液压系统设计外文文献翻译

液压系统设计外文文献翻译
液压系统设计外文文献翻译

附录A

Hydraulic system

C.J.Sexton,S.M.LewisandC.P.Please

UniversityofSouthampton,UK

Abstract:A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, actuators, control components, auxiliary components (accessories) and hydraulic oil. The function of hydraulic system is to help human work, mainly through the implementation of components into the pressure of rotation or reciprocating movement. Other advantages of the hydraulic system include bi-directional movement, overload protection, and variable speed control. In any of the existing powertrain systems, the hydraulic system also has the largest unit mass power ratio. Seals and seals are an important part of hydraulic equipment. Its reliability and service life is an important index to measure the quality of hydraulic system.

Keywords:A power element;an actuating element;a control element;an auxiliary element; hydraulic fluid

Generally, there are only three basic ways to transmit power: electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic. Most applications actually combine the three methods into the most efficient and comprehensive system. In order to reasonably determine which method to take, it is important to understand the salient features of the various methods. For example, the hydraulic system transmits power more economically over a long distance than a mechanical system. The hydraulic system, however, has a shorter transmission distance than the electrical system.

Hydraulic transmission there are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as the general industrial use of plastics processing machinery, pressure machinery, engineering machinery, machine tools and other mechanical equipment; application of construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobile and other metallurgical machinery; iron and steel industry, lifting machinery, a roller adjustment device; control gate device in the water conservancy project, riverbed lifting device, bridges and other operating mechanism; high speed turbine power plant equipment, such as nuclear power

plants; ship deck with crane (winch), bow door, bulkhead valve stern thruster; special technology giant antenna with control devices measurement buoys movements such as rotating stage; military industrial control devices used in artillery ship anti rolling devicesaircraft simulation aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control device device. Special antenna technology control device, measuring buoy, lifting and rotating stage; military artillery unit, ship antirolling device, flight simulation, device and other equipment for rudder control of landing gear and steering device.

The function of hydraulic system is to increase the force by changing the pressure. The quality of a hydraulic system depends on the rationality of the system design, the performance of the system components, the pollution prevention and treatment of the system, and the last point is particularly important. In recent years, China's domestic hydraulic technology has greatly improved, and no longer only the use of foreign hydraulic technology for processing.

A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, actuators, control components, auxiliary components (accessories) and hydraulic oil.

The function of the power element is to convert the mechanical energy of the prime mover into the pressure energy of the liquid, the oil pump in the hydraulic system, which provides power to the entire hydraulic system. The structure of hydraulic pumps usually include gear pumps, vane pumps and piston pumps.

The actuating elements (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) are used to convert the pressure energy of the fluid into mechanical energy and to drive the load in linear reciprocating or slewing motion.

Control elements (i.e. hydraulic valves) control and regulate the pressure, flow, and direction of the liquid in the hydraulic system. According to different control functions, the hydraulic valve can be divided into pressure control valve, flow control valve and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (An Quanfa), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays etc.; flow control valves including throttle valve, regulating valve, diversion valve; directional control valve includes a one-way valve one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, reversing valve, etc.. According to different control methods, the hydraulic valve can be divided into switching control valve, fixed value control valve and proportional control valve.

The auxiliary components include oil tank, oil filter, oil pipe and pipe joint, sealing ring, quick change joint, high pressure ball valve, hose assembly, pressure measuring joint, pressure gauge, oil level, oil temperature gauge and so on.

Hydraulic oil is the medium of transmission of energy in hydraulic system. There are several kinds of mineral oil, emulsion and synthetic hydraulic oil.

The function of hydraulic system is to help human work, mainly through

the implementation of components into the pressure of rotation or reciprocating movement. Hydraulic principle: it is composed of two different sizes of the cylinder is filled with water or oil. Full of water, known as "hydraulic press", full of oil known as "hydraulic press."". Each of two hydraulic cylinders have a movable piston, if put in the small piston on the pressure, according to Pascal's law, the small piston pressure to the piston through the pressure of liquid, the top of the piston will move long distances. The cross-sectional area of the basic small piston is S1, plus a small piston with a downward force F1. Thus, the pressure on the liquid of the small piston, P=F1/S1, can be transmitted equally in all directions. The pressure through the big piston is also P. If the cross sectional area of the piston is S2, pressure F2=P*S2 P pressure piston upward, the cross-sectional area of the small piston is several times, in addition to the small piston small piston force, there will be great pressure, the hydraulic press for pressing plywood, oil, lifting, forging steel.

