翻译文本 缺乏参照性标准翻译文本是导致青海省公示语英语译文良莠不 齐的一个重要原因，所以青海应该以国外公示语英文范本为指导， 尽快确立参照性翻译文本，使译者的公示语英译有经验可借鉴。 （四）应用交际翻译理论来指导公示语翻译 交际翻译理论对公示语翻译有着较强的解释力，交际翻译法 的目的是“努力使译文对目的语读者所产生的效果与原文对源语 读者所产生的效果相同”（1981/1988：22）。 公示语文本的最直接的目的是在引起读者注意的前提下，将信 息传达给读者，并给读者留下深刻的记忆，继而让读者采取行动， 按照公示语的指示和要求去做。因此，对于这种文本，译者可以采 用交际翻译的方法，以译文读者为中心，处处为译文读者考虑，使 译文符合以英语为母语的人的表达规范，让他们能够清楚、明白地 接收到公示语传递的信息，并按照公示语的要求去做。
公示语英译错误分析及翻译策略【lunwen+开题+综述】
BI YE LUN WEN（20_ _届）英语公示语英译错误分析及翻译策略Mistranslation Analysis of Chinese Public Signs and English TranslationStrategies摘要公示语是一种给特定人群观看、有宣传性和服务性的广告文体。
随着中国国际化的脚步不断加快，大批外国人到中国旅游、投资、考察、求学等。
公示语英译也在其中起到了桥梁和纽带作用。
为了使国外友人准确地理解公示语表达的意思，减少存在于宾馆饭店、旅游景点等公共场所错误的、不规范的英文公示语,研究公示语具有很大的现实意义。
本文从跨文化意识的角度和语言层面探讨和分析了汉语公示语英译中存在的问题及其产生的原因，并提出了翻译原则和策略，旨在提高公示语汉英翻译质量。
关键词：公示语；错误分析；翻译策略AbstractPublic Signs, which are for a specific group of people, are propagandistic and service advertising style. With the development of Chinese economic,China’s position in the world is increasing gradually. As a large number of foreigners come to China for traveling, investing, investigating, studying, etc, English public signs play an more and more important role in communicatin. In order to make foreign friends understand more accurately what the public signs mean，decrease the wrong and non-standard English public signs in the public places of hotels, restaurants, tourist attractions, museums and so on, it is significant to make a research on public sign translation from English into Chinese. This paper focuses on the aspects of cross-cultural awareness and languages to analyse the existing problems and causes in Chinese-English translation of public signs. The paper also puts forward some translation principles and strategies to improve the quality of public sings translation. Key Words: public signs; mistranslation analysis; translation strategiesContentsAbstract (3)1. Introduction (1)1.1 Different Definitions (1)1.2 Practical Functions (1)1.3 Current Studies (2)2. Exist Problems in Translating Chinese Public Sings into English (2)2.1 Absence of Cultural Consciousness (3)2.1.1 Popular Chinglish (3)2.2.2 Unnecessary Translation (4)2.1.3 Ignorance of Cultural Differences (4)2.2 Language Mistakes (5)2.2.1 Inappropriate Expression (5)2.2.2 Wrong Grammar (6)2.2.3 Improper Spelling (6)3. Translation Principles (7)3.1 Focusing on Cross-Cultural Awareness (7)3.1.1 Focusing on Cultural Differences (7)3.1.2 Focusing on Reader's Thinking Model (8)3.2 Being Concise and Precise (8)3.2.1 Conciseness (8)3.2.2 Precision (9)4. Translation Approaches (9)4.1 Adapting (9)4.2 Borrowing (10)4.3 Creating (10)5. Conclusion (11)Bibliography (12)Acknowledgement (13)一、Introduction"Public sign" is the language of instruction in public places and widely used in all aspects of our lives. "With the promotion of China's international influence and economic strength, and the increase in technical writing, cultural exchange, the rise of sports activities, the phenomenon of bilingual public signs has become a beautiful language of style in China." (Yang Yongling, Liu Chunxia, 2008:47)From Beijing Olympic Games to the 2010 Shanghai World Expo and Guangzhou Asian Games held in 2010, more and more foreign tourists and investors come to China. Public signs are just like a country's business card and a city's face. But in the process of translation, more and more errors appear in public sign. The translation of public signs has great significance, which should be paid enough attention to. But English translation of public signs has many errors, it will not only directly affect the traveling and living of overseas friends, but in the long run, it will affect China's future political, economic, social and cultural development.1.1 Different DefinitionsIn Oxford English Dictionary, a sign refers to a characteristic device attached to or placed in the front of an inn or shop, as a means of distinguishing it from others or directing attention to it. According to the Webster's Third New International Dictionary, it is defined as a lettered board or other public display placed on or before a building, room, shop or office to advertise business there transacted or the name of person or firm conducting it. "Sign is a broad term, widely used in public facilities, ranging from travelling, catering, accommodation, recreation, shopping to medical service, educational