雅思写作:柱状图型题目的写作思路

雅思写作:柱状图型题目的写作思路
雅思写作:柱状图型题目的写作思路

雅思写作:柱状图型题目的写作思路

The bar chart illustrates the university enrolments in first degree coursesfor selected subjects in 2002 and the change from 2001 in percentage.

(该柱状图展示了在2002年大学第一学位课程选修课的入学人数和相比2001年的百分比变化。)

这个图的数据比较复杂,一共有9门选修课,每门课都有业余制和全日制两种形式。每一种课型对应两套数据,一个是2002年的招生人数,后面的加百分之几减百分之几表示相比2001年同期招生人数在百分比上的变化。在开头段照例还是先要对图表作总体介绍,告诉读者这个图表讲的是什么。由于在图表当中的文字说明已经基本告诉了我们图表描述的内容,因此在第一段我们只需要对此稍作改写即可(当然,完全原封不动地照抄是不行的)。

From the chart, it could be noted that each subject consists of full-timeand part-time courses. (透过该图,可以注意到每一门学科都包含了全日制和业余制的课程。)

根据GS的思路,这里有必要还是先介绍图表一些比较重要的总体概况。比如这里每门课都包含全日制和业余制两种形式就有必要在主体段一开始就说明清楚。

And Biological, Mathematical and Computer sciences were the only threesubjects whose enrolments increased in 2002 in both courses, with Biologicalsciences having the most students (about 58,000) and the most significantincrease (9%) in part- time courses.

(生物学,数学和电脑是仅有的三门入学人数在2002年全日制业余制两方面都增长的科目,而其中又以生物学这门课在业余制方面拥有最多的学生和最显著的增长。)

这个图表的难点显然就在于写作的思路。如果按照图表作文一般对数据进行描述的方法,我们应该从图中的9门课当中选择几门最有代表性的科目进行重点介绍,没什么代表性的科目则一笔带过或者连提也不用提。但问题就在于这里每一门科目都对应两套数据-一套是2002年的入学人数,另外一套是相比2001年的百分比变化。因此如果这个时候要选择有代表性的科目的话,原则上应该要选择人数和增减幅度方面都有代表性的科目来介绍。但问题恰恰就在于我们会发现在这个图表当中凡是人数方面有代表型的科目(比如业余制当中的businessand adminstudies人数最多,很有代表性,但其增幅也就只有1%,既不是涨的最多的,也不是跌的最多的-在增减幅度方面就没什么代表性了。而增减幅度方面有代表性的数据,比如业余制中的biologicalsciences,在业余制当中是涨幅最大的,但是再看它的人数在业余制课程中又既不是最多的也不是最少的又实在找不出什么代表性了……这就是我们现在遇到的“麻烦”,我们希望能够找到几个不管在人数方面还是在增减幅度方面都有代表性的“两全其美”的科目,但“残酷的事实”是图表中凡是人数方面有代表性的科目增减幅度都没什么代表性;而相反增减幅度方面有代表性的科目人数方面又没什么代表性。总之,我们似乎在这个图表中无法找到“两全其美”的数据。到这里可以发现,在很多图表作文当中都通行无阻的“找有代表性的重点数据重点介绍”的思路在这种多数据图当中就不再适用了。要破解这种数据比较复杂的图表显然需要用到不同的写作思路。具体而言,这里要用到的思路就叫“分类”(categorization),它的基本概念是:面对纷繁复杂的数据,我们先根据某一个标准把这些数据分类成不同的类别,然后在每一个类别当中再来寻找具体值得一提的重点数据或特征特点。

以上面的题目为例,我们可以先以数据的上升下降情况为标准把9门课分为四种情况:全日制和业余制2002年人数都上升的;全日制和业余制2002年人数都下降的;全日制人数上升业余制人数下降的;全日制和业余制当中一个人数不变一个下降的。因此“第一集团’我们就可以选择2002年无论是全日制还是业余制人数都上升的三门课-生物学,数学和计算机来介绍。先介绍第一集团的科目构成和特点(上面的前半句话),然后再介绍第一集团业余制当中有代表性的科目。要在第一集团的三门课业余制当中选出“代表”就很容易了,显然在第一集团三门课业余制部分人数最多增长幅度也最大的生物学这门课就是当之无愧的“代表”了。这里在语言上要注意,上面这个句子前半部分介绍第一集团的总体构成,后半部分介绍其中的具体代表,可以用到一种叫做“独立主格”的复杂句句型来表达。这个句型的名字听上去很深奥,其实在雅思写作当中特别好用,只要用到“总分”思路,即先介绍总体概况,再介绍总体概况当中某个个体具体特点特性的时候都可以用到这个句型。其句型结构如下:

主句(General Fact)+with+n (Specific Subject)+ Ving (feature)

这个句型可以把它一分为二,前半句话介绍一个总的概况,后半句话介绍包含在这个总的概况中的某个具体对象的特点,具体用介词with引出要重点强调的对象,然后强调这个对象具体怎么样的时候记得要用动词的ing形式。整个句子的基本意思就是“总体上什么东西怎么怎么样,而其中又以具体什么什么如何如何”,比如再看一个这个句型在大作文当中运用的实例:比如在一篇讨论环保问题的作文中我们要表达这样一句话:“如今很多的问题已经引起了公众的关注,而其中又以环境问题尤为严重”就完全可以根据这个句型结构写成

Nowadays, a lot of problems have aroused the public concern, withenvironmental problem being the most serious.

