单片机5000字中英文对照翻译
1. In the application of Intelligent Instruments
SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).
1.在智能仪器仪表上的应用
单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备（功率计，示波器，各种分析仪）。
2. In the industrial control application
With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control
2.在工业控制中的应用
用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的智能化控制
3. In Household Appliances
Can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.
3.在家用电器中的应用
可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，
无所不在。
4. In the field of computer networks and communications applications
MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc..
4.在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用
现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。
5. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications
SCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system.
5.单片机在医用设备领域中的应用
单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪，监护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。
6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications
Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card).
In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace.
6.在各种大型电器中的模块化应用
某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能，从而在各种电路中进行模块化应用，而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。如音乐集成单片机，看似简单的功能，微缩在纯电子芯片中（有别于磁带机的原理），就需要复杂的类似于计算机的原理。如：音乐信号以数字的形式存于存储器中（类似于ROM），由微控制器读出，转化为模拟音乐电信号（类似于声卡）。
在大型电路中，这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积，简化了电路，降低了损坏、错误率，也方便于更换。
7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment
SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc..
In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.
Application of six important part of learning
7.单片机在汽车设备领域中的应用
单片机在汽车电子中的应用非常广泛，例如汽车中的发动机控制器，基于CAN总线的汽车发动机智能电子控制器，GPS导航系统，abs防抱死系统，制动系统等等。
此外，单片机在工商，金融，科研、教育，国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。
MCU learning an important part of the six applications
单片机学习应用的六大重要部分
1, Bus:
We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog circuits, the connection does not become a problem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection between
the , but the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected with the microprocessor, the device must be coordination between, so they need to connect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor and devices in the connection between the individual, the number of lines will be a little more surprising, therefore the introduction of the microprocessor bus Chong Each device Gong tong access connections, all devices 8 Shuju line all received eight public online, that is the equivalent of all devices together in parallel, but only this does not work, if there are two devices send data at the same time, a 0, a 1, then, whether the receiver received what is it? This situation is not allowed, so to be controlled by controlling the line, time-sharing the device to work at any time only one device to send data (which can have multiple devices to receive both). Device's data connection is known as the data bus, the device is called line of control all the control bus. Internal or external memory in the microcontroller and other devices have memory cells, the memory cell to be assigned addresses, you can use, distribution, of course, to address given in the form of electrical signals, and as more memory cells, so, for the address allocation The line is also more of these lines is called the address bus.
一、总线：
我们知道，一个电路总是由元器件通过电线连接而成的，在模拟电路中，连线并不成为一个问题，因为各器件间一般是串行关系，各器件之间的连线并不很多，但计算机电路却不一样，它是以微处理器为核心，各器件都要与微处理器相连，各器件之间的工作必须相互协调，所以需要的连线就很多了，如果仍如同模拟电路一样，在各微处理器和各器件间单独连线，则线的数量将多得惊人，所以在微处理机中引入了总线的概念，各个器件共同享用连线，所有器件的8根数据线全部接到8根公用的线上，即相当于各个器件并联起来，但仅这样还不行，如果有两个器件同时送出数据，一个为0，一个为1，那么，接收方接收到的究竟是什么呢？这种情况是不允许的，所以要通过控制线进行控制，使器件分时工作，任何时候只能有一个器件发送数据（可以有多个器件同时接收）。器件的数据线也就被称为数据总线，器件所有的控制线被称为控制总线。在单片机内部或者外
部存储器及其它器件中有存储单元，这些存储单元要被分配地址，才能使用，分配地址当然也是以电信号的形式给出的，由于存储单元比较多，所以，用于地址分配的线也较多，这些线被称为地址总线。
2, data, address, command:
The reason why these three together because of the nature of these three are the same - the number, or are a string of '0 'and '1' form the sequence. In other words, addresses, instructions are also data. Instruction: from single chip designer provides a number of commonly used instructions with mnemonic we have a strict correspondence between the developer cannot be changed by the MCU. Address: the search for MCU internal, external storage units, input and output port based on the address of the internal unit value provided by the chip designer is good, cannot be changed, the external unit can be single chip developers to decide, but there are a number of address units is a must (see procedures for the implementation of the process).