institution and financial service. It includes words of caution, public notices, bills, posters, slogans, outdoor advertisements, traffic notices and so on." (Bei zhu, Ge Aiming2002, 26) Specifically speaking, it covers street signs, road signs, road markers, parking signs, school signs, construction signs, non-smoking signs, signs at scenic spots, slogans etc.1.2 Practical FunctionsPractical functions of the public signs include the following : indicating, promoting, restricting and compelling. Indicating, as its meaning suggests, is to indicate or guide readers. Signs as such are also calledinstructive/directive/guiding notices which give readers detailed information with no prohibition or restriction. Indicating is the most basic function performed of public sign. Indicating signs generally give readers relevant information about what it is and what services it provides. Prompting has no striking difference from indicating except that the former carries the tone of warning. It aims at reminding readers of paying considerable attention to signs. Restricting unlike the two functions mentioned above, signs that perform restricting function put restrictions and constraints to readers, who are expected to abide by certain rules in the interest of public. Restricting signs are to keep or confine within limits. Compelling , put it simple, compelling signs have great power and potency to induce action or brief. With its tough tone, negative words and comparatively uniform sentence structures, there is slight possibility of any alternatives.1.3 Current StudiesIn the West, the first study of public signs was beginning from Vinay & Darbelnet. They began to study public signs in 1959，form the book Comparative Stylistics of French and English. However, in China, although public signs have long been used for directing, warning, explaining in public places, the study of the Chinese-English translation started rather late, lacking systematization and standardization. Until the 1980s, some Chinese scholars began to study English translation of public signs; the" public signs" have been used in China. At the present century, translation of public signs gradually become the focus of attention of the translation area. With the 2002 Beijing International Studies University on the "English Translation of Public Signs" project received project funding and the establishment of publicity Translation Research Center, "public language" of the name was formally used. Strictly speaking, the attention we pay to the English translation of public signs is not enough, and research is not enough, which has resulted many problems in our country now. At present, there is little research on public signs. Therefore, to enhance the translation of public signs and take practical and effective measures to improve the quality of translation are very important and urgent.二、Exist Problems in Translating Chinese Public Sings into EnglishAlthough public signs have been used widely in our daily life, the nonstandard or inappropriate translation of public signs can be seen almost everywhere, in the street, in the hotel, in the restaurant or even in some museums.2.1 Absence of Cultural ConsciousnessNida once pointed that "To be bilingual, one has tube bicultural."（Nida,1969:52）There is a close relationship between cross-cultural awareness and the translation of public signs.If the translator lacks of adequate cross-cultural consciousness, the translation of public signs may not be recognized by the target audience. Over the year many distinguished scholars have observed this awareness and given some different definitions to cross-cultural awareness. Absence of cultural consciousness in translating Chinese public sings into English occurs more frequently. Next is to discuss it in detail.2.1.1 Popular ChinglishChinglish refers to a variety of spoken or written English that is influenced by Chinese . The term "Chinglish" is commonly applied to ungrammatical or nonsensical English in Chinese contexts, and may have pejorative or deprecating connotations. Li Wenzhong gives the definition of Chinglish. He pointed that , "Chinglish (literally 'Chinese-style English') refers to non-standard English, or malformed English which does not adhere to English cultural habits that appear in the course of English communication as a result of Chinese students/users of English suffering from the interference of their mother tongue, or arbitrary application of the rules and speaking habits of Mandarin."