06-imperfections in solid
银子建模3d打印铸造工艺流程
银子建模3d打印铸造工艺流程In the process of silver modeling for 3D printing and casting, there are several key steps involved. Let me walk you through the process.Firstly, I start by creating a 3D model of the desired silver object using CAD software. This allows me to design and customize the object according to the client's specifications. For example, if a client wants a unique silver pendant in the shape of a heart, I can use the CAD software to create a digital model of the heart-shaped pendant.Once the 3D model is ready, the next step is to prepare it for 3D printing. This involves converting the digital model into a format that can be read by the 3D printer. I use slicing software to divide the model into thin layers and generate the necessary instructions for the printer. This ensures that the printer can accurately reproduce the intricate details of the object.After preparing the model, I send it to the 3D printer for printing. The printer uses a special type of silver filament or powder to create the object layer by layer. This process is called additive manufacturing, as the object is built up gradually from the bottom to the top. The printer follows the instructions from the slicing software to deposit the silver material and create the desired shape.Once the printing is complete, I remove the printed object from the printer. At this stage, the object is still in its raw state and requires post-processing. I carefully clean and polish the object to remove any supportstructures or imperfections that may have formed during the printing process. This step is crucial to ensure the final product has a smooth and polished surface.Now that the object is cleaned and polished, it is ready for casting. I create a mold using a special type of silicone or plaster material. The mold is made by pouring the material around the printed object and allowing it toharden. Once the mold is set, I carefully remove the printed object from the mold, leaving behind a negative space in the shape of the object.To create the final silver object, I use the lost-wax casting method. I melt silver in a crucible and pour itinto the mold. The molten silver fills the negative space left by the printed object, taking its shape. After the silver has cooled and solidified, I carefully break the mold to reveal the solid silver object inside.Finally, I clean and polish the cast silver object to remove any casting marks or imperfections. This gives the object a shiny and professional finish. The end result is a beautiful silver object that has been created through a combination of 3D printing and traditional casting techniques.中文回答：银子建模3D打印铸造工艺流程。
材料科学-物理性能-英文
Thermal Expansion in Manufacturing
• Thermal expansion is used in shrink fit and expansion fit assemblies Part is heated to increase size or cooled to decrease size to permit insertion into another part When part returns to ambient temperature, a tightly-fitted assembly is obtained • Thermal expansion can be a problem in heat treatment and welding due to thermal stresses that develop in material during these processes
©2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M. P. Groover, “Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 2/e”
Thermal Expansion
• Density of a material is a function of temperature In general, density decreases with increasing temperature Volume per unit weight increases with increasing temperature Thermal expansion is the name for this effect of temperature on density Measured by coefficient of thermal expansion
ANSYS-Composite-acp-16.0-Release
Enhanced Unit System Handling for Composite WB Projects
• User can now freely choose unit system in ACP • ACP remembers the last unit system used (same logic as Mechanical)
Elasticity and Strength properties interpolated based on local shear, temperature, and degradation factor → make use of wide materials characterization!
Look-up Table Plots
Unit System
Solution Selection
3D Interaction
Shared Licencing
Integration in ANSYS Installer
Conversion of Legacy Models
Progressive Damage Postprocessing
14 © 2013 ANSYS, Inc. June 26, 2015
A Simple Example – Inverse Reserve Factor
Load Case: 14’000RPM, Δp = 10kPa
No fields applied
Degradation and draping active
• Material handling for drop-offs:
• Global (default) • Custom per fabric/stackup
涤纶泡泡料加工工艺流程
涤纶泡泡料加工工艺流程Polyester bubble material processing technology is an important part of the production process in the textile industry. 涤纶泡泡料加工工艺流程是纺织行业生产过程中的重要组成部分。
It involves a series of steps to transform raw materials into the finished product, which requires careful attention to detail and precision. 它涉及一系列步骤，将原材料转化为成品，这需要对细节和精度的细心关注。
The process begins with the selection of high-quality polyester materials, which are then subjected to various treatments to achieve the desired characteristics. 这个过程始于选择优质的涤纶材料，然后经过各种处理，以达到所需的特性。
From extrusion to cooling, shaping, and cutting, each step must be carefully executed to ensure the final product meets the required standards. 从挤出到冷却、成型和切割，每一步都必须小心执行，以确保最终产品达到所需标准。
In the selection of raw materials, it is crucial to choose polyester with the right specifications to ensure the overall quality of the bubble material. 在选择原材料时，选择具有合适规格的涤纶是至关重要的，以确保泡泡料的整体质量。
SAE J434-1986 Automotive Ductile (nodular) Iron Castings
SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (412) 772-8512 FAX: (412) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (412) 776-4970 FAX: (412) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS 3.Grades—The specified grades, hardness range, and metallurgical description are shown in Table 1.4.Hardness4.1The area or areas on the castings where hardness is to be checked should be established by agreement between supplier and purchaser.4.2The foundry shall exercise the necessary controls and inspection techniques to insure compliance with the specified hardness range. Brinell hardness shall be determined according to ASTM E 10, Test for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials, after sufficient material has been removed from the casting surface to insure representative hardness readings. The 10 mm ball and 3000 kg load shall be used unless otherwise agreed upon.5.Heat Treatment5.1Unless otherwise specified, castings may be heat treated to the appropriate hardness range.5.2Appropriate heat treatment for removal of residual stresses, or to improve machinability may be specified by agreement between supplier and purchaser.6.Microstructure—The graphite component of the microstructure shall consist of at least 80% spheroidal graphite conforming to Types I and II in Figure 1. The matrix microstructure shall consist of either ferrite, ferrite and pearlite, pearlite, tempered pearlite, or tempered martensite or a combination of these. The microstructure shall be substantially free of primary cementite.TABLE 1—GRADES OF DUCTILE IRONGrade CastingHardness RangeDescriptionD4018170 HB max or as agreed (4.6 BID, min)Ferritic D4512156–217 HB or as agreed (4.80–4.10 BID)Ferritic-pearlitic D5506187–255 HB or as agreed (4.4–3.8 BID)Ferritic-pearlitic D7003241–302 HB or as agreed (3.90–3.50 BID)Pearlitic DQ&TRange specificMartensiticNOTE— Brinell impression diameter (BID) is the diameter in millimeters (mm) of the impression of a 10 mmball at 3000 kg load.FIGURE 1—CLASSIFICA TION OF GRAPHITE SHAPE IN CAST IRONS (FROM ASTM A 247)7.Quality Assurance—Sampling plans are a matter of agreement between supplier and purchaser. Thesupplier shall employ adequate equipment and controls to insure that parts conform to the agreed upon requirements.8.General8.1Castings furnished to this standard shall be representative of good foundry practice and shall conform todimensions and tolerances specified on the casting drawing.8.2Minor imperfections usually not associated with the structural functioning may occur in castings. Theseimperfections are often repairable; however, repairs should be made only in areas and by methods approved by the purchaser.8.3Additional casting requirements, such as vendor identification, other casting information, and special tesing,may be agreed upon by the purchaser and supplier. These should appear as additional product requirements on the casting drawing.9.Notes9.1Marginal Indicia—The change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locatingareas where technical revisions have been made to the previous issue of the report. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the report.PREPARED BY THE SAE IRON AND STEEL T ECHNICAL COMMITTEE DIVISION 9—AUTOMOTIVE IRON AND STEEL CASTINGSAPPENDIX ADUCTILE (NODULAR) IRON(A material description not a part of the standard)A.1Definition And Classification—Ductile (nodular) iron, also known as spheroidal graphite iron, is cast iron inwhich the graphite is present as spheroids, instead of flakes as in gray iron or temper carbon nodules as in malleable iron.Ductile iron castings may be used in the as-cast condition, or may be heat treated.A.2Chemical Composition—The typical chemical composition of unalloyed iron generally conforms to thefollowing ranges:T otal carbon 3.20–4.10%Silicon 1.80–3.00%Manganese0.10–1.00%Phosphorus0.015–0.10%Sulfur0.005–0.035%Individual foundries will produce to narrower ranges than those shown. The spheroidal graphite structure is produced by alloying the molten iron with small amounts of one or more elements such as magnesium or cerium.A.3MicrostructureA.3.1The microstructure of the various grades of ductile iron consists of spheroidal graphite in a matrix of eitherferrite, pearlite, tempered pearlite, tempered martensite, or certain combinations of these. The relative amounts of each of these constituents is dependent upon the grade of material specified, casting design as it affects cooling rate, and heat treatments, if any.A.3.2The matrix microstructure of as-cast ductile iron depends to a great extent on the solidification rate and coolingrate of the casting, as shown in Figure A1. If a section solidifies rapidly, especially sections of 0.25 in (6mm) or less, an appreciable amount of carbide may be present in the casting. If a section cools slowly, as in a massive, heavy casting, a largely ferritic matrix may result.FIGURE A1—EXAMPLE OF MICROSTRUCTURAL VARIATION WHICH MAY OCCUR IN AS-CAST CONDITION AS FUNCTION OF METAL THICKNESS (THA T IS, SOLIDIFICA TION RA TE)A.3.3Alloying elements can also alter the microstructure usually resulting in increased amounts of pearlite. Largevariations in structure can be eliminated or minimized by modifying the casting design or the runner system or both, or by controlled cooling, or any combination of these. Primary carbides, and/or pearlite can be decomposed by appropriate heat treatments.A.3.4A rim may occur on heat treated castings consisting of a graphite-free layer sometimes containing more or lesscombined carbon than the underlying material.A.3.5Typical microstructure of the grades of ductile iron are as follows:D4018 is annealed ferritic ductile iron. The annealing time and temperature cycle is such that primary carbides, if present in the as-cast structure, are decomposed, and the resulting matrix is ferritic as shown in Figure A2.FIGURE A2—D4018, APPROXIMATE 156 HB (100X) TYPICAL MICROSTRUCTURESD4512 is ferritic ductile iron supplied either as cast or heat treated. The matrix, shown in Figure A3, is essentially ferrite but this grade can contain pearlite, depending on the section size.FIGURE A3—D4512, APPROXIMATE 179 HB (100X) TYPICAL MICROSTRUCTURESD5506 is ferritic-pearlite ductile iron suppied either as-cast or heat treated. The matrix, shown in Figure A4, is essentially pearlite. This grade may contain substantially more ferrite.FIGURE A4—D5506, APPROXIMATE 235 HB (100X) TYPICAL MICROSTRUCTURESD7003 (not shown) is generally air or liquid quenched and tempered to a specified hardness range. The resulting matrix is tempered pearlite or tempered martensite. Time and temperature before hardening can be such that primary carbides are decomposed.DQ&T is a liquid quenched and tempered grade. The resulting matrix is tempered martensite. The Brinell hardness range is a matter of agreement between supplier and purchaser.A.4Mechanical PropertiesA.4.1The mechanical properties listed in Table A1 are intended as guidelines; but, since properties may vary withlocation in a given casting, the suitability of a particular metal for an intended use is best determined by laboratory or service tests.A.4.2The mechanical properties will vary with the microstructure which, especially in the as-cast condition, is dependent on section size as well as chemical composition and some foundry processes.A.4.3For optimum mechanical properties in the quenched and tempered grade, section size for unalloyed iron should generally not exceed 3/4 in (19 mm) to insure a uniform, through-hardened structure.A.5Typical ApplicationsA.5.1D4018 is used in moderately stressed parts requiring high ductility and good machinability, such as automotive suspension parts.A.5.2D4512 is used for moderately stressed parts where machinability is less important, such as differential cases and carriers.A.5.3D5506 is used for more highly stressed parts, such as automotive crankshafts.A.5.4D7003 is used where high strength and/or improved wear resistance are required and where selective hardening is to be employed.A.5.5DQ&T is used where the uniformity of a heat treated material is required to control the range of mechanical properties or machinability.TABLE A1—TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR DUCTILE IRONS (1)1.These properties were obtained on separately cast test bars and may vary in various sections of a casting depending on composi-tion and cooling rate.Grade HardnessRange (2)2.Brinell impression diameter (BID) is the diameter in millimeters (mm) of the impression of a 10 mm ball at 3000 kg load.Description Tensile Strength,psi (MPa)Yield Strength 0.2% Off-set,psi (MPa)Elongation,% In 2 InModulus of Elasticity,106 psi (GPa)D4018170 HB max Ferritic60,00040,0001822(4.6 BID min)(414)(276)(152)D4512156–217 HB Ferritic-pearlitic65,00045,0001222(4.80–4.10 BID)(448)(310)(152)D5506187–255 HB Ferritic-pearlitic80,00055,000 622(4.4–3.8 BID)(552)(379)(152)D7003241–302 HB Pearlitic100,00070,000 322(3.9-3.5 BID)(689)(483)(152)DQ&TRange specified by agreementMartensiticA wide variety of desirable properties will result from liquid quenching and tempering22(152)A.6Additional Informationa.Metals Handbook, Vol. 1, 2, and 5, 8th Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH.b.Gray and Ductile Iron Castings Handbook, Gray and Ductile Iron Founders Society, Cleveland, OH.c.H. D. Angus, Physical Engineering Properties of Cast Iron, British Cast Iron Research Association,Birmingham, England.d.STP-455—Gray, Ductile, and Malleable Iron Castings Current Capabilities, American Society forTesting and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.Rationale—Not applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—Not applicable.Application—This SAE Standard covers the hardness and microstructure requirements for ductile iron castings used in automotive and allied industries. Castings may be specified in the as-cast or heat treated condition.The Appendix provides general information on the application of ductile iron castings and their chemical composition to meet hardness microstructure and other properties needed for particular service conditions. The mechanical properties in the Appendix are provided for design purposes.Reference SectionASTM E10—Test for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsSTP-455—Gray, Ductile, and Malleable Iron Castings Current CapabilitiesMetals Handbook, Vol. 1, 2, and 5, 8th Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OHGray and Ductile Iron Castings Handbook, Gray and Ductile Iron Founder Society, Cleveland, OHH. D. Angus, Physical Engineering Properties of Cast Iron, British Cast Iron Research Association,Birmingham, EnglandDeveloped by the SAE Iron and Steel Technical Committee Division 9 - Automotive Iron and Steel Cast-ingsSponsored by the SAE Iron and Steel Technical Committee。
科技英语