In terms of full-time courses, Mathematical sciences had seen the mostevident rise (11%) although it had the least enrolment with approximately 2000students among the three subjects.

(在全日制课程的部分,数学这门课经历了最为显著的增长,尽管在三门课当中它拥有的学生人数是最少的-仅有2000人左右。)

第一集团全日制当中最有代表性的科目显然应该选择数学这门课,因为它是第一集团全日制当中人数最少但增幅最大的,两个“最”都被它给占了,显然有资格被选为“代表”。

Physical sciences and education made up the subjects which witnesseddecreases in both parts.

(物理学和教育学构成了在两方面人数均经历了下降的科目。)

接下来就要介绍第二集团了,根据刚才的设定,第二集团我们介绍2002年全日制和业余制人数都下降的两门科目-物理学和教育学。首先一上来还是先介绍第二集团的构成和特点。这里又对语言表达的多样性提出了挑战。务必要注意介绍第二集团构成和特点的语言绝对不要出现和介绍第一集团的语言重复的情况,比如把这个句子写成Physicalsciences and education were the only two subjects whose enrolments decreased inboth parts in2002就等于在向考官证明你的语言表达有多么的贫乏。所以说其实这里等于还是在考验我们改写的功力。介绍第一集团构成的时候我们用的是以be动词为谓语动词的“什么是什么”的结构,那么这里就可以考虑使用以实义动词为谓语动词的“什么怎么样”的结构,具体而言可以用makeup(这里当然不是指“化妆”而是指“构成,组成”的意思)来替换be动词,然后在subjects后面跟的定语从句也未必要用whose引导,可以用which来指代subjects,这些subjects都经历了下滑,表达“经历”原本可以用see,

但鉴于see刚才刚刚用过这里就不宜重复了,因此可以用witness这个词来代替see,witness在这里同样表示“经历”某种变化的“经历”的意思。

Relatively speaking, Education had seen a bigger slump, with declines of 6%and 12% respectively.

(相对而言,教育学经历了更大的下滑,分别有6%和12%的下降。)

第二集团由于一共也就只有两门课,因此也没有必要分全日制业余制分头介绍了。直接从这两门课中选出比较有代表性的“代表”即可。既然这里两门课都是业余制全日制人数全线下降的,要选“代表”肯定应该选下降的幅度比较大的教育学这门课。注意上面的句子前半句话介绍数据的变化,后半句话用介词with直接引出数据。这种表达形式我们在之前介绍线段图的时候介绍过。

Business & Admin studies and Humanities both did well in terms ofpart-time courses, equally registering a 1% growth.

(商务行政管理和人文学科在业余制课程的部分均表现良好,同样都经历了1%的增长。)

第三集团的两门课在业余制方面入学人数都上升而全日制方面都下降,既然两方面情况如此不同,这里就可以把它们分开来介绍。先介绍业余制的情况,这里注意我们又要面临前半句话介绍数据变化后半句引出数据的情况,前面是用with直接引出数据,这里可以用分词来引出数据。另外注意这里前半句话用的dowell表示“走势良好”的意思,我们在英语财经新闻里面经常听到说某某股票目前走势良好就是说某某股票is doing well at themoment。

However, both subjects failed to impress in full-time courses, with a dropby 3% and 8% severally. (然而,这两门课在全日制课程方面均表现不佳,分别有3%和8%的下降。)

Fail to impress表示“表现不佳”的意思,在图表作文中可以用来表示数据一直呈下跌趋势。

Finally, there were no changes in the enrolment in the full-time course ofEngineering & tech and part-time course of Language, although the enrolmentsof both subjects fell ingeneral.(最后,在工程技术学的全日制部分和语言学的业余制部分的入学人数2002年相比2001年都没有发生变化,尽管这两门课的人数总体都下降了。)

最后再简单介绍一下第四集团的状况-哪两个部分是人数没有发生变化的,总体趋势还是下滑的交代一下就可以了。

(200 words)

这个柱状图可以说已经代表了图表作文中最高的难度了。换言之,考试的时候碰到的图表最难顶多也就和上面这个差不多了,我们发现只要掌握正确的思路,像这样数据比较繁杂的图还是可以搞定的。具体而言,就是要掌握上面范文中所使用的思路:先把数据按照某个标准进行分类,分类之后再在每一个具体类别当中寻找值得一提的重点数据和特点。说穿了这其实也是一种

G-S(General-Specific)的思路。

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