(Li Wenzhong, 1993, 32)The translation of public signs in China often has the same mistakes, which result in English readers suffering from the interference of their mother tongue, or arbitrary application of the rules and speaking habits of Mandarin. The examples of Chinglish are found on numerous translations of public signs.二、“关爱生命，请勿嬉水”is sign for tourists in Sichuan, has been translated into "Life is serious, do not fun."The true meaning of the sign is that it's dangerous to play water. However, the meaning of the translation is that life is serious, please do not joke. Therefore, it's complete departure from the original warning, and confuses foreign readers.2.2.2 Unnecessary TranslationInterlingua translation is possible because the similarities between languages are much more than the differences. The improper translation caused by cultural differences exists in many signs and the "unique" Chinese trademark. The reasons of mainly improper translation are not concerned about the target language culture in the extended sense, and regardless of different cultural backgrounds and feelings of foreign visitors. Some common public signs in the China can not find any trace in the English-speaking countries. Some public signs are completely against their local needs and behaviors. Translating between any two languages builds the theoretical basis of translation. This, however, does not mean that no differences exist between languages. Therefore, the translators should not firstly think about how to translate these signs exactly, but take"Is it necessary to translate them" into account.(2)“五讲四美二热爱”The sign has ever been translated into "Five Stresses, Four Beauties, Three Loves". This expression with a strong representation of Chinese culture, should be taken based on free translation; otherwise, it will not be accepted by the target culture, and will not achieve its purposes. Foreigners can barely accept this English translation. About such a situation, translators should know weather the translation is necessary or not.2.1.3 Ignorance of Cultural DifferencesLanguage is the integral part and the carrier of culture. Different languages have ethnic and cultural differences, which cause difficulties of translation. In order to achieve the best exchange effects, we should respect different cultural practices and cultural traditions. There are some differences between China and other countries in the use of public signs.Firstly, Chinese signs are more direct and straight forward；while，English signs often display the allowable aspect instead of aiming at the prohibited audience. Secondly, English signs generally use passive voice; Chinese signs, however, are more of active voice. Hence, translators should take into account the target reader’s acceptability and identification. If transistors ignorance of cultural differences will lead to many problems in translation.On the one hand, translation mistakes on the cultural level may make foreigners feel offended in terms of customs, beliefs, and faiths. On the other hand, there are lots of signs just belonging to Chinese culture but are translated word-for-word without taking account of the culturaldifferences which may cause misunderstanding. There are also public signs that exist in both cultures. However, the English versions are not so sound as well as Chinese ones which impress people firmly and vividly. They are not wrongly interpreted if they are translated in accordance with English customs or cultures. These translations can only express the superficial meaning without transmitting the spirit or the beauty of the sign to foreigners. Therefore, it is very important to understand the difference of the China culture and English-speaking countires culture. But there are a large number of modesl of this kind which can be found in our daily life.