00831现代英语语法复习资料2
初中英语语法复习资料
初中英语语法学习提纲目录一、词类、句子成分和构词法 (1)二、名词 (2)三、代词 (5)四、数词 (10)五、冠词 (11)六、形容词、副词 (13)七、介词 (21)八、动词 (24)九、连接词 (43)十、简单句 (45)十一、句子成分 (48)十二、简单句－五种基本句型 (52)十三、并列复合句 (53)十四、主从复合句 (53)十五、直接引语和间接引语 (56)十六、倒装句 (57)十七、附加注释 (57)初中英语语法－学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。
如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如：good, right, white, orange .4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。
如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。
如：am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
如：now, very, here, often, quietly,slowly.7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。
如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如：oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
自考00831英语语法自考模拟试题（16）
自考00831英语语法自考模拟试题（16）00831英语语法自考模拟试题（16）125.The guests were ____ the room to have a rest.A.got intoB.stepped intoC.burst intoD.shown into126.You will ____ what you have done some day.A.reply toB.pay offC.get rid ofD.answer for127.He quickly ____ all the things on the desk and put them into the drawer.A.took upB.kept upC.gave upD.did up128.A helicopter is a plane that can ____ and land straight up and down.A.get offB.take offC.fly offD.send off129.Now that you’re made your plan,why not ____ it?A.stick toB.keep toC.work atD.persist in130.The girl you ____ yesterday is a friend of Lisa’s.A.came acrossB.dropped inC.paid a visitD.talked131.If I ____ bird,I ____ fly freely in the sky.A.am;willB.was;canC.were;shouldD.had been;should132.If he ____ tomorrow,I ____ tell him the truth./doc/024883764.html,es;wouldB.came;wouldC.were to come;willD.should come;shall133.If she ___ today,we ____ set off tomorrow.A.arrived;mightB.arrives;couldC.arrived;should haveD.arrived;will134.In the eye of the woman,Einstein looked as if he ____ out of a book of fairy tales and ____ her like a spirit.A.had just stepped;had passedB.stepped just now;passedC.stepped just;had passedD.has stepped;passed135.____ the books not properly marked and catalogued,they ____ be so easy to find.A.If;couldB.Were;couldn’tC.Had;couldn’tD.Were;could136.Even if the peasant boy ____ without delay nothing ____ him,because he had received a deadly wound.A.had been tended;could have savedB.were tended;could saveC.had been tended;would saveD.were tended;might have saved137.The emperor ordered that the weavers ____ some gold in order that they ____ their,work at once.A.should give;could beginB.be given;might beginC.would be give;could startD.should be given;may start138.Isn’t it strange that a hard pull at the tail of a hibernating animal ____ cause it to move or wake up?A.didn’tB.shouldn’tC.wouldn’tD.mightn’t139.It was well known that Napoleon always requested that his soldiers ____ the same three questions,and usually in the same order.A.answeredB.could have answeredC.answerD.should have answered140.On Einstein’s fiftieth birthday,the gifts to him ____ a railway freight ear.A.filledB.were to fillC.would have filledD.fill141.Without air to help to keep the cold out,the animals hibernating in snow ____ of cold.A.would dieB.dieC.diedD.had died142.Lu Xun advised that the youth ____ give up studying foreign languages for even a day.A.shouldn’tB.wouldn’tC.didn’tD.weren’t to143.I wish you ____.A.didn’t tell her thatB.told her not thatC.will tell her thatD.had not told her that144.I suggested that the work ____ started at once.A.might beB.beC.wasD.would be145.____ you come late that morning,you ____ missed the train.A.If;would beB.Have;hadC.Had;would haveD.Had;had146.We hope Xiao Li ____ succeed.A.shouldB.shallC.wouldD.will147.It is high time that we ____ to bed.A.goB.wentC.would goD.shall go148.The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ____ the rules. A.obeys B.obeyC.will obeyD.would obey149.If he had followed the doctors advice,he ____ quite all right now.A.would have beenB.beC.isD.would be150.It’s ne cessary that you ____ the entrance examinations.A.should takeB.must takeC.tookD.will take。
自考00831英语语法自考模拟试题(9)