The secret of the hydraulic system's success and versatility lies in its versatility and ease of operation. Hydraulic power transmission will not be restricted, the geometry of the machine as a mechanical system that in addition, hydraulic system is not limited by the physical properties of materials like electrical system, it is almost no amount of power transfer limit. For example, the performance of an electromagnet by steel magnetic saturation limit, on the contrary, the power of hydraulic system only limited by material intensity.

In order to increase productivity, enterprises will increasingly rely on automation, which includes remote and direct control of production operations, processing and material handling. The hydraulic power has become an important part of automation, because it has the following four main advantages:

1. convenient control, accurate operation by a joystick and a simple button, the hydraulic system operator can immediately start, stop, speed and can provide arbitrary power, position accuracy of 1/10000 inches of position control. A hydraulic system that causes the pilot to lift and drop the landing gear. When the pilot moves the control valve in one direction, the pressure oil flows into a cavity of the hydraulic cylinder and thus falls.

2. force, a hydraulic system without the use of heavy gear, pulley lever can simply and effectively less than an ounce of force amplification, produce hundreds of tons of force output.

3. constant or constant torque, hydraulic system can not only provide constant change with speed changing or constant torque, it can drive the mobile object per hour from a few inches to several hundred inches per minute per hour. From a few to thousands of revolutions per minute.

4. Simple, safe, economical, and in general, hydraulic systems use fewer moving parts than mechanical or electrical systems, so they are easy to run and maintain. This makes the system compact, safe and reliable. For example, a new type of power steering device for vehicles has been phased out of other types of steering power units, which include manual controls

Direction control valve and distributor. Because the steering component is fully hydraulic, there is no universal joint, bearings, gear reducer and other mechanical connections, which makes the system simple and compact. In addition, only very little input torque can produce control force needed to meet the extremely harsh working conditions. It is very important to the operation of space limitations and need a small steering wheel which is necessary to reduce the occasion, operator fatigue.

Other advantages of the hydraulic system include bi-directional movement, overload protection, and variable speed control. In any of the existing powertrain systems, the hydraulic system also has the largest unit mass power ratio.

The hydraulic system has three disadvantages:

1. because the transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the course of flow, part of the flow velocity is different, resulting in liquid friction, and at the same time, liquid and pipe wall also friction, this is the hydraulic oil temperature rise reasons. Excessive temperature results in more internal and external leakage and reduces mechanical efficiency. At the same time, the hydraulic oil will expand due to the higher temperature. Resulting in an increase in compressibility so that the operation cannot control transmission very well. Solution: high temperature is the hydraulic system's own problems, can only be the biggest mitigation, can not eradicate. The use of better quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic pipe layout, as far as possible to avoid bending, the use of high-quality pipe and pipe fittings, hydraulic valve.

2. the vibration of hydraulic system is one of the weak points. The impact of hydraulic oil in the pipeline on the high speed impact and control valve opening and closing is the cause of system vibration. Strong vibrations can cause system control errors, and can cause errors in some of the more complex, sophisticated devices in the system, leading to system failures. Solution: the hydraulic pipe should be fixed, to avoid sharp bends. In order to avoid frequent flow direction changes can not be avoided, shock absorption measures should be done best. The whole hydraulic system should have good vibration reduction measures, while avoiding the influence of the oscillator outside the system.

3. the hydraulic system has internal leakage and external leakage, internal leakage refers to the leakage process occurs in the system, such as leakage of hydraulic piston - cylinder, control valve spool and valve leakage between both sides, such as. Although there is no loss of hydraulic oil, but the leakage, the control action has been determined until the system failure. Disclosure refers to the leakage that occurs between the system and the external environment. Hydraulic oil leaks directly into the environment, and in addition to affecting the working environment, there is not enough power to cause system failure. Hydraulic oil leaking into the environment is also dangerous to fire. Solution: use better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of the equipment.