(3) “请给老幼妇残让座”has been translated into"Please give a seat to the old, weak, sick,disabled and pregnant women." In China, the sentence can be received; however, in English-speaking countries, old people are often reluctant to be called old, especially others use the "old" to describe them. They prefer to adapt a euphemistic way to express. It is better to be translated as "Please offer priority seats to those in need," which is more acceptable by foreigners.2.2 Language MistakesNow there are lots of public signs translation which is not correct or not accurate. These non-standard language translation errors can mainly be summarized in the following categories:2.2.1 Inappropriate ExpressionThe purpose of translation is to make readers get the correct information. Public translation largely needs concisenes to let the readers know the real meaning hidden in the text. Translators should transform language according to the characteristics of different languages rather than impose the structural features of a language on another. But there are lots of inappropriate expression in public sings translation. Rigid translation and hard translating are two common mistakes of public language translation.Both of them are direct translation according to the original words, contents, structures or sequences, which make others misunderstand the true meaning of public signs. The result may cause articles lose their original meaning, not only readers can not understand the message, but also cause readers’ misunderstanding of foreign culture. The reasons of rigid translation or hard translation aremost likely to ignore the true meanings of original signs, and lack of understanding in translation.(4) “小心碰头”has been translated as "Take care of your head". This is a typical mistake because of inappropriate expression. The true meaning of the sentence is hopes that readers be careful not to bump their head, but this translation is misunderstood by foreign friends. The best to translate it is "Watch Your Head" or "Mind Your Head".2.2.2 Wrong GrammarThere are very big difference between Chinese and English. But the translators often ignore the Sino-British differences between the syntactic; therefore they often make some basic mistakes when translating of public signs.(Wangying Lvhefa, 2007:14-15）This kind of translation shows the poor quality of C-E translation of public signs. Theoretically, wrong grammar can be avoided easily if the translator has the responsibility for his own interpretation. However, such mistakes can be seen everywhere. The wrong grammar signposts not only deface the city but also leave a poor impression to those foreigners about our Chinese culture.(5)“禁止攀爬”has been translated into " Please Do not Climbing". The use "Climbing" is not right here, it should be changed into" Plea se Don’t Climb" or "N o Climbing".2.2.3 Improper SpellingSpelling errors of translating public signs are the most common and most easily overlooked mistakes. But in fact, this kind of mistakes almost exists everywhere. About spelling errors, the following two types of errors should be paid more attention to: with distinction of the capital letters and wrong spellings. These errors reflect that translators are not careful in the process of translation, or lack of the basic capabilities to translate. Vocabulary or spelling mistakes are mostly because translators have not use a right attitude toward their work.(6)“宾馆预订服务”, which has been translated as "Hotel reservation servce" .The "servce” is significantly less letters "i".三、Translation PrinciplesAs public signs play a significant part in public and tourists, any ambiguity, misunderstanding, abuse of public signs will result in negative consequences. The public sign plays a very important role in the process of city internationalization. We should study the functional meaning and language style of public signs in English carefully."Therefore, to improve and enhance the quality of translation of public signs is imperative and important task." (Huang Youyi, Huang Changqi, 2005:8-9)Here are some translation skills.3.1 Focusing on Cross-Cultural AwarenessThe translation of public signs is to convert the source language into target language. In this process, it is necessary to remain the information in the source language, but also take cultural differences into account, so that the target readers can correctly understand the information.3.1.1 Focusing on Cultural DifferencesLanguage is the carrier of culture. Every nation has its profound cultural heritage. In different societies, the cultural background, national habits, thinking modes are different as well as the expression of their language. Different languages have ethnic and cultural differences, which cause difficulties in translation. In order to achieve the best exchange effects, translators should respect different cultural practices and cultural traditions. There are some differences between China and English-speaking countries in public signs, so we can’t use some words that can only be understood by ourselves.