二、数据、地址、指令：
之所以将这三者放在一起，是因为这三者的本质都是一样的——数字，或者说都是一串‘0’和‘1’组成的序列。换言之，地址、指令也都是数据。指令：由单片机芯片的设计者规定的一种数字，它与我们常用的指令助记符有着严格的一一对应关系，不可以由单片机的开发者更改。地址：是寻找单片机内部、外部的存储单元、输入输出口的依据，内部单元的地址值已由芯片设计者规定好，不可更改，外部的单元可以由单片机开发者自行决定，但有一些地址单元是一定要有的（详见程序的执行过程）。
3, P0 port, P2 and P3 of the second function I use:
Beginners often on the P0 port, P2 and P3 port I use the second function puzzled that the second function and have a switch between the original function of the process, or have a directive, in fact, the port the second feature is automatic, do not need instructions to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7 respectively WR, RD signal, when the microchip processing machines external RAM or external I/O port, they are used as a second function, not as a general-purpose I/O port used, so long as a microprocessor implementation of the MOVX instruction, there will be a
corresponding signal sent from the P3.6 or P3.7, no prior use of commands. In fact 'not as a general-purpose I/O port use' is also not a 'no' but (user) 'not' as a general-purpose I/O port to use. You can arrange the order of a SETB P3.7's instructions, and when the MCU execution to the instruction, the also make P3.7 into a high, but users will not do so because this is usually will cause the system to collapse.
三、P0口、P2口和P3的第二功能用法：
初学时往往对P0口、P2口和P3口的第二功能用法迷惑不解，认为第二功能和原功能之间要有一个切换的过程，或者说要有一条指令，事实上，各端口的第二功能完全是自动的，不需要用指令来转换。如P3.6、P3.7分别是WR、RD 信号，当微片理机外接RAM或有外部I/O口时，它们被用作第二功能，不能作为通用I/O口使用，只要一微处理机一执行到MOVX指令，就会有相应的信号从P3.6或P3.7送出，不需要事先用指令说明。事实上‘不能作为通用I/O口使用’也并不是‘不能’而是（使用者）‘不会’将其作为通用I/O口使用。你完全可以在指令中按排一条SETB P3.7的指令，并且当单片机执行到这条指令时，也会使P3.7变为高电平，但使用者不会这么去做，因为这通常会导致系统的崩溃。
4, the program's implementation:
Reduction in power after the 8051 microcontroller within the program counter (PC) in the value of 0000 ', the process is always from the 0000' units started, that is: the system must exist in ROM 0000 'this unit, and in 0000 'unit must be stored in a single instruction.
四、程序的执行过程：
单片机在通电复位后8051内的程序计数器（PC）中的值为‘0000’，所以程序总是从‘0000’单元开始执行，也就是说：在系统的ROM中一定要存在‘0000’这个单元，并且在‘0000’单元中存放的一定是一条指令。
5, the stack:
Stack is a region, is used to store data, there is no special about the region itself
is a part of internal RAM, special access to its data storage and the way that the so-called 'advanced post out backward first out ', and the stack has a special data transmission instructions that' PUSH 'and' POP ', has a special expertise in its services unit, that is, the stack pointer SP, whenever a PUSH instruction execution, SP on (in the Based on the original value) automatically add 1, whenever the implementation of a POP instruction, SP will (on the basis of the original value) automatically by 1. As the SP values can be changed with the instructions, so long as the beginning of the process to change the value of the SP, you can set the stack memory unit required, such as the program begins, with an MOV SP, #5FH instructions When set on the stack starting from the memory unit 60H unit. There is always the beginning of the general procedure with such a directive to set the stack pointer, because boot, SP initial value of 07H, 08H This unit from the beginning to stack next, and 08H to 1FH 8031 is the second in the region, three or four working register area, often used, this will lead to confusion of data. Different authors when writing programs, initialize the stack is not exactly the same directive, which is the author's habit. When set up the stack zone, does not mean that the region become a special memory, it can still use the same memory region as normal, but generally the programmer does not regard it as an ordinary memory used.
五、堆栈：
堆栈是一个区域，是用来存放数据的，这个区域本身没有任何特殊之处，就是内部RAM的一部份，特殊的是它存放和取用数据的方式，即所谓的‘先进后出，后进先出’，并且堆栈有特殊的数据传输指令，即‘PUSH’和‘POP’，有一个特殊的专为其服务的单元，即堆栈指针SP，每当执一次PUSH指令时，SP 就（在原来值的基础上）自动加1，每当执行一次POP指令，SP就（在原来值的基础上）自动减1。由于SP中的值可以用指令加以改变，所以只要在程序开始阶段更改了SP的值，就可以把堆栈设置在规定的内存单元中，如在程序开始时，用一条MOV SP，#5FH指令，就时把堆栈设置在从内存单元60H开始的单元中。一般程序的开头总有这么一条设置堆栈指针的指令，因为开机时，SP的初始值为07H，这样就使堆栈从08H单元开始往后，而08H到1FH这个区域正
是8031的第二、三、四工作寄存器区，经常要被使用，这会造成数据的混乱。不同作者编写程序时，初始化堆栈指令也不完全相同，这是作者的习惯问题。当设置好堆栈区后，并不意味着该区域成为一种专用内存，它还是可以象普通内存区域一样使用，只是一般情况下编程者不会把它当成普通内存用了。
Structure and function of the MCS-51 series
51系列单片机的功能和结构：
Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have, such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers.