thermal processing热加工service condition服役条件yield屈服，生成compressive压缩的melt融化rolling轧制（hot~,cold~）pig iron生铁blast furnace高炉open-hearth furnace平炉chromium铬manganese锰nickel镍molybdenum钼silicon硅aluminium铝magnesium镁，镁合金coke焦炭scrap渣，废料excess 过量的，剩余的excessivelyatomic architecture原子结构atomic structure原子结构lattice |crystalline structure晶体结构imperfections缺陷bonding forces结合力compound化合物混合物bound 界限，范围extract 提取module 组件be reduced to 还原reducing agent 还原剂metallic金属的positive ions正离子electron cloud电子云microscope显微镜elastic deformation弹性变形elastic strain弹性应变external force 外力atoms原子tubular 管状得chilled water 冷水bar 条plate 平板薄片sheet 薄板mill 车间characterization 表征spring steel弹簧钢release释放plastic flow塑性流变plastic slip 塑性滑移plastic deformation塑性变形deform plastically塑性变形permanent set永久应变（变形）stamp out 冲压cold working 冷加工heading 标题spinning旋压pressing压extruding挤压drawing拉拔casting铸造（cast irons|iron casting铸铁）steel framing钢框格finish 光洁度skyscraper摩天大楼structural steel钢架结构钢modify改变，更正interpret解释，翻译illustration 例证alloy合金surface modify表面热处理work |strain hardening加工硬化，应变强化equilibrium conditions平衡条件nonequilibrium conditions非平衡条件solid solution固溶体（+hardening~强化）annealing退火normalizing正火quench淬火temper回火grain refinement晶体细化phase diagrams相图（iron—carbon +~）diffuse散播，扩散elastic deformation弹性形变fracturing断裂closest-packed最密排的dislocation位错screw dislocation 螺形位错edge dislocation 刃形位错distortion畸变resistance阻力电阻preferred orientation择优取向allotropy同素异形anisotropy各向异性isotropy各向同性ductility延展性susceptibility敏感性，磁化率inner working内部加工crystal imperfections晶体缺陷multiphase 多相的solute溶质solvent溶剂solubility溶解度saturanted solid solutions饱和固溶体cooling curves冷却曲线variable变量，参数plain carbon steel 碳素钢investigate 调查研究Rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度graphic图解的，图表的graphics（n.）plot绘图(v.)，图（n.）composition组织，成分eutectic共晶共晶体eutectoid共析，共析体peritectoid 包析envelope包晶，包晶体free energy自由能hypoeutectoid亚共析的,亚共析体hypereutectoid过共析的，过共析体metastable state亚稳定状态indefinitely无限地，长期地kinetics 动力学nonferrous有色金属的nonmetallic非金属的ferrous metals有色金属unit cell晶胞interstices间隙（interstitial solid solution）graphite石墨metallurgical冶金的adjacent临近的circumstances情况decompose分解accommodate保留，含有carbide// carbonization碳化物oxidation 氧化物brittle脆的（brittle substance脆性物）lamellar层状的pearlite珠光体martensite马氏体bainite 贝氏体ferrite铁素体austenite奥氏体cementite渗碳体iron carbide 渗碳体ITT (iso-thermal treatment )teem浇注tough 韧性sample//specimen 试样tear 撕裂impact 冲击tensile 拉伸arbitrarily 任意的quantitatively 定量rectangular矩形的solidify凝固ingot 锭forge锻造bloom| billet方坯，钢坯，钢锭slab点坯，平板，片semifinished 半成品的structural shapes结构用型材coated 镀膜，涂上，涂上一层的age hardening时效硬化metallic bond 金属键precipitates微小析出相，沉淀物capillary action毛细作用gradient structure梯度结构cylinder圆柱体column柱状体，圆柱bend ,bent 弯曲Young’s Modulus杨氏模量stiffness/rigidity刚度diameter直径abrasion resistance耐磨性rotary旋转，旋转的，转动的electrolytic polishing电解抛光phenol石碳酸，防腐剂matrix矩阵，基体（base）mesh筛孔，网孔grid 网格dendrite支晶hierarchical分层的，分级的readily 容易的negligible 可忽略的orthorhombic 正交的斜方的blank 坯体, 毛坯subdivision 细分application 用途durability耐久性formability可成型性piston 活塞electromagnetic field电磁场fabrication 制造thermonuclear 热核的internal-combustion engine 内燃机concentration 浓度component 成分，部件high-resolution transmissionelectron microscope（HRTEM）高分辨透视电子显微镜。
适当远离社交媒体 英语作文60词
适当远离社交媒体英语作文1In modern society, social media has become an inescapable part of our daily lives. It offers a platform for people to connect, share, and communicate with others around the world. However, as appealing as it may seem, there is a growing need for us to keep a proper distance from social media.One of the main reasons for this is that social media can be a huge time - waster. Many people, especially students, find themselves spending excessive amounts of time on platforms like Facebook, Instagram, or TikTok. For example, students often get distracted by the countless videos and chat messages available on these platforms. They might start by just taking a quick look at their social media during a break, but before they know it, hours have passed. This leaves them with significantly less time for important tasks such as studying. Studying requires a great deal of time and concentration, and when students are constantly drawn to social media, their academic performance may suffer.Moreover, social media also consumes our attention. In the digital age, we are bombarded with a never - ending stream of information on social media. Notifications keep popping up, tempting us to check what's new. This constant distraction makes it difficult for us to focus on one thing fora long time. When we are trying to read a book, do homework, or even have a face - to - face conversation with someone, our minds may still be partly on the latest post or message on social media. As a result, our ability to concentrate and think deeply is gradually eroded.On the other hand, by properly distancing ourselves from social media, we can regain our focus. We can use the time that was previously spent aimlessly scrolling through feeds to engage in more meaningful activities. For instance, we can read more books to expand our knowledge, practice a musical instrument to develop a new skill, or simply spend more time outdoors to enjoy nature. These activities not only enrich our lives but also help us to develop better concentration skills.In conclusion, while social media has its advantages, the overuse of it can have negative impacts on our time management and attention span. Therefore, it is essential that we learn to keep a proper distance from social media in order to lead a more balanced and productive life.2In modern society, social media has become an inescapable part of our daily lives. It seems that we are constantly bombarded with a deluge of information from various social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. However, I firmly believe that an appropriate distance from social media can have a profoundly positive impact on our mental health.To begin with, the information overload on social media is a significant factor contributing to negative emotions. Social media platforms are flooded with an infinite amount of content, including news, personal updates, and advertisements. This constant stream of information can easily overwhelm our minds and lead to feelings of anxiety and stress. For instance, when we are constantly exposed to the latest disasters, political unrest, or economic downturns through social media, it is difficult not to feel a sense of unease and worry. Moreover, the never - ending stream of personal achievements and seemingly perfect lives of others can also trigger feelings of inadequacy and self - doubt. We may start to compare ourselves to those glamorous images and stories on social media, which often are just carefully crafted facades, and as a result, our self - esteem may take a hit.Secondly, taking a break from social media allows us to regain a sense of inner peace. When we step away from the virtual world of social media, we are able to focus more on our own real - life experiences and emotions. We can engage in activities that truly bring us joy and fulfillment, such as reading a good book, taking a walk in nature, or spending quality time with family and friends. In my own experience, after I decided to limit my time on social media for a period of time, I noticed a remarkable change in my mental state. I was no longer haunted by the false impressions of others' perfect lives. I became more content with my own life, with itsimperfections and simple pleasures. I was able to appreciate the beauty around me without constantly comparing it to the filtered and idealized images on social media.In conclusion, while social media has its advantages in terms of connecting people and providing information, we should be aware of its potential negative impacts on our mental health. An appropriate distance from social media can help us avoid information overload, reduce negative emotions, and regain a more peaceful state of mind. It is essential that we find a balance between our virtual and real - life experiences to ensure our mental well - being.3In modern society, social media has become an inescapable part of our daily lives. It seems that everywhere we go, people are glued to their smartphones or other devices, constantly checking their social media accounts. However, I firmly believe that keeping an appropriate distance from social media can significantly improve our interpersonal relationships.To begin with, when we are overly immersed in social media, we tend to neglect the real people around us. For example, during family gatherings in the past, it was quite common to see that everyone was busy with their own mobile phones, scrolling through various social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram or Twitter. There was little real communication among family members. Conversations were often interrupted by the beepsand notifications from the phones. But when we start to limit our use of social media, we can focus more on the people who are physically present. We can engage in deeper and more meaningful conversations with our family members. We can share our joys, sorrows, dreams and fears, which can strengthen the family bond.Moreover, reducing the time spent on social media also allows us to be more involved in our friendships. In the virtual world of social media, our interactions