(7) “红旗手”once was translated into “a red flagger”. Our translation is to allow foreigners to read and understand our culture, ideology, but not a foreigner will know the real meaning of "a red flagger". In fact, it contains implied meaning "an advanced worker''. Thus we can just translate “红旗手”into "a model worker" or "an advanced worker". As for something that is uncertain even in the source text, translators can just leave it out.3.1.2 Focusing on Reader's Thinking ModelsThe translation of public signs is written for foreigners, so we should consider the target readers' thinking models and feeling. Public signs are a kind of application style with rich forms, which are being used in a wide range. But not all of the public signs can be translated into foreign language directly. Sometimes, in order to respect the feeling and expectations of readers, we may consider neglecting or replacing the impolite expression toward a reader.(8)“请勿践踏草坪”should not be rigidly translated into "do not tread on the meadow ", for the reason that target readers are more accustomed to expressions "please keep off the grass". These examples account for the necessity of considering the values and andthinking modes, which is not an isolated phenomenon but an integral part of culture. Hence, translators should adopt the “reader-centre” principle to enable the foreigners to fully understand the meaning of the signs.3.2 Being concise and precisePublic language translation should make foreign friends understand, and it should follow principles of conciseness and precision. Semantic translation and communicative translation can be realized in a precise and concise way. (Newmark, Peter, 1988:47).3.2.1 ConciseThe translator should know the language style of both Chinese and English pubic signs well. "There are five important features about English public signs: firstly, most of the public signs are written in capitals without full stop; secondly, the public signs are always short even with only one word; thirdly, the public signs are written in simple writing style, such as using lots of nouns, verbal nouns or phrases; fourthly, imperative sentences are used sometimes; fifthly, formal writing style is used sometimes". (Hu Wenzhong, 1987:78). As for Chinese public signs, the main feature is to use simple words to show simple meaning, that is to say, to be brief and concise. If a public sign is too long, it would be difficult for people to catch the main meaning of the contents.（9）“随地吐痰乞人恨罚款一千有可能传播肺病因此起卫生法例要遵行” .Obviously, this sign is written in a ragged verse in order to warn citizens not to spit everywhere. If it is translated into English word-for-word, the original meaning may have no effects on foreigners, who may take it as a joke. The proper translation can be "No spitting. Maximum penalty $1000".3.2.2 PreciseIt is very important to make readers understand the true meaning of the translation. Some experts considered the translation as a process of re-creation. If you don't make research deeply between the source language and target language, it is hard to master them. We establish precise as a basic principle for the public language. Chinese-English translation is based on the consideration of public language’s characteristic. If the translation is too obscure, it would not achieve the role of public signs that should be.(10)“注意安全,请勿攀爬单边墙”If we only translate it according to literal translation, foreigners may feel very odd, and difficult to understand. In fact, as long as we obey understandable principle and correspondingly translate as" Keep a safe ", it will let foreigners will feel intelligible and kind.