In hydraulic systems and systems, seals are used to prevent leakage of the

working medium and invasion of foreign dust and foreign matter. A sealed element, that is, a seal. Outside leakage will cause waste of working medium, pollute machine and environment, even cause mechanical malfunction and personal accident of equipment. Leakage can cause a drastic drop in volumetric efficiency of hydraulic systems, resulting in insufficient working pressure and even failure to perform work. The small dust particles in the invading system can cause or aggravate the wear of the friction pairs of hydraulic components, and further lead to leakage.

As a result, seals and seals are an important part of hydraulic equipment. Its reliability and service life is an important index to measure the quality of hydraulic system. In addition to the clearance seal, the seal is used to control the clearance between the two adjacent surfaces to be below the minimum clearance required for the sealing liquid to pass. In contact sealing, it is divided into two types: self sealing type and self sealing type (i. e. lip seal).

附录B

液压系统

摘要:一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成,即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件(附件)和液压油。液压系统的作用是帮助人类工作,主要通过执行元件将压力转换为旋转或往复运动。液压系统的其他优点包括双向运动、过载保护和无级变速控制,在已有的任何动力系统中液压系统亦具有最大的单位质量功率比。密封件和密封装置是液压设备的一个重要组成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用寿命,是衡量液压系统好坏的一个重要指标。

关键词动力元件;执行元件;控制元件;辅助元件;液压油

一般仅有以下三种基本方法传递动力:电气、机械和液压。大多数应用系统实际上是将三种方法组合起来而得到最有效的最全面的系统。为了合理地确定采取哪种方法,重要的是了解各种方法的显著特征。例如液压系统在长距离上比机械系统更能经济地传递动力。然而液压系统与电气系相比,传递动力的距离较短。

液压传动有许多突出的优点,它被广泛的应用,如一般工业用的塑料加工机械,压力机械,机床等;应用机械设备工程机械,建筑机械,农业机械,汽车等;钢铁行业的冶金机械,起重机械,还有轧辊调整装置等;水利工程中的控制闸门装置,河床升降装置,桥梁和其他操作机构;发电厂高速涡轮装置,核电站等;船舶甲板用的起重机械(绞车),船头门,舱壁阀、船尾推进器等;特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等;军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。特殊技术的天线控制装置,测量浮标,升降旋转舞台;军用的火炮操纵装置,船舶减摇装置,飞行器仿真,飞机起落架收放装置和方向舵控制装置和其他设备。

液压系统的作用为通过改变压强增大作用力。一个液压系统的好坏取决于系统设计的合理性、系统元件性能的优劣,系统的污染防护和处理,而最后一点尤为重要。近年来我国国内液压技术有很大的提高,不再单纯地使用国外的液压技术进行加工。

一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成,即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件(附件)和液压油。

动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能,指液压系统中的油泵,它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。

执行元件(如液压缸和液压马达)的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能,驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。

控制元件(即各种液压阀)在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。根据控制功能的不同,液压阀可分为压力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。压力控制阀又分为益流阀(安全阀)、减压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等;流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整阀、分流集流阀等;方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、梭阀、换向阀等。根据控制方式不同,液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。

辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、快换接头、高压球阀、胶管总成、测压接头、压力表、油位油温计等。

液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质,有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。

液压系统的作用是帮助人类工作,主要通过执行元件将压力转换为旋转或往复运动。液压原理:它由两个不同大小的缸体充满了水或油。充满水的称为“水压机”,充满油的称为“液压机”。两个液缸每个都有一个可动的活塞,如果在小活塞上加点压力,根据帕斯卡定律,小活塞的压力通过液体的压力传递到大活塞,顶端的活塞将前进很长的距离。基本小活塞的横截面积为S1,外加一个小活塞上一个向下的力F1。因此,小活塞对液体的压强P=F1/S1的,可以在所有方向上传输同样大小。通过大活塞的压力也为P。如果大活塞的横截面积为S2,活塞的压强P向上的压力F2=P*S2,横截面积是小活塞的几倍,加给小活塞小的力,活塞会有大的压力,由此用液压机压制胶合板,油,提起重物,锻造炼钢。

液压系统成功而又广泛使用的秘密在于它的通用性和易操作性。液压动力传递不会像机械系统那样受到机器几何形体的制约,另外,液压系统不会像电气系统那样受到材料物理性能的制约,它对传递功率几乎没有量的限制。例如,一个电磁体的性能受到钢的磁饱和极限的限制,相反,液压系统的功率仅仅受材料强度的限制。

