第十二章 微分方程的幂级数解法

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高等数学下册第十二章习题答案详解

高等数学下册第十二章习题答案详解

高等数学下册第十二章习题答案详解1.写出下列级数的一般项: (1)1111357++++;2242468x x +++⋅⋅⋅⋅;(3)35793579a a a a -+-+.解:(1)121n U n =-;(2)()2!!2n n xU n =;(3)()211121n n n a U n ++=-+; 2.求下列级数的和: (1) 23111555+++;(2) 11(1)(2)n n n n ∞=++∑;(3)1n ∞=∑.解:(1) 因为21115551115511511145n n n n S =+++⎡⎤⎛⎫-⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭⎣⎦=-⎡⎤⎛⎫=-⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭⎣⎦从而1lim 4n n S →∞=,即级数的和为14. (2)()()()()()()()111111211n u x n x n x n x n x n x n x n =+-+++⎛⎫-=⎪+-++++⎝⎭从而()()()()()()()()()()()()()()11111211212231111111211nS x x x x x x xx x n x nx n x n x x x n x n ⎛-+-=+++++++⎝⎫++-⎪+-++++⎭⎛⎫-=⎪++++⎝⎭因此()1lim 21nn S x x →∞=+,故级数的和为()121x x +(3)因为nU =-从而(11n S n =-+-+-++-+=-=所以lim 1n n S →∞=13.判定下列级数的敛散性:(1)1n ∞=∑;(2)1111166111116(54)(51)n n +++++⋅⋅⋅-+;(3)231232222(1)3333nn n --+-+-+;(4)1155n ++.解:(1) (11n S n =++++=从而lim n n S →∞=+∞,故级数发散.(2) 1111111115661111165451111551n S n n n ⎛⎫=-+-+-++- ⎪-+⎝⎭⎛⎫=- ⎪+⎝⎭从而1lim 5n n S →∞=,故原级数收敛,其和为15.(3)此级数为23q =-的等比级数,且|q |<1,故级数收敛.(4)∵n U =lim 10n n U →∞=≠,故级数发散. *4.利用柯西审敛原理判别下列级数的敛散性:(1)11(1)n n n +∞=-∑;(2)1cos 2n n nx ∞=∑; (3)()0111313233n n n n ∞=+-+++∑.解:(1)当P 为偶数时,()()()()122341111112311111231111112112311n n n pn n n n p U U U n n n n pn n n n pn p n p n n pn n n +++++++++++----=++++++++-+--=++++⎛⎫⎛⎫-=----- ⎪ ⎪+-+-++++⎝⎭⎝⎭<+当P 为奇数时,()()()()1223411111123111112311111112311n n n pn n n n p U U U n n n n pn n n n pn p n p n n n n +++++++++++----=++++++++-+-+=++++⎛⎫⎛⎫-=---- ⎪ ⎪+-++++⎝⎭⎝⎭<+因而,对于任何自然数P ,都有12111n n n p U U U n n++++++<<+, ∀ε>0,取11N ε⎡⎤=+⎢⎥⎣⎦,则当n >N 时,对任何自然数P 恒有12n n n p U U U ε++++++<成立,由柯西审敛原理知,级数()111n n n +∞=-∑收敛.(2)对于任意自然数P ,都有()()()1212121cos cos cos 12222111222111221121112212n n n pn n n pn n n p n p n p n U U U xn p x xn n ++++++++++++++++=+++≤+++⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭=-⎛⎫=- ⎪⎝⎭<于是, ∀ε>0(0<ε<1),∃N =21log ε⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦,当n >N 时,对任意的自然数P 都有12n n n p U U U ε++++++<成立,由柯西审敛原理知,该级数收敛.(3)取P =n ,则()()()()()121111113113123133213223231131132161112n n n pU U U n n n n n n n n n n ++++++⎛⎫=+-+++-⎪++++++⋅+⋅+⋅+⎝⎭≥++++⋅+≥+>从而取0112ε=,则对任意的n ∈N ,都存在P =n 所得120n n n p U U U ε++++++>,由柯西审敛原理知,原级数发散.习题12-21.用比较判别法法判别下列级数的敛散性: (1)1114657(3)(5)n n ++++⋅⋅++; (2)22212131112131nn +++++++++++;(3)π1sin 3n n ∞=∑;(4)n ∞=; (5)11)1(0nn aa ∞=+>∑; (6)11(21)nn ∞=-∑.解:(1)∵ ()()21135n U nn n =<++而211n n ∞=∑收敛,由比较审敛法知1n n U ∞=∑收敛. (2)∵221111n n n U n n n n++=≥=++ 而11n n ∞=∑发散,由比较审敛法知,原级数发散.(3)∵ππsinsin 33lim lim ππ1π33n nn n n n→∞→∞=⋅=而1π3n n ∞=∑收敛,故1πsin 3n n ∞=∑也收敛.(4)∵321n U n=<=而3121n n∞=∑收敛,故1n ∞=收敛.(5)当a >1时,111n n nU a a =<+,而11n n a ∞=∑收敛,故111n n a∞=+∑也收敛. 当a =1时,11lim lim022n n n U →∞→∞==≠,级数发散.当0<a <1时,1lim lim 101n nn n U a →∞→∞==≠+,级数发散.综上所述,当a >1时,原级数收敛,当0<a ≤1时,原级数发散.(6)由021lim ln 2xx x →-=知121lim ln 211nx n→∞-=<而11n n ∞=∑发散,由比较审敛法知()1121n n ∞=-∑发散.2.用比值判别法判别下列级数的敛散性:(1)213n n n ∞=∑;(2)1!31n n n ∞=+∑; (3)232233331222322n n n +++++⋅⋅⋅⋅; (4) 12!n n n n n ∞=⋅∑. 解:(1) 23n n n U =,()2112311lim lim 133n n n n n nU n U n ++→∞→∞+=⋅=<,由比值审敛法知,级数收敛.(2) ()()111!311lim lim 31!31lim 131n n n n n nn n n U n U n n ++→∞→∞+→∞++=⋅++=⋅++=+∞所以原级数发散.(3) ()()11132lim lim 2313lim 21312n nn n n n n nn U n U n n n +++→∞→∞→∞⋅=⋅⋅+=+=> 所以原级数发散.(4) ()()1112!1lim lim 2!1lim 21122lim 1e 11n nn n nn n nnn n n U n n U n n n n n +++→∞→∞→∞→∞⋅+=⋅⋅+⎛⎫= ⎪+⎝⎭==<⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭故原级数收敛.3.用根值判别法判别下列级数的敛散性:(1)1531nn n n ∞=⎛⎫⎪+⎝⎭∑; (2)()11ln(1)n n n ∞=+∑; (3)21131n n n n -∞=⎛⎫ ⎪-⎝⎭∑; (4)1nn n b a ∞=⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭∑,其中,,,()n n a a n a b a →→∞均为正数.解:(1)55lim1313n n n n →∞==>+,故原级数发散. (2) ()1lim01ln 1n n n →∞==<+,故原级数收敛.(3)121lim 1931nn n n n -→∞⎛⎫==<⎪-⎝⎭, 故原级数收敛.(4) lim limn n nb b a a →∞==, 当b <a 时,b a <1,原级数收敛;当b >a 时,b a >1,原级数发散;当b =a 时,ba=1,无法判定其敛散性.习题12-31.判定下列级数是否收敛?若收敛,是绝对收敛还是条件收敛?(1) 1+;(2)111(1)ln(1)n n n ∞-=-+∑;(3)2341111111153555333⋅-⋅+⋅-⋅+;(4)112(1)!n n n n ∞+=-⋅∑; (5)11ln (1)n n n n∞-=-⋅∑; (6)()11113∞--=-∑n n n n; *(6)1(1)111(1)23nnn n∞=-++++⋅∑. 解:(1)()11n n U-=-,级数1n n U ∞=∑>0n =,由莱布尼茨判别法级数收敛,又11121nn n Un∞∞===∑∑是P <1的P 级数,所以1nn U∞=∑发散,故原级数条件收敛. (2)()()111ln 1n n U n -=-+,()()1111ln 1n n n ∞---+∑为交错级数,且()()11ln ln 12n n >++,()1lim0ln 1n n →∞=+,由莱布尼茨判别法知原级数收敛,但由于()11ln 11n U n n =≥++ 所以,1nn U∞=∑发散,所以原级数条件收敛.(3)()11153n n nU -=-⋅,显然1111115353n n n n n n U ∞∞∞=====⋅∑∑∑,而113n n ∞=∑是收敛的等比级数,故1nn U∞=∑收敛,所以原级数绝对收敛.(4)由()121!+=-nn n u n2122=<==⨯⨯,由正项级数的根值判别法知,2!n n 收敛,则级数()1121!∞+=-∑nn n n 收敛,112(1)!n n n n ∞+=-⋅∑绝对收敛. (5)函数()ln =xf x x在[)e,+∞为单调递减函数,则当n 充分大时()ln 1ln 1+>+n n n n ,且ln lim 0→∞=n n n ,由莱布尼兹判别法知交错级数收敛,又ln 1>n n n ,而调和级数11∞=∑n n是发散的,则11ln (1)n n nn∞-=-⋅∑条件收敛. (6)111310333+-+---=-=>n n n n nn n n n u u ,则1+>n n u u ,又1lim 03-→∞=n n n,根据莱布尼兹判别法知()11113∞--=-∑n n n n 收敛,又由比较判别法知1131133-+=<+n n nn n n ,则级数()11113∞--=-∑n n n n 收敛,则级数()11113∞--=-∑n n n n绝对收敛. *(6)由于11111123n nn ⎛⎫⋅>++++ ⎪⎝⎭ 而11n n ∞=∑发散,由此较审敛法知级数 ()11111123nn nn ∞=⎛⎫-⋅++++ ⎪⎝⎭∑发散. 记1111123n U nn ⎛⎫=⋅++++ ⎪⎝⎭,则()()()()()()1222111111123111111112311111111231110n n U U n n n n n n n n n n n n n n +⎛⎫⎛⎫-=-++++- ⎪⎪+⎝⎭⎝⎭+⎛⎫=-++++ ⎪⎝⎭++⎛⎫⎛⎫-=++++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭+++⎝⎭>即1n n U U +> 又11111lim lim12311d n n n n U n n x n x→∞→∞⎛⎫=++++ ⎪⎝⎭=⎰ 由1111lim d lim 01t t t t x t x →+∞→+∞==⎰ 知lim 0n n U →∞=,由莱布尼茨判别法,原级数()11111123nn n n ∞=⎛⎫-⋅++++ ⎪⎝⎭∑收敛,而且是条件收敛. 2.如果级数23111111122!23!2!2nn ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫++++ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭的和用前n 项的和代替,试估计其误差.