00831英语语法自考模拟试题（9）1.The car is running ____ the speed of 120 kilometers an hour.A.inB.withC.atD.to2.What he did was opposite ____ what he said.A.atB.toC.inD.for3.I didn’t manage to do it ____ you explained now.A.untilB.unlessC.whenD.as4.Can you tell me the difference ____ the two words?A.fromB.inC.amongD.between5.They found the boy crying ____ the corner of the street.A.atB.inC.byD.close6.The monkey ____ the tree was eating the bananas ____ the tree.A.on;atB.at;inC.on;inD.in;on7.I was born ____ a cold evening in November.A.inB.onC.atD.by8.It’s getting cold,Be careful your health.A.forB.withC.atD.about9.____ my way to school,I met with an old friend of mine.A.AtB.DuringC.OnD.In10.Students in our school often go ____ field trips.A.forB.atC.inD.on11.You can go there ____ my car.A.byB.inC.onD.at12.Take this medicine and drink plenty of water,you’ll be fine ____ 3 days.A.inB.afterterD.since13.We were all disappointed ____ the news that their team had been beaten.A.inB.onC.forD.at14.I’ve got tired ____ walking and want to have a rest.A.ofB.withC.forD.at15.The nurses in that hospital are very good ____ the patients there.A.atB.forC.toD.with16.Sports and games are good ____ your health.A.atB.forC.toD.with17.____ all the subjects,he is best ____ English.A.In;atB.of;inC.In;inD.of;at18.The old man took the boy ____ the hand and walked away.A.atB.byC.onD.of19.The people there seized the thief ____ the collar and took him to the police station.A.atB.onC.ofD.by20.Don’t be angry ____ me,I meant no harm.A.withB.inC.onD.to21.I tried to phone him but couldn’t get ____ him.A.toB.throughC.to throughD.through to22.Tom!You’re wanted ____ the phone.A.inB.byC.onD.from23.He’s seriously ill,I wonder if he can live ____ Christmas.C.onD.through24.Jack knows many other languages ____ English.A.exceptB.besidesC.butD.except for25.I know nobody there ____ Tom.A.besidesB.butC.except forD.as well as26.As we can see,the bridge is made ____ stone.A.fromB.byC.forD.of27.Bamboo can also be used ____ walking sticks.A.asB.ofC.intoD.from28.The tailor made the silk material ____ a shirt.A.forB.fromC.ofD.into29.I’m sure he’ll be back ____ the end of this year.A.tillB.byC.fromD.since30.We shall have finished this course ____ the end of this term.A.tillB.byC.sinceD.from31.In those years they didn’t have enough money to live ____.A.onB.inC.withD.by32.She had to make a living ____ washing clothes at that time.A.onB.inC.withD.by33.Heaving a knock ____ the door,he hid himself ____ the door.A.at;afterB.on;behindC.at;belowD.on;under34.Mr.Jackson devoted himself ____ teaching in the primary school.A.toB.for35.I’m sorry I took your umbrella ____ mistake.A.forB.aboutC.onD.by36.Don’t be anxious ____ her safety,She’ll be OK.A.forB.aboutC.withD.at37.Can you give me some advice ____ how I can improve my English?A.inB.atC.onD.for38.You look pale,What’s wrong ____ you?A.withB.byC.onD.at39.What those people were doing seemed quite strange ____ me.A.forB.atC.onD.to40.This village is well known ____ its beautiful sights.A.toB.asC.forD.by41.His sister married well,she is married ____ a man with a good fortune.A.withB.byC.betweenD.to42.The room is crowded ____ people ____ another village.A.with;inB.with;fromC.by;inD.by;froming a knife,he cut the apple ____ half.A.byB.intoC.inD.from44.The windows ____ one of the walls were broken by the noise of the planes.A.inB.onC.fromD.at45.He often quarrels with his brother ____ football teams.A.forB.aboutC.onD.by46.This patient will be operated ____ this Sunday.A.inB.atC.onD.by47.He had very little to eat and only a cold place to live ____.A.inB.onC.byD.for48.I called ____ his house but found him out.A.atB.onC.forD.out49.____ no means can you hope to learn English will without a lot of practice.A.ByB.InC.OnD.For50.I don’t quite agree ____ you ____ that point.A.to;aboutB.with;forC.to;withD.with;on51.They succeeded ____ developing a new treat for cancer.A.onB.inC.byD.for52.