企业为了提高生产率将越来越依靠自动化,这包括远程和直接控制生产操作加工过程和材料处理等。液压动力之所以成为自动化的重要组成部分,是因为它有如下主要的四种优点:

1. 控制方便,精确通过操作一个简单的操纵杆和按钮,液压系统的操作者便能立即起动、停止、加减速和能提供任意功率、位置精度为万分之一英寸的位置控制力。一个使飞机驾驶员升起和落下起落架的液压系统,当飞行员向某方向移动控制阀,压力油流入液压缸的某一腔从而降下起落架。飞行员向相反方向移动控制阀,允许油液进入液压缸的另一腔来收起

落架。

2. 增力,一个液压系统没有使用笨重的齿轮、滑轮杠杆就能简单有效地将不到一盎司的力放大产生儿上百吨力的输出。

3. 恒力或恒扭矩,只有液压系统能提供不随速度变化而变化的恒力或恒扭矩,它可以驱动对象从每小时移动几英寸到每分钟几百英寸.从每小时几转到每分钟几千转。

4. 简便、安全、经济,总的来说,液压系统比机械或电气系统使用更少的运动部件,因此,它们运行与维护简便。这使得系统结构紧凑,安全可靠。例如一种用于车辆上的新型动力转向控制装置己淘汰其他类型的转向动力装置,该转向部件中包含有人力操纵

方向控制阀和分配器。因为转向部件是全液压的,没有万向节、轴承、减速齿轮等机械连接,这使得系统简单紧凑。另外,只需输入很小的扭矩就能产生满足极恶劣工作条件所需的控制力.这对操作空间限制而需要小方向盘的场合很重要,这也是减轻操作者疲劳所必需的。

液压系统的其他优点包括双向运动、过载保护和无级变速控制,在已有的任何动力系统中液压系统亦具有最大的单位质量功率比。

液压系统也有三个弱点:

1. 由于传动介质(液压油)流动的过程中部分位置流速不同,导致液体内部出现摩擦,同时液体与管道内壁也有摩擦,这都是液压油温度升高的原因。温度过高会导致更多的内部和外部的泄漏,减少其机械效率。同时由于较高的温度,液压油会膨胀。导致可压缩增大,使操作不能很好的控制传输。解决方法:高温是液压系统的自身问题,只能最大减轻不能根除。使用质量更好的液压油,液压管的布局尽量避免出现弯曲,使用高品质的管材和管件,液压阀等。

2. 液压系统的震动也是弱点之一。由于液压油在管道中流动的高速冲击和控制阀的打开关闭的过程中的影响是系统振动的原因。强烈震动会导致系统的控制动作错误,也会使系统中一些更复杂精密设备出现错误,从而导致系统故障。解决方案:液压管应该是固定的,以避免急弯。为了避免频繁流动方向的变化,无法避免时应将减震措施应该做到最好。整个液压系统应具有良好的减振措施,同时避免在系统外部振荡器的影响。

3. 液压系统有内泄露和外泄露,内泄漏是指发生在系统中的泄露过程,如液压活塞- 缸的泄漏,控制阀滑阀与阀体之间的泄漏,如两侧。内泄漏虽然没有液压油的损失,但是由于泄露,已经确定的控制动作会受到影响,直至系统故障。外泄露是指发生在系统与外部环境之间的泄露。液压油直接泄露到环境中,除了会影响工作环境,没有足够的动力将导致系统故障。液压油泄露到环境中也有火灾的危险。解决方案:使用质量更好的密封件,以提高设备的加工精度。

在液压系统及其系统中,密封装置用来防止工作介质的泄漏及外界灰

尘和异物的侵入。其中起密封作用的元件,即密封件。外漏会造成工作介质的浪费,污染机器和环境,甚至引起机械操作失灵及设备人身事故。内漏会引起液压系统容积效率急剧下降,达不到所需要的工作压力,甚至不能进行工作。侵入系统中的微小灰尘颗粒,会引起或加剧液压元件摩擦副的磨损,进一步导致泄漏。

因此,密封件和密封装置是液压设备的一个重要组成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用寿命,是衡量液压系统好坏的一个重要指标。除间隙密封外,都是利用密封件,使相邻两个偶合表面间的间隙控制在需要密封的液体能通过的最小间隙以下。在接触式密封中,分为自封式压紧型密封和自封式自紧型密封(即唇形密封)两种。

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