with friends may seem frequent, but in fact, they are often rather superficial. We just like or comment on each other's posts, but lack the in - depth understanding that comes from face - to - face communication. By stepping away from social media, we can arrange more real - life get - togethers with our friends. We can go for a walk in the park, have a coffee together or participate in some sports activities. Through these real - life interactions, we can better understand our friends' personalities, values and emotions, and thus enhance the quality of our friendships.In addition, appropriate distancing from social media can also help us build new relationships. When we are not constantly occupied with the virtual world, we become more observant of the people around us in the real world. We may strike up conversations with strangers in a coffee shop or at a community event. These chance encounters may lead to the development of new friendships or even more important relationships.In conclusion, while social media has its advantages in connectingpeople across long distances and providing a platform for information sharing, we should not let it overtake our real - life interactions. By appropriately distancing ourselves from social media, we can invest more time in the real world, deepen our real interpersonal connections, and ultimately lead a more fulfilling and relationship - rich life.4In the modern era, social media has pervaded every aspect of our lives. It seems that almost everyone is glued to their smartphones or other devices, constantly checking updates on various social media platforms. However, I firmly believe that it is of great significance for us to stay away from social media appropriately for our personal growth.First of all, when we are addicted to social media, a large amount of our time is unconsciously wasted. We may spend hours scrolling through the newsfeed, looking at pictures, or chatting with virtual friends. This time could have been used for more meaningful self - improvement. For example, reading books is a very good way to gain knowledge. If we can stay away from social media for a while, we will have more time to immerse ourselves in the ocean of books. There was a friend of mine who used to be a social media junkie. He spent most of his free time on social media platforms, and as a result, he felt that his life was empty and he didn't gain any real knowledge or skills. Later, he made a decision to limit his use of social media. He started to read books regularly. After a period of time,he found that his knowledge reserve had increased significantly. He became more confident in communication because he could draw on a wealth of knowledge from the books he had read.Secondly, excessive use of social media may also have a negative impact on our mental health. On social media, we are often exposed to a large amount of information, including some negative news and false information. Constantly seeing these things may make us feel anxious, stressed or even depressed. By staying away from social media appropriately, we can have a more peaceful and positive state of mind, which is very conducive to our self - development. We can focus on our inner world, think about our values and life goals, and then take positive actions to pursue them.In addition, being away from social media can also improve our real - life social skills. When we are overly dependent on social media for communication, we may gradually lose the ability to communicate effectively in face - to - face situations. If we can reduce the time spent on social media, we will have more opportunities to participate in real - life social activities, such as joining clubs, volunteering or having in - depth conversations with family and friends. Through these real - life interactions, we can better understand others' feelings, improve our communication skills and build more solid relationships.In conclusion, while social media has brought us some conveniencesand entertainment, we should also be aware of its potential negative impacts. Appropriate distance from social media can give us more time for self - improvement, protect our mental health and improve our real - life social skills. So, let's learn to control our use of social media and focus more on our own growth and development.5In modern society, social media has become an inescapable part of our daily lives. However, it is of great significance to keep an appropriate distance from it.First and foremost, privacy protection is a crucial aspect. Social media platforms often require users to disclose a large amount of personal information. This information can be misused by various parties. For instance, some companies may use our personal data for targeted advertising without our explicit consent. Moreover, hackers are always on the prowl, looking for vulnerable accounts to steal personal information. There was a friend of mine who used to be very active on social media, sharing every detail of his life. But he constantly received strange calls and messages from unknown sources, which made him feel harassed. After he reduced his use of social media and became more cautious about what he shared, he noticed that such disturbing incidents decreased significantly, and he felt that his privacy was more secure.Secondly, reducing the influence of cyber - violence is anotherimportant reason. Social media can be a breeding ground for cyber - bullies. People may be attacked verbally or even psychologically just because of their different opinions or appearances. The negative comments and malicious rumors on social media can have a serious impact on a person's mental health. A young girl I knew once posted a picture of herself on social media, and unfortunately, she received a lot of unkind comments about her looks. She was deeply hurt and became very self - conscious. Later, when she took a break from social media for a while, she gradually regained her confidence and was no longer haunted by those mean remarks.In addition, excessive use of social media can also lead to a waste of time. People often get lost in the endless stream of information, scrolling through feeds aimlessly for hours. By staying away from social media appropriately, we can have more time to focus on real - life relationships, such as spending time with family and friends, or engaging in hobbies that can bring real fulfillment.In conclusion, while social media has its advantages, appropriate distance from it can bring many benefits, including better privacy protection, reduced impact of cyber - violence, and more efficient use of time. We should be aware of the potential risks of social media and learn to use it in a more rational way.。
关于婚姻的英语名言80句
关于婚姻的英语名言80句1. A successful marriage requires falling in love many times, always with the same person.2. Marriage is not a noun, it's a verb. It isn't something you get, it's something you do. It's the way you love your partner every day.3. A good marriage doesn't just happen, it takes work and dedication.4. Love is not about how many days, months, or years you have been together. It's about how much you love each other every single day.5. In marriage, it's the little things that count - a kind word, a loving touch, a sweet gesture.6. Marriage is a union of two imperfect people who refuse to give up on each other.7. The key to a successful marriage is communication - listening to each other, understanding each other, and supporting each other. 8. Marriage is not just about finding the right person, it's about being the right person.9. Marriage is not a destination, it's a journey. Enjoy every step of it.10. A strong marriage requires two people who choose to love each other even on the days when they struggle to like each other.11. The purpose of marriage is not to create a perfect life, but to create a perfect love.12. A great marriage is not when the perfect couple comes together, it's when an imperfect couple learns to enjoy their differences. 