企业风险管理外文翻译文献编辑
文献信息：
文献标题：Does Enterprise risk management enhance operating performance?（企业风险管理提高了企业经营绩效吗？）
国外作者：Carolyn Callahan，Jared Soileau
文献出处：《Advances in Accounting》,2017,37:122-139
字数统计：英文1964单词，11443字符；中文3814汉字
外文文献：
Does Enterprise risk management enhance operating
performance?
Abstract The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) framework (COSOERM) indicates that the development of an enterprise-wide risk assessment and management process is designed to “provide reasona ble assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives.” We examine this issue and hypothesize that firms with mature ERM processes should achieve greater operational performance than those with less mature risk management processes. This study relies on internal audit function management survey responses matched with archival firm level data to gain a better understanding of the expected operating performance impact of the multi-stage ERM implementation process. After controlling for board governance and other known effects, we find that firms with higher levels of ERM process maturity are characterized by higher operating performance than their industry peers utilizing performance metrics closely related to the earnings process. Our study provides support for the linkage of enhanced operating performance associated with the maturity of ERM processes and suggests other potential areas of ERM research.
Keywords:Enterprise risk management; Operating performance; Corporate governance
1.Introduction
In order to address the lack of a systematic enterprise-wide risk management plan, in 2004, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission created an Enterprise Risk Management framework (COSO-ERM). COSO-ERM defines Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) as an enterprise-wide risk assessment and management process designed to “provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives.”Although adoption of risk management may not specifically change the level of organizational risk, it likely impacts the actual measurement and monitoring of risk throughout the firm. As a result of targeting specific levels of risk, firms are likely to reduce downside operating performance volatility while accomplishing their ordinary business goals and objectives which include generating profits and providing shareholder value. Moreover, COSO's definition of ERM implies that firms implementing ERM processes should be more likely to achieve enhanced operating and market performance, yet this empirical link remains unclear.
2.Literature review
2.1.Benefits of implementing ERM
Implementing ERM requires a significant investment by firms; however the operational benefits of decreased costs and increased revenues are not always readily identifiable. Relying on the disclosure of appointments of Chief Risk Officers (CRO) as a proxy for ERM adoption, Lam (2001) finds that firms are able to “reduce losses and earnings volatility”and improve return on capital and shareholder value by implementing ERM. Also using CRO appointments as a proxy for the implementation of an ERM process, Pagach and Warr (2010) find that firms adopting ERM experience a reduction in the volatility of earnings but do not find general support for ERM creating value across several additional measures.
Tonello (2007) contends that an effective ERM implementation considers the consequences of downside risk (negative consequences of events) and methods for
mitigating or avoiding such risk, as well as identification and analysis of upside risk frequently referred to as opportunities. Tonello (2007) suggests that ERM attempts to balance (optimize) the threats and opportunities that may lead to cost reductions through the increased integration of risk assessment and management. This would lead to more profitable investment decisions and a more objective basis for resource allocation. These cost reductions and improved investment decisions increase firm cash flows and can provide additional operational benefits.
Consistent with this line of reasoning, Pagach and Warr (2010) and Tonello (2007) suggest that benefits of balancing the entire set of firm risk leads to less volatile earnings that are associated with lower stock price volatility. More recently, using a cross-section of financial sector firms, Baxter et al. (2013) find that Standard & Poor's ERM Quality ratings have a positive association with operating performance and firm value. McShane et al. (2011) find a positive association between the Standard & Poor's ERM Quality rating and firm value (Tobin's Q) within the insurance industry. However, McShane et al. (2011) find that it is not advanced ERM ratings that drive the results, but instead the midpoint rating (adequate with positive trend) that is significantly different from those with “weak”or “adequate”.