()()()()()()()12121211111=1!22!211111!21!21111=11!222111=11!21211!2n n n n n n nn n n n n n n σ++++++⎛⎫⎛⎫++⎪⎪++⎝⎭⎝⎭⎛⎫⎛⎫++ ⎪ ⎪++⎝⎭⎝⎭⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫+++ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎛⎫ ⎪+⎝⎭-=+<3.若2lim n n n u →∞存在,证明:级数1n n u ∞=∑收敛.221211lim =lim ,.1n n n n n n n u n u nnu ∞→∞→∞=∞=∑∑存在而收敛所以也收敛*4.证明:若21nn u∞=∑收敛,则1nn u n ∞=∑绝对收敛. 222211111110221,2.n n n n n n n n n n n n u u u n n nu u n n u un n∞∞∞===∞∞===≤+∑∑∑∑∑<而和都收敛,由比较审敛法得知收敛从而收敛,即绝对收敛习题12-41.求下列函数项级数的收敛域: (1)11x n n∞=∑;(2)()1111n xn n ∞+=-∑.2.求下列幂级数的收敛半径及收敛域: (1)2323nx x x nx +++++;(2)1!nnn n x n∞=∑; (3)21121n n x n ∞-=-∑;(4)21(1)2nn x n n∞=-⋅∑. 解:(1)因为11limlim 1n n n n a n a n ρ+→∞→∞+===,所以收敛半径11R ρ==收敛区间为(-1,1),而当x =±1时,级数变为()11nn n ∞=-∑,由lim(1)0nx nn →-≠知级数1(1)n n n ∞=-∑发散,所以级数的收敛域为(-1,1).(2)因为()()1111!11lim lim lim lim e 1!11nn n n n n n n n n a n n n a n n n n ρ-+-+→∞→∞→∞→∞⎡⎤+⎛⎫⎛⎫==⋅===+ ⎪⎢⎥ ⎪+⎝⎭+⎝⎭⎣⎦所以收敛半径1e R ρ==,收敛区间为(-e,e).当x =e 时,级数变为1e !∞=∑n n n n n,()()()()11111!11!11e e e e +++++++⎛⎫=== ⎪+⎝⎭+n n nnn n n nnn n n n u n n u n n n 11e =⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭nn , 在→+∞n 的过程中,11+>n nu u ,又0>n u ,则e =x 时,常数项级数为单调递增函数,1e =u ,则lim 0→∞≠n n u ,由级数收敛的必要条件,级数的一般项不趋于零,则该级数必发散,同理在e =-x 时,()1e !∞=-∑nnn n n 变为交错级数,其中!lim e →∞n n n n n依旧不等于0,,则在e =-x 时也发散,则其收敛域为(),e e -.(3)级数缺少偶次幂项.根据比值审敛法求收敛半径.211212221lim lim 2121lim 21n n n n n nn U x n U n x n x n x ++-→∞→∞→∞-=⋅+-=⋅+= 所以当x 2<1即|x |<1时,级数收敛,x 2>1即|x |>1时,级数发散,故收敛半径R =1.当x =1时,级数变为1121n n ∞=-∑,当x =-1时,级数变为1121n n ∞=--∑,由1121lim 012n n n→∞-=>知,1121n n ∞=-∑发散,从而1121n n ∞=--∑也发散,故原级数的收敛域为(-1,1). (4)令t =x -1,则级数变为212nn t n n∞=⋅∑,因为()()2122lim lim 1211n n n n a n n a n n ρ+→∞→∞⋅===⋅++ 所以收敛半径为R =1.收敛区间为 -1<x -1<1 即0<x <2.当t =1时,级数3112n n ∞=∑收敛,当t =-1时,级数()31112nn n ∞=-⋅∑为交错级数,由莱布尼茨判别法知其收敛.所以,原级数收敛域为 0≤x ≤2,即[0,2] 3.利用幂级数的性质,求下列级数的和函数:(1)11n n nx∞-=∑;(2)2221n n x n ∞+=+∑. ()()()()1112111111111n n n n n n n n nx x x S x nx x x x x x ∞-=∞∞∞-==='''⎛⎫⎛⎫===== ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭-⎝⎭∑∑∑∑解:()可求得函数在<时收敛,<(2)由2422221lim 23n n n x n x n x++→∞+=⋅+知,原级数当|x |<1时收敛,而当|x |=1时,原级数发散,故原级数的收敛域为(-1,1),记()2221002121n n n n x x S x x n n ++∞∞====++∑∑,易知级数21021n n x n +∞=+∑收敛域为(-1,1),记()211021n n x S x n +∞==+∑,则()212011nn S x x x ∞='==-∑, 故()1011d ln 21xx S x x x +'=-⎰ 即()()1111ln 021x S S x x+-=-,()100S =,所以()()()11ln 121x xS xS x x x x+==<-习题12-51.将下列函数展开成x 的幂级数,并求展开式成立的区间: (1)()()ln 2f x x =+; (2)()2cos f x x =; (3)()()()1ln 1f x x x =++; (4)()2x f =(5)()23f x xx =+;(6)()e e)12(x x f x -=-; 解:(1)()()ln ln 2ln 2ln 11222x x f x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫===++++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭由于()()0ln 111nnn x x n ∞==+-+∑,(-1<x ≤1)故()()11ln 11221n nn n x x n +∞+=⎛⎫=+- ⎪⎝⎭+∑,(-2≤x ≤2) 因此()()()11ln ln 22121n nn n x x n +∞+==++-+∑,(-2≤x ≤2)(2)()21cos 2cos 2xf x x +==由()()20cos 1!2nnn x x n ∞==-∑,(-∞<x <+∞)得()()()()()220042cos 211!!22n n n nn n n x x x n n ∞∞==⋅==--∑∑ 所以()()22011()cos cos 222114122!2n nn n f x x x x n ∞===+⋅=+-∑,(-∞<x <+∞) (3)f (x ) = (1+x )ln(1+x ) 由()()()1ln 111n nn x x n +∞==+-+∑,(-1≤x ≤1)所以()()()()()()()()()()()()()1120111111111111111111111111111n nn n n nn n n n n nn n n n n n n n n n x f x x n x x n n x x x n n n n x xn n x xn n +∞=++∞∞==++∞∞+==+∞+=-∞+==+-+=+--++=++--+++--=+⋅+-=++∑∑∑∑∑∑∑ (-1≤x ≤1)(4)()22f x x ==()()()21!!2111!!2n n n n x n ∞=-=+-∑ (-1≤x ≤1) 故()()()()221!!2111!!2n n n n x f x x n ∞=⎛⎫-+=- ⎪⎝⎭∑()()()()2211!!211!!2n n n n x x n ∞+=-=+-∑ (-1≤x ≤1)(5)()()()(220211131313313nn n n nn n x f x x x x x x ∞=+∞+==⋅+⎛⎫=⋅- ⎪⎝⎭=-<∑∑(6)由0e !nxn x n ∞==∑,x ∈(-∞,+∞)得()01e !n nxn x n ∞-=⋅-=∑,x ∈(-∞,+∞)所以()()()()()()0002101e e 2112!!1112!,!21x x n n n n n n n n n n f x x x n n x n x x n -∞∞==∞=+∞==-⎛⎫-=- ⎪⎝⎭=⋅⎡⎤--⎣⎦=∈-∞+∞+∑∑∑∑2.将()2132x x f x ++=展开成()4x +的幂级数.()()()()()()20100102101113212111114x+4141343333134713111114414224222212462241323nn nn n nn nn n nn n x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ∞=∞+=∞=∞+=∞+==-+++++⎛⎫⎛⎫==-=- ⎪ ⎪++-++⎝⎭⎝⎭-+=---+⎛+⎫⎛⎫==-=-< ⎪ ⎪++-++⎝⎭⎝⎭-+=--+=-++∑∑∑∑∑解:而<<<<<-从而()()()10110421146223nn n n n n n x x x ∞+=∞++=++⎛⎫=-+-- ⎪⎝⎭∑∑<<3.将函数()f x 1()x -的幂级数. 解:因为()()()()()211111111!2!!m nm m m m m m n x x x x x n ---+=++++++-<<所以()()[]()()()3221133333331121222222211111!2!!nf x x n x x x n ==+-⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫----+ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭=+++++---(-1<x -1<1)即()()()()()()()()()()()()()2323133131313251111111222!23!2!3152111022!nnn nn n f x x x x x n n x x n ∞=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅--+--=+++++----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅--=+-<<⋅∑4.利用函数的幂级数展开式,求下列各数的近似值: (1) ln3(误差不超过10.000); (2) cos2︒(误差不超过10.000).解:(1)35211ln 213521n x x x x x x n -+⎛⎫=+++++ ⎪--⎝⎭,x ∈(-1,1) 令131x x +=-,可得()11,12x =∈-, 故()35211111112ln3ln 212325222112n n -+⎡⎤+++++==⎢⎥⋅⋅⋅-⎣⎦- 又()()()()()()()()()()2123212121232521242122112222123222212112222123252111222212112211413221n n n n n n n n n n n r n n n n n n n n n n +++++++++-⎡⎤++=⎢⎥⋅⋅++⎣⎦⎡⎤⋅⋅++=+++⎢⎥⋅⋅+++⎣⎦⎛⎫<+++ ⎪⎝⎭+=⋅+-=+故5810.000123112r <≈⨯⨯61010.000033132r <≈⨯⨯. 因而取n =6则35111111ln32 1.098623252112⎛⎫=≈++++⎪⋅⋅⋅⎝⎭(2)()()2420ππππ909090cos 2cos 11902!4!!2nn n ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭==-+-++-∵24π906102!-⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭≈⨯;48π90104!-⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭≈ 故2π90cos 2110.00060.99942!⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭≈-≈-≈ 5.将函数()d 0arctan x tF x t t=⎰展开成x 的幂级数. 解:由于()21arctan 121n nn t t n +∞==-+∑所以()()()()()20002212000arctan d d 121d 112121n xx nn n n xnnn n t t F t tx t n t x t n n ∞=+∞∞====-+==--++∑⎰⎰∑∑⎰(|x |≤1)6.