13. Marriage is not about being with someone you can live with,it's about being with someone you can't live without.14. The foundation of a good marriage is built on trust, respect, and loyalty.15. Marriage is not a competition, it's a partnership. You should never strive to be better than your spouse, but to be better together.16. A healthy marriage is based on give and take, compromise, and forgiveness.17. A successful marriage is not the result of finding the right person, but of being the right person for your partner.18. Marriage is like a garden. It needs constant nurturing, patience, and care to thrive.19. Love is just a word until you find someone to give it meaning. Marriage gives love an everlasting meaning.20. In marriage, the little things are the big things. It's the simple acts of kindness and love that make the biggest difference.21. Marriage is not a contract, it's a commitment to love and cherish each other for a lifetime.22. A happy marriage is the union of two good forgivers.23. Marriage is a journey where two souls meet, share, grow, and hold on to each other through life's ups and downs.24. Marriage is not about finding someone you can live with, it's about finding someone you can't live without.25. A good marriage is not about finding the perfect person, but about loving an imperfect person perfectly.26. Every marriage has its own story. What makes it special is how you write it together.27. The true happiness of marriage comes from making each other happy.28. Marriage is a partnership where two hearts come together to create a beautiful life.29. The best thing to hold onto in life is each other. In a marriage, you have a partner to hold onto forever.30. Love is the foundation of a good marriage, but trust is itsbackbone.31. Marriage is not about changing the other person, but about accepting them for who they are and loving them unconditionally.32. A strong marriage is built on a solid foundation of friendship and respect.33. Marriage is not always about being right, but about being understanding and listening to each other's opinions.34. In marriage, it's important to never stop dating each other. Keep the romance alive and the love will continue to flourish. 35. Marriage is not about finding someone to complete you, but about finding someone to complement you.36. Love is patient. Love is kind. Love is never-ending. These are the pillars of a strong marriage.37. Marriage is a lifelong commitment to be there for each other, through thick and thin.38. A strong marriage is built on mutual support and encouragement.39. The best relationships are the ones where you can be your true self and still be loved and accepted.40. Marriage is a partnership where two people share their dreams, goals, and aspirations.41. Forgiveness is the key to a happy marriage. Learn to let go of the past and focus on the present and future together.42. Marriage is not about finding someone who completes you, but about finding someone who inspires you to become a better person.43. Marriage is about finding the person who brings out the best in you and being that person for them as well.44. The success of a marriage is not measured by how long it lasts, but by the love, respect, and happiness shared.45. A great marriage is not when the perfect couple comes together,but when an imperfect couple learns to embrace their imperfections.46. A successful marriage is not built on the absence of problems, but on how well a couple can overcome them together.47. Marriage is a journey of growing together, supporting each other, and continuously learning from one another.48. The greatest happiness in life is to be married to your best friend.49. In a good marriage, both partners put the needs and happiness of the other before their own.50. Love is not about finding someone to live with, it's about finding someone you can't live without.51. Marriage is a daily choice to love, respect and support each other through all the joys and challenges of life.52. A strong marriage is not built on a perfect couple, but on an imperfect couple who refuse to give up on each other.53. Marriage is not 50-50, it's 100-100. Both partners need to give their all to make it work.54. Love is not about finding the right person, but about being the right person for your partner.55. Marriage is about growing old together, sharing a lifetime of memories, and cherishing each other every step of the way.56. A good marriage is like a beautiful garden. It requires constant care, attention, and love to flourish.57. Marriage is not about finding perfection, but about finding someone who loves and accepts you just the way you are.58. A strong marriage is built on a foundation of trust, honesty, and open communication.59. In marriage, disagreements are inevitable, but it's how couples handle them that makes all the difference.60. Love is when you can't imagine your life without the other person. Marriage is when you don't want to.61. Marriage is not always easy, but it's worth fighting for. Love is worth fighting for.62. A successful marriage is not about avoiding conflicts, but about learning to resolve them peacefully and respectfully.63. In a good marriage, both partners contribute equally to the relationship and support each other's dreams and goals.64. Marriage is not a destination, it's a journey of growing, evolving, and learning together.65. A strong marriage is built on a solid foundation of friendship, trust, and loyalty.66. Love is a partnership where two souls come together to create a beautiful life.67. Marriage is about finding someone who knows all your flaws and still loves you unconditionally.68. A great marriage is not about finding the perfect person, but about loving an imperfect person perfectly.69. Marriage is a commitment to love, honor, and cherish each other through all the ups and downs of life.70. In a healthy marriage, both partners feel valued, respected, and loved.71. Love is not about finding someone you can live with, but about finding someone you can't live without.72. Marriage is not a destination, it's a lifelong journey of love, growth, and mutual support.73. A strong marriage is built on a foundation of trust, respect, and open communication.74. Marriage is an adventure that two people embark on together, facing whatever comes their way hand in hand.75. A good marriage is not about finding the right person, but about being the right person for your partner.76. In marriage, it's important to never take each other for granted and always show appreciation and gratitude.77. A successful marriage is not about avoiding conflicts, but about how couples resolve them and grow stronger together.78. Love is the foundation of a good marriage, but commitment and effort are what keep it alive and thriving.79. Marriage is not just about finding happiness, but about creating it together.80. A strong marriage is built on a solid foundation of love, trust, and understanding.81. One of the key pillars of a successful marriage is trust. Trust forms the foundation of any relationship, and in a marriage, it becomes even more crucial. Trusting your partner means having confidence in their actions, words, and intentions. It means knowing that they have your best interests at heart and that they will never intentionally hurt you. Trust allows you to be vulnerable and open with each other, creating a safe space for honest communication and sharing. Without trust, a marriage will struggle to thrive and may eventually crumble under the weight of suspicion and doubt.82. Another important aspect of a successful marriage is communication. Open and effective communication is the key to understanding each other's needs, desires, and concerns. It involves both listening actively and expressing oneself clearly and honestly. Communication is not just about talking, but also about truly hearing and understanding your partner. It's about being able to empathize, validate, and support each other's emotions. When both partners feel heard and understood, conflicts can be resolved moreeasily, and the relationship can grow stronger.83. Alongside trust and communication, a marriage requires mutual respect. Respect creates an environment where both partners feel valued, heard, and appreciated. It means treating each other with kindness, recognizing each other's boundaries, and acknowledging each other's strengths and weaknesses. Respecting your partner means considering their feelings, opinions, and needs with equal importance to your own. It forms the basis for healthy compromise and collaborative decision-making, fostering mutual growth and fulfillment.84. A successful marriage also requires commitment and dedication. Love alone is not enough to sustain a long-term partnership. It's a conscious choice to prioritize the relationship, to invest time and effort into nourishing and growing together. Commitment means sticking