MCS - 51系列单片机具有一个单芯片电脑的结构和功能，它是英特尔公司生产的系列产品的名称。这家公司在1976年推出后，引进8位单芯片的MCS - 48系列计算机后于1980年推出的8位的MCS - 51系列单芯片计算机。诸如此类的单芯片电脑有很多种，如8051，8031，8751，80C51BH，80C31BH等，其基本组成，基本性能和指令系统都是相同的。8051是51系列单芯片电脑的代表。
An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts:(1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). (2)At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositing not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. (3)Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within someone-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. (4)Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction, may use as exporting too. (5)Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can
set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. (6)Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source .
(7)One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART)), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. (8)Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahits now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command center, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporaries of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside. The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with A expresses in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter, the order is deposited, the order deciphers the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA that will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out. Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded.一个单芯片的计算机系统由以下几个部分组成：（1）一个8位的微处理器（CPU）。
（2）片内数据存储器RAM（128B/256B），它只读/写数据，如结果不在操作过程中，最终结果要显示数据（3）程序存储器ROM/ EPROM（4KB/8KB），是用来保存程序，一些初步的数据和切片的形式。但一些单芯片电脑没有考虑ROM / EPROM，如8031，8032，80C51等等。（4）4个8路运行的I / O接口，P0，P1,P2,P3，每口可以用作入口，也可以用作出口。（5）两个定时/计数器，每个定时/计数器可设置和计数的方式，用来计数外部事件，可以设置成定时方式也可以根据计算结果或定时控制实现计算机。（6）5个中断（7）一个全双工串行的I / UART（通用异步接收器I口/发送器（UART）），它是实现单芯片电脑或单芯片计算机和计算机的串行通信使用。（8）振荡器和时钟产生电路，需要考虑石英晶体微调能力。允许振荡频率为12MHz，每一个上述的部分都是通过内部数据总线连接。其中CPU是一个芯片计算机的核心，它是计算机的指挥中心，是由算术单元和控制器等部分组成。算术单元可以进行8位算术运算和逻辑运算，ALU单元是其中一种运算器，1 8个存储设备，暂存设备的积累设备进行协调，程序状态寄存器PSW积累了2个输入端的计数等检查暂时作为一个操作往往由人来操作谁储存1输入的是它使操作去上暂时计数，另有一个操作的结果，回环协调。此外，协调往往是作为对8051内的数据传输转运站考虑。作为一般的微处理器，它是最繁忙的，帮助记住和同意与其的顺序表示。该控制器包括程序计数器，解密的顺序。振荡器和定时电路等的程序计数器是一个由8个计数器为2，总计16位。这是一个字节的地址，其实程序计数器，是将在个人电脑内进行。从而改变它的内容可以改变方向的程序进行。在8051的单芯片电脑中的电路，只需要外部石英晶体和频率微调电容，其频率范围为 1.2MHz的其12MHz的。这种脉冲信号，作为8051的工作，即单位时间的最低基本节奏。8051是其他电脑一样，在拍控制的基本工作在和谐，就像一个管弦乐队，根据击败发挥是指挥。
There are ROM (procedure memory, can only read)and RAM in 8051 slices (data memory, can is it can write)two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, use for middle result
to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc.. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 bytes that can be appointed as the job register, this and general microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds:
(1) in the slice, arranges blocks of FFFFH, 0000H of location, in unison outside the slice (use 16 addresses).
(2)The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH (with 16 addresses) too to the location.
(3)(3) Data memory address space of 256B (use 8 addresses). Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice.有光盘（程序存储器，只能读取），并在8051片（数据存储器RAM，可以是可写可读，他们各自独立的内存地址空间，处理办法是，与一般的电脑记忆体相同。8051和8751的程序存储器的存储容量4KB的程序切片，地址开始从0000H开始执行，维护的程序和
形式不断使用。数据8051 - 8751的内存数据存储器128B条8031，地址虚假00FH，中层结果存入操作使用，数据存储和数据是暂时缓冲等。在这128B条内存，有32 字节，可以作为工作寄存器使用，这和一般的微处理器是不同的，8051片RAM和登记形成的同一级到安排的位置。这不是很相同的，MCS - 51系列内存的单芯片计算机和通用计算机作主除了道路。通用计算机的第一个地址空间，ROM和RAM，可安排在不同的空间在这个范围内的地址范围，即ROM和RAM 地址的形成与分布在不同的地址空间。在访问内存，相应的，只有一个地址的内存单元，可以用外部存储，也可以内存，并通过访问顺序与此类似。这种内存结构的一种被称为普林斯顿结构。8051记忆分为程序存储器空间和数据存储空间的物理结构上划分，有四个在所有的记忆体空间：在1和数据外部数据存储器和程序存储器空间之一，一组在外面一个内存空间的程序商店，结构这一种形式的程序和数据存储器器件数据存储器分开的形式，称为哈佛结构。但是，从用户使
（使用16个地址一致的FFFFH，用，8051的内存地址空间分为三种：分为（1）片内，
地点为0000H，块）。（2）64KB的外部数据存储器空间的一个地址，该地址是从0000H开始执行64KB的FFFFH安排16地址，也到该位置。（3）数据存储器的256B（使用8个地址）的地址空间。上述三个内存空间的地址重叠，区分和设计的8051指令系统中不同的数据传输顺序代码：CPU的访问片，，访问RAM块顺序使用MOVX指令外片，内存为访问片。
8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer. Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction, but four function of pass way these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four ports these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data/export in timesharing .
