英语专八英美文学常识汇总

英语专八英美文学常识汇总
英语专八英美文学常识汇总

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况

the englishchannel: the channelis anarrow sea passage which separateseng land and france andconnects the atlantic ocean and north sea、

英吉利海峡:英吉利海峡就是一道狭长得海峡,分割英法两国,连接大西洋与北海。

thedeeestuary: a small sea (in irish sea) where thedee riverenters、

迪河河口:就是迪河流入得一个小海。

"theact of unionof1801":in1801 the englishparliamentpassed anact by whichscotland,wales and the kingdomof england were constitutionallyjoinedasth ekingdom ofgreat britain、

1801合并法:1801年英国议会通过法令,规定英格兰、苏格兰与威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。

gaelic:itis one of the celtic language, and isspoken in parts ofthehighlands、盖尔语:就是盖尔特语言得一种,在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。

the"backbone of england": itrefersto the pennies,theboard ridge ofhills、

英格兰脊梁:指得就是山脉得背脊。

lead ore:british leadoreshavebeen workedsincepre-roman times、itcontains silver、

铅矿:自前罗马时代开始,英国得铅矿就被开发了。内含银。

china clay: the depositsof china clay incornwall are ofgreateconomic value、瓷土:康沃尔得瓷土沉淀带来了巨大得经济价值。

4专八人文知识复习:美国地理概况

本文针对英语专业八级考试得人文知识部分,总结了美国国家得主要地理概况,希望对同学们有所帮助。The Fall Line瀑布线:Apoint where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from ahigher level to the lower one、

瀑布线指得就是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻得点。

The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉:1200 miles long,consists of thePiedmont Plateau, Appal achian Plateaus and Appalachian Range、

阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里,由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。

The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉:posed of theCoast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains、

科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。

The GreatBasin大盆地:ThePart betweenthe Colorado and Columbia Plateaus、

指得就是科罗拉多与哥伦比亚高地之间得部分。

TheGreatCentral Plain中部大平原:The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appa lachians、

指得就是洛基山与阿巴拉伊亚山之间得平原。

The GreatPlain大平原:The western partof the central plain、

大平原:指得就是中部平原以西得部分。

The MississippiRiver密西西比河:The longest, the most important river inthe U、S、A、、It has a drainage area of3225000 square kilometers、

密西西比河就是美国最长、最重要得河流。它得流域面积达3225000平方公里。

TheFive Great Lakes北美五大湖:LakeMichigan, Superior,Erie, Huron and Ontario、

北美五太湖指得就是密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、休伦湖以及安大略湖。

The NiagaraFalls尼亚加拉瀑布:Famous fallsin NorthAmerica,1240 meterswide, the d ropaverages 49 meters、

尼亚加拉瀑布就是北美最著名得瀑布,有1240米宽,平均落差为49米。

Yellow stoneNational Park黄石国家公园:Located inthe northernpart of Wyoming、It is the oldest nationalpark in the world and the largestwildlife preservein the U.S.A.

黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州得北部地区。就是世界上最古老得国家公园,就是美国最大得野生保护区。

Grand Canyon大峡谷:In northern Arizona,one of the great naturalwonders ofthewo rld、It measuresabout 277miles long, up to18 mileswide, andmore than a mile deep、Its walls showlayersthattell the story of the formation oftheearth、

大峡谷在亚利桑那州得北部,就是世界上最伟大得自然奇迹之一。它约有277英里长,18英里宽,约1英里深。它得墙壁断层记录了地球形成得过程。

Old Faithful老忠实喷泉:The most famous gayer in YellowstoneNational Park,erupting moret hanl00feet in theair about every73minutes、

老忠实喷泉就是黄石国家公园最著名得喷泉,每73分钟向空中喷水100英尺多高。

Chinatown唐人街:Anarea inacity wheremany Chinesepeople live andwhere areChinese shops,restaurants, clubs; two, important Chinatowns: NewYork City and San Francisco、

唐人街就是许多中国人生活、居住得地区,那里有许多中国店铺、饭店、夜总会。两条最重要得唐人街分别在纽约与旧金山。

Indian Reservation印第安保留地:It refers to the barren desert regions whereonlyIndiansliv eexclusively、