together through thick and thin, celebrating the good times and supporting each other through the challenging times. It means being willing to make sacrifices, compromise, and adapt as individuals and as a couple. When both partners are committed to making the marriage work, they can overcome any obstacles that come their way.85. One aspect often overlooked in a successful marriage is the importance of individuality. While a marriage is a union of two people, it's crucial to maintain a sense of self and encourage each other's personal growth and development. Each partner should have the freedom to pursue their individual passions, hobbies, and interests. Supporting each other's individuality not only adds depth and richness to the relationship but also prevents feelings ofresentment or suffocation that can arise from losing oneself in the marriage.86. A successful marriage also requires a healthy balance between independence and interdependence. While it's important to have your own interests and activities, it's equally important to nurture and prioritize the relationship. Finding a balance between spending quality time together and allowing for personal space and independence helps to maintain a sense of autonomy and keeps the flame of passion alive. It's about fostering a sense of harmony where both partners can thrive individually and as a couple.87. In a successful marriage, it's essential to embrace and navigate change together. Life is full of ups and downs, and the ability to adapt and grow alongside your partner is crucial. Whether it's changes in career, family dynamics, health, or personal growth, being supportive and understanding is key. This requires flexibility, empathy, and a willingness to adjust expectations and plans. When both partners can embrace change as an opportunity for growth and expansion, the marriage can flourish in any circumstances.88. A successful marriage also requires intentional acts of love and kindness. It's the little gestures of affection, appreciation, and thoughtfulness that keep the spark alive. It's about showing up for your partner consistently, not just on special occasions, but every day. Acts of love can be as simple as a heartfelt compliment, a surprise date night, or a loving note left on the kitchen counter. These small acts of love and kindness reinforce the bond between partners and remind them of the love and commitment they share.89. A successful marriage is built on a shared vision and shared goals. It's important for both partners to have a common understanding of what they want their marriage to be and what they want to achieve together. This shared vision acts as a compass, guiding their decisions, actions, and priorities. It provides direction and purpose, creating a sense of unity and deepens the connection between partners. When both partners are working towards a common goal, they can support and motivate each other, leading to mutual growth and fulfillment.90. Finally, a successful marriage requires a sense of humor. Life can be challenging and stressful, and having the ability to laugh together lightens the load. A shared sense of humor brings joy and playfulness into the relationship, fostering a positive and lighthearted atmosphere. It helps to diffuse tension, resolve conflicts, and create happy memories. A good laugh with your partner can strengthen the bond and remind you of the joy in each other's company.In conclusion, a successful marriage is not something that happens by chance. It's a conscious and continuous effort from both partners to prioritize the relationship, to communicate openly and honestly, to trust and respect each other, and to find a healthy balance between independence and interdependence. It requires commitment, flexibility, and the willingness to grow and adapt together. With love, understanding, and shared values, a successful marriage can withstand the test of time and bring happiness, fulfillment, and companionship to both partners.。
模具英语大全-5
模具英语大全-51. Injection molding （注塑成型）Injection molding is a manufacturing process used to produce parts by injecting molten material into a mold. The molten material, usually a thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer, solidifies and takes the shape of the mold. Injection molding is widely used in various industries because it allows for the production of complex and precise parts with high efficiency.2. Ejector pins （顶针）Ejector pins are cylindrical pins used in injection molding to eject the finished parts from the mold. They are placed in the ejector plate and push the molded parts out of the mold cavity. Ejector pins can be made of various materials, such as hardened steel or bronze, and come indifferent shapes and sizes depending on the requirements of the molding process.3. Runner system （流道系统）The runner system in injection molding refers to the channels through which the molten material flows from the injection machine to the mold cavity. It includes the sprue, runners, and gates. The sprue is the mn channel that connects the injection machine nozzle to the mold cavity. The runners distribute the molten material to different cavities, and the gates control the flow of the material into the cavities. The design of the runner system can affect the filling pattern, cooling, and overall efficiency of the injection molding process.4. Venting （排气）Venting is an important aspect of injection molding that involves the removal of trapped r or gases from the mold cavity during the molding process. Insufficient venting can lead to defects in the parts, such asvoids, burns, or surface imperfections. Proper venting is necessary to ensure the success of the molding process and the quality of the finished parts. Venting can be achieved through the design of the mold, adding venting channels, or using venting devices.5. Cavity pressure （腔压）Cavity pressure refers to the internal pressure exerted on the mold cavity during the injection molding process. It is an important parameter that affects the quality and consistency of the molded parts. Monitoring and controlling the cavity pressure can help detect and prevent defects, such as short shots, flash, or warpage. Cavity pressure sensors are often used in injection molding machines to provide real-time feedback and ensure accurate and stable production.6. Overmolding （双色注塑）Overmolding is a molding process that involves molding one material over another to create a single, integrated part. It is often usedto add functional or aesthetic features to a base part. In the overmolding process, the base part is first molded, and then a second material is injected over it to create the final part. The second material can be of a different color, texture, or material properties. Overmolding is commonly used in the production of handles, grips, and soft-touch surfaces.7. Mold temperature control （模温控制）Mold temperature control is an important factor in the injection molding process as it affects the quality and properties of the molded parts. Proper temperature control is necessary to achieve uniform filling, cooling, and solidification of the molten material. It helps prevent defects, such as sink marks, warping, and dimensional variations. Mold temperature can be controlled using various methods, such as cooling channels, water or oil circulation, or electric heaters.8. Parting line （分型线）The parting line in injection molding refers to the line where the two halves of the mold meet and separate to release the molded part. It is also called the mold split line. The location of the parting line is an important consideration in mold design as it can affect the appearance and functionality of the part. Care must be taken to minimize the visibility of the parting line and ensure a smooth and consistent surface finish.9. Mold mntenance （模具维护）Mold mntenance is a critical aspect of the injection molding process to ensure the longevity and performance of the molds. Regular mntenance and cleaning are necessary to prevent damage, wear, or contamination that can affect the quality of the molded parts. Mold mntenance includes tasks such as cleaning, lubricating, inspecting, andrepring the molds. It also involves the proper storage and handling of the molds when not in use.10. Mold release agent （脱模剂）A mold release agent is a substance applied to the mold surface to prevent the adhesion of the molded part to the mold cavity. It helps facilitate the easy release of the part after solidification. Mold release agents can be in the form of a spray, liquid, or paste and are typically made of silicone, wax, or other lubricating materials. The selection of the appropriate mold release agent depends on factors such as the type of material being molded and the desired surface finish.以上是模具英语大全的第五部分，涵盖了注塑成型、顶针、流道系统、排气、腔压、双色注塑、模温控制、分型线、模具维护和脱模剂等方面的内容。