8051单芯片的电脑有4个8步行并进的I / O端口，分别为P0，P1，P2和
P3。每个端口8位的双向口，共占了32针。每一个I / O线可作为独立的入口和出口。每个端口包括一个锁存器（即特殊功能寄存器），1名入口和1出口引进缓冲区。使数据能锁存输出时，数据缓冲区时，可以引进，但4个通道这些自我相同的功能。系统中的内存片展开外来的，这四个港口可作为准确的双向的I /共同使用输出口。系统的内存中展开外来的片，P2口处于高位，8地址关闭;入口P0口是双向总线，发送地址和8个低数据。
The circuit of 8051 one-chip computers and four I/O ports is very ingenious in design. Familiar with I/O port logical circuit, not only help to use ports correctly and rationally, and will inspire to designing the peripheral logical circuit of one-chip computer to some extent. Load ability and interface of port have certain requirement, because output grade, P0 of mouth and P1 end output, P3 of mouth grade different at structure, so, the load ability and interface of its door demand to have nothing in common with each other. P0 mouth is different from other mouths; its output grade draws the resistance supremely. When using it as the mouth in common use to use, output grade is it leak circuit to turn on, is it is it urge NMOS draw the resistance on taking to be outer with it while inputting to go out to fail. When being used as introduction, should write "1" to a latch first. Everyone with P0 mouth can drive 8 Model LS TTL load to export. P1 mouth is an accurate two-way mouth too, used as I/O in common use. Different from P0 mouth output of circuit its, draw load resistance link with power on inside have. In fact, the resistance is that two effects are in charge of FET and together: One FET is in charge of load, its resistance is regular. Another one can is it lead to work with close at two states, make its President resistance value change approximate 0 or group value heavy two situation very. When it is 0 that the resistance is approximate, can draw the pin to the high level fast ; When resistance value is very large, P1 mouth, in order to hinder the introduction state high. Output as P1 mouth high electricity at ordinary times, can is it draw electric current load to offer outwards, draw the resistance on needn't answer and thinning. Here when the port is used as introduction, must write into 1 to the corresponding latch first too, and make FET end. Relatively about 20,000 ohms because of the load resistance in
scene and because 40,000 ohms, will not exert an influence on the data that are input. The structure of P2 some mouth is similar to P0 mouth, there are MUX switches. Is it similar to mouth partly to urge, but mouth large a conversion controls some than P1? P3 mouth one multi-functional port, m outh getting many than P1 it have “and” 3 doors and 4 buffers". Two parts these, make her besides accurate two-way function with P1 mouth just, can also use the second function of every pin, “and” door 3 functions one switch in fact, it determines to be to output data of latch to output second signal of function. Act as W =at 1 o'clock, output Q end signal; Act as Q =at 1 o'clock, can output W line signal. At the time of programming, it is that the first function is still the second function but needn't have software that set up P3 mouth in advance. It hardware not inside is the automatic to have two function outputted when CPU carries on SFR and seeks the location (the location or the byte ) to visit to P3 mouth /at not lasting lining, there are inside hardware latch Qs =1.The operation principle of P3 mouth is similar to P1 mouth.