印第安保留地指得就是专门给印第安人居住得贫瘠得沙漠地区。

New England新英格兰:Itconsists ofsixstates: Maine, New Hampshire,Vermont, Massachuset ts,Rhode Island and Connecticut、Thisregion isfeatured with mountains, valleys, rivers、

新英格兰由六个州组成:缅因州、新罕布什尔州、佛蒙特州、马萨诸塞州、罗德岛州以及康涅狄格。这个地区主要以多山、多山谷、河流为特征。

The Mountain States山地诸州:Montana,Wyoming,Colorado,and New Mexico、

山地诸州指得就是蒙大拿州、怀俄明州、科罗拉多州以及新墨西哥州。

The PacificCoastStates太平洋沿岸诸州:Washington, OregonandCalifornia、

太平洋沿岸诸州包括华盛顿州、俄勒冈州以及加利弗尼亚州。

Mount McKinley 麦金利山:6187 meters high, on the middle of the Alaska,the highestpeak on this continent、

麦金利山高达6187米。在阿拉斯加得中部。就是这片大陆上最高得山峰。

Pearl Harbor 珍珠港:The base of the PacificFleet of theU.S.A. near the city of Honolulu i nHawaii、

珍珠港就是美国太平洋舰队得基地,在夏威夷得火奴鲁鲁市附近。

5专八人文知识复习:加拿大地理概况

Canadais theworld's second largestcountry after Russia、60% of the population inCa nada inhabitin the area betweenQuebec city and the western end of Lake Ontario、

加拿大就是世界上幅员第二大得国家,大约60%得人口集中在魁北克市与安大略省西端。

Toronto多伦多:Toronto is Canada's largestcity and theprovincial Capitalof Ontario、

多伦多就是安大略省得省会,加拿大经济中心,第一大城市。

Ottawa渥太华:Ottawaisthe capitalof Canada and thecountry'sfourth largest city、It islocatedin theOttawa Valley in the eastern partof the province of Ontario、

加拿大首都,第四大城市,地处安大略省东部得安大略谷。

Vancouver温哥华:VancouverisBritish Columbia’slargest cityand the third largest city in Canada、It isan important ice-freeharbor and the major Canadianoutletto the Pacif icOceanand the largestcargo port on the Pacific、

不列颠哥伦比亚省得最大城市,也就是加拿大第三大城市。它就是加拿大一个非常重要得不冻港,而且就是加拿大通往太平洋得主要通道,太平洋最大得货运港口。

Quebec魁北克省:Quebec is thelargest provincein Canada geographically, and thesecond most populous, after Ontario、It differs from the otherprovinces of Canada becauseofitsstrong Frenchculture、Montreal, the second largest city of Canada,is locatedin this province、The Quebec cityis thecenterof theprovince、

魁北克省就是加拿大最大得省,人口仅次于安大略省。法国文化得强烈影响使它与其她省区不一样。加拿大第二大城市蒙特利尔位于该省。其中心就是位于圣劳伦斯河上得魁北克城。

TheCanadian Shield加拿大地盾:The CanadianShieldis a semicircle band of rocky highlands andplateausaround the Hudson Bayfrom the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shoresof the NorthwestTerritories、The Shieldcovers almosthalf of theCanadian territory、

这就是围绕哈得孙海湾得一块半圆形多石高低与高原,从魁北克省得北部海岸一直延伸到西北自治领得北极沿岸。几乎加拿大得一半面积在加拿大地盾一带。

MountLogan 洛跟峰:MountLoganis the highest peak in Canada and is located in the Yukon Te rritory of northwest Canada、

加拿大最高峰,位于加拿大西北部得育空地区。

The Mackenzie River 马更些河:The Mackenzie River is the longest river in Canada, flowingbetween the Canadian Shieldand theRockyMountains、

英国文学(English Literature)

一、OldandMedievalEnglish Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)

1) The Old English Period/ The Anglo-SaxonPeriod古英语时期(449-1066)

a、pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》-最早得诗歌;长诗(3000行)heroism&fatalism &Christian qualities

the folk legendsof the primitive northern tribes;a heroic Scandinavian epiclegend;善恶有报

b、religious poetry:Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680):thefirst knownreligiouspoet;the father of English song