2.2.Operational performance measures
In order to develop our performance metrics, we rely upon previous performance literature (e.g. Ittner, Larcker, & Randall, 2003; Chen, Cheng, & Hwang, 2005). A survey-based study by the Milliman Risk Institute (2014) indicates that for ERM trendsetters, the top 5 ways ERM creates value for firms include improved performance management, improved risk-adjusted decision making, enhanced board oversight, improved capital efficiencies, and higher quality of strategic planning. With the exception of capital efficiency, the other four measures are not readily captured from public information. As a result, we focus on return on assets and equity. Prior studies have found differences or changes in firm characteristics to be associated with changes in operational performance measures (e.g. ROA and ROE) closely related to the earnings process. Maiga and Jacobs (2008), find that the adoption of just-in-time inventory management systems is associated with enhanced operating performance.
Using industry-adjusted ROA as a proxy for operating performance, Core, Guay, and Rusticus (2006) find that firms with greater shareholder rights outperform firms with lesser shareholder rights. Holm, Kumar, and Plenborg (2016) find that firms that implement customer accounting systems are associated with temporarily higher ROA compared to the industry. More closely related to this study, Brown and Caylor (2009) find that enhanced governance, as proxied by their Governance-Score measure (Gov-Score), is positively associated with industry-adjusted measures of ROA and ROE. This study builds on these prior findings and attempts to mitigate previous data limitations and expand industry focus beyond financial and insurance sectors in evaluating the relationship between the assessed ERM process maturity and operating performance.
3.Hypothesis development
COSO-ERM (2004), Lam (2001), Tonello (2007), and many others suggest that effective risk management should lead to enhanced operational performance. Despite these explicit predictions, to our knowledge, only two studies (Baxter et al., 2013; McShane et al., 2011) have evaluated the influence of ERM processes on operating performance. However the samples of the aforementioned studies were primarily limited to firms within financial and insurance sectors and due to extensive industry regulations are not generalizable to other industries. This study expands on these prior studies by evaluating the influence of the ERM process maturity stage on operating performance across a broad sample of industries. Although our study is most closely related to McShane et al. (2011) in consideration of ERM maturity, our sample window is longer, more diversified across industries other than insurance and focuses on operating performance as opposed to firm value (Tobin's Q). As a result our study is generalizable to various industries and is focused on operational performance that should allow for more control in managing risk.
Organizations can establish a low level risk appetite in order to reduce downside losses at the cost of reducing opportunities for investing in upside profitable opportunities. Alternatively, in attempting to achieve high returns, firms can focus
myopically on upside opportunities while not completely evaluating the potential for extreme losses. The integration of risk identification, assessment, and response throughout the entire organization allows firms with mature ERM processes to attempt to mitigate tunnel vision on profitability thereby reducing the likelihood of accepting too much risk and exposing the firm to excessive downside risk. While this approach may discourage firms from investing in potential risky high return projects, it is also expected to mitigate against extreme loss events. Consistent with the sixth premise of the COSO-ERM Framework, improving the deployment of capital, we argue that ERM adoption will lead to increased return on capital (ROA and ROE).
Therefore firms with mature ERM processes will logically experience higher operating performance (e.g. ROA) than firms that have not implemented ERM. Furthermore, firms with more mature or advanced ERM activities should also experience higher ROA than those in earlier stages or not having adopted ERM practices. This leads to our basic hypothesis stated in the alternative form: There is a cross-sectional positive association between ERM maturity and industry-adjusted ROA and ROE.
4.Methodology and sample selection
Barton et al. (2012) indicate that for ERM to be effective, it cannot be stagnant, but instead it “should be organic and alive.”Consistent with this point, we use a unique data set obtained via a web-based survey of internal audit management of U.S. based publicly traded firms that provides an assessment of ERM maturity for each year during a three year period. Survey responses were then matched to archival financial statement data obtained from the Compustat database. We construct an operating performance panel dataset and use regression models over the three year period from 2006 to 2008 corresponding to the survey data.