求下列级数的和函数: (1) 2121n n x n ∞+=+∑;(2)10(1)!n n nx n ∞-=-∑(提示:应用e x 的幂级数展开式);解:(1)可求得原级数的收敛半径R =1,且当|x |=1时,原级数发散.记()21021n n x S x n +∞==+∑则()22011n n S x x x∞='==-∑ ()200111d d ln 121xxx S x x x x x +'==--⎰⎰,即()()11ln 021xS S x x+-=-,S (0)=0 所以()11ln 21xS x x+=-,(|x |<1)(2)由()11!lim lim 0!1n n n n n a n n a n +→∞→∞+==-知收敛域为(-∞,+∞).记()()11!1n n n S x x n ∞-==-∑则()()()111d e !!11nn xx n n x x S x x x x n n -∞∞=====--∑∑⎰,所以()()()e 1e x x S x x x '==+,(-∞<x <+∞)7.试用幂级数解法求下列微分方程的解:222(1)0;(2)0;(3)1;(4)(1);(5)(1)2.y x y y xy y y xy x x y x y x y x x y '''''-=++=''--=-=-'+=-+()()()()()()()()()1220120220120223405121,,11212021=210320435421nn n nn n n n n n n n nnn n n n nnn n n n n n y a x y na xy n n a xn n a x n n a x xa xn n a x a x a a a a a a n n a a ∞∞∞∞--+====∞∞+==∞∞+-==+-'''===-=++++-=++====++=∑∑∑∑∑∑∑∑解:()设则代入原方程得即比较同次幂系数,得一般地()()()()222001423456785801910111291134243042,3,210,,,0,3445783478,0,894589111234781112,12134589121303478414n n k k k n a a n n a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a k k-+++==++===================-即所以有所以()()()14145121481221,2,1,2,4589441134347834781112145458945891213k k a a k k k x x x y C x x x C x +===+⎛⎫=++++⎪⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⎝⎭⎛⎫+++++⎪⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⎝⎭因此是方程的解()()()()()()()()()212120222220210211021100,1,2,10,1,2,2111122222n n n n n n n n n n n n nn n n n n n n k k y a x a n n xx a nxa x n n a n a x n n a n a n a a n n a a a k k k ∞=∞∞∞--===∞+=++-=-++=++++=⎡⎤⎣⎦++++===-=+⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫=-=---= ⎪⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭∑∑∑∑∑()设为该方程的解,代入该方程得即故即从而()()()()01212112242000021351111!2111112121213135211111!22!2!211313513521kk k k nnk k a k a a a a k k k k a a a y a x x x n a a x a x x k +-+⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫=-=---=- ⎪⎪ ⎪++-⋅⋅+⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫=+-+-++-++⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦⎡-+++-+⎢⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⎣因而()()()()()()22222202135135212011221211111!22!2!2111131351352111313513521121!!n k k x n nn x x x x a n x a x x x k x x x a e a x k y C eC x n ++-+-⎤⎥⎦⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫=+-+-++-+⎢⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦⎡⎤+-+++-+⎢⎥+⎣⎦⎡⎤=+-+-+-+⎢⎥+⎣⎦-=+-故原方程的通解为11n n ∞-=∑()()()101110111120210001234567213,=,112120111111,,,,,,23243524611,,3571nn n n n n n n nn n n n nn n n y a a x y na x na xx a a x x a a a x a n a x a a a a a a a a a a a ∞∞-==∞∞-==∞++=-'=+⎛⎫-+-= ⎪⎝⎭-+--+-++=⎡⎤⎣⎦+++======⋅⋅⋅⋅==⋅⋅⋅∑∑∑∑∑()设方程的解为从而代入方程得即因而()()()()()()023521242000023521222001,352124621113!!5!!21!!24!!2!!111113!!5!!21!!22!!2!!2n n n n n a a n n a a a x x x y a x x x x n n x x x x x x a x a n n --+=⋅-⋅⋅⎡⎤⎡⎤+++=+++++++++++⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎣⎦⎡⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫=++++++++-++++++⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦因此()()()()()()()222321200032120212113!!21!!113!!21!!121!!x n x n x n x x a a a e x n x x a e x n x y Ce n ---⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎡⎤=-+++++++⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎡⎤=++-++++⎢⎥-⎣⎦=+-+-故方程的通解为()()()()()()01210210102321102311110,20,3=1,11041,0,,32234521123431n n n n nn n n n n n n n n n n n y a x x na xx a x n a n a x x a a a a a n a n a n a a a a n n n n n a a n n n n n y C ∞=∞∞-==∞+=+-=-=-++-=⎡⎤⎣⎦+==-+--=≥=-==-----==---=∑∑∑∑(4)令是该方程的解,代入该方程得即比较系数得以及故因而()()3412.31n n x x x n n ∞=-++-∑是方程的解()()()()10112011121101102231102315,=,2120,22,3111032,1,311nn n n n n n n n nnn n n n n n n n n n n n y a x y na x na x na xa a x x xna n a a x a a x xa a a a a n a n a n a a a a n a n ∞∞-==∞∞∞-===∞+=++'=+--=-++-+-=-⎡⎤⎣⎦-==-+=-++=≥==-=-=-+∑∑∑∑∑∑()设方程的解为则代入方程得即比较系数得从而()()()()()()()()()()()1344331234121242114641131141412411.31n n n n n n n n n n n n n a a a n n n n a n n n n n a n n n y C x x x x n n ----∞-=-----⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫=--==--- ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪⎪++⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭=-=-≥++=-≥-=+-++--∑即因而原方程的通解为8. 试用幂级数解法求下列方程满足所所给定初始条件的解:2222(1)(2)2(1)20,(0)(1)1;(2),(0)0;(3)cos 0,(0),(0)0.x x y x y y y y dyx y y dx d xx t x a x dt '''-+-+====+='+===()()()()12122212121,,12121201.nn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n y a x y na xy n n a x xx n n a x x na x a x y x x ∞∞∞--===∞∞∞--==='''===---+-+==-+∑∑∑∑∑∑()设则代入原方程得比较同次项系数,由初始条件可得方程的解为()1001211125,,00,0..11220nn n n n n n n n n n n y a x y na x y a na x a x xy x x ∞∞-==∞∞-=='====⎛⎫-= ⎪⎝⎭=++∑∑∑∑(2)设则由得代入原方程得比较同次幂系数得方程的解为()()()()21220120123423456246230123232345(3),,10,00,,0232435465102!4!6!23243546nn n n n n n n n dx d x x a t na t n n a t dt dt x a x a a a a a t a t a t a t t t t a a t a t a t a a t a t a t ∞∞∞--======-'====+⋅+⋅+⋅+⋅+⎛⎫+++++-+-+= ⎪⎝⎭++++∑∑∑设则由初始条件所以代入原方程得即4602240012123420310421530264010213024502!2!2!4!203204302!5402!6502!4!,0,220322!434!a t a a a a a a t a t a t a t a a a a a a a aa a aa a a a a a a a a aa a a a a a ++⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫++-+-+-++= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭+=⋅+=⋅+-=⋅+-=⋅+-+====-=-=-=⋅-+==⋅比较系数得又得到1350024246867824682!0549552!4!2!4!6,0,,656!878!1295512!4!6!8!a a a a a a a a a a a a a t x a t t t t -+==⋅-+--+-+==-===⋅⋅⎛⎫=-+-+- ⎪⎝⎭所以习题12-61.设()f x 是周期为π2的周期函数,它在(,ππ-⎤⎦上的表达式为ππ. 32,0,(),0x f x x x -<≤⎧⎪=⎨<≤⎪⎩试问()f x 的傅里叶级数在πx =-处收敛于何值?解:所给函数满足狄利克雷定理的条件,x =-π是它的间断点,在x =-π处,f (x )的傅里叶级数收敛于()()[]()33ππ11π22π222f f -+-+-=+=+ 2.写出函数ππ. 