8051单芯片电脑的4个I / O端口是非常巧妙的电路设计。熟悉I/ O端口的逻辑电路，不仅有助于正确和合理利用端口，并在一定程度上将有助于设计周边的单芯片计算机的逻辑电路。在一定程度上负载能力和端口界面有一定的要求，因为输出级，和P1口输出端，P3口与P0口结构的不同，因此，负载能力和接口需求互相无太多共同之处。求解P0口是与其他口不同，它的输出级提请阻力。当使用的常用是它的输出级电路泄漏打开，它是利用它敦促采取NMOS管能与它外部的阻力，而输入走出失败。当被用作数据，应该写“1”到内部，每一个P0口与一个可以驱动8型号LS TTL负载出口。P1口是一个准确的双向口，共同使用输出口。不同在P0口输出的电路，得出与负载功率电阻内有联系。事实上，阻力是，两个效果是在场效应管，共同负责：一个场效应管的负载负责，它的电阻是正常的。另一条是它可以导致在两个工作状态密切，使其电阻值变化近似0或2组值的情况非常严重。当它是0，该阻力是近似的，可以提请较快的高层次，当电阻值是非常大的，P1口以阻碍引进高电平。为P1口输出高电平时，它是可以借鉴的负载提供电流向外，提请电阻无须回答。在这里，当端口作为引进使用，必须首先写入1到相应的锁存，使FET的结束。相对约20,000欧姆，
因为在现场，因为负载电阻和40,000欧姆，不会产生对输入的数据的影响。一些为P2结构类似于P0口，有MUX的开关。它是类似口部分，大的一个转换控制P1口的多功能端口，获得第一位，这有很多“与”门和4个缓冲。两部分，其中除了作出准确的双向功能，还可以使用第二个函数的每一个针“与”门三功能开关，实际上，它决定将输出数据锁存到输出的函数的第二个信号为W = 1点，输出Q端信号。法令;法为Q = 1时时，可以输出w线路信号，在制定方案的时侯，那就是第一个函数仍是第二个功能，但不必软件预先设置P3口。IT硬件里面是不是有自动两个函数输出时的CPU进行SFR和要求的位置（位置或字节）来访问，在没有至P3口，里面有硬件锁Q报表，P3口的工作原理类似于P1口。
Output grade, P3 of mouth, P1 of P1, connect with inside have load resistance of drawing, every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way. Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing outerly. Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first . As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliamp ere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base , in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially, make the one-chip computer begin to hold the conduct procedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally, as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren't mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective, should sustain 24 shake cycle (namely 2 machine cycles) the above its
电子元件中英文对照
一．电子元器件 Electronic Components 1．保险元器件safety device （1） fuse block （2） current fuse （3） other （4） temperature fuse （5） temperature switches （6） since the resumption of fuse 2. 变频器transducer （1） PLC transducer （2）High-performance Universal transducer （3）Constant Power Inverter （4）Constant Torque converter （5）Exclusive Inverter 3.变压器transformer
（1）Power Transformer （2）the isolation transformer （3）constant voltage transformer （4）pulse transformer （5）other transformers （6）Audio transformers （7）autotransformer （8）coupling transformer 4.场效应管voltage controller 5. 传感器sensor （1）Power Transformer （2）Photoelectric Sensors （3）Fiber Optic Sensors （4）Accelerometer （5）Proximity sensor
（6）Level, liquid level sensor （7）Pressure Sensor （8）Vibration Sensor （9）Gas Sensor （10）Acoustic sensor （11）Visual, image sensor （12）Moisture and humidity sensor （13）Displacement sensor （14）传感器Sensor sensor 6.传声器microphone 7.电容器capacitor （1）Glass capacitors （2）Glazed glass capacitors （3）Composite Dielectric Capacitors （4）Electrolytic capacitors
89c51单片机论文英语文献
AT89C51 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes RAM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51? instruction set and pinout. The chip combines a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. Features: ? Compatible with MCS-51? Products ? 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory ? Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles ? Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz ? Three-Level Program Memory Lock ? 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM ? 32 Programmable I/O Lines ? Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters ? Six Interrupt Sources ? Programmable Serial Channel ? Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. Block Diagram
Proteus电子元件符号大全及汉英对照表
各种电子元件符号 正弦交流电流的公式是i=Isin2πft i是交流电流的瞬时值， I是交流电流的最大值， f是交流电的频率， t是时间 随着时间的推移，交流电流可以从零变到最大值，从最大值变到零，又从零变到负的最大值，从负的最大值变到零。在三角函数中2πft相当于角度，它反映了交流电任何时刻所处的状态，是在增大还是在减小，是正的还是负的等等。因此把2πft叫做相位，或者叫做相。 二极管 表示符号:D 变容二极管 表示符号:D 双向触发二极管 表示符号:D 稳压二极管 表示符号:ZD,D 稳压二极管 表示符号:ZD,D 桥式整流二极管 表示符号:D 肖特基二极管隧道二极管
隧道二极管光敏二极管或光电接收二极 管 发光二极管 表示符号：LED 双色发光二极管 表示符号：LED 光敏三极管或光电接收三极 管 表示符号：Q,VT 单结晶体管（双基极二极管） 表示符号：Q,VT 复合三极管 表示符号：Q,VT NPN型三极管 表示符号：Q,VT PNP型三极管表示符号：Q,VT PNP型三极管 表示符号：Q,VT NPN型三极管 表示符号：Q,VT 带阻尼二极管NPN型三极管 表示符号：Q,VT
带阻尼二极管及电阻NPN型 三极管 表示符号：Q,VT IGBT 场效应管 表示符号：Q,VT 带阻尼二极管IGBT 场效应 管 表示符号：Q,VT 接面型场效应管P-JFET 接面型场效应管N-JFET 场效应管增强型P-MOS 场效应管增强型N-MOS 场效应管耗尽型P-MOS 场效应管耗尽型N-MOS 电阻电阻器或固定电阻表 示符号：R 电阻电阻器或固定电阻表 示符号：R
参考基于单片机的外文文献翻译毕业论文