____ hearing the exciting news,I jumped with joy.A.AtB.FromC.OnD.Byst year he was robbed ____ his wallet there.A.byB.ofC.forD.from54.The children were kept ____ the fire.A.inB.byC.onD.from55.Congratulations ____ your success!A.onB.forC.byD.because of56.He goes in ____ sports as well as music.A.atB.toC.likeD.for57.At the sound of the gun,the birds flew ____ all directions.C.inD.by58.He began to make a living ____ the age 14.A.atB.inC.byD.on59.I’m used to writing ____ pencil while he likes to write ____ a pen.A.with;withB.in;withC.in;inD.with;in60.He has formed the habit of going to bed ____ midnight.A.afterB.interD.during61.It started to rain but I had no umbrella ____ me.A.inB.byC.atD.with62.Let’s dance ____ the music.A.withB.fromC.toD.by63.We saw a man come out ____ behind the backdoor.A.fromB.ofC.byD.in64.Though not the same ____ color,they are ____ the same size.A.in;inB.in;ofC.of;inD.of;of65.He is quite tall ____ his age.A.atB.byC.forD.from66.Canada lies ____ the north of the USA.A.atB.inC.fromD.on67.There’re so many cars in the states that people say it’s a nation ____ wheels.A.onB.byC.withD.of68.We wish each other good luck ____ New Year’s Day.A.atB.in69.The sun was shining brightly ____ the sky.A.inB.aboveC.overD.up70.What ____ earth are you talking about?A.inB.byC.atD.on71.I hear that another bridge will be built ____ the Changjiang River.A.aboveB.upC.crossD.over72.When I entered,I found him seated at his desk,lost ____ thought.A.onB.inC.byD.to73.We should not be cruel even ____ animals.A.withB.forC.atD.to74.Mr.Brown is now ____ the English department.A.in charge ofB.in the charge ofC.on charge ofD.under the charge of75.____ our surprise,they won the game by 3:1.A.ForB.WithC.OnD.To76.The train started and headed ____ Beijing.A.forB.toC.towardD.off77.His mother made a shirt for him ____ his own measure.A.afterB.toC.fromD.by78.Flying ____ top of the build is a national flag.A.atB.inC.onD.above79.The weather here changes ____ the season.A.forB.fromC.inD.with80.They went into the forest ____ the lost child.A.search forB.search ofC.in search ofD.in search to。
初中英语语法知识的系统复习与总结
Written communication
Grammar plays a vital role in written communication, including emails, letters, reports, and essays.
• Techniques for direct and indirect speech conversion
• 省略句、强调句和插入语复习
01
Overview of English Grammar
What is English grammar
Definition
English grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in the English language.
Techniques for dividing sentence components
Identifying the subject
The subject is typically the noun or pronoun that performs the action stated by the verb.
In the workplace, good grammar skills can improve writing abilities and enhance professional credibility.
[全套]初中英语复习资料(超全语法、词组、句型、作文及知识点大全)-精编
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一名词(一) 知识概要名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。
我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。
顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall， America…它们是不能随意变动的。
而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如pen, worker…它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class， team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper…它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time…它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。
见下表。
名词一览表种类专有名词London, John, the Communist Party of China普通名词类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest功用主语 My family is now in New York.表语 His father is a scientist.宾语 We love our great motherland.宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work.定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs.状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。
新编英语语法教程 复习资料
1.主谓一致主谓一致Subject-Verb Concord即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。
1.1指导原则(1)语法一致语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致eg.A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.(2)意义一致和就近原则意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致。
补充解释和例句见书P22就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。
常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, either…or…，neither…nor …，not only…but also …等.例句见书P23英语中，有时几个名词或代词有某些此连接起来一起作句子的主语，此时，谓语动词的形式就须有与之最接近的名词或代词的人称和数决定。
如：(1) There is a desk and five chairs in his room. 他房间里有一张办公桌和五把椅子。
There are five chairs and a desk in his room. 他房间里有五把椅子和一张办公桌。
(2) Either you or Li Lei is going to be sent there. 要么是你要么是李蕾将被派到那里去。