21,0,(),0x f x x x --<≤⎧⎪=⎨<≤⎪⎩的傅里叶级数的和函数.解:f (x )满足狄利克雷定理的条件,根据狄利克雷定理,在连续点处级数收敛于f (x ),在间断点x =0,x =±π处,分别收敛于()()00122f f -++=-,()()2πππ122f f -++-=,()()2πππ122f f -+-+--=,综上所述和函数.()221π00π102π1π2x x x S x x x --<<⎧⎪<<⎪⎪=-=⎨⎪⎪-=±⎪⎩3. 写出下列以π2为周期的周期函数的傅里叶级数,其中()f x 在),ππ-⎡⎣上的表达式为: (1)π,0π4()π,π04x f x x ⎧≤<⎪=⎨⎪--≤<⎩ ;(2)()2()f x x πx π=-≤<;(3)ππ,π22ππ(),22ππ,π22x f x x x x ⎧--≤<-⎪⎪⎪=-≤<⎨⎪⎪≤<⎪⎩ ; (4)()ππcos ()2f x x x=-≤≤. 解:(1)函数f (x )满足狄利克雷定理的条件,x =n π,n ∈z 是其间断点,在间断占处f (x )的傅里叶级数收敛于()()ππ0044022f f +-⎛⎫+- ⎪+⎝⎭==,在x ≠n π,有()π0π-ππ011π1πcos d cos d cos d 0ππ4π4n a f x nx x nx x nx x -⎛⎫==-+= ⎪⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰()π0π-ππ011π1πsin d sin d sin d ππ4π40,2,4,6,,1,1,3,5,.n b f x nx x nx x nx x n n n-⎛⎫==-+ ⎪⎝⎭=⎧⎪=⎨=⎪⎩⎰⎰⎰于是f (x )的傅里叶级数展开式为()()11sin 2121n f x n x n ∞==--∑(x ≠n π)(2)函数f (x )在(-∞,+∞)上连续,故其傅里叶级数在(-∞,+∞)上收敛于f (x ),注意到f (x )为偶函数,从而f (x )cos nx 为偶函数,f (x )sin nx 为奇函数,于是()π-π1sin d 0πn b f x nx x ==⎰,2π20-π12πd π3a x x ==⎰, ()()ππ22-π0124cos d cos d 1ππnn a f x nx x x nx x n===-⋅⎰⎰ (n =1,2,…) 所以,f (x )的傅里叶级数展开式为:()()221π41cos 3nn f x nx n∞==+-⋅∑ (-∞<x <∞)(3)函数在x =(2n +1)π (n ∈z )处间断,在间断点处,级数收敛于0,当x ≠(2n +1)π时,由f (x )为奇函数,有a n =0,(n =0,1,2,…)()()()πππ2π002222πsin d sin d sin d ππ212π1sin 1,2,π2n nb f x nx x x nx x nx x n n n n ⎡⎤==+⎢⎥⎣⎦=--+=⎰⎰⎰ 所以()()12112π1sin sin π2n n n f x nx n n ∞+=⎡⎤=-⋅+⎢⎥⎣⎦∑ (x ≠(2n +1)π,n ∈z )(4)因为()cos2xf x =作为以2π为周期的函数时,处处连续,故其傅里叶级数收敛于f (x ),注意到f (x )为偶函数,有b n =0(n =1,2,…),()()ππ-π0π0π1212cos cos d cos cos d π2π2111cos cos d π2211sin sin 12211π224110,1,2,π41n n x xa nx x nx xn x n x x n x n x n n n n +==⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫=++- ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫+- ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥=+⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦⎛⎫=-= ⎪-⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰所以f (x )的傅里叶级数展开式为:()()12124cos 1ππ41n n nxf x n ∞+==+--∑ x ∈[-π,π] 4. 将下列函数()f x 展开为傅里叶级数: (1)()πππ(2)4x xf x =-<<-;(2)()π2sin (0)f x xx =≤≤.解:(1) ()ππ0-ππ11ππcos d d ππ422x a f x nx x x -⎛⎫==-= ⎪⎝⎭⎰⎰ []()ππππ-π-πππ1π11cos d cos d x cos d π4242π1sin 001,2,4n x a nx x nx x nx xnx n n--⎛⎫=-=- ⎪⎝⎭=-==⎰⎰⎰()ππππ-π-π1π11sin d sin d xsin d π4242π11n n x b nx x nx x nx x n-⎛⎫=-=- ⎪⎝⎭=-⋅⎰⎰⎰故()()1πsin 14n n nxf x n∞==+-∑ (-π<x <π)(2)所给函数拓广为周期函数时处处连续, 因此其傅里叶级数在[0,2π]上收敛于f (x ),注意到f (x )为偶函数,有b n =0,()ππ0πππ011cos0d sin d ππ24sin d ππa f x x x x x x x --====⎰⎰⎰()()()()()()ππ0ππ02222cos d sin cos d ππ1sin 1sin 1d π211π10,1,3,5,4,2,4,6,π1n na f x nx x x nx xn x n x x n n n n -===+--⎡⎤⎣⎦-⎡⎤=+-⎣⎦-=⎧⎪-=⎨=⎪-⎩⎰⎰⎰所以()()2124cos2ππ41n nxf x n ∞=-=+-∑ (0≤x ≤2π) 5. 设()π1(0)f x x x =+≤≤,试分别将()f x 展开为正弦级数和余弦级数. 解:将f (x )作奇延拓,则有a n =0 (n =0,1,2,…)()()()()ππ0022sin d 1sin d ππ111π2πn nb f x nx x x nx x n==+--+=⋅⎰⎰从而()()()1111π2sin πnn f x nx n∞=--+=∑ (0<x <π)若将f (x )作偶延拓,则有b n =0 (n =1,2,…)()()ππ00222cos d 1cos d ππ0,2,4,64,1,3,5,πn a f x nx x x nx x n n n ==+=⎧⎪=-⎨=⎪⎩⎰⎰()()ππ0π012d 1d π2ππa f x x x x -==+=+⎰⎰从而()()()21cos 21π242π21n n xf x n ∞=-+=--∑ (0≤x ≤π) 6. 将()211()f x xx =+-≤≤展开成以2为周期的傅里叶级数,并由此求级数211n n∞=∑的和.解:f (x )在(-∞,+∞)内连续,其傅里叶级数处处收敛,由f (x )是偶函数,故b n =0,(n =1,2,…)()()1101d 22d 5a f x x x x -==+=⎰⎰()()()1112cos d 22cos d 0,2,4,64,1,3,5,πn a f x nx x x nx xn n n -==+=⎧⎪-=⎨=⎪⎩⎰⎰所以()()()221cos 21π542π21n n xf x n ∞=-=--∑,x ∈[-1,1]取x =0得,()2211π821n n ∞==-∑,故 ()()22222111111111π48212n n n n n n n n ∞∞∞∞=====+=+-∑∑∑∑ 所以211π6n n ∞==∑ 7. 将函数()12(0)f x x x =-≤≤展开成周期为4的余弦级数.解:将f (x )作偶延拓,作周期延拓后函数在(-∞,+∞)上连续,则有b n =0 (n =1,2,3,…)()()220201d 1d 02a f x x x x -==-=⎰⎰ ()()()222022221ππcos d 1cos d 2224[11]π0,2,4,6,8,1,3,5,πn nn x n xa f x x x xn n n n -==-=--=⎧⎪=⎨-=⎪⎩⎰⎰ 故()()()22121π81cos π221n n x f x n ∞=-=-⋅-∑(0≤x ≤2)8. 设11,02()122,2x x f x x x ⎧≤≤⎪=⎨⎪-<<⎩,()01cos π,2n n a a n x s x x ∞==-∞<∞+<+∑,其中πd 102()cos n a f x n x x =⎰,求()52s -.解:先对f (x )作偶延拓到[-1,1],再以2为周期延拓到(-∞,+∞)将f (x )展开成余弦级数而得到 s (x ),延拓后f (x )在52x =-处间断,所以515511122222221131224s f f f f +-+-⎡⎤⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫-=-+-=-+-⎢⎥⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎢⎥⎢⎥⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦⎣⎦⎛⎫=+= ⎪⎝⎭9.设函数()21(0)f x x x =≤<,而()1sin π,n n n x b s x x ∞==-∞<<+∞∑,其中()πd 1,2,3,102()sin n f x n x xb n ==⎰.求()12s-.解:先对f (x )作奇延拓到,[-1,1],再以2为周期延拓到(-∞,+∞),并将f (x )展开成正弦级数得到s (x ),延拓后f (x )在12x =-处连续,故. 211112224s f ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫-=--=--=- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭. 10. 将下列各周期函数展开成为傅里叶级数,它们在一个周期内的表达式分别为: (1)()2111 22f x x x ⎛⎫=--≤< ⎪⎝⎭ ;(2) 3. 21,30,()1,0x x f x x +-≤≤⎧=⎨≤<⎩解:(1) f (x )在(-∞,+∞)上连续,故其傅里叶级数在每一点都收敛于f (x ),由于f (x )为偶函数,有b n =0 (n =1,2,3,…)()()112221002112d 41d 6a f x x x x -==-=⎰⎰, ()()()()112221021222cos2n πd 41cos2n πd 11,2,πn n a f x x x x x xn n -+==--==⎰⎰所以()()12211111cos 2π12πn n f x n x n +∞=-=+∑(-∞<x <+∞)(2) ()()303033011d 21d d 133a f x x x x x --⎡⎤==++=-⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰⎰, ()()()()330330221πcos d 331π1π21cos d cos d 3333611,1,2,3,πn nn xa f x xn x n x x x x n n --==++⎡⎤=--=⎣⎦⎰⎰⎰()()()()33033011πsin d 331π1π21sin d sin d 333361,1,2,πn n n xb f x x n x n x x x x n n --+==++=-=⎰⎰⎰而函数f (x )在x =3(2k +1),k =0,±1,±2,…处间断,故()()()122116π6π11cos 1sin 2π3π3n n n n x n x f x n n ∞+=⎧⎫⎡⎤=-+--+-⎨⎬⎣⎦⎩⎭∑ (x≠3(2k +1),k =0,±1,±2,…)习题十二1. 填空题:(1)级数1211()1n n n ∞=+∑的敛散性是 发散(2)级数1()21nn n n ∞=-∑的敛散性是 收敛 (3)已知幂级数级数级数1(2)04nn n a x x x ∞=+==-∑在处收敛,在处发散,则幂级数1(3)nn n a x ∞=-∑的处收敛域为 (1,5](4) 设函数()1()f x x x ππ=+-<<的傅里叶级数的和函数为(),(5)S x S π则等于 1(5)设函数2()(0)f x x x π=≤≤的正弦函数1sin nn bnx ∞=∑的和函数(),(,2)()S x S x ππ∈=则当x 时, 2(2)x π--2. 选择题:(1) 正项级数1nn a∞=∑收敛的充分条件是( C )。