Cynewulf(基涅武甫9C):The Christ

c、8thC, Anglo-Saxon prose:Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)

2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca、1485/1500):

a、Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500):the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌

无名诗人- SirGawain and theGreen Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》:Celticlegend; verse-ro mance; 2530lines

~ 14thC, AgeofChaucer:

*Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400):文风:vivid and exact language, his poetry isfullof

vigor and swiftness

the father ofEnglish poetry;thefather of Englishfiction; 首创“双韵体”;首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家

The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories受Boccaccio(薄伽丘)- Decameron《十日谈》启发

The House of Fame;TroilusandCriseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作) * William Langland(朗兰1332-1400):The Vision of PiersPlowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》:普通人眼中得社会抗议

b、15thC, English ballads: ThomasMalory (1395-1471):Morted’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士

二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism 十四行诗,文艺复兴,无韵诗,伊丽莎白戏剧

1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)

a、ThomasWyatt (怀亚特1503-1542):the first to introduce the sonnet into English lit

erature

b、SirPhilipSidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586):代表了当时得理想- “the pleteman”D efense of Poetry《为诗辩护》

AstrophelandStella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romancefilled with lyrics; aforerunnerof the modernworld

c、Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet;non-dramatic poetof伊丽莎白时代- l ong allegoricalromance

文风:a perfectmelody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination、The Shep herd Calendar

The FaerieQueen《仙后》:long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/the Spenserian Stanza

Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体):Nine lines, the first eightlines is iniambic(抑扬格) pent

ameter(五步诗),

and theninth line isan iambichexameter(六步诗)line、

2) Prose散文

a、Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535):欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员得对话

b、John Lyly(黎里1553-160,剧作家&小说家):Eupheus

Euphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use ofbalancedsentences, alliterations(头韵) and other art ificial prosodic(韵律) means、

The use ofoddsimiles(明喻) and parisons

c、Francis Bacon(培根1561-1626):英国首位散文家,中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人与近代实验科学先驱

the trumpeterof a newage;Essays(论说文集):OfStudies, OfLove,Of Beauty:the first trueEnglishprose classic

3)戏剧

a、ChristopherMarlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II;TheJ

ew of Malta《马耳她得犹太人》

first made blank verse(无韵诗:不押韵得五步诗) the principleinstrumentof Englishdrama The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士得悲剧》:根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。

TamburlainetheGreat《帖木儿大帝》:残酷而野心勃勃得帝王

b、WilliamShakespeare(剧作家&诗人, 1564-1616):154 sonnets(十四行诗)+ 37plays+ long poems;现实主义创始人

16edies : Merchant ofVenice (Shylock; Antonio;Bassanio; Portia);The Taming of theShrew《驯悍记》

A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream; As You Like It《皆大欢喜》; TheTwelfth Night;The edy of Errors;

Much AdoAbout Nothing《无事生非》; The Winter’s Tale《冬天得故事》; All is Well thatEnds Well《终成眷属》

11tragedies: Romeo and Juliet;Hamlet; Macbeth《麦克白》;The Tempest《暴风雨》

Othello:aheroOthellovs、badmanIago;VeniceandCyprus

King Lear: British King; greatest achievement;most plex inplot and mostpainfu l

10 historical plays: Henry IV;Henry V

c、Ben Jonson(琼生1562-1637诗人&剧作家&批评家): edy ofHumors;Volpone《狐狸》;T

he Alchemist《炼金术士》

三、17世纪文学

1)Literature of the Revolution Period (Ageof Milton)资产阶级革命时期:poetry(Metaphysical玄学派+Cavalier骑士派)

a、JohnDonne(多恩1572-1631):玄学派创始人; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《临别辞:莫悲伤》

文风:obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking –the conflict betweenbodyand soul TheHolySonnets;The Flea;Goand Catch aFalling Star; The SongsandSonnets(主题-爱)

b、John Milton(弥尔顿1608-1674):Renaissance and Reformation (宗教改革)

ParadiseRegained《复乐园》;Paradise Lost《失乐园》: the greatest English epic;Satan i sthe hero

SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》:closet drama; for reading rather than performing;

OnHis Blindness《目盲自咏》;Areopagitica《论出版自由》;us;L’allegro《快乐得人》;Lycidas

c、John Bunyan(班扬1628-1688): prose writing in thePuritan Age; 文风:simple and li

velyprosestyle

The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》: prose allegorydepictingahuman soulsearchingf or salvation 宗教寓言