Are either you or Li Lei going to be sent there? 是你将被派到那里去还是李蕾将被派到那里去？1.2-s结尾的名词作主语(1)以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称(2)以-ics结尾的学科名称(3)以-s结尾的地理名称(4)其他以-s结尾的名词1.3以集合名词作主语(1)通常作复数的集体名词见书P27【注】goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义：Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。
线练学校高三英语语法复习(二)
一. 教学内容：语法复习(二)简单句、并列句和复合句1)陈述句(肯、否)：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.2)疑问句(普通、特殊、选择、反意)：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?3)祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class4)感叹句： How clever the boy is!1)简单句：惟独一个主语(或者并列主语)和一个谓语(或者并列谓语)。
e. g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词(and, but, or)或者分号(； )把两个或者两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e. g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是的，道路是蜿蜒的。
3)复合句：含有一个或者一个以上从句的句子。
复合句包含：名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、语从句和状语从句。
e. g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.1、主语+系动词+表语： e. g. He is a student.2、主语+不及物动词： e. g. We work.3、主语+及物动词+宾语： e. g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)：e. g. My father bought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)：e. g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或者省略而构成。
初三英语语法知识总复习PPT课件
作……看待
look around 朝四周看
look at 看着……
look up 往上看，仰望
look after 照管，照看，照顾
look for 寻找
look like 看上去像
look out of (outside) 往外看(看外面)
look up a word (in the dictionary) 查字典
2)非延续性动词现在进行时表将来。
第8页/共18页
Be动词（be, am , is , are, was, were, been，being)
其他系动词
一感：feel; 三变：become, get, turn 五起来：look, taste, sound,
smell, seem
第9页/共18页
系动词
用法： 其后应该 接形容词， 而不是 副词。
感官使役动词
一感：feel; 二听：listen to, hear (listen to 强调动作，hear指听得结果） 三让：make, let, have; 四看：look at, see, watch, notice; 一帮助：help
用法口诀：
to 在句中像妖怪， 主动句中它走开（动词原形）， 被动句中它回来。
第1页/共18页
Ripple_Zhu
英语词性的分类及用法 重要语法讲解---宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、 感叹句、反意疑问句 时态分析 重点词汇、短语复习
第2页/共18页
. 词性分类
名词 noun
代词 pronoun
冠词 article
介词 preposition
虚实 词词
形容词 adjective
get in 进入，收集
自考00831英语语法自考模拟试题(12)
00831英语语法自考模拟试题（12）A.are finishingB.will finishC.will have finishedD.gave finished73.When I arrived in Birmingham the sun ____.A.has been shiningB.shoneC.has shoneD.was shining74.“Let’s play football sometime.”“Good idea.What ____ this afternoon?”A.are you going to doB.shall you doC.are you doingD.will you do75.By the time the course ends,____ a lot about Britain.A.we’ll learnB.we are learningC.we have learntD.we’ll have learnt76.All the machines ____ by the end of the following week.A.were repairedB.would be repairedC.will have been repairedD.were being repaired77.If you ____ quiet,I’ll tell you what happened.A.areB.will beC.are to beD.be78.If you ____ over there for a moment,I’ll tell Mr.Lee you’ve arrived.A.will waitB.waitedC.are waitingD.will be waiting79.We’ll be in class at nine,but they ____.A.don’tB.won’tC.aren’tD.weren’t80.My wife ____.A.has forever criticized meB.forever criticizes meC.does forever criticize meD.is forever criticizing me81.By this time next year he ____ from this college.A.will be graduatingB.should be graduatingC.will have graduatedD.is graduating82.My niece has been to Sumatra and Iran as well as all of Europe.By the time she’s twenty,she ____ almost everywhere.A.will beB.would have beenC.will have beenD.would be83.She was so interested in the book that she ____ it for three hours before she realized it.A.had readB.readC.was readingD.will have read84.____ since I began to learn English.A.Six years has passedB.Six years passedC.It had been six yearsD.It was six years85.“I thought Peter’s school had closed for the summer.”