幂级数解法

幂级数解法

线性微分方程的幂级数解法常系数齐次线性微分方程可以用代数的方法进行求解,然而,对于变系数线性微分方程来说,由于方程的系数是自变量的函数,就不能用代数的方法求解。

微积分学的知识告诉我们,在满足某一些条件下,可以用幂级数表示一个函数,由此自然想到能否用幂级数表示微分方程的解呢?本章以二阶方程为例,讨论线性微分方程的幂级数解法。

考虑变系数线性微分方程 (5.1)0)()()(22=++y x c dxdy x b dxy d x a 其中)(),(),(x c x b x a 均为x 的解析函数。

如果系数函数)(),(),(x c x b x a 中含有公因子)(0x x -,那么可把其削去,考虑原方程的同解方程即可。

因此,不妨假设系数函数没有公因子)(0x x -。

下面分两种情况考虑方程)1.5(的初值问题解的存在唯一性。

)1( 0)(0≠x a ,则由)(x a 的解析性,在0x x =的某一邻域内0)(≠x a 。

此时,可把方程)1.5(改写成如下形式(5.2)0)()(22=++y x q dxdy x p dxy d 其中)()()( ,)()()(x a x c x q x a x b x p ==在0x x =的某一邻域内是解析函数。

考虑方程)2.5(的初值条件)(是给定的常数)其中3.5 ,()( ,)(2120'10y y y x y y x y ==则初值问题)3.5()2.5(+的解是存在且唯一的。

此时,称0x x =为方程)1.5(的一个常点。

)2( 0)(0=x a ,由于)(),(),(x c x b x a 中不含有公因子)(0x x -,则)(0x b 和)(0x c 中至少有一个不等于零。

因此,在|)(|0x p 和|)(|0x q 中至少有一个为∞+。

此时,无法确定初值问题)3.5()2.5(+的解是存在且唯一的。

在这一种情况下称0x x =为方程)1.5(的一个奇点。

微分方程的幂级数解法

微分方程的幂级数解法

第十二节 微分方程的幂级数解法内容分布图示★ 一阶微分方程的幂级数解法★ 例1★ 例2 ★ 二阶齐次线性方程幂级数解法★ 例3★ 例4 ★ 内容小结★ 习题12—12★ 返回 内容要点:一、一阶微分方程的幂级数解法当微分方程的解不能用初等函数或其积分式表达时, 就要寻求其它求解方法, 尤其是近似求解方法, 常用的近似求解方法有: 幂级数解法与数值解法.问题 求 ),(y x f dxdy = (a) 满足00|y y x x ==的特解, 其中解法 假设所求特解可展开为0x x -的幂级数,)()(202010 +-+-+=x x a x x a y y (b)其中 ,,,,21n a a a 为待定的系数. 将(b)代入(a)中, 得到一恒等式, 比较恒等式两端0x x -的同次幂的系数, 就可定出常数,,,21 a a 以这些常数为系数的幂级数(b)在其收敛区间内就是方程(a)满足初始条件00|y y x x ==的特解.二、二阶齐次线性方程幂级数解法定理 若方程0)()(=+'+''y x Q y x P y 中的系数)(x P 与)(x Q 可在R x R <<-内展为x 的幂级数, 则原方程必有如下的幂级数解:∑∞==0n n n x a y .解法 设解为 ∑∞==0n n n x a y , 将)(x P ,)(x Q ,)(x f 展开为0x x -的幂级数, 比较恒等式两端x 的同次幂的系数, 确定y .例题选讲:一阶微分方程的幂级数解法例1 求定解问题⎩⎨⎧=+='=0|0x y y x y 的幂级数解. 例2 求2y x y +='满足0|0==x y 的特解.二阶齐次线性方程幂级数解法例3 求方程0=-'-''y y x y 的解.例4 求解勒让德(Legendre)方程 .0)1(2)1(2=++'-''-y n n y x y x (n 为常数).勒让德(Legendre,Adrien-Maric ,1752~1833)勒让德是法国数学家, 1752年9月18日生于巴黎; 1833年1月9日卒于巴黎.勒让德出身于一个富裕家庭,就读于巴黎的马扎林学院。

高等数学(四)12-函数的幂级数展开式的应用-微分方程的幂级数解法、欧拉公式

高等数学(四)12-函数的幂级数展开式的应用-微分方程的幂级数解法、欧拉公式

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绝对收敛,
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幂级数解法

幂级数解法

n =1
由于正交关系(12.2.12),上式右边除 n = m 的一项之外全为零,
ò ò b
a f (x ) ym (x )r(x )dx
=
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b a
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ò N
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dx (1­ x2 )[Pl (x)]2
综合可得如下结论:
(12.1.9)
(1)当 l 不是整数时,勒让德方程在区间[-1,1] 上无有界的解.
(2)当 l = n 为整数时,勒让德方程的通解为 y(x) = c1Pn (x) + c2Qn (x) ,其中 Pn (x) 称为第
一类勒让德函数(即勒让德多项式), Qn (x) 称为第二类勒让德函数.
dx
dx
. (12.2.2)
施图姆-刘维尔型方程(12.2.1)附加以齐次的第一类、第二类或第三类边界条件,或
自然边界条件,就构成施图姆-刘维尔本征值问题.
讨论
(1) a = -1,b = +1; k(x) = 1 - x2 , q(x) = 0, r(x) = 1.
或 a = 0,b = π ,k(q ) = sinq , q(q ) = 0, r (q ) = sinq .再加上自然边界条件:y(±1)
ò 1
fm
=
N
2 m
b
a f (x ) ym (x )r (x )dx
(12.2.10)

微分方程的幂级数解法

微分方程的幂级数解法
§13.8 微分方程的幂级数解法 一、问题的提出
dy 例如 = x2 + y2, dx
解不能用初等函数或其积分式表达. 寻求近似解法: 幂级数解法; 卡比逐次逼近法; 数值解法.
dy = f ( x, y) 特解求法 二、 dx
dy 问题 求 = f ( x , y ) 满足 y dx
x = x0

n

n −1

n= 0
n=0
n [( n + 2 )( n + 1 ) a − ( n + 1 ) a ] x ≡ 0, ∑ n+ 2 n n=0
a n+ 2
an = , n+ 2
n = 0,1,2,L
a0 a0 a2 = , a4 = , 8 2
a1 a3 = , 3 a1 a5 = , 15
∴ 方程组通解为
x = α 3C1e − αt − α 3C 2e αt − β 3C 3 cos β t 3 t C sin t 2 e + β β − 4 − αt αt t y C e C e C cos t C sin t e = + + β + β + 1 2 3 4
(n) ( n −1 ) y + a y + L + a n −1 y ′ + a n y = f ( x ) 例如, 1
用记号 D 可表示为
( D + a1 D
n

n −1
+ L + a n −1 D + a n ) y = f ( x )
注意:
D n + a1 D n−1 + L + a n−1 D + a n 是 D 的多项式

12-XT高等数学微积分十二章全绝对详细市公开课获奖课件省名师示范课获奖课件


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伯努利方程
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欧拉方程
微分方程解题思绪

微分方程的幂级数解法

微分方程的幂级数解法当微分方程的解不能用初等函数或其积分表达时, 我们就要寻求其它解法. 常用的有幂级数解法和数值解法. 本节我们简单地介绍微分方程的幂级数解法.求一阶微分方程),(y x f dx dy =满足初始条件00|y y x x ==的特解, 其中函数f (x , y )是(x -x 0)、(y -y 0)的多项式:f (x , y )=a 00+a 10(x -x 0)+a 01(y -y 0)+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a im (x -x 0)l (y -y 0)m .这时我们可以设所求特解可展开为x -x 0的幂级数:y =y 0+a 1(x -x 0)+a 2(x -x 0)2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n (x -x 0)n + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ,其中a 1, a 2, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ , a n , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ , 是待定的系数. 把所设特解代入微分方程中, 便得一恒等式, 比较这恒等式两端x -x 0的同次幂的系数, 就可定出常数a 1, a 2, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ , 从而得到所求的特解. 例1 求方程2y x dxdy +=满足y |x =0=0的特解. 解 这时x 0=0, y 0=0, 故设y =a 1x +a 2x 2+a 3x 3+a 4x 4+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ,把y 及y '的幂级数展开式代入原方程, 得a 1+2a 2x +3a 3x 2+4a 4x 3+5a 5x 4+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅=x +(a 1x +a 2x 2+a 3x 3+a 4x 4+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ )2=x +a 12x 2+2a 1a 2x 3+(a 22+2a 1a 3)x 4+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ,由此, 比较恒等式两端x 的同次幂的系数, 得a 1=0, 212=a , a 3=0, a 4=0, 2015=a , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ , 于是所求解的幂级数展开式的开始几项为2012152⋅⋅⋅++=x x y . 定理 如果方程y ''+P (x )y '+Q (x )y =0中的系数P (x )与Q (x )可在-R <x <R 内展开为x 的幂级数, 那么在-R <x <R 内此方程必有形如 n n n x a y ∑∞==0的解.例2 求微分方程y ''-xy =0的满足初始条件y |x =0=0, y '|x =0=1的特解.解 这里P (x )=0, Q (x )=-x 在整个数轴上满足定理的条件. 因此所求的解可在整个数轴上展开成x 的幂级数y =a 0+a 1x +a 2x 2+a 3x 3+a 4x 4+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅n n n x a ∑∞==0 .由条件y |x =0=0, 得a 0=0. 由y '=a 1+2a 2x +3a 3x 2+4a 4x 3+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅及y '|x =0=1, 得a 1=1. 于是 n n n x a x x a x a x a x y ∑∞=+=⋅⋅⋅++++=244332212342321 4321-∞=∑+=⋅⋅⋅++++='n n n x na x a x a x a y ,222432)1( 34232-∞=-=⋅⋅⋅+⋅+⋅+=''∑n n n x a n n x a x a a y .y =x +a 2x 2+a 3x 3+a 4x 4+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅n n n x a x ∑∞=+=2y '=1+2a 2x +3a 3x 2+4a 4x 3+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅121-∞=∑+=n n n x na , y ''=2a 2x +3⋅2a 3x +4⋅3a 4x 2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅22)1( -∞=-=∑n n n x a n n .把y 及y ''代入方程y ''-xy =0, 得2a 2+3⋅2a 3x +4⋅3a 4x 2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +n (n -1)a n x n -2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅ -x (x +a 2x 2+a 3x 3+a 4x 4+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+a n x n +⋅ ⋅ ⋅)=0,即 2a 2+3⋅2a 3x +(4⋅3a 4-1)x 2+(5⋅4a 5-a 2)x 3++(6⋅5a 6-a 3)x 4+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +[(n +2)(n +1)a n +2-a n -1]x n + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =0. 于是有,0 ,0 ,341 ,0 ,065432⋅⋅⋅==⋅===a a a a a , 一般地 )1)(2(12++=-+n n a a n n (n =3, 4, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅). 由递推公式可得,34679101910 ,0 ,0 ,34671677109847⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=⋅===⋅⋅⋅=⋅=a a a a a a , 一般地 3467 )3)(13(113⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+=+m m a m (m =1, 2, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅). 所求的特解为34679101346713411074⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+⋅+=x x x x y .。