An on-line survey was sent via email to internal audit function management level employees at 1631 firms throughout the U.S. and other countries identified via web-based key word searches for internal audit management titles. The survey and follow-up requests were emailed between July and October 2009. This resulted in 496
responses received from survey respondents (30.4% response rate) as a potential sample. However, thirty-nine firms did not provide an ERM maturity response for each of the five ERM objectives (ERMOVR, ERMOPS, ERMSTRAT, ERMCOMP, ERMRPT) for at least one year (2006, 2007, or 2008). Another 242 were firms not able to match to Compustat (e.g. not publicly traded firms or foreign firms not in Compustat) with complete responses. An additional 34 firms within the Finance and Insurance industries (SIC 6000–6999) were eliminated from the sample due to regulatory differences related to these industry segments. Seven firms were missing financial data from Compustat, while board data was not found for twelve firms needed to compute regression variables and were therefore eliminated resulting in a sample of 162 firms (427 firm year observations) for the ROA and ROE models.
The sample including the number of responses and mean ERM process maturity level classified by GIC industry classification and fiscal year. Using all available Compustat observations within these industry classifications, we compute our industryadjusted operating performance measures. The Industry classifications comprising the largest percentage of survey responses include Capital Goods (13%), Materials (12%) and Energy (10%). The industries indicating the most mature ERM processes are Food, Beverage, and Tobacco (3.00), Commercial & Professional Services (2.67), and Real Estate (2.67), whereas Media (0.50), Telecommunication Services (0.75), and Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology, and Life Sciences (1.09) reported the lowest ERM Overall maturity.
5.Conclusions and contributions
Using a unique survey-based dataset linked to archival firm data, we find a positive association between ERM process maturity and industry-adjusted operating performance (ROA and ROE) in a broad industry sample. In the wake of recent economic events that have raised significant concerns related to managing risk within firms, the results of this study provide limited empirical evidence of the benefits of ERM processes related to operating performance. Although all risk is not predictable, failing to attempt to identify and manage response to risk throughout a firm can have
a detrimental impact.
Our results provide support of a significant positive association between ERM Maturity and operating performance that extends the literature on the benefits of ERM process maturity to firms in non-financial industries. While not the only stakeholder to have an interest in the potential benefits associated with ERM adoption and maturity, executive management and the board of directors (and their committees) have the greatest control in adopting and implementing ERM processes and the quality of ERM activities. The results of these findings may provide additional management insights that have the potential to assist in the assessment of ERM investment decisions as well as contribute to future research studies on the value enhancing potential of ERM processes. Given that prior studies focus on short-term benefits, future studies should consider the long-term benefits that may be associated with ERM adoption and maturity of processes related to specific ERM objectives.
中文译文：
企业风险管理提高了企业经营绩效吗？
摘要COSO企业风险管理框架（COSO-ERM）指出，制定全企业风险评估和管理过程的目的是“为实现目标提供合理保证”。我们对此问题进行了研究，并假设企业风险管理过程成熟的公司应该比那些风险管理过程较不成熟的公司获得更高的经营绩效。本研究依靠与档案企业级数据相匹配的内部审计职能管理调查回应，以更好地理解多阶段企业风险管理实施过程对经营绩效的预期影响。在掌握了董事会治理和其他已知影响之后，我们发现，利用与盈利过程密切相关的绩效指标来衡量，企业风险管理过程较成熟的公司的经营绩效要高于同行。我们的研究为企业风险管理过程成熟度与增强经营绩效之间的关联度提供了支持，并提出了企业风险管理研究的其他潜在领域。
关键词：企业风险管理；经营绩效；公司治理
1.简介
为了解决缺乏系统性的企业风险管理计划的问题，Treadway委员会发起组织委员会（COSO）于2004年创建了一个企业风险管理框架（COSO-ERM）。COSO-ERM 将企业风险管理(ERM)定义为企业范围内的风险评估和管理过程，旨在“为实现目标提供合理保证”。尽管采用风险管理可能并未具体改变组织风险的水平，但它可能会影响整个公司的实际测量和风险监测。因此，针对具体的风险水平，企业有可能在降低经营绩效波动的同时，完成日常业务总目标和具体目标，包括创造利润和提供股东价值。此外，COSO对企业风险管理的定义意味着实施企业风险管理过程的企业应该更有可能实现更高的经营和市场绩效，但这种经验联系尚不清楚。
2.文献综述
2.1.实施企业风险管理的好处
实施企业风险管理需要企业进行大量投资；然而，降低成本和增加收入的经营效益并不总是易于识别。拉姆（2001）通过披露首席风险官（CRO）的任命作为企业风险管理实施的代理，发现企业能够通过实施企业风险管理来“减少损失和收益波动”，提高资本回报率和股东价值。帕加奇和沃尔（2010）还使用首席风险官的任命作为实施企业风险管理过程的替代指标，发现采用企业风险管理的企业减少了收益波动，但并没有找到企业风险管理通过一些额外措施实现创造价值的普遍支持。
托内洛（2007）认为，有效的企业风险管理的实施考虑了下行风险的后果（事件的负面后果）和减轻或避免这种风险的方法，以及通常被称为机会的上行风险的识别和分析。托内洛（2007）认为，企业风险管理试图通过风险评估和管理的整合来平衡（优化）可能导致成本降低的威胁和机会。这将带来更有利可图的投资决策和更客观的资源分配基础。降低成本和改进投资决策增加了公司的现金流，并可以提供额外的经营效益。
与这一推论一致的是，帕加奇和沃尔（2010）以及托内洛（2007）认为，平衡整个公司风险的好处是使收益波动较小，从而降低股价波动。最近，巴克斯特等人（2013）利用金融部门公司的横截面数据，发现标准普尔企业风险管理质量
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浅谈华为公司的领导风格
沈阳理工大学应用技术学院题目：浅谈华为公司的领导风格 姓名 院（中心、所）经济管理学院 学号 年级2011级 专业工商管理 考试科目组织行为学 考试时间 考试分数 教师签字
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员们的自信和承诺，领导者将成为影响团队效率的楷模。关键词：领导者；华为公司；任正非；领导风格
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文献翻译 (2)
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市场营销_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_顾客满意策略与顾客满意
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中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究【文献综述】
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文献出处: Dalman, M. Deniz, and Junhong Min. "Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect." International Journal of Marketing Studies 6.5 (2014): 63-72. 原文 Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect Dalman, M. Deniz & Junhong Min Abstract This research investigates that brand differentiation creating superior values can be achieved not only by adding meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes, which is called "trivial attribute effect." Two studies provided empirical evidences as following; first, trivial attribute effect creates a strong brand differentiation even after subjects realize that trivial attribute has no value. Second, trivial attribute effect is more pronounced in hedonic service category compared to the utilitarian category. Last, the amount of willingness to pay is higher when trivial attribute is presented and evaluated in joint evaluation mode than separate evaluation mode. Finally, we conclude with discussion and provide suggestions for further research. Keywords: brand differentiation, evaluation mode, service industry, trivial attribute Introduction Problem Definition Perhaps the most important factor for new product success is to create the meaningful brand differentiation that provides customers with superior values beyond what the competitors can offer in the same industry (Porter, 1985). Not surprisingly, more than 50 percent of annual sales in consumer product industries including automobiles, biotechnology, computer software, and pharmaceuticals are attributed to such meaningful brand differentiation by including new or noble attributes (Schilling &Hill, 1998). However, the brand differentiation that increases consumer preference is not only by introducing meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes. For
毕设外文文献翻译
xxxxxxxxx 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 （本科学生用） 题目：Poduct Line Engineering: The State of the Practice 生产线工程：实践的形态 学生姓名：学号： 学部（系）: 专业年级: 指导教师：职称或学位： 2011年3月10日
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