“No,I think it ____ at the end of May.”A.to closeB.closesC.closingD.to be closed86.We won’t go unless you _____ soon.ingB.cameC.will comee87._____ the letter,I ran out of the room to the post office.A.After I had finished forB.As soon as I finished writingC.No sooner than I had finished upD.Since I had finished up to write88.Whenever I _____ these days,I always carry my raincoat.A.shall go outB.am going outC.would go outD.go out89.He will come to call on you the moment he ____ his work.A.will finishB.finishesC.had finishedD.finished90.I don’t think she’ll be upset,but I’ll see her in case ____.A.she’llB.she isC.she doesD.she would91.Put on your raincoat,____ it rains.A.becauseB.forC.in any caseD.in case92.If it ____ rain,we’ll have the party outside.A.wouldn’tB.didn’tC.doesn’tD.won’t93.I had hoped Mr.Smith ____ me an early reply.A.gaveB.to giveC.givingD.would give94.The teacher told the children that water ____ at 100 degree Centigrade.A.boilsB.boiledC.was boilingD.boiling95.She said she ____ her homework when the teacher came.A.finishesB.had finishedC.has finishedD.had he finished96.“My father will be here tomorrow.”“Oh,I thought that he ____ today.”A.was comingB.is comingC.will comees97.Copernicus pointed out that the earth ____ round the sun.A.movesB.movedC.movingD.move98.She said to me,“How long did it take to build the church?”She asked me how long ____ to build the church.A.it was takenB.did it takeC.it had takenD.does it take99.He said to me,“Speak as slowly as you can.”He told me to speak as slowly a ____.A.you canB.I canC.you couldD.I could100.He told me that I ____ better take a train.A.wold haveB.should haveC.had hadD.had101.If no one ____ the phone at home,ring me at work.A.returnsB.repliesC.answersD.receives102.All the leading newspapers ____ the talks between the two countries.A.reportedB.printedC.announcedD.published103.You’re ____ your time trying to persuade him.He’ll never join us. A.spending B.wastingC.losingD.missing104.You’re lucky they didn’t ____ you of all you had.A.robB.stealC.catchD.seize105.Tom ____ all his pockets for money but found nothing.A.lookedB.searchedC.foundD.inspected106.The noise of planes can ____ people mad.A.strikeB.causeC.driveD.lead107.The book is certainly not so difficult as it ____.A.showsB.seemsC.expectsD.looks108.It is necessary to ____ the factory because it is taking up more business.A.increaseB.growC.developD.rise109.The workers can easily ____ the truck with the goods in an hour.A.loadB.emptyC.supportD.slant110.The soldier broke his leg,but he kept ____ on the ground toward the front.A.leadingB.jumpingC.climbingD.crawling111.Don’t be so sure,Do ____ at the chance.A.graspB.seizeC.snatchD.catch112.I love to go to the seaside in summer,It ____ good to lie in the sun or swim in the sea.A.doesB.feelsC.getsD.makes113.This medicine can ____ you from the disease.A.defendB.protectC.escapeD.prevent114.The two boys have ____ their friendship for many years.A.maintainedB.remainedC.remindedD.minded115.Every sum of money paid or received must be ____ down immediately.dB.markedC.bookedD.signed116.Readers can ____ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.A.get overB.get inC.get alongD.get through117.I can hardly hear the radio.Would you please ____?A.turn it onB.turn it downC.turn it upD.turn it off118.Important tasks ____ a lot of hard work and take a long time to complete. A.call for B.call onC.call inD.call at119.If you don’t know what to do,you can ____ your friends for advice.A.turn toB.turn backC.turn over C.turn up120.Since he ____ taking exercise,he has gained weight greatly.A.gave inB.gave upC.gave offD.gave out121.Birthdays seem to ____ more quickly as we grow older.e ine rounde oute over122.The sign that he saw read“____ without permission”.A.Keep upB.Keep outC.Keep offD.Keep away123.The house is in poor condition and the roof ____ the rain.A.takes inB.goes inC.lets inD.drops in124.When he came back,he found all the things ____.A.turned outB.turned downC.turned overD.turned in。
八上英语语法复习
A．will; go B．is; going C．did; go D．has; gone
( D )2．—Have you read this book?—yes, I____it two weeks ago.．
A．am reading B．have read C．will read D．read
(六)现在完成时在特定语境下的使用
是否使用现在完成时不仅可以通过了解句子的汉语意思套用 其基本用法，还可以通过观察时间标志词。和现在完成时态连 用的时间状语主要有以下三种：1.句中出现 just，never， ever， already， yet等词时句子一般使用现在完成时。例如：
I have already had my lunch. He hasn't found the answer to the question yet.
( B )7. He has never visited the Great Hall of the People._____?
A. hasn’t he B. has he C. does he D. doesn’t he
(三)考查have／has been to，have／has gone to与have／has been in的区别
( A)1．——Where's your father?