高等数学(微积分学)专业术语名词概念定理等英汉对照

高等数学(微积分学)专业术语名词概念定理等英汉对照目录第一部分英汉微积分词汇Part 1 English-Chinese Calculus Vocabulary第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 function and Limi t (1)第二章导数与微分Chapter 2 Derivative and Differential (2)第三章微分中值定理Chapter 3 Mean Value theorem of differentials and the Application of Derivatives (3)第四章不定积分Chapter 4 Indefinite Intergrals (3)第五章定积分Chapter 5 Definite Integral (3)第六章定积分的应用Chapter 6 Application of the Definite Integrals (4)第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter 7 Space Analytic Geomertry and Vector Algebra (4) 第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter 8 Differentiation of functions Several variables and Its Application (5)第九章重积分Multiple Integrals (6)第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapter 10 Line(Curve ) Integrals and Surface Integral s (6) 第十一章无穷级数Chapter 11 Infinite Series (6)第十二章微分方程Chapter 12 Differential Equation (7)第二部分定理定义公式的英文表达Part 2 English Expression for Theorem,Definition and Formula第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 Function and Limi t (19)1.1映射与函数(Mapping and Function ) (19)1.2数列的极限(Limit of the Sequence of Number) (20)1.3函数的极限(Limit of Function) (21)1.4无穷小与无穷大(Infinitesimal and Inifinity) (23)1.5极限运算法则(Operation Rule of Limit) (24)1.6极限存在准则两个重要的极限(Rule for theExistence of Limits Two Important Limits) (25)1.7无穷小的比较(The Comparison of infinitesimal) (26)1.8函数的连续性与间断点(Continuity of FunctionAnd Discontinuity Points) (28)1.9连续函数的运酸与初等函数的连续性(OperationOf Continuous Functions and Continuity ofElementary Functions) (28)1.10闭区间上联系汗水的性质(Properties ofContinuous Functions on a Closed Interval) (30)第二章导数与数分Chapter2 Derivative and Differential (31)2.1 导数的概念(The Concept of Derivative) (31)2.2 函数的求导法则(Rules for Finding Derivatives) (33)2.3 高阶导数(Higher-order Derivatives) (34)2.4 隐函数及由参数方程所确定的函数的导数相关变化率(Derivatives ofImplicit Functions and Functions Determined by Parametric Equation andCorrelative Change Rate) (34)2.5 函数的微分(Differential of a Function) (35)第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter 3 Mean Value Theorem of Differentials and theApplication of Derivatives (36)3.1 微分中值定理(The Mean Value Theorem) (36)3.2 洛必达法则(L’Hopital’s Rule) (38)3.3 泰勒公式(Taylor’s Formula) (41)3.4 函数的单调性和曲线的凹凸性(Monotonicityof Functions and Concavity of Curves) (43)3.5 函数的极值与最大最小值(Extrema, Maximaand Minima of Functions) (46)3.6 函数图形的描绘(Graphing Functions) (49)3.7 曲率(Curvature) (50)3.8 方程的近似解(Solving Equation Numerically) (53)第四章不定积分Chapter 4Indefinite Integrals (54)4.1 不定积分的概念与性质(The Concept andProperties of Indefinite Integrals) (54)4.2 换元积分法(Substitution Rule for Indefinite Integrals) (56)4.3 分部积分法(Integration by Parts) (57)4.4 有理函数的积分(Integration of Rational Functions) (58)第五章定积分Chapter 5 Definite Integrals (61)5.1 定积分的概念和性质(Concept of Definite Integraland its Properties) (61)5.2 微积分基本定理(Fundamental Theorem of Calculus) (67)5.3 定积分的换元法和分部积分法(Integration by Substitution andDefinite Integrals by Parts) (69)5.4 反常积分(Improper Integrals) (70)第六章定积分的应用Chapter 6 Applications of the Definite Integrals (75)6.1 定积分的元素法(The Element Method of Definite Integra (75)6.2 定积分在几何学上的应用(Applications of the DefiniteIntegrals to Geometry) (76)6.3 定积分在物理学上的应用(Applications of the DefiniteIntegrals to Physics) (79)第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter 7 Space Analytic Geometry and Vector Algebar (80)7.1 向量及其线性运算(Vector and Its Linear Operation) (80)7.2 数量积向量积(Dot Product and Cross Product) (86)7.3 曲面及其方程(Surface and Its Equation) (89)7.4 空间曲线及其方程(The Curve in Three-space and Its Equation (91)7.5 平面及其方程(Plane in Space and Its Equation) (93)7.6 空间直线及其方程(Lines in and Their Equations) (95)第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter 8 Differentiation of Functions of SeveralVariables and Its Application (99)8.1 多元函数的基本概念(The Basic Concepts of Functionsof Several Variables) (99)8.2 偏导数(Partial Derivative) (102)8.3 全微分(Total Differential) (103)8.4 链式法则(The Chain Rule) (104)8.5 隐函数的求导公式(Derivative Formula for Implicit Functions). (104)8.6 多元函数微分学的几何应用(Geometric Applications of Differentiationof Ffunctions of Severalvariables) (106)8.7方向导数与梯度(Directional Derivatives and Gradients) (107)8.8多元函数的极值(Extreme Value of Functions of Several Variables) (108)第九章重积分Chapter 9 Multiple Integrals (111)9.1二重积分的概念与性质(The Concept of Double Integralsand Its Properities) (111)9.2二重积分的计算法(Evaluation of double Integrals) (114)9.3三重积分(Triple Integrals) (115)9.4重积分的应用(Applications of Multiple Itegrals) (120)第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapte 10 Line Integrals and Surface Integrals (121)10.1 对弧长的曲线积分(line Intergrals with Respect to Arc Length) (121)10.2 对坐标的曲线积分(Line Integrals with respect toCoordinate Variables) (123)10.3 格林公式及其应用(Green's Formula and Its Applications) (124)10.4 对面积的曲面积分(Surface Integrals with Respect to Aarea) (126)10.5 对坐标的曲面积分(Surface Integrals with Respect toCoordinate Variables) (128)10.6 高斯公式通量与散度(Gauss's Formula Flux and Divirgence) (130)10.7 斯托克斯公式环流量与旋度(Stokes's Formula Circulationand Rotation) (131)第十一章无穷级数Chapter 11 Infinite Series (133)11.1 常数项级数的概念与性质(The concept and Properties ofThe Constant series) (133)11.2 常数项级数的审敛法(Test for Convergence of the Constant Series) (137)11.3 幂级数(power Series). (143)11.4 函数展开成幂级数(Represent the Function as Power Series) (148)11.5 函数的幂级数展开式的应用(the Appliacation of the Power Seriesrepresentation of a Function) (148)11.6 函数项级数的一致收敛性及一致收敛级数的基本性质(The UnanimousConvergence of the Series of Functions and Its properties) (149)11.7 傅立叶级数(Fourier Series) (152)11.8 一般周期函数的傅立叶级数(Fourier Series of Periodic Functions) (153)第十二章微分方程Chapter 12 Differential Equation (155)12.1微分方程的基本概念(The Concept of DifferentialEquation) (155)12.2可分离变量的微分方程(Separable Differential Equation) (156)12.3齐次方程(Homogeneous Equation) (156)12.4 一次线性微分方程(Linear Differential Equation of theFirst Order) (157)12.5全微分方程(Total Differential Equation) (158)12.6可降阶的高阶微分方程(Higher-order DifferentialEquation Turned to Lower-order DifferentialEquation) (159)12.7高阶线性微分方程(Linear Differential Equation of HigherOrder) (159)12.8常系数齐次线性微分方程(Homogeneous LinearDifferential Equation with Constant Coefficient) (163)12.9常系数非齐次线性微分方程(Non HomogeneousDifferential Equation with Constant Coefficient) (164)12.10 欧拉方程(Euler Equation) (164)12.11 微分方程的幂级数解法(Power Series Solutionto Differential Equation) (164)第三部分常用数学符号的英文表达Part 3 English Expression of the Mathematical Symbol in Common Use第一部分英汉微积分词汇Part1 English-Chinese Calculus V ocabulary 第一章函数与极限Chapter1 Function and Limit集合set元素element子集subset空集empty set并集union交集intersection差集difference of set基本集basic set补集complement set直积direct product笛卡儿积Cartesian product开区间open interval闭区间closed interval半开区间half open interval有限区间finite interval区间的长度length of an interval无限区间infinite interval领域neighborhood领域的中心centre of a neighborhood领域的半径radius of a neighborhood左领域left neighborhood右领域right neighborhood 映射mappingX到Y的映射mapping of X ontoY 满射surjection单射injection一一映射one-to-one mapping双射bijection算子operator变化transformation函数function逆映射inverse mapping复合映射composite mapping自变量independent variable因变量dependent variable定义域domain函数值value of function函数关系function relation值域range自然定义域natural domain单值函数single valued function多值函数multiple valued function 单值分支one-valued branch函数图形graph of a function绝对值函数absolute value符号函数sigh function整数部分integral part阶梯曲线step curve当且仅当if and only if(iff)分段函数piecewise function上界upper bound下界lower bound有界boundedness无界unbounded函数的单调性monotonicity of a function 单调增加的increasing单调减少的decreasing单调函数monotone function函数的奇偶性parity(odevity) of a function对称symmetry偶函数even function奇函数odd function函数的周期性periodicity of a function周期period反函数inverse function直接函数direct function复合函数composite function中间变量intermediate variable函数的运算operation of function基本初等函数basic elementary function初等函数elementary function幂函数power function指数函数exponential function对数函数logarithmic function三角函数trigonometric function反三角函数inverse trigonometric function 常数函数constant function双曲函数hyperbolic function双曲正弦hyperbolic sine双曲余弦hyperbolic cosine双曲正切hyperbolic tangent反双曲正弦inverse hyperbolic sine反双曲余弦inverse hyperbolic cosine反双曲正切inverse hyperbolic tangent极限limit数列sequence of number收敛convergence收敛于 a converge to a发散divergent极限的唯一性uniqueness of limits收敛数列的有界性boundedness of a convergent sequence子列subsequence函数的极限limits of functions函数()f x当x趋于x0时的极限limit of functions () f x as x approaches x0左极限left limit右极限right limit单侧极限one-sided limits水平渐近线horizontal asymptote无穷小infinitesimal无穷大infinity铅直渐近线vertical asymptote夹逼准则squeeze rule单调数列monotonic sequence高阶无穷小infinitesimal of higher order低阶无穷小infinitesimal of lower order同阶无穷小infinitesimal of the same order 等阶无穷小equivalent infinitesimal函数的连续性continuity of a function增量increment函数()f x在x0连续the function ()f x is continuous at x0左连续left continuous右连续right continuous区间上的连续函数continuous function函数()f x在该区间上连续function ()f x is continuous on an interval不连续点discontinuity point第一类间断点discontinuity point of the first kind第二类间断点discontinuity point of the second kind初等函数的连续性continuity of the elementary functions定义区间defined interval最大值global maximum value (absolute maximum)最小值global minimum value (absolute minimum)零点定理the zero point theorem介值定理intermediate value theorem第二章导数与微分Chapter2 Derivative and Differential速度velocity匀速运动uniform motion平均速度average velocity瞬时速度instantaneous velocity圆的切线tangent line of a circle切线tangent line切线的斜率slope of the tangent line位置函数position function导数derivative可导derivable函数的变化率问题problem of the change rate of a function 导函数derived function左导数left-hand derivative右导数right-hand derivative单侧导数one-sided derivatives()f x在闭区间【a,b】上可导()f x is derivable on the closed interval [a,b]切线方程tangent equation角速度angular velocity成本函数cost function边际成本marginal cost链式法则chain rule隐函数implicit function显函数explicit function二阶函数second derivative三阶导数third derivative高阶导数nth derivative莱布尼茨公式Leibniz formula对数求导法log- derivative参数方程parametric equation相关变化率correlative change rata微分differential可微的differentiable函数的微分differential of function自变量的微分differential of independent variable微商differential quotient间接测量误差indirect measurement error 绝对误差absolute error 相对误差relative error第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter3 MeanValue Theorem of Differentials and the Application of Derivatives 罗马定理Rolle’s theorem费马引理Fermat’s lemma拉格朗日中值定理Lagrange’s