四、Translation ApproachesThere are many ways to translate the English public signs. The translation approaches and translation strategies should be determined by the intended purpose or functions of a translation. According to the above principles, such translation approaches are to be discussed as adapting, borrowing and creating.4.1 AdaptingAdapting means a translator makes the slight change based on the similar expressions in English. It can guide the translator to make flexible target language choices when rendering culture-specific expression.The translator makes linguistic choices and employs translation strategies, especially when he is transplanting cultural images. In sign translation, someestablished signs in English can be adapted.(11)“桂林山水甲天下”is translated to “East or West, Guilin Landscape is best!”, which imitates the well-known English proverbs “East or west, home is best”. In this way, it arouses the amiableness on the part of readers, achieves the persuasiveness of the public sign and justifies the translator’s choice of a particular purpose in a given translational situation.4.2 BorrowingBorrowing is way which is highly practical and realistic in sign translation. Based on the approach, the conventional expressions of English signs could be borrowed so that they sound familiar and acceptable to the foreigners. Different individuals from different cultures would differ to a greater or lesser extent, but they would be culturally equivalent when they perform the same function in their respective specific setting culture. Just as Nida puts it, for truly successful translation, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function.(12) “限时停车”has been translated into"Time Limit Parking". This translation is based on "parking".If we translate it without using borrowing approach,the translation may not be familiar by readers. Through using the approach, it can not only makes the task of translation simple, but also can make foreign friends feel comfortable.4.3 CreatingWhen performing the translation of signs with Chinese characteristics, we tend to adopt the method of creating. That is, translators should do the creative work when there are no conventional expressions to borrow or similar expressions to adapt from English signs. Therefore, the translator should have the abilities to create the translation not only understandable but also meet the expressing style of those English-speaking countries. It requires translators' linguistic choices and pragmatic translation strategies and translators must focus on conveying the author’s intentions and make readers get the true information. Otherwise, the appellative function of sign language will be absent.(13)“宁停三分，不抢一秒”can be translated as "It is far better to arrive late in this world than early in the next. " From this example, we can see that if it is difficult to translate public signs which have no conventional expressions to borrow or similar expressions to adapt, translators should do some creative work to translate it more consistent with English expressions.五、ConclusionNowadays, China is striving to improve the standard of opening to the outside world. Therefore, it is urgent to standardize various C-E translations of public signs. Since public signs have always been “the face of the city”, every citizen has the duty to point out the errors in signposts around us in our city.This paper discusses several aspects of the Chinese-English translation problems of public signs, especially the cultural phenomena in translations. According to the problems, the author offers some suggestions to establish standard translation of public signs. The author makes a conclusion that an accurate translation of public signs should always take account of the cultural factors in both languages. Let’s introduce our country to all over the world in the best way.Bibliography[1] Hatim, Basil. Communication across Cultures. Shanghai: Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education Press, 2001:89.[2] Nida, Eugene A. Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2001:52.[3] Newmark, Peter．A textbook of translation[M]．London：Prentice HallInternational(UK)Ltd，1988:47.[4] 北竹,革爱民. 谈英语公示用语的语言特点与汉英翻译[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2002,(5):26-29．[5] 胡文仲. 现代实用英语例解[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1987:78.[6] 黄友义,黄长奇．翻译质量与翻译协会的责任[J]. 中国翻译, 2005,(5):8-9．[7] 罗选民, 黎土旺. 关于公示语翻译的几点思考[J]. 中国翻译，2006,(4):67.[8] 刘法公,徐蓓佳. 公示语汉英翻译原则探索[J]. 外语与外语教学,2008,(2):54.[9] 李文忠. 中国英语与中国式英语[J]. 外国教学与研究. 1993,(3):32.[10] 王颖，吕和发. 公示语汉英翻译[M]. 中国出版集团,中国对外翻译出版公司, 2007:14-15.[11] 杨永林，刘春霞. 双语公共标识的文本性研究[J]. 