AT89S52 MCU Applications Function Characteristic Description The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. Pin Description VCC ：Supply voltage. GND ：Ground. Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes dur-ing program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output
企业风险管理外文文献翻译2014年译文5000字
文献出处：Bedard J C, Hoitash R, et al. The development of the enterprise risk management theory [J]. Contemporary Accounting Research, 2014, 30(4): 64-95. （声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。） 原文 The development of the enterprise risk management theory Bedard J C, Hoitash R Abstract Enterprise risk management as an important field of risk management disciplines, in more than 50 years of development process of the implementation of dispersing from multiple areas of research to the integration of comprehensive risk management framework evolution, the theory of risk management and internal audit and control theory are two major theoretical sources of risk management theory has experienced from the traditional risk management, financial volatility to the development of the enterprise risk management, risk management and internal audit and control theory went through the internal accounting control and internal control integrated framework to the evolution of enterprise risk management, the development of the theory of the above two points to the direction of the enterprise risk management, finally realizes the integration development, enterprise risk management theory to become an important part of enterprise management is indispensable. Keywords: enterprise risk management, internal audit the internal control 1 The first theory source, evolution of the theory of risk management "Risk management" as a kind of operation and management idea, has a long history: thousands of years ago in the west have "don't put all eggs in one basket" the proverb, the ancient Chinese famous "product valley hunger" allusions and "yicang ("
中英文论文对照格式
英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式
表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同，靠左边，位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字，表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中，边框粗细采用0.5磅；表格内文字采用Times New Roman，10磅。 举例： Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks
图表和图片 图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同，位于图表和图片的下部。题目前加Figure 后跟数字，表示此文的第几个图表。图表及题目都居中。只允许使用黑白图片和表格。 举例： Figure 1. The Trend of Economic Development 注：Figure与Table都不要缩写。 引用格式与参考文献 1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25)。文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。 举例：Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition, directly speaking. (Gao, 2003, p.220). 2. 在文末参考文献中，姓前名后，姓与名之间以逗号分隔；如有两个作者，以and连接；如有三个或三个以上作者，前面的作者以逗号分隔，最后一个作者以and连接。 3. 参考文献中各项目以“点”分隔，最后以“点”结束。 4. 文末参考文献请按照以下格式：
单片机Sensor-technology传感器技术大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：传感器技术 文献、资料英文题目：Sensor technology 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
微机发展简史 IEEE的论文剑桥大学，2004/2/5 莫里斯威尔克斯 计算机实验室 剑桥大学 第一台存储程序的计算开始出现于1950前后，它就是1949年夏天在剑桥大学，我们创造的延迟存储自动电子计算机（EDSAC）。 最初实验用的计算机是由象我一样有着广博知识的人构造的。我们在电子工程方面都有着丰富的经验，并且我们深信这些经验对我们大有裨益。后来，被证明是正确的，尽管我们也要学习很多新东西。最重要的是瞬态一定要小心应付，虽然它只会在电视机的荧幕上一起一个无害的闪光，但是在计算机上这将导致一系列的错误。 在电路的设计过程中，我们经常陷入两难的境地。举例来说，我可以使用真空二级管做为门电路，就象在EDSAC中一样，或者在两个栅格之间用带控制信号的五级管，这被广泛用于其他系统设计，这类的选择一直在持续着直到逻辑门电路开始应用。在计算机领域工作的人都应该记得TTL，ECL和CMOS，到目前为止，CMOS已经占据了主导地位。 在最初的几年，IEE（电子工程师协会）仍然由动力工程占据主导地位。为了让IEE 认识到无线工程和快速发展的电子工程并行发展是它自己的一项权利，我们不得不面对一些障碍。由于动力工程师们做事的方式与我们不同，我们也遇到了许多困难。让人有些愤怒的是，所有的IEE出版的论文都被期望以冗长的早期研究的陈述开头，无非是些在早期阶段由于没有太多经验而遇到的困难之类的陈述。 60年代的巩固阶段 60年代初，个人英雄时代结束了，计算机真正引起了重视。世界上的计算机数量已经增加了许多，并且性能比以前更加可靠。这些我认为归因与高级语言的起步和第一个操作系统的诞生。分时系统开始起步，并且计算机图形学随之而来。 综上所述，晶体管开始代替正空管。这个变化对当时的工程师们是个不可
五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译【你想要的工具都在这里】-2
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 工具大全 建议收藏 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译： google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用
吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在g oogle里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译： CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）： 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华
中英文对照文章8