钢铁相关术语表英语
GlossaryNumerous terms are used in connection with the manufacture, sale and use of coated steel sheet. The following list defines the more common terms:A |B |C |D |E |F |G |H |I | K | L | M | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | W | YA Aging - Changes in physical and mechanical properties that occur whenlow carbon steel is stored for some time. Aging is also accelerated byexposure of steel to elevated temperatures.Annealing - A process involving high-temperature heating and cooling ofthe as-rolled cold rolled steel substrate to make it softer and more formable.Return to topB Backer Coat - Usually refers to the coating on the reverse side of aprepainted sheet. The backer coating is generally not as narrowly specifiedwith reference to its color, thickness and composition as is the topcoat.Return to topC Camber - The deviation of a side edge from a straight line, themeasurement being taken on the concave side with a straight edge.Carbon Steel - Steel which owes its properties chiefly to carbon withoutsubstantial amounts of other alloying elements; also known as straightcarbon steel or plain carbon steel.Chemical Treatment - An aqueous solution of corrosion-inhibitingchemicals, typically chromates or chromate/phosphate.Coil Breaks - Creases or ridges in sheet that appear as parallel linesacross the direction of rolling, and that generally extend the full width of thesheet or strip. Also referred to as Lüder's Lines.Cold Rolled Products - Flat rolled products for which the required finalthickness has been obtained by rolling at room temperature.Color Standard - A painted sheet panel with a prescribed color of paintrepresenting the precise color it is intended to produce in the prepainted sheet. The color standard will preferably also be expressed in terms of physical attributes of hue, lightness and saturation called tristimulus values or derivatives of these values. A complete color standard definition will usually include painted panels representative of the limits of acceptable deviation from the precise standard color as well.Commercial Steel (CS) - Sheet of this quality is for simple bending or moderate forming. Commercial Steel sheet can be bent flat upon itself in any direction at room temperature.Continuous Casting - A casting technique in which a cast shape is continuously withdrawn through the bottom of the mold as it solidifies, so that its length is not determined by mold dimensions.Conversion Coating - The chemical treatment film applied to the steel or metallic coated sheet prior to painting.Corrosion - Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmospheric moisture or other agents.Critical Surface - Intended for material applied to critical exposed/painted applications where cosmetic surface imperfections are objectionable. The prime side surface will be free of repetitive type imperfections, gouges, scratches, scale and slivers. This surface can only be furnished as a pickled product.Crown - A contour on a sheet where the thickness increases from some edge measurement to the center.Cut Edge - Removal of the as-rolled hot mill edge. Coil ends are cropped back to gauge when cut edge is ordered.Cut to Length - When a specific or discrete length is specified.Return to topD Deep Drawing - The process of working metal blanks in dies on a pressinto shapes which are usually more or less cup-like in character.Drawing - Forming recessed parts by forcing the plastic flow of metal indies.Drawing Steel (DS) - Sheet of this quality has a greater degree of ductilityand is more consistent in performance than Commercial Steel because ofhigher standards in production, selection and melting of the steel.Deep Drawing Steel (DDS) - Sheet of this designation should be usedwhen Drawing Steel will not provide a sufficient degree of ductility forfabrication of parts having stringent drawing requirements, or applicationsthat require the sheet be free from aging. This quality is made by specialsteelmaking and finishing practices.Dent Resistant - BH Series - Sheet of this designation is produced frompartially stabilized steel and offers a unique combination of as-receivedformability and final properties after fabrication. Sheet of this designationcombines strength and high formability. Although this steel is non-aging atroom temperature, it gains strength from work-hardening during fabricationand from carbon-aging during paint-baking. (Sometimes referred to as"bake hardenable.")Extra Deep Drawing Steel - Sheet of this designation has superiorformability and excellent uniformity. It is produced from steel having a verylow carbon content with stabilizing elements added to make it interstitialfree. It is a non-aging steel sheet with high resistance to thinning duringdrawing and is suitable for critical forming applications.Dry Film Thickness (DFT) - The thickness of the dry paint film.DS Type B Steel - Product intended for applications that require particularly severe drawing and forming.Ductility - The ability to permit change of shape without fracture. In flatrolled steel, ductility is usually measured by hardness or mechanicalproperties in a tensile test.Return to topE Elongation - The percent increase of a given distance (usually 2 inches)prior to fracture during tensile testing.Embossed sheet - An embossed sheet is one having a prominent,impressed texture or pattern on its surface(s). If the defined texture isapplied to essentially on surface only, it is most properly termed a coinedsurface. If the texture or pattern carries through the entire body of the sheetand appears on both surfaces it is a true embossed surface.Extra Smooth Galvanized - An Extra-Smooth finish is imparted to hot-dipmetallic-coated steel sheet by temper rolling after coating to decrease thesurface relief that occurs when the molten coating solidifies. The spanglepattern (grain pattern) is made distinctly less visible by the matte finishimparted by the rolling operation. Most Extra-Smooth sheet is intended foreither prepainted or post painted applications.Return to topF Flatness - Flatness is a measure of a cut length sheet's ability to conformto a flat horizontal surface. Maximum deviation from that surface is thedegree to which the sheet is out of flat. Flatness is often expressedquantitatively in either Steepness or I-Units.Finish Coat - The topcoat or exposed prime side paint film.Flexibility - The degree to which a paint film can withstand deformationwithout significant change in color and appearance.Return to topG Gloss - The property of a surface related to its ability to reflect light. Themost common type of gloss of interest to appearance attributes is speculargloss. The parameters which must be specified for the determination of thisproperty are the angles of incidence of the light source, the angle of viewingof the gloss and the angular dispersions of the measuring beams.Return to topH Hardness - Resistance of metal to penetration of the surface.High Strength - Product intended for applications where greater strength iscritical. High Strength typically begins at 35 ksi minimum yield strength.High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) - A specific group of steels in which thestrength levels are achieved by the addition of moderate amounts ofalloying elements. The most common are columbium, vanadium ortitanium.Hot Rolled Sheet - Steel sheet that is processed to its final thickness byrolling at high temperatures on a specially designed hot-rolling facility. Also commonly known as hot rolled unprocessed.Hot Rolled Sheet Non-Temper Rolled - A U. S. Steel definition for productsupplied as a coil directly off the Hot Strip Mill with no additional processing.Hot Rolled Sheet Pickled - A U. S. Steel definition for a mill edge coil thatis pickled, oiled and temper rolled with coil ends cropped back to meetgauge tolerances.Hot Rolled Sheet Pickled Non-Temper Rolled - A U. S. Steel definition fora mill edge coil that is pickled and oiled with coil ends cropped back to meetgauge tolerances.Hot Rolled Sheet Products - Flat steel products that are brought