外语学刊, 1998,(2):47.AcknowledgementI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Mr. Liu, my supervisor. From deciding the title to finishing this paper, I have gained lots of benefits from the enlightenment of Mr. Liu, whose inspiring insights, generous encouragements, and enthusiastic instructions have facilitated me much. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Then I owe much to my friends and classmates for their valuable suggestions and critiques which are of help and importance in making the thesis a reality.开题报告英语公示语翻译中常见错误分析及策略选择六、论文选题的背景、意义（所选课题的历史背景、国内外研究现状和发展趋势）目的：随着我国经济的发展和对外开放步伐的加快，国际间的友好往来及经济合作日益增多，对外联系和国际交流日益频繁。
下列是英汉对照公示语请问译文正确的有
下列是英汉对照公示语请问译文正确的有（一）什么是公示语公示语是公开和面对公众，告示、指示、提示、显示、警示、标示与其生活、生产、生命、生态、生业休戚相关的文字及图形信息。
英汉对照的公示语在很多公共场所都能看到，比如机场、车站、景区等，正确的译文非常重要，不然可能会给外国友人带来困扰或者造成误解呢。
（二）判断译文正确的一些要点1. 语义准确性对于公示语的译文，首先要保证语义准确。
比如说“小心滑倒”，如果翻译成“Slip carefully”就完全错了，正确的应该是“Caution: Slippery Floor”。
因为“Slip carefully”字面意思是“小心地滑倒”，这和原意完全相反。
再比如“禁止吸烟”，如果翻译成“Don't smoke”虽然意思对，但是比较口语化，在公示语里更正式的是“No Smoking”。
2. 文化适应性不同的文化对于一些表达有不同的理解。
例如在中国，我们可能会说“游客止步”，如果直接翻译成“Tourists stop”就很奇怪。
更好的翻译是“Staff Only”，因为从文化和语义的角度来说，这是在表明这个区域是仅供工作人员使用的，而不是让游客停下来的地方。
3. 简洁性公示语一般都要求简洁明了。
像“紧急出口”，简洁的翻译就是“Emergency Exit”，如果翻译成“The exit for emergency situation”就显得太啰嗦了。
（三）一些常见的英汉对照公示语正确译文示例1. “入口” - “Entrance”这个翻译很直接，在很多公共场所，如商场、大楼等的入口处都会看到这样的标识。
从语义上看，“Entrance”准确地表达了“进入的地方”这个概念，在英语文化中也是被广泛接受的公示语表达。
2. “出口” - “Exit”同样是非常简洁明了的翻译，无论是在建筑物内的安全出口，还是车站、机场等的出站口，“Exit”都是标准的用法。
3. “洗手间” - “Restroom”或者“Washroom”（美国常用“Restroom”，英国常用“Washroom”）这两个词都能准确地表示供人们方便和洗漱的地方。
论公示语翻译中的常见错误
论公示语翻译中的常见错误公示语双语翻译是每个城市对外宣传交流的一种重要途径，能够鲜明得表现出一座城市的软文化实力。
英译公示语时，我们需要了解中英语言文化的差异以及避免社交环境下的语用错误，才能展现出公示语应有的功能。
本文分析了公示语翻译的常见语用错误、过度翻译现象，总结了翻译公示语的方法策略，规范正确的公示语翻译对国家间的文化交流、经济发展的作用不容小觑。
标签：公示语;语用错误;过度翻译;翻译策略一、引言公示语是生活中最常见的“语言”，是一种公开面向公众的，以达到某种交际目的的指示性文字。
在我们的生活中，公示语随处可见，被广泛使用在路标、广告牌、公共场所的宣传语、旅游概况等地方。
公示语是国际化城市、旅游目的地语言环境、人文环境的重要组成部分。
因为公示语在公众和旅游参观者的生活中具有重要意义，所以如果对公示语有任何误解、滥用，都可能产生不必要的麻烦。
翻译不当可能影响到一个城市和地区的形象以及对外交流，并可能对外国游客造成许多不利影响。
在公示语翻译的实践中，必须考虑到文化差异、公示语的特点。
二、汉英公示语翻译常见的错误类型公示语常见的翻译错误类型有：过度翻译，语用失误等。
（一）过度翻译过度翻译是指忽视了翻译的基本原则，尊重原文。
公示语过度翻译的字面表现有：（1）词汇过度翻译Over-translated：翻译超出了原先的信息量，就会显得冗余、重复。
比如说：注意安全CAUTION DANGER;正确译法应该是CAUTION，这一词本身就代表了让人对于危险要小心谨慎，不需要再译出一个重复意义的词。
英汉语言的差异性，通常会造成公示语翻译时词汇层面上的累赘重复（Wordy）。
根据The free dictionary 的释义，此处的Wordy可理解为：包含公示语意义的词汇量超过所需词汇量。
少数单词即可达意，但追求词汇形式的对等而不注重文化语境的要求，采用了生硬重复的译法。
词汇过度翻译常常表现为同义词或叠词、行政区域名称以及某些介词的生硬翻译。
旅游景点公示语英译现状分析及对策.docx
旅游景点公示语英译现状分析及对策一、引言新世纪以来，安徽对外开放的步伐不断加快，国际交流日益频繁，来安徽旅游和工作的外国朋友越来越多。
本着更好服务海外游客的理念，为其提供最大的便利，安徽各旅游景区均对公示语都做了双语标注。
但因种种缘故，此类公示语的英译存在诸多问题，给外国友人在皖期间生活带来不便。
针对出现的问题，本文以安徽省六安市景点公示语为例，结合实地考察拍摄的图片，通过对实例的分析，列举存在的问题，并在此基础上提出对公示语英译改进的策略与建议。
二、公示语的概念、应用范畴及特点公示语，即公共标识用语，是公开和面对公众，告示、指示、提示、显示、警示、标示与其生活、生产、生命、生态、产业休戚相关的文字及图形信息（吕和发等，2011），其应用范围十分广泛，如旅游景点、户外牌匾、宣传手册、道路指示等诸多领域。
而其中的旅游景区公示语不同于一般公共场所公示语，因其服务对象为游客而独具特色。
一般来说，景区有四类公示语：即指示语、提示语、警示语以及告示语。
而公示语的英译现状却不容乐观：在译名方面，旅游景区公示语英语译文存在的问题主要有译名不一致、译名不准确和译名不规范等三类问题；在译文方面主要有译文不规范和译文不准确两个方面。
规范性和创造性是旅游景区公示语英译的两大特点，规范性是保持译名和译文的一致性和稳定性，而创造性则是根据地区文化等差异进行因地制宜地翻译，不拘泥于字面而生搬硬套（牛新生，2008）。
三、景点公示语英译现状及其分析六安市作为安徽省旅游资源较为丰富的城市，同时又为东西部交通枢纽，对外合作和交流步伐日益加快，对城市公共服务领域双语公示语的需求日益增长。
而旅游景点公示语翻译的发展对于服务本地区旅游事业的更好发展有着不可替代的作用。
然而，由于种种原因，六安市各景区双语公示语存在诸多问题，未能达到规范性和创造性并举的要求，出现的问题亟待研究与解决。
本研究通过对六安市万佛湖景区、九公寨景区、八公山森林公园、寿县孔庙及博物馆、金寨天堂寨及红军烈士陵园等七处景区调查，从中提取了具有代表性和典型性公示语英译错误和不规范500条实例，并根据Carl James提出的错误分类框架（James，1998），依据错误原因、类型、出现频率等，结合实际把错误分成四大类，其统计结果如表一：根据表一，七大景区公示语英译出现的问题，按照频率依次分别是：词汇错误（26.8%）、语法错误（20.8%）、语用错误（13%）、信息不完整或赘述（11.8%）、译文不规范不统一（11%）、错误拼写（10.6%）等。
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本科生毕业设计（论文）封面 （ 2017 届）
论文（设计）题目 作 者 学 院、专 业 班 级 指导教师（职称） 论 文 字 数 论文完成时间
大学教务处制 英语原创毕业论文参考选题 (200个) 一、论文说明 本写作团队致力于英语毕业论文写作与辅导服务，精通前沿理论研究、仿真编程、数据图表制作，专业英语本科论文3000起，具体可以联系扣 8059+90749。下列所写题目均可写作。部分题目已经写好原创。 二、原创论文参考题目