剃须心得：有钱不必花在刀刃上 A Penny Shaved Is A Penny Earned For years, I've felt like a sap whenever I bought razors. 很多年来，每当我买剃须刀时都觉得自己像个傻瓜。 It killed me to spend $2.50 to $3 a blade for my Gillette Mach 3. Yet the few times when I used cheap disposable razors, it was like shaving with a file. 为我的吉列锋速3（Gillette Mach 3）买一个刀片要花2.50美元到3美元，这让我心疼不已。但有几次我用便宜的一次性剃须刀时，感觉就像在用锉刀刮胡子。 Finally, a couple of weeks ago, I bought a serviceable store-brand razor that costs about half the price of the premier brands. Jon Protas for The Wall Street Journal 吉列锋速3是好剃须刀，但刀片的价钱真不便宜最终，几星期前，我买了一把商店自有品牌的剃须刀，这把剃须刀也还好用，而且价格只有名牌剃须刀的一半左右。 It shouldn't have come to this. I've used Gillette razors for decades, and I like them. The rub is the cost. In my book, a fair price for refills would be about a buck. 事情不应该变成这样。我已经用了几十年吉列剃须刀了，而且我喜欢用它。问题出在价格上。在我看来，刀片的合理价格应该约为1美元。 I'm a believer in markets, but it doesn't seem like the razor-blade market gives me what I want. Instead of competing on price, Gillette and Schick largely seem to be engaged in a silly arms race to improve a product that already works perfectly well. Two blades, three blades, four blades -- when will it stop? 我是一个信奉市场的人，但剃须刀刀片市场看来并没有给出我想要的结果。吉列（Gillette）和舒适（Schick）并没有在价格上进行竞争，而更像是投入了一场愚蠢的军备竞赛，以改进一种本来已经很完善的产品。双刀片、三刀片、四刀片──什么时候才是个头？ Not anytime soon, apparently. Schick will soon launch its own five-blade razor, and says that prices for it should be 10% to 20% above the Quattro, its four-blade razor that was introduced in 2003. 显然，这种趋势短期内不会停止。舒适公司很快将推出它的五刀片剃须刀，并称该产品的价格将比其2003年推出的四刀片剃须刀“创4纪”（Quattro）高10%至20%。 Gillette, a unit of Procter & Gamble, got there first. Its Fusion Power MVP -- an early version of which went on sale in 2006 -- has five spring-mounted blades and battery-powered micropulses to reduce friction 'so you barely feel the blades.' The
电子元件中英文对照
一．电子元器件Electronic Components 1．保险元器件safety device （1）保险丝座 fuse block （2）电流保险丝 current fuse （3）其他保险元器件 other （4）温度保险丝 temperature fuse （5）温度开关 temperature switches （6）自恢复熔断器since the resumption of fuse 2. 变频器transducer （1）PLC 变频器 PLC transducer （2）高性能通用变频器High-performance Universal transducer （3）恒功率变频器Constant Power Inverter （4）恒转矩变频器Constant Torque converter （5）专用变频器Exclusive Inverter 3.变压器transformer （1）电源变压器Power Transformer （2）隔离变压器the isolation transformer （3）恒压变压器constant voltage transformer （4）脉冲变压器pulse transformer （5）其他变压器other transformers （6）音频变压器Audio transformers （7）自耦变压器autotransformer （8）耦合变压器coupling transformer 4.场效应管voltage controller 5. 传感器sensor （1）电磁传感器Power Transformer （2）光电传感器Photoelectric Sensors （3）光纤传感器Fiber Optic Sensors （4）加速度传感器Accelerometer （5）接近传感器Proximity sensor （6）料位、液位传感器Level, liquid level sensor （7）压力传感器Pressure Sensor （8）振动传感器Vibration Sensor （9）气体传感器Gas Sensor （10）声波传感器Acoustic sensor （11）视觉、图像传感器Visual, image sensor （12）水分、湿度传感器Moisture and humidity sensor （13）位移传感器Displacement sensor （14）敏感元件传感器Sensor sensor 6.传声器microphone 7.电容器capacitor （1）玻璃电容器Glass capacitors （2）玻璃釉电容器Glazed glass capacitors （3）复合介质电容器Composite Dielectric Capacitors
单片机外文文献翻译
外文文献 一单片机简介 单片机是一种集成在电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的计算机系统。 单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller），是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 二、单片机的发展趋势 现在可以说单片机是百花齐放，百家争鸣的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位，数不胜数，应有尽有，有与主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。 纵观单片机的发展过程，可以预示单片机的发展趋势，大致有： 1.低功耗CMOS MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。象80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征，更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径。 2.微型单片化 现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的单片机芯片。此外，现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻，这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外，还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式，其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎，使得由单片机构成的系统正朝微型化方向发
外文翻译五分钟搞定5000字
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译，你想要的工具都在这里。【大四的时候写毕业论文老师就要求得翻译外文文献并写入论文】来源：董绪的日志 五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 工具大全https://www.360docs.net/doc/bd3364005.html,/node/2151 建议收藏 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.360docs.net/doc/bd3364005.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜
索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在g oogle里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.360docs.net/doc/bd3364005.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.360docs.net/doc/bd3364005.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.360docs.net/doc/bd3364005.html,/694690163794 4806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，
中英文对照文章③
Think it over…… 好好想想…… Today we have higher buildings and wider highways, but shorter temperaments and narrower points of view; 今天我们拥有了更高层的楼宇以及更宽阔的公路，但是我们的性情却更为急躁，眼光也更加狭隘； We spend more, but enjoy less; 我们消耗的更多，享受到的却更少； We have bigger houses, but smaller families; 我们的住房更大了，但我们的家庭却更小了； We have more compromises, but less time; 我们妥协更多，时间更少； We have more knowledge, but less judgment; 我们拥有了更多的知识，可判断力却更差了； We have more medicines, but less health; 我们有了更多的药品，但健康状况却更不如意； We have multiplied out possessions, but reduced out values; 我们拥有的财富倍增，但其价值却减少了； We talk much, we love only a little, and we hate too much; 我们说的多了，爱的却少了，我们的仇恨也更多了； We reached the Moon and came back, but we find it troublesome to cross our own street and meet our neighbors; 我们可以往返月球，但却难以迈出一步去亲近我们的左邻右舍； We have conquered the uter space, but not our inner space; 我们可以征服外太空，却征服不了我们的内心； We have higher income, but less morals; 我们的收入增加了，但我们的道德却少了； These are times with more liberty, but less joy; 我们的时代更加自由了，但我们拥有的快乐时光却越来越少； We have much more food, but less nutrition; 我们有了更多的食物，但所能得到的营养却越来越少了； These are the days in which it takes two salaries for each home, but divorces increase; 现在每个家庭都可以有双份收入，但离婚的现象越来越多了； These are times of finer houses, but more broken homes; 现在的住房越来越精致，但我们也有了更多破碎的家庭； That's why I propose, that as of today; 这就是我为什么要说，让我们从今天开始； You do not keep anything for a special occasion because every day that you live is a SPECIAL OCCASION. 不要将你的东西为了某一个特别的时刻而预留着，因为你生活的每一天都是那么特别；Search for knowledge, read more, sit on your porch and admire the view without paying attention to your needs;
液位控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
液位控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译 The liquid level control system based on dde\matlab\simulink Process control is an important application field of automatic technology, it is to point to the level, temperature, flow control process variables, such as in metallurgy, machinery, chemical, electric power, etc can be widely used. Especially liquid level control technology in real life, played an important role in production, for example, the water supply, civil water tower if low water levels, can affect people's lives in water; Industrial enterprises with water, if the drainage water drainage or controlled properly or not, in relation to the workshop of condition; Boiler drum, if the control level boiler is too low, can make level boiler overheating, possible accident; Jing flow, liquid level control tower control accuracy and level of the craft can influence the quality of the products and the cost, etc. In these production field, are basically labor strength or the operation has certain risk nature of work, extremely prone to accidents caused by operating error, the losses, killing manufacturer. Visible, in actual production, liquid level control accuracy and control effects directly affect the factory production cost and economic benefit of safety coefficient. Even equipment So, in order to ensure safety, convenient operation, you have to research the development of a d v a n c e d l e v e l c o n t r o l m e t h o d s a n d s t r a t e g i e s. The graduation design topic is the liquid level control system based on dde\matlab\simulink\force control, Among them was controlled object for tank level, Communication mode for DDE communications , Matlab is mainly used in the simulation test ,And force control software used for modeling, This system mainly through combination of hardware and software device to achieve precise control of liquid level , In modern industry level control of important component, it influence upon production not allow to ignore, in order to ensure safety in production and the product quality and quantity, the level and perform effective control is very necessary, The following is a description of all aspects：