to finalthickness by rolling through a Hot Strip Mill at high temperatures.Return to topI Impact Test - A test which is intended to evaluate the brittleness,toughness, adhesion and hardness of paint films applied to metals bysubjecting them to an indent impact force.Inclusions - Particles of foreign material (such as oxides, sulfides orsilicates) in steel as cast.Inclusion Shape Control - The use of rare earth metals or calcium alloysto control the morphology of inclusions, in order to provide improvedmechanical properties for select applications.Intercoat Adhesion - The adherence which is observed between theprimer and topcoat of a paint system.Return to topK Killed Steel - Steel that is deoxidized by silicon or aluminum to reduce the oxygen content in the molten steel to a minimum prior to solidification of themetal. Killed steels have more uniform properties and chemical composition than other types.Return to topL Leveling - Flattening of rolled sheet by reducing or eliminating distortions.Laminate - A composite construction of dissimilar materials, such as ametal and plastic film, usually made up as sheet product and intended tofunction as though it were a single material.Lüder's Lines - See coil breaks.Return to topM Matte Finish - A more uniform surface finish imparted to the sheet surface by temper rolling with shot-blasted rolls.Mechanical Properties - The properties of a material that reveal its elasticand inelastic behavior when force is applied, thereby indicating its suitability for mechanical applications.Mil - A term used to indicate the thickness of the paint film. A dry filmthickness of 0.001", i.e., the standard dry film thickness after curing forseveral common paints, is one (1) mil.Return to topO Oil - Applied after pickling or temper rolling to assist customer handling by minimizing inter-wrap gouging, improve lubricity and provide a more rustresistant product.Oiled Sheet - Sheet product that is processed with the final step being theapplication of oil to the surface. Usually, the oil is intended to provideprotection from rusting during shipment and storage. These oils are calledrust-preventative oils. The oil may also serve to assist in the subsequentfabrication process, but this is not usually the main purpose. Oils used toenhance formability are often called prelubricants or "prelubes".Return to topP Pencil Hardness - A physical measurement of the hardness of a paint film which is based on the resistance of the film to cut-through by pencil leads of specified hardness. Pencil hardness values range between 2B and 5H.Pickling - Removing surface oxides from metals by a chemical reaction.Pressure Vessel Steel (PVS) - Product intended for pressure vessels andsimilar end use applications.Prelubricant - An oil coating that is applied to steel sheet to enhanceformability (deep drawing). This lubricant is usually applied when thecustomer wishes to avoid the application of a forming lubricant in his plant.Primer Coat - The base coat of paint in a typical two-coat system. Primercoats are usually applied to produce a dry film thickness of approximately0.2 mil.Return to topQ Quality - A term used to denote the degree of perfection of the steel sheet.Often, for sheet products, relative quality refers to the degree of perfectionof the surface, i.e., the lack of scratches, absence of slivers, etc. Quality can also refer to other attributes such as internal soundness, dimensionalcontrol, etc.Return to topR Reflectivity (Reflectance) - A term to indicate the percentage of reflected light from a painted surface. Considered a function of color rather thanspecular gloss. Reflectance percentages usually range from 80% to 90% for white colors to 5% to 15% for dark colors. Reflectivity standards vary foreach industry and specific application.Registry Printing - Printing successive colors or figures in a precisepattern and with exact superposition.Roll Forming - A fabrication process whereby the metal sheet is deformedcontinuously in a linear manner by passing it through a consecutive seriesof rolls which produce a predetermined profile in it.Return to topS Salt spray test - A moisture and corrosion resistance test employing a controlled exposure of a painted sheet to a fog or mist of a salt solution,usually 5% sodium chloride, for a specified time period, say 500 or 1000hours.Slit - When two or more widths are obtained from the hot rolled substratewidth. The slitting operation results in a cut edge.Spangle:The spangle of a hot-dip coated sheet surface is the visualmanifestation of the grains that form within the coating when it solidifies asthe sheet emerges from the pot of molten coating metal. The spangle orgrain varies in size, brightness and surface relief, depending upon a number of factors, most of which are related to the composition of the coating andcooling practices.Structural Steel:When this term is applied to steel sheet, it refers to thedesignation that is used for steel sheet that is produced to meet a specificlevel of strength and formability. The formability is expressed as percentelongation in a tensile test. Structural Steel is typically used for applications where the strength of the sheet is an important design criterion, i.e., load-bearing applications.Return to topT Tandem Coating Line - A continuous coil coating line having two or more coating machines and curing or baking ovens in the line so it is capable ofapplying and curing two coats of paint in one pass through the line.T-Bend 0-,1-,2-, etc. - A mechanical operation wherein a sheet sample isbent back upon itself with the inside bend radius specified in terms of thesheet thicknesses. Thus a 2-T Bend is a bend with an inside radiusequivalent to two times the thickness of the metal sheet being tested.Tension Leveling: A mechanical operation wherein steel sheet, in coilform, is processed on a unit that stretches the product beyond its yieldpoint to impart permanent deformation. The stretching operation assists toflatten the sheet. Tension leveling is considered the optimum process toachieve superior flatness characteristics.Temper Rolling - A light cold reduction of the sheet steel. This operationis performed to improve flatness, eliminate discontinuous yielding and toobtain a uniform surface.Tensile Strength - The maximum stress that a material can withstand. Intensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross sectionalarea. Also called Ultimate Strength.Tint - A color modification resulting from the mixture of a white paint andcolored paint such that the white is the predominant component and theresulting color is much less saturated that the pure color of the non-whitepigment.Tolerance - A term that is used to quantify the allowable deviation from adimension. For example, tolerances exist for the sheet thickness, width,flatness, camber, etc.Two-Coat System - The combination of a prime coat and a finish coat intoa specified paint film. A typical 1 mil, two-coat system will have about 0.2mil of primer coat and about 0.8 mil of finish coat.Return to topU Ultimate Strength -See Tensile StrengthReturn to topW Wash Coat - A very thin paint film applied to the back side of a prepainted sheet specified to have one finished side. The wash coat providesprotection in coiling , storage, fabricating and handling.Weathering Steel - A steel using alloying elements such as copper,chromium, silicon and nickel to enhance resistance to atmosphericcorrosion. (COR-TEN®)Wet Film Thickness - The thickness of the paint film immediately aftercoating and prior to curing. The required wet film thickness is dependent onthe proportion of solids and solvents in the liquid paint for producing theappropriate dry film thickness.Return to topY Yield Point:The load or stress at which a marked increase in the deformation of the sheet occurs without increasing the applied load. Yieldpoint is one of the characteristics of low-carbon steels after they have beenannealed. The yield point is usually calculated using a tensile-testspecimen, and it is the load that is commensurate with the point beyond theelastic limit at which the specimen lengthens considerably without anadditional increase in load.Yield Strength:The stress at which a material exhibits a specifieddeviation from a linear proportionality between load and elongation. In thetension test, the load associated with an offset of 0.2% from linearity is used for many metals to calculate the yield strength.Return to top。