——He____ Shanghai．He’ll be back next week．
A．has gone to D．have been to
含when或while的主从复合句中一般过去时与过去进行时连用一般过去时往往表示某一个时间点过去进行时表示一个时间段该时间点包含在该段时间内
八年级英语语法复习资料
行为动词的一般过去时
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1 第二部分：教材的学习与使用 一． 首先，仔细研读教材后面所附录的《高等教育自学考试英语语法自学考试大纲》，做到学习重点、考试要求了然于心。 二． 由于教材涉及的术语较多，考试时所有的考题均用英文表述，学员必须熟记这些术语。可参照书后《课程内容与考核目标》所列出的主要概念中英文对照。如：词素（morphemes），词缀法(affixation), 修饰性状语(adjunct) ，评注性状语(disjunct)等。 三． 对于每个概念，术语，都要做到能用简单的英语解释，最好能用书中的定义进行解释。语法考试中就有一部分要检查考生对概念的理解及记忆。如：（1）Morpheme(p4): A morpheme is the minimal distinctive grammatical unit, and is the lowest unit in grammatical hierarchy. Morphemes are actually abstract elements of analysis. What occurs is an orthographic form in writing termed “morph” which realizes the morpheme.(词素是语法的最小区别性单位,即最低一级的语法单位.词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素.词素是抽象的形式成分，在不同的环境中由若干不同的形素来体现) （2）Mass nouns(p57): Those nouns that can not take plural forms are mass nouns, such as butter, cheese, homework music, etc. (没有复数形式的名词叫物质名词) 四． 在理解的基础上，熟记教材上的例句。从以往的试卷分析来看，很多考题就是教材上的原句或略作变动。例如：在全国2003年4月高等教育自学考试英语语法试题第Ⅱ. 多项选择填空题(本大题共8小题，每小题2分，共16分)中，几乎所有的题目均能从书中找出： Fill in the blanks with one of the items given below: 21. bank, bunch, congregation, pack, series（P65） A. a _____ of musicians B. a___ of lectures 22. board, bunch, choir, packet, party（P66） A. a ______ of guests B. a______ of keys 23. is, are, was, were, will be, shall be（P344） Some money _____ carried to the spot and all the food and everything else _____ ready for the picnic. 24. seem, seems, me, I, mine（P59） Your politics _____ to be entirely different from _____. 25. less, less of, than, as, like（P237） Mr. Smith is _____ a politician ______ Mr. Lee. 26. more of, many of, much of, than, as, like（P236） John is as _____ a fool _____ Bill. 27. be, is, was, are, were, will be, shall be A. That she is still alive ______ sheer luck. B. Neither his oral statement nor what he wrote _____ true. 28. have, has, had, will have, shall have（P346） A. She is the only one of her family who ______ trouble making up the mind. B. This is the only family in the community who ____ different opinions while making up the mind. 五． 每一章后面设计的练习题也非常重要，学员要做到每一题都能够理解，作答正确。许多题目被用作以往的考题，将来的试卷同样会从中选择不少题目。 六． 勤于动手，加强实践。该教程共分十六章，学习时可以把每一章节的重点概念摘录出来，把重点例句归纳出来，供自己复习巩固。只有这样，才能让自己掌握好各章节的精华。我们不主张大家去找别的语法练习来训练，因为采取不同的语法体系编辑的练习题有可能差距很大。教材上的例句及练习题稍作变动就可以产生无数的新语法题，足以让同学得到充分地训练。 七． 善于请教，多方求索。学员对自己学习过程中弄不清楚的问题，可以与别的学员共同商讨，或请教老师。互联网也是一种很好的助学手段，但不要在那上面花太多的精力，因为那里的东西庞杂而良莠不齐。只要通过 ‘www.google.com’ 或 ‘www.baidu.com’，输入你想搜寻的内容的关键词, 如：‘自考语法’；‘语法考试’等，它们就会为你提供大量的网站或网页供你登陆或浏览。 八． 学会归纳、总结。学习任何东西都应该多动脑筋。死记硬背得来的东西往往遗忘也很快，理解基础上熟记的东西才能长时间为主人服务。为什么“A book is on the desk..” 不对而“ On the desk is a book.” 正确；为什么“There is a bus over there.”是存在句，“There comes the bus”是倒装句；什么情况下 ‘family’ 之后的动词用复数，什么情况下 ‘family’ 之后的动词用单数。这些只有在理解的基础上，通过归纳总结才能真正牢记住。
第三部分：教材的重点与难点归纳 Chapter 1 The Structure of the English Sentence (第一章 绪 论) 一、 难点、重点 1. Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order. (指出构成层次结构的语法单位.) Answer: The grammatical units that form a hierarchical order are explained and shown as follows: Higher | A sentence consists of one or more clauses | A clause consists of one or more phrases | A phrase consists of one or more words Lower | A word From the macro-grammatical point of view, we can come to a hierarchical structure as: Higher | A text consists of one or more sentences | A sentence consists of one or more clauses | A clause consists of one or more phrases | A phrase consists of one or more words | A word consists of one or more morphemes Lower | A morpheme 英语句子的结构层次是：分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)，图示如下： 高级层次 句子(由一个或多个分句组成) 分句(由一个或多个词组组成) 词组(由一个或多个词组成) 低级层次 词 图1.1语法单位的层次(Leech等，1982：27)
如果从语义的角度来考虑，单词以下还可再分为词素(morphemes)；句子以上还有更大的语言单位，即把句子按一定逻辑规则组织起来的语篇。所以，从超语法的角度来看，语法层次结构可以如下图所示： 高级层次 语篇(由广个或多个句子组成) 句子(由一个或多个分句组成) 分句(由一个或多个扣组组成) 词组(由一个或多个词组成) 词(由一个或多个词素组成) 低级层次 词素 图1.2 扩大的语法层次结构图 2． Morphemes词素 (Terms: morpheme, morph, allomorph, free morpheme and bound morpheme) （注：此部分内容的学习可以借鉴‘词汇学’的相关内容，然而必须注意两门课程描述的不同点。） 什么是词素(morpheme)?词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。 2
词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素(morph)。词素是一种抽象形式的成分，在不同的环境中一个词素可以由若干个不同的形素体现，如英语中的复数词素可以表现为／s，z，iz／。 某一词素在不同的环境中可以用不同的变体或词素变体(allomorph)表示。所谓词素变体是指词素的非区别性变体，几个不同的变体一起构成一个词素。 词素又分为自由词素和粘附词素。自由词素(free morpheme)是指本身具有完整意义，可以独立使用的词素。它可以是简单的单词，如boy，girl，do，so等，也可以是派生词的词根，如im-polite，self-ish等。自由词素具有较强的构词能力。 粘附词素 (bound morpheme)是指没有完整意义不能独立使用的词素。粘附词素只表示一种附加意义或语法意义，这种词素不能单独存在和使用，只有粘附在其他词素(主要是自由词素)上才能表示出它的意义。粘附词素的主要功能是在构词中充当词缀，如unfriendliness中的un-，-ly，-ness等。 3.Finite clauses and infinite clauses (限定性分句与非限定性分句,定义参见下面的简答题部分) 注意这里分句的概念与传统语法的区别，特别是非限定性分句。 Finite Clauses (1)名词性分句 What he said was incredible. (2)关系分句 This is one of the best books I’ve ever read. (3)状语分句 If I were in your shoes, I wouldn’t quit. Non-finite clauses： (1) 非限定性名词性分句： She didn’t know what to say． (2)非限定性关系分句： The man standing by the window is her brother. (3) 非限定性状语分句： Published ten years ago，this is still the best dictionary． 二、 重要概念 1. morpheme (参见第一部分测试题) 2. parsing：Breaking a sentence into smaller components for analysis and then grouping them into various classes in a systematic way. 把一个句子中的各种词按语法范畴给出名称一如主语、宾语、动词、性、数、格等一叫做句子成分分析(parsing)。 3. Define the complex sentence The complex sentence is a sentence that contains more than one clause that are joined together by subordinating one to another．[复杂句是用 从属连词(如if, when, though等)连接的一个以上分句的句子.] 三、 典型考题 I. 选择题 1. There are ( ) morphemes in “gunfighter”. A. two B. three C. four D. one 2. In “He downed his beer and punched me on the nose. ” “downed” belongs to ( ) . (P13) A. backformation B. clipping C. conversion D. blending 3. Suffixes basically change ( ) . A. word meaning B. word class C. nothing D. word formation 4. The prefix“uni-” means ( ) . A. without B. self C. false D. one Key: 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D II. 简答题 1. In terms of which three factors are words classified? The three factors are: the environment where words occur, their internal structure and their meaning. 2. Define the finite clauses and the non-finite clauses. The finite clauses are the ones that have subjects and finite verbs as predicates．The non-finite clauses are the ones that leave subjects unsaid and verbs in non-finite forms．(限定分句是主语加限定动词作谓语的 分句。非限定分句是省略主语而动词以非限定形式出现(主语省略是因为其前面或 后面已有主语。) Chapter 2 Sentence Types (第二章 句子类型)