mean value theorem驻点stationary point稳定点stable point临界点critical point辅助函数auxiliary function拉格朗日中值公式Lagrange’s mean value formula柯西中值定理Cauchy’s mean value theorem洛必达法则L’Hospital’s Rule0/0型不定式indeterminate form of type 0/0不定式indeterminate form泰勒中值定理Taylor’s mean value theorem泰勒公式Taylor formula余项remainder term拉格朗日余项Lagrange remainder term 麦克劳林公式Maclaurin’s formula佩亚诺公式Peano remainder term凹凸性concavity凹向上的concave upward, cancave up凹向下的,向上凸的concave downward’concave down拐点inflection point函数的极值extremum of function极大值local(relative) maximum最大值global(absolute) mximum极小值local(relative) minimum最小值global(absolute) minimum目标函数objective function曲率curvature弧微分arc differential平均曲率average curvature曲率园circle of curvature曲率中心center of curvature曲率半径radius of curvature渐屈线evolute渐伸线involute根的隔离isolation of root隔离区间isolation interval切线法tangent line method第四章不定积分Chapter4 Indefinite Integrals原函数primitive function(antiderivative) 积分号sign of integration被积函数integrand积分变量integral variable积分曲线integral curve积分表table of integrals换元积分法integration by substitution分部积分法integration by parts分部积分公式formula of integration by parts有理函数rational function真分式proper fraction假分式improper fraction第五章定积分Chapter5 Definite Integrals曲边梯形trapezoid with曲边curve edge窄矩形narrow rectangle曲边梯形的面积area of trapezoid with curved edge积分下限lower limit of integral积分上限upper limit of integral积分区间integral interval分割partition积分和integral sum可积integrable矩形法rectangle method积分中值定理mean value theorem of integrals函数在区间上的平均值average value of a function on an integvals牛顿-莱布尼茨公式Newton-Leibniz formula微积分基本公式fundamental formula of calculus换元公式formula for integration by substitution 递推公式recurrence formula反常积分improper integral反常积分发散the improper integral is divergent反常积分收敛the improper integral is convergent无穷限的反常积分improper integral on an infinite interval无界函数的反常积分improper integral of unbounded functions绝对收敛absolutely convergent第六章定积分的应用Chapter6 Applications of the Definite Integrals元素法the element method面积元素element of area平面图形的面积area of a luane figure直角坐标又称“笛卡儿坐标(Cartesian coordinates)”极坐标polar coordinates抛物线parabola椭圆ellipse旋转体的面积volume of a solid of rotation旋转椭球体ellipsoid of revolution, ellipsoid of rotation曲线的弧长arc length of acurve可求长的rectifiable光滑smooth功work水压力water pressure引力gravitation变力variable force第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter7 Space Analytic Geometry and Vector Algebra向量vector自由向量free vector单位向量unit vector零向量zero vector相等equal平行parallel向量的线性运算linear poeration of vector 三角法则triangle rule平行四边形法则parallelogram rule交换律commutative law结合律associative law负向量negative vector差difference分配律distributive law空间直角坐标系space rectangular coordinates坐标面coordinate plane卦限octant向量的模modulus of vector向量a与b的夹角angle between vector a and b方向余弦direction cosine方向角direction angle向量在轴上的投影projection of a vector onto an axis数量积,外积,叉积scalar product,dot product,inner product 曲面方程equation for a surface球面sphere旋转曲面surface of revolution母线generating line轴axis圆锥面cone顶点vertex旋转单叶双曲面revolution hyperboloids of one sheet旋转双叶双曲面revolution hyperboloids of two sheets柱面cylindrical surface ,cylinder圆柱面cylindrical surface准线directrix抛物柱面parabolic cylinder二次曲面quadric surface椭圆锥面dlliptic cone椭球面ellipsoid单叶双曲面hyperboloid of one sheet双叶双曲面hyperboloid of two sheets旋转椭球面ellipsoid of revolution椭圆抛物面elliptic paraboloid旋转抛物面paraboloid of revolution双曲抛物面hyperbolic paraboloid马鞍面saddle surface 椭圆柱面elliptic cylinder双曲柱面hyperbolic cylinder抛物柱面parabolic cylinder空间曲线space curve空间曲线的一般方程general form equations of a space curve 空间曲线的参数方程parametric equations of a space curve螺转线spiral螺矩pitch投影柱面projecting cylinder投影projection平面的点法式方程pointnorm form eqyation of a plane法向量normal vector平面的一般方程general form equation of a plane两平面的夹角angle between two planes 点到平面的距离distance from a point to a plane空间直线的一般方程general equation of a line in space方向向量direction vector直线的点向式方程pointdirection form equations of a line方向数direction number直线的参数方程parametric equations of a line两直线的夹角angle between two lines垂直perpendicular直线与平面的夹角angle between a line and a planes平面束pencil of planes平面束的方程equation of a pencil of planes行列式determinant系数行列式coefficient determinant第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter8 Differentiation of Functions of Several Variables and Its Application一元函数function of one variable多元函数function of several variables内点interior point外点exterior point边界点frontier point,boundary point聚点point of accumulation开集openset闭集closed set连通集connected set开区域open region闭区域closed region有界集bounded set无界集unbounded setn维空间n-dimentional space二重极限double limit多元函数的连续性continuity of function of seveal连续函数continuous function不连续点discontinuity point一致连续uniformly continuous偏导数partial derivative对自变量x的偏导数partial derivative with respect to independent variable x高阶偏导数partial derivative of higher order二阶偏导数second order partial derivative 混合偏导数hybrid partial derivative全微分total differential偏增量oartial increment偏微分partial differential全增量total increment可微分differentiable必要条件necessary condition充分条件sufficient condition叠加原理superpostition principle全导数total derivative中间变量intermediate variable隐函数存在定理theorem of the existence of implicit function 曲线的切向量tangent vector of a curve法平面normal plane向量方程vector equation向量值函数vector-valued function切平面tangent plane法线normal line方向导数directional derivative梯度gradient 数量场scalar field梯度场gradient field向量场vector field势场potential field引力场gravitational field引力势gravitational potential曲面在一点的切平面tangent plane to a surface at a point曲线在一点的法线normal line to a surface at a point无条件极值unconditional extreme values 条件极值conditional extreme values拉格朗日乘数法Lagrange multiplier method拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier经验公式empirical formula最小二乘法method of least squares均方误差mean square error第九章重积分Chapter9 Multiple Integrals二重积分double integral可加性additivity累次积分iterated integral体积元素volume element三重积分triple integral直角坐标系中的体积元素volume element in rectangular coordinate system柱面坐标cylindrical coordinates柱面坐标系中的体积元素volume element in cylindrical coordinate system球面坐标spherical coordinates球面坐标系中的体积元素volume element in spherical coordinate system反常二重积分improper double integral曲面的面积area of a surface质心centre of mass静矩static moment密度density形心centroid转动惯量moment of inertia参变量parametric variable第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapter10 Line(Curve)Integrals and Surface Integrals对弧长的曲线积分line integrals with respect to arc hength第一类曲线积分line integrals of the first type对坐标的曲线积分line integrals with respect to x,y,and z第二类曲线积分line integrals of the second type有向曲线弧directed arc单连通区域simple connected region复连通区域complex connected region格林公式Green formula第一类曲面积分surface integrals of the first type对面的曲面积分surface integrals with respect to area有向曲面directed surface对坐标的曲面积分surface integrals with respect to coordinate elements第二类曲面积分surface integrals of the second type有向曲面元element of directed surface高斯公式gauss formula拉普拉斯算子Laplace operator格林第一公式Green’s first formula通量flux散度divergence斯托克斯公式Stokes formula环流量circulation旋度rotation,curl第十一章无穷级数Chapter11 Infinite Series一般项general term部分和partial sum余项remainder term等比级数geometric series几何级数geometric series公比common ratio调和级数harmonic series柯西收敛准则Cauchy convergence criteria, Cauchy criteria for convergence正项级数series of positive terms达朗贝尔判别法D’Alembert test柯西判别法Cauchy test 交错级数alternating series绝对收敛absolutely convergent条件收敛conditionally convergent柯西乘积Cauchy product函数项级数series of functions发散点point of divergence收敛点point of convergence收敛域convergence domain和函数sum function幂级数power series幂级数的系数coeffcients of power series 阿贝尔定理Abel Theorem收敛半径radius of convergence收敛区间interval of convergence泰勒级数Taylor series麦克劳林级数Maclaurin series二项展开式binomial expansion近似计算approximate calculation舍入误差round-off error,rounding error欧拉公式Euler’s formula魏尔斯特拉丝判别法Weierstrass test三角级数trigonometric series振幅amplitude角频率angular frequency初相initial phase矩形波square wave谐波分析harmonic analysis直流分量direct component基波fundamental wave二次谐波second harmonic三角函数系trigonometric function system 傅立叶系数Fourier coefficient傅立叶级数Forrier series周期延拓periodic prolongation正弦级数sine series余弦级数cosine series奇延拓odd prolongation偶延拓even prolongation傅立叶级数的复数形式complex form of Fourier series第十二章微分方程Chapter12 Differential Equation解微分方程solve a dirrerential equation 常微分方程ordinary differential equation偏微分方程partial differential equation,PDE微分方程的阶order of a differential equation微分方程的解solution of a differential equation微分方程的通解general solution of a differential equation初始条件initial condition微分方程的特解particular solution of a differential equation 初值问题initial value problem微分方程的积分曲线integral curve of a differential equation 可分离变量的微分方程variable separable differential equation 隐式解implicit solution隐式通解inplicit general solution衰变系数decay coefficient衰变decay齐次方程homogeneous equation一阶线性方程linear differential equation of first order非齐次non-homogeneous齐次线性方程homogeneous linear equation非齐次线性方程non-homogeneous linear equation常数变易法method of variation of constant暂态电流transient stata current稳态电流steady state current伯努利方程Bernoulli equation全微分方程total differential equation积分因子integrating factor高阶微分方程differential equation of higher order悬链线catenary高阶线性微分方程linera differential equation of higher order 自由振动的微分方程differential equation of free vibration强迫振动的微分方程differential equation of forced oscillation 串联电路的振荡方程oscillation equation of series circuit二阶线性微分方程second order linera differential equation线性相关linearly dependence线性无关linearly independce二阶常系数齐次线性微分方程second order homogeneour linear differential equation with constant coefficient二阶变系数齐次线性微分方程second order homogeneous linear differential equation with variable coefficient特征方程characteristic equation无阻尼自由振动的微分方程differential equation of free vibration with zero damping 固有频率natural frequency 简谐振动simple harmonic oscillation,simple harmonic vibration微分算子differential operator待定系数法method of undetermined coefficient共振现象resonance phenomenon欧拉方程Euler equation幂级数解法power series solution数值解法numerial solution勒让德方程Legendre equation微分方程组system of differential equations常系数线性微分方程组system of linera differential equations with constant coefficient第二部分定理定义公式的英文表达Part2 English Expression for Theorem, Definition and Formula第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 Function and Limit1.1 映射与函数 (Mapping and Function)一、集合 (Set)二、映射 (Mapping)映射概念 (The Concept of Mapping) 设X , Y 是两个非空集合 , 如果存在一个法则f ,使得对X 中每个元素x ,按法则f ,在Y 中有唯一确定的元素y 与之对应 , 则称f 为从X 到 Y 的映射 , 记作:f X Y →。