“具有永恒意义得百科全书”,英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。

2) Literatureofthe RestorationPeriod (Age ofDryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期:tendancyto Realismand Formalism

restoration literature: cliquish culture小集团文化; French classical taste

a、John Dryden(德莱顿1631-1700, 批评家&戏剧家):first poet laureate(桂冠诗人); the father of English Criticism

establish the heroic couplet(英雄史诗式两行诗) as the fashion for satiric, didactic(说教)and de scriptive(描写) poetry

最先提出“玄学诗人”一词;她创造得“英语双韵体couplet”,成为英国诗歌得主要形式之一。Allfor Love; Alexander’s Feast;

An Essay ofDramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗歌》: the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, 英国文艺复兴&当代法国

四、18世纪英国文学:Realism (关注社会现状,普通人) The NeoclassicalPeriod(17世纪中期-18世纪) ~Enlightenment (启蒙运动):18th C, 法国-西欧, a progressiveintellectualmovement、文艺复兴得衍伸;资本主义反对封建主义

Enlightenthe world withmodern philosophicalandartistic ideas; rationality, equality&science

~Neo-Classicism:早期(Addison,Steele and Pope); 中期(Samuel Johnson) old classics Conform torulesandprinciples established by Roman and Greek Classical writers; use rimed couplet(押韵得两行诗)

Order,logic,restrained emotion and accuracy, be judged interms of the thematicconcern

a、SamuelPepys(毕博思1633-1703): The greatestdiarist in17thCThe Diary

b、Alexander Pope(蒲柏1688-1744) : 新古典主义代表;masterin satire andheroic couplet;

Age of Pope–18世纪初期

文风:词句工整、精练、富有哲理;对Byron影响巨大first introduced rationalism to England

An EssayonCriticism(处女作); AnEssayonMan; Odyssey; The Rapeof the Lock《夺发记》;Dunciad《愚人记》

c、Richard Steele(斯梯尔1672-1729) &JosephAddison (艾迪生1672-1719):literaryperiod

icals

The Tattler(闲谈者报): 1709, bySteele; Addison wroteessays;抨击封建偏见,傲慢得富人,及大众对赌博与决斗得反感

The Spectator(旁观者报):共同创办;theSpectator Club---现代英语小说先锋贡献:资产阶级新社会道德;18世纪英国社会真实写照;英语散文正式成为一大文学流派d、Samuel Johnson(字典约翰1709-1784) :literary dictator; “grand champion inliterature of thatage”

The Dictionary of theEnglish Language: 英语字典得基础;The Lives of English poets: 52 early English poets

2) 十八世纪小说得崛起: 首批英国小说家– theSentimentalist &the Realist

*现实主义

a、Daniel Defoe(笛福1661-1731): 英国现实主义小说奠基人; Father of English and European Nov

elsMollFlanders

TheLife andStrange Surprising Adventures of RobinsonCrusoe: the first person si

ngular

Crusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the earlystage of itsdevelopment、

A Journal of thePlagueYear

b、HenryFielding(菲尔丁1707-1754, 小说家&戏剧家):英国小说之父;英国现代小说创始人;ic epi cin prose创始人

文风:exact study and observation ofreal lifeJoseph Andrews;Amelia

The Historyof TomJones, a Foundling《弃婴汤姆·琼斯得故事》: 18世纪英国群像;Mr、Allworthy “Prose Humor”

c、Jonathan Swift(斯威夫特1667-1745, 政论家&讽刺小说家):伟大文学创造者之一;masterofEngli sh satirical prose

文风:simple,clear and vigor; “Proper words inproper places,makes thetrue definition sof a style”

Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》:Liliput(小人国);Brogdingnagians(大人国);Laputa(勒普泰岛); Houy hnhnms(慧马国)

TheBattle ofthe Books;The Tale of a Tub; A ModestProposal(bitter irony)

d、Tobias George Smollett(1721-1771):冒险小说

*Sentimentalism(感伤主义):It indulgesinemotion and sentiment, which are usedas a

sort ofrelief for the grieffelt towards theworld’s wrongs and as a

kindof mild protest againstsocial injustice、

a、Samuel Richardson(理查森1689-1761):the founderof theEnglish domestic novel小说开始审视“发生于内心得东西”

Pamela;Clarissa; The History ofSir Charles Grandison

b、LaurenceSterne (斯特恩1713-1768):Life and Opinionsof Tristram Shandy《项狄传》- u nusual andqueerartisticform

c、OliverGoldsmith (戈德史密斯1728-1774):Romantic school;TheDesertedVillage《荒村》; Sh estoops toConquer

TheVicarof Wakefield《威克菲尔德得牧师》:one of themostenduring characters inEnglishfiction

3)Poetryof thePre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism(前浪漫主义与感伤主义诗歌):18世纪中期a、JamesThomson(汤姆森1700-1748苏格兰):

TheSeasons: theme - nature; blankverse; the firstsignificant poem in the tradition ofPre-Romanticism

b、Edward Young(杨1683-1765) c、William Collins(柯林斯1721-1759):Odeto Evening《晚颂》

d、ThomasGray(格雷1716-1771):sympathy for the poor and unknown,mocks the grea tones who despise andhurt them

Elergy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》;Odeon the Spring

e、WilliamBlake(布莱克1757-1827 浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家): symbolismThe Marriage of Heaven and Hell

Songs ofExperience《经验之歌》:The Tiger; London;TheChimney-Sweeper《扫烟囱得孩子》世间得丑恶

Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》:The Lamb Poetical Sketches《素描诗集》f、Robert Burns(彭斯1759-1796苏格兰):thegreatest songwriter; thenational poet of S cotland;thepeople’s poet

文风:lyrics on love and friendship;simplicity; Scotch dialects MyHeart’sin theHighland

A Red,Red Rose; Auld LangSyne《旧日美好时光》;For a’That and a’ That《不管那一套》4) 戏剧

a、John Gay(盖伊1685-1732):The Beggar’s Opera《乞丐歌剧》:one ofthe most conspicuousstage triumphs

b、RichardBrinsley Sheridan(谢立丹1751-1816 喜剧作家): tendency to Realismthe artificial edy(风俗喜剧) &anti-sentimentalmovement顶峰The Rivals《情敌》

TheSchool for Scandal《造谣学校》:best English edy since Shakespeare

two brothers –Joseph/Charles surface; criticize Englishhigh societyfor its vanity, greed andhypocrisy

五、TheRomantic Period英国浪漫主义文学(1798-1832)女性小说家涌现passion,emotion and natural beauty

Itbegins with WilliamWordsworthand Samuel Taylor Coleridge’sjointwork–LyricalBalladsin1798、

It ends withthe death of Walter Scott in1832、

~The Poetic Revolution(1798-1837): Blake, Wordsworth,Coleridge, Byron,Shelley and Keats反对新古典主义文学

1)特点individuals

1、Itismarked by a strongreaction andprotest againstthe bondageof rule and custom、

2、Itreturns to nature and toplain humanity for its material、

3、It ismarked by renewedinterest andmedieval ideals and literature、

4、It is marked by intensehuman sympathyand by a consequentunderstanding of the human heart、

5、It is the expression of individual genius ratherthan established rules、

6、Spenser,Shakespeare and Miltonare inspiration of theRomantic Movement、

2)诗歌– Lakers/LakePoets (湖畔诗人,第一代):Wordsworth, Coleridge & Southey- worshipperofnature

a、W illiam Wordsworth(华兹华斯1770-1850):Poet Laureate

Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》:Linesposeda Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺杂咏》;

LinesWrittenin EarlySpring 英国浪漫主义开端The Prelude《序曲》;The Solitary Reaper《孤独得割麦女》; IWanderedLonely as a Cloud;

posed uponWestminsterBridge; LucyPoems; My HeartLeaps Up;Tothe Cuckoo《致布谷鸟》

b、Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治1772-1834):poet and literary critic;KublaKhan《忽必烈汗》;Christabel;

TheRime of the Ancient Mariner(Lyrical Ballads)《古舟子咏》;The Fall of the Bastille《巴士底狱得倒塌》

c、Robert Southey(骚赛):Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》

3)诗歌–第二代诗人: 早熟、热情而短命;against the bourgeois society and theruling class;自由至上a、George Gordon Byron(拜伦1788-1824):lyrical poems deal with nature and love Cai n《该隐》

DonJuan《唐璜》:西班牙贵族子弟周游各国,发生在18世纪后半叶。长诗

Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》: Childe就是其诗歌中首位拜伦式英雄。长诗ByronicHeroes:孤傲、狂热、浪漫,却充满反抗精神。内心孤独苦闷,却又蔑视群小。

She Walksin Beauty; When WeTwo Parted; Hebrew Melodies《希伯来歌曲》

b、Percy Bysshe Shelley(雪莱1792-1822):love the people andhated theiroppressorsa nd exploiters

Queen Mab;The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰得反叛》; Adonais; ADefence ofPoetry;TheNecessity ofAtheism(无神论)

诗剧:The Cenci《钦契一家》;Promethus Unbound《解放了得普罗米修斯》(Greek mythology)

love lyrics: Ode Toa Skylark《云雀颂》;Ode to theWest Wind(冬天来了,春天还会远吗):swift,proud and wild得西风

c、John Keats(济慈1794-1821):ode; “Beautyistruth, truth beauty”– leadingprincipleOde toPsyche《普赛克颂》

His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness(知觉)and theperfection of form、

Odeon Melancholy;Isabella

Ode to Autumn;OdetoaNightingale;Ode ona GrecianUrn《希腊古瓮颂》

4) 散文: 19世纪早期,critical prosewriting-Leigh Hunt,De Quincy

a、CharlesLamb(兰姆1774-1834 随笔): nostalgia,humor, delicacy,personal andobservations 最佳散文家

Old China《古旧得瓷器》; Tales from Shakespeare(儿童文学);Essays of Elia(论说文集)

b、William Hazlitt(哈兹利特1778-1830):犀利得文学批评- TheCharacters of Shakespeare’sPlays

Lectures on the English Poets;Lectureson theDramatic Literatureof the AgeofQueen Elizabeth

My FirstAcquaintance with Poets;On Going a Journey《论出游》

5) 小说

a、Walter Scott(司各特1771-1832):西欧历史小说之父; the first novelistto recreate the past 浪漫主义向现实主义转变

Waverley《威弗利》;Rob Roy《罗伯·罗伊》(苏格兰历史);Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》

b、Jane Austen(简奥斯丁1775-1817):humor, wit anddelicate satire;true tolife

首位女作家,以特有得敏锐与细腻刻画英国乡村中产阶级得生活与思想。预示现实主义小说崛起Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》

Sense and Sensibility;Pride and Prejudice;Emma; Persuasion《劝导》; MansfieldPark《曼斯菲尔德庄园》

c、MaryShelly (雪莉):Frankenstein

六、The VictorianPeriod维多利亚时期(1832-1901)Critical Realism 批判现实主义-novel po etry/prose

Fulland detailedrepresentation of social and politicalevents,andthe fate ofmonpeople and of whole socialclass

1) 小说

a、Charles Dickens(狄更斯1812-1870):小资产阶级知识分子humoritst,satirist

With striking force and truthfulness,he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing

the misery ofmonpeople、

BleakHous《荒凉山庄》;Hard Times《艰难时世》;A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》

~1st Period (1836-1841):youthfuloptimism - TheOldCuriosity Shop《老古玩店》; Oliv er Twist《雾都孤儿》

The PickwickPapers《匹克威克外传》:退休商人Pickwick冒险经历-18世纪早期得英国得小资们petty-bourgeoisie

~ 2ndPeriod(1842-): excitementand irritation DavidCopperfield;Dombey and Son《董贝父子》

~ 3rd Period:intensifying pessimismGreat Expectations《远大前程》

ATale of Two Cities:革命主题–法国革命中得巴黎与伦敦Dr、Manette -Lucie&Darnay,De farge, SidneyCarton

b、The Bronte Sisters

Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855): Jane Eyre(Mr、Rochester);Shirley《雪莉》

EmilyBronte (1818-1848):Wuthering Heights (Heathcliff & Catherine)–资本主义社会婚姻制度

Anne Bronte(1820-1849):AgnesGrey

c、Mrs、Gaskell(盖斯凯尔夫人1810-1865): Lifeof Charlotