智能开关电源论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

智能开关电源

中文：

随着电子技术的高速发展，电子系统的应用领域越来越广泛，电子设备的种类也越来越多，电子设备与人们的工作、生活的关系日益密切。任何电子设备都离不开可靠的电源，它们对电源的要求也越来越高。电子设备的小型化和低成本化使电源以轻、薄、小和高效率为发展方向。传统的晶体管串联调整稳压电源是连续控制的线性稳压电源。这种传统稳压电源技术比较成熟，并且已有大量集成化的线性稳压电源模块，具有稳定性能好、输出波纹电压小、使用可靠等优点。但通常都需要体积大且笨重的工频变压器与体积和重量都很大的滤波器。

二十世纪五十年代，美国宇航局以小型化、重量轻为目标，为搭载火箭开发了开关电源。在近半个世纪的发展过程中，开关电源因具有重量轻、体积小、效率高、稳压范围宽等优点，在电子电气、控制、计算机等许多领域的电子设备中得到了广泛的使用。二十世纪八十年代，计算机全面实现了开关电源化，率先完成计算机的电源换代。二十世纪九十年代，开关电源在电子、电器设备、家电领域得到了广泛的应用，开关电源技术进入快速发展期。此外，大规模集成电路技术的迅速发展，又使开关电源有了质的飞跃，掀起了电源产品高频化、小型化、模块化的浪潮。

功率开关管、PWM控制器和高频变压器是开关电源必不可少的组成部分。传统的开关电源一般均采用分立的高频功率开关管和多引脚的PWM集成控制器，例如采用UC3842+MOSFET是国内小功率开关电源中较为普及的设计方法。

七十年代以来，涌现出许多功能完备的集成控制电路，使开关电源电路日益简化，工作频率不断提高，效率提高，并为电源小型化提供了广阔的前景。三端离线式脉宽调制单片开关集成电路TOP(Three Terminal Off Line)将PWM控制器与功率开关MOSFET合二为一封装在一起，已成为开关电源IC发展的主流。采用TOP开关集成电路设计开关电源，可使电路简化，体积进一步缩小，成本也明显降低。单片开关电源具有单片集成化、最简外围电路、最佳性能指标、能构成无工频变压器开关电源等显著优点。美国PI(Power Integration)公司于上世纪九十年代中期率先推出的新型高频开关电源芯片，被誉为"顶级开关电源"，具有成本低，电路简单，效率高等优点。其第一代产品以1994年推出的TOP100/200

系列为代表，第二代产品则是1997年问世的TOPSwitch-Ⅱ。上述产品一经问世便显示出强大的生命力，他极大地简化了150W以下开关电源的设计和新产品的开发工作，也为新型、高效、低成本开关电源的推广与普及创造了良好条件，可广泛用于仪器仪表、笔记本电脑、移动电话、电视机、VCD和DVD、摄录像机、手机电池充电器、功率放大器等领域，并构成各种小型化、高密度、在价格上能与线性稳压电源相竞争的AC/DC电源变换模块。

开关电源向集成化方向发展将是未来的主要趋势,功率密度将越来越大,对工艺的要求也会越来越高.在半导体器件和磁性材料没有新的突破之前,重大的技术进展可能很难实现,技术创新的重点将集中在如何提高效率和减小重量.因此,工艺水平将会在电源制造中占的地位越来越高.另外,数字控制集成电路的应用也是将来开关电源发展的一个方向.这信赖于DSP运行速度和抗干扰技术的不断提高.至于先进的控制方法,目前个人觉得还没有看到实用性特别强的方法出现,也许随着数字控制的普及,会有一些新的控制理论运用到开关电源中来.

（1）高频化技术：随着开关频率的提高，开关变换器的体积也随之减少，功率密度也得到大幅提升，动态响应得到改善。小功率DC-DC变换器的开关频率将上升到MHz。但随着开关频率的不断提高，开关元件和无源元件损耗的增加、高频寄生参数以及高频EMI等新的问题也将随之产生。（2）软开关技术：为提高变

换器的变换效率，各种软开关技术应用而生，具有代表性的是无源软开关技术和有源软开关技术，主要包括零电压开关/零电流开关（ZVS/ZCS）谐振、准谐振、零电压/零电流脉宽调制技术（ZVS/ZCS-PWM）以及零电压过渡/零电流过渡脉宽调制（ZVT/ZCT-PWM）技术等。采用软开关技术可以有效的降低开关损耗和开关应力，有助于变换器变换效率的提高。（3）功率因数校正技术（PFC）。目前PFC 技术主要分为有源PFC技术和无源PFC技术两大类，采用PFC技术可以提高AC-DC 变化器输入端功率因数，减少对电网的谐波污染。（4）模块化技术。采用模块化技术可以满足分布式电源系统的需要，提高系统的可靠性。（5）低输出电压技术。随着半导体制造技术的不断发展，微处理器和便携式电子设备的工作越来越低，这就要求未来的DC-DC变换器能够提供低输出电压以适应微处理器和便携式电子设备的供电要求。

人们在开关电源技术领域是边开发相关电力电子器件，边开发开关变频技术，两者相互促进推动着开关电源每年以超过两位数字的增长率向着轻、小、薄、低噪声、高可靠、抗干扰的方向发展。开关电源可分为AC/DC和DC/DC两大类，也有AC/AC DC/AC 如逆变器DC/DC变换器现已实现模块化，且设计技术及生产工艺在国内外均已成熟和标准化，并已得到用户的认可，但AC/DC的模块化，因其自身的特性使得在模块化的进程中，遇到较为复杂的技术和工艺制造问题。以下分别对两类开关电源的结构和特性作以阐述。

开关电源的发展方向是高频、高可靠、低耗、低噪声、抗干扰和模块化。由于开关电源轻、小、薄的关键技术是高频化，因此国外各大开关电源制造商都致力于同步开发新型高智能化的元器件，特别是改善二次整流器件的损耗，并在功率铁氧体（Mn?Zn)材料上加大科技创新，以提高在高频率和较大磁通密度（Bs)下获得高的磁性能，而电容器的小型化也是一项关键技术。SMT技术的应用使得开关电源取得了长足的进展，在电路板两面布置元器件，以确保开关电源的轻、小、薄。开关电源的高频化就必然对传统的PWM开关技术进行创新，实现ZVS、ZCS 的软开关技术已成为开关电源的主流技术，并大幅提高了开关电源的工作效率。对于高可靠性指标，美国的开关电源生产商通过降低运行电流，降低结温等措施以减少器件的应力，使得产品的可靠性大大提高。

模块化是开关电源发展的总体趋势，可以采用模块化电源组成分布式电源系统，

可以设计成N＋1冗余系统，并实现并联方式的容量扩展。针对开关电源运行噪声大这一缺点，若单独追求高频化其噪声也必将随着增大，而采用部分谐振转换电路技术，在理论上即可实现高频化又可降低噪声，但部分谐振转换技术的实际应用仍存在着技术问题，故仍需在这一领域开展大量的工作，以使得该项技术得以实用化。

电力电子技术的不断创新，使开关电源产业有着广阔的发展前景。要加快我国开关电源产业的发展速度，就必须走技术创新之路，走出有中国特色的产学研联合发展之路，为我国民经济的高速发展做出贡献。

基本原理及元件作用

开关电源按控制原理来分类，大致有以下3种工作方式：

1）脉冲宽度调制式，简称脉宽调制(PulseWidth Modulation，缩写为PWM)式。其主要特点是固定开关频率，通过改变脉冲宽度来调节占

空比，实现稳压目的。其核心是脉宽调制器。开关周期的固定为设计滤波电路提供了方便。但是，它的缺点是受功率开关最小导通时间的限制，对输出电压不能作宽范围调节；此外，输出端一般要接假负载(亦称预负载)，以防止空载时输出电压升高。目前，大多数的集成开关电源采用PWM方式。

2）脉冲频率调制方式，简称脉频调制(PulseFrequency Modulation，缩写为PFM)式。其特点是将脉冲宽度固定，通过改变开关频率来调节占空比，实现稳压的目的。其核心是脉频调制器。在电路设计上要用固定脉宽发生器来代替脉宽调制器中的锯齿波发生器，并利用电压?频率转换器(例如压控振荡器VCO)改变频率。它的稳压原理是：当输出电压Uo升高时，控制器输出信号的脉冲宽度不变而周期变长，使占空比减小，Uo降低。PFM式开关电源的输出电压调节范围很宽，输出端可不接假负载。PWM方式和PFM方式的调制波形分别如图1(a)、(b)所示，tp表示脉冲宽度(即功率开关管的导通时间tON)，T代表周期。从中可以比较容易的看出两者的区别。但它们也有共同之处：（1）均采用时间比率控制(TRC)的稳压原理，无论是改变tp还是T，最终调节的都是脉冲占空比。尽管采用的方式不同，但控制目标一致，可谓殊途同归。（2）当负载由轻变重，或者输入电压从高变时，分别通过增加脉宽、升高频率的方法使输出电压保持稳定。

3）混合调制方式，是指脉冲宽度与开关频率均不固定，彼此都能改变的方式，它属于PWM和PFM的混合方式。它包含了脉宽调制器和脉频调制器。由于和T 均可单独调节，因此占空比调节范围最宽，适合制作供实验室使用的输出电压可以宽范围调节的开关电源。以上3种工作方式统称为“时间比率控制”(Time Ratio Control，简称TRC)方式。需要指出的是，脉宽调制器既可作为一片独立的集成电路使用(例如UC3842型脉宽调制器)，亦可被集成在DC/DC变换器中(例如LM2576型开关稳压器集成电路)，还能集成在AC/DC变换器中(例如TOP250型单片开关电源集成电路)。其中，开关稳压器属于DC/DC电源变换器，开关电源一般为AC/DC电源变换器。

开关电源的典型结构如图2所示，其工作原理是：市电进入电源首先经整流和滤波转为高压直流电，然后通过开关电路和高频开关变压器

转为高频率低压脉冲，再经过整流和滤波电路，最终输出低电压的直流电源。同时在输出部分有一个电路反馈给控制电路，通过控制PWM占空比以达到输出电压稳定。

开关电源由以下4部分构成：

1）主电路：从交流电网输入，到直流输出的主要电路。主要包括输入滤波器、整流与滤波、逆变、输出整流与滤波。

（1）输入滤波器:其作用是将电网存在的杂波过滤,同时也阻碍本机产生的杂波反馈到公共电网。

（2）整流与滤波:将电网交流电源直接整流为较平滑的直流电,以供下一级变换。（3）逆变:将整流后的直流电变为高频交流电,这是高频开关电源的核心部分,频率越高,体积、重量与输出功率之比越小。

（4）输出整流与滤波:根据负载需要,提供稳定可靠的直流电源。

2）控制电路：一方面从输出端取样,经与设定标准进行比较,然后去控制逆变器,改变其频率或脉宽,达到输出稳定,另一方面,根据测试电路提供的数据,经保护电路鉴别,提供控制电路对整机进行各种保护措施。包括输出端取样电路、反馈电路和脉宽调制器。

3）检测及保护电路：检测电路有过电流检测、过电压检测、欠电压检测、过热检测等；保护电路可分为过电流保护、过电压保护、欠电压保护、箝位保护、过热保护、自动重启动、软启动、缓启动等多种类型。

4）其他电路：如锯齿波发生器、偏置电路、光耦合器等。

英文：

With the rapid development of electronic technology, application field of electronic system is more and more extensive, electronic equipment, there are more and more people work with electronic equipment, life is increasingly close relationship. Any electronic equipment are inseparable from reliable power supply for power requirements, they more and more is also high. Electronic equipment miniaturized and low cost in the power of light and thin, small and efficient for development direction. The traditional transistors series adjustment manostat is continuous control linear manostat. This traditional manostat technology more mature, and there has been a large number of integrated linear manostat module, has the stable performance is good, output ripple voltage small, reliable operation, etc. But usually need are bulky and heavy industrial frequency transformer and bulk and weight are big filter.

In the 1950s, NASA to miniaturization, light weight as the goal, for a rocket carrying the switch power development. In almost half a century of development process, switch power because of its small volume, light weight, high efficiency, wide range, voltage advantages in electric, control, computer, and many other areas of electronic equipment has been widely used. In the 1980s, a computer is made up of all of switch power supply, the first complete computer power generation. Throughout the 1990s, switching power supply in electronics, electrical equipment, home appliances areas to be widely, switch power technology into the rapid development. In addition, large scale integrated circuit technology, and the rapid development of switch power supply with a qualitative leap, raised high frequency power products of, miniaturization, modular tide.

Power switch tube, PWM controller and high-frequency transformer is an indispensable part of the switch power supply. The traditional switch power supply is normally made by using high frequency power switch tube division and the pins, such as using PWM integrated controller UC3842 + MOSFET is domestic small power

switch power supply, the design method of a more popularity.

Since the 1970s, emerged in many function complete integrated control circuit, switch power supply circuit increasingly simplified, working frequency enhances unceasingly, improving efficiency, and for power miniaturization provides the broad prospect. Three end off-line pulse width modulation monolithic integrated circuit TOP (Three switch Line) will Terminal Off with power switch MOSFET PWM controller one package together, has become the mainstream of switch power IC development. Adopt TOP switch IC design switch power, can make the circuit simplified, volume further narrowing, cost also is decreased obviously

Monolithic switching power supply has the monolithic integrated, the minimalist peripheral circuit, best performance index, no work frequency transformer can constitute a significant advantage switching power supply, etc. American PI (with) company in Power in the mid 1990s first launched the new high frequency switching Power supply chip, known as the "top switch Power", with low cost, simple circuit, higher efficiency. The first generation of products launched in 1994 represented TOP100/200 series, the second generation product is the TOPSwitch - debuted in 1997 Ⅱ. The above products once appeared showed strong vitality and he greatly simplifies the

design of 150W following switching power supply and the development of new products for the new job, also, high efficiency and low cost switch power supply promotion and popularization created good condition, which can be widely used in instrumentation, notebook computers, mobile phones, TV, VCD and DVD, perturbation VCR, mobile phone battery chargers, power amplifier and other fields, and form various miniaturization, density, on price can compete with the linear manostat AC/DC power transformation module.

Switching power supply to integrated direction of future development will be the main trend, power density will more and more big, to process requirements will increasingly high. In semiconductor devices and magnetic materials, no new breakthrough technology progress before major might find it hard to achieve, technology innovation will focus on how to improve the efficiency and focus on

reducing weight. Therefore, craft level will be in the position of power supply manufacturing higher in. In addition, the application of digital control IC is the future direction of the development of a switch power. This trust in DSP for speed and anti-interference technology unceasing enhancement. As for advanced control method, now the individual feels haven't seen practicability of the method appears particularly strong,

perhaps with the popularity of digital control, and there are some new control theory into switching power supply.

（1）The technology: with high frequency switching frequencies increase, switch converter volume also decrease, power density has also been boosted, dynamic response improved. Small power DC - DC converter switch frequency will rise to MHz. But as the switch frequency unceasing enhancement, switch components and passive components loss increases, high-frequency parasitic parameters and high-frequency EMI and so on the new issues will also be caused.

（2）Soft switching technologies: in order to improve the efficiency of non-linearity of various soft switch, commutation technical application and hygiene, representative of soft switch technology is passive and active soft switch technology, mainly including zero voltage switch/zero current switch (ZVS/ZCS) resonance, quasi resonant, zero voltage/zero current pulse width modulation technology (ZVS/ZCS - PWM) and zero voltage transition/zero current transition pulse width modulation (PWM) ZVT/ZCT - technical, etc. By means of soft switch technology can effectively reduce switch loss and switch stress, help converter transformation efficiency

（3）Power factor correction technology (IC simplifies PFC). At present mainly divided into IC simplifies PFC technology passive and active IC simplifies PFC technology using IC simplifies PFC technology two kinds big, IC simplifies PFC technology can improve AC - DC change device input power factor, reduce the harmonic pollution of power grid.

（4）Modular technology. Modular technology can meet the needs of the distributed power system, enhance the system reliability.

（5）Low output voltage technology. With the continuous development of semiconductor manufacturing technology, microprocessor and portable electronic devices work more and more low, this requires future DC - DC converter can provide low output voltage to adapt microprocessor and power supply requirement of portable electronic devices

People in switching power supply technical fields are edge developing related power electronics device, the side of frequency conversion technology, development of switch between mutual promotion push switch power supply with more than two year growth toward light, digital small, thin, low noise and high reliability, anti-interference direction. Switching power

supply can be divided into the AC/DC and DC/DC two kinds big, also have AC/AC DC/AC as inverter DC/DC converter is now realize modular, and design technology and production process at home and abroad, are mature and standardization, and has approved by users, but the AC/DC modular, because of its own characteristics in the process of making modular, meet more complex technology and craft manufacture problems. The following two types of switch power supply respectively on the structure and properties of this.

Switching power supply is the development direction of high frequency, high reliability, low consumption, low noise, anti-jamming and modular. Because light switch power, small, thin key techniques are changed, so high overseas each big switch power supply manufacturer are devoted to the development of new high intelligent synchronous rectifier, especially the improvement of secondary devices of the device, and power loss of Zn ferrite (Mn) material? By increasing scientific and technological innovation, to enhance in high frequency and larger magnetic flux density (Bs) can get high magnetic under the miniaturization of, and capacitor is a key technology. SMT technology application makes switching power supply has made considerable progress, both sides in the circuit

board to ensure that decorate components of switch power supply light, small, thin. The high frequency switching power supply of the traditional PWM must innovate switch technology, to realize the ZCS ZVS, soft switch technology has become the