1、 (英语毕业论文)体育专有名词的翻译研究 2、 (英语毕业论文)天鹅的涅槃——以跨文化交际的角度解读《喜福会》中母女关系（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 3、 (英语毕业论文)苔丝的悲剧成因浅析（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 4、 (英语毕业论文)从欧•亨利笔下的小人物探寻人生的真正价值（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 5、 (英语毕业论文)从女性主义视角分析《纯真年代》中两位女主人公的不同爱情观（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 6、 (英语毕业论文)论英语习语的语言和文化功用(开题报告+论文+文献综述) 7、 (英语毕业论文)《蝴蝶君》中两位主角的心理冲突 8、 (英语毕业论文)Analysis of Tony’s Tragedy in A Handful of Dust 9、 (英语毕业论文)从奥运菜单看中式菜肴英译名规范化程度（开题报告+论文） 10、 (英语毕业论文)歇斯底里的舞台自语者——《寻找格林先生》主题解读（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 11、 (英语毕业论文)论人性自私在《呼啸山庄》中的体现 12、 (英语毕业论文)功能对等视角下汉语广告的英译策略（开题报告+论文） 13、 (英语毕业论文)浅析美剧台词中幽默的翻译——以《绝望的主妇》为例(开题报告+论文) 14、 (英语毕业论文)旅游英语翻译方法 15、 (英语毕业论文)从生态视角解读《瓦尔登湖》（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 16、 (英语毕业论文)英汉称谓的文化差异研究 17、 (英语毕业论文)《霍乱时期的爱情》中象征手法的解析（开题报告+论文） 18、 (英语毕业论文)《善良的乡下人》的喜剧性分析 19、 (英语毕业论文)An Analysis of Gilmore’s American Existentialism in The Executioner’s Song 20、 (英语毕业论文)高中学生英语课堂口语交际活动的错误分析（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 21、 (英语毕业论文)浅谈商务英语于商务信函中的运用（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 22、 (英语毕业论文)A Comparative Study on the Two Chinese Versions of Tess of the D’urbervilles from the Perspective of Nida’s Dynamic Equivalence(开题报告+论文+文献综述) 23、 (英语毕业论文)高中英语课堂师生互动研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 24、 (英语毕业论文)二元对立模型在伍尔夫《达洛卫夫人》中的应用 25、 (英语毕业论文)中美价值观的比较－－以 《老友记》为例（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 26、 (英语毕业论文)论英汉植物词语的文化附加义（开题报告+论文） 27、 (英语毕业论文)《大学英语》听力理解中的石化现象与对策（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 28、 (英语毕业论文)论中美婚礼习俗的差异与融合(开题报告+论文) 29、 (英语毕业论文)经贸英语中的缩略语现象及其应用 30、 (英语毕业论文)跨文化视角下中西方选秀文化对比研究——以达人秀为例（开题报告+论文） 31、 (英语毕业论文)Discussing the history of basketball and current situation of America from the perspective of culture 32、 (英语毕业论文)英汉广告互译的顺应化研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 33、 (英语毕业论文)A Popular Form of Subtitles Translation by Fansub Group on the Internet 34、 (英语毕业论文)功能翻译理论关照下的新闻英语标题翻译（开题报告+论文） 35、 (英语毕业论文)分析形成性评价在英语教学中的应用 36、 (英语毕业论文)从宝洁公司的运营模式看美国文化的多样性（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 37、 (英语毕业论文)从接受美学角度看儿童文学的翻译 38、 (英语毕业论文)从女性主义解读《威尼斯商人》（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 39、 (英语毕业论文)论中西教育观的差异（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 40、 (英语毕业论文)An Analysis of Fagin in Oliver Twist 41、 (英语毕业论文)英语广告中双关语的运用及翻译研究（开题报告+论文） 42、 (英语毕业论文)超验主义思想在惠特曼诗歌中的体现（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 43、 (英语毕业论文)《白鲸》主人公亚哈的悲剧性格分析（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 44、 (英语毕业论文)浅析卡夫卡小说中的荒诞意识（开题报告+论文） 45、 (英语毕业论文)A Discussion of the Cultural Conflicts and the Integration in the Mother-Daughter Relationships in THE JOY LUCK CLUB 46、 (英语毕业论文)Effects of Chinese Culture on Promotion of Automobiles－－Traditional Cultural Elements 47、 (英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我 48、 (英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我 49、 (英语毕业论文)从生态女性主义角度解读《宠儿》（开题报告+论文） 50、 (英语毕业论文)从主人公的悲剧命运看《推销员之死》的现实意义 51、 (英语毕业论文)追寻荆棘的女人——浅析《荆棘鸟》中梅吉的形象 52、 (英语毕业论文)关于《麦田里的守望者》主人公霍尔顿悲剧人生的分析 53、 (英语毕业论文)《哈克贝利•费恩历险记》中阶级面面观 54、 (英语毕业论文)中美面子观比较及其对商务谈判策略的启示（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 55、 (英语毕业论文)从《丧钟为谁而鸣》看海明威的生死观 56、 (英语毕业论文)从《教长的黑面纱》看霍桑的象征主义 57、 (英语毕业论文)清明节与万圣节的比较 58、 (英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我 59、 (英语毕业论文)Principles in the Translation of Legal English 60、 (英语毕业论文)从僵尸和吸血鬼比较中西方文化的异同（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 61、 (英语毕业论文)解析《安娜与国王》中的民族中心主义 62、 (英语毕业论文)试析中英婚姻生活差异及其原因（开题报告+论文） 63、 (英语毕业论文)浅析英语新闻语篇中的语法隐喻(开题报告+论文+文献综述) 64、 (英语毕业论文)分析《悲惨世界》中冉•阿让的人物形象 65、 (英语毕业论文)游戏在小学英语教学中的运用 66、 (英语毕业论文)The Elementary Stage Translation Teaching Design for Undergraduate English Majors 67、 (英语毕业论文)伊莉莎白和凯瑟琳不同性格及命运的分析 68、 (英语毕业论文)目的论指导下《页岩》英译汉中的词类转译现象（开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译） 69、 (英语毕业论文)音意兼译—外来词中译之首选法（开题报告+论文） 70、 (英语毕业论文)从《认真的重要性》中的布雷克耐尔夫人看维多利亚时代贵族女性特点（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 71、 (英语毕业论文)外贸英语函电的文体特征及翻译对策 72、 (英语毕业论文)《了不起的盖茨比》中乔丹•贝克的人物分析（开题报告+论文） 73、 (英语毕业论文)从文化视角浅谈旅游英语翻译（开题报告+论文） 74、 (英语毕业论文)Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese by Analyzing Brand Names 75、 (英语毕业论文)论中西文化中家庭观念的差异（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 76、 (英语毕业论文)从自然主义视角审视《嘉莉妹妹》中小人物嘉莉的命运抗争与幻灭（开题报告+论文） 77、 (英语毕业论文)试析中英婚姻生活差异及其原因（开题报告+论文） 78、 (英语毕业论文)浅谈奥巴马演讲中的语用策略（开题报告+论文） 79、 (英语毕业论文)对张爱玲与简•奥斯汀作品的比较性研究 80、 (英语毕业论文)浅析澳洲英语词汇文化的特色（开题报告+论文） 81、 (英语毕业论文)从心理学角度探析爱米莉的爱情悲剧（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 82、 (英语毕业论文)从奈达的功能对等看句式转换在《青铜女像》译本中的应用（开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译） 83、 (英语毕业论文)论《黑夜中的旅人》中主人公的信仰冲突与融合（开题报告+论文） 84、 (英语毕业论文)从文化视角看中美家庭教育差异（开题报告+论文） 85、 (英语毕业论文)从目的论角度分析中西方商业广告语的差异 86、 (英语毕业论文)关于英语课堂中教师体态语的研究 87、 (英语毕业论文)从词汇对等角度看《红楼梦》中“笑”一词的英译（开题报告+论文）