12微分方程的幂级数解法


y a1 2a2 x1 3a3 x2 nan xn1 ,
将 y, y 的幂级数展开式带入原方程
a1 2a2 x 3a3 x2 4a4 x3 x (a1x a2 x2 a3 x3 a4 x4 )2
x a12 x2 2a1a2 x3 (a22 2a1a3 )x4
假设所求特解可展开为x x0的幂级数,
y y0 a1( x x0 ) a2 ( x x0 )2 其中a1 ,a2 ,,an ,为待定的系数.
例1
求 dy dx
x
y2
满足y
|x0
0的特解.
解 x0 0, y0 0,
设 y a1 x a2 x2 a3 x3 an xn ,
解 设方程的解为 y an xn ,
n0
则 y nan x n1 ,
n0
y n(n 1)an xn2 (n 2)(n 1)an2 xn ,
n1
n0
将 y, y, y 带入 y xy y 0,
(n
2)(n
1)an2
x n
x
nan xn1
an
xn
0,
n0
n0
n0
[(n 2)(n 1)an2 (n 1)an ]xn 0,
比较恒等式两端x的同次幂的系数, 得
a1
0,
a2
1, 2
a3
0,
a4
0,
a5
1 , , 20
所求解为 y 1 x2 1 x5 . 2 20
小结: 无初始条件求解
可设 y C an xn
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้n1
(C是任意常数)
三、二阶齐次线性方程幂级数求法
定理 如果方程 y P( x) y Q( x) y 0中的系数
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一阶方程
作降 变阶 换
作变换
分离变量法
积分因子
全微分方程
常数变易法
非非 变全 量微 可分 分方 离程
高阶方程
特征方程法
幂级数解法
待定系数法
思考题
什么情况下采用“幂级数”解法求解 微分方程?
思考题解答
当微分方程的解不能用初等函数或其积分 表达时, 常用幂级数解法.
解 设方程的解为 y an xn ,
n0
则 y nan x n1 ,
n0
y n(n 1)an xn2 (n 2)(n 1)an2 xn ,
n1
n0
将 y, y, y 带入 y xy y 0,
(n
2)(n
1)an2
x n
x
nan xn1
an
xn
0,
n0
n0
n0
[(n 2)(n 1)an2 (n 1)an ]xn 0,
微分方程的幂级数解法
一、问题的提出
例如 dy x2 y2 , dx
解不能用初等函数或其积分式表达. 寻求近似解法: 幂级数解法;
雅卡比逐次逼近法; 数值解法.
二、dy f ( x, y)特解求法 dx
问题
求 dy dx
f (x, y) 满足
y
x x0
y0 的特解.
其中 f ( x, y) a00 a10( x x0 ) a01( y y0 ) alm ( x x0 )l ( y y0 )m .
n0
an2
an , n2
n 0,1,2,
a2
a0 2
,
a3
a1 3
,
a4
a0 8
,
a2k
a0 k! 2k
,
a5
a1 , 15
a2k1
a1 , (2k 1)!!
原方程的通解
k 1,2,3,
y
a0
n0
x2n 2n n!
a1
n0
x (2n
2n1
1)!!
(a0 ,a1是任意常数)
四、小结 微分方程解题思路
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
y a1 2a2 x1 3a3 x2 nan xn1 ,
将 y, y 的幂级数展开式带入原方程
a1 2a2 x 3a3 x2 4a4 x3 x (a1x a2 x2 a3 x3 a4 x4 )2
x a12 x2 2a1a2 x3 (a22 2a1a3 )x4
P( x)与Q( x)可在 R x R内展为x 的幂级数,
那么在 R x R内原方程必有形如
的解.
y an xn n0
作法 设解为 y an xn , n0
将 P( x),Q( x), f ( x) 展开为 x x0 的幂级数, 比较恒等式两端x的同次幂的系数, 确定y.
例2 求方程 y xy y 0的解.
比较恒等式两端x的同次幂的系数, 得
a1
0,
a2
1, 2
a3
0,
a4
0,
a5
1 , , 20
所求解为 y 1 x2 1 x5 . 2 20
小结: 无初始条件求解
可设 y C an xn
n1
(C是任意常数)
三、二阶齐次线性方程幂级数求法
定理 如果方程 y P( x) y Q( x) y 0中的系数
假设所求特解可展开为x x0的幂级数,
y y0 a1( x x0 ) a2 ( x x0 )2 其中a1 ,a2 ,,an ,为待定的系数.
例1
求 dy dx
x
y2
满足y
|x0
0的特解.
解 x0 0, y0 0,
设 y a1 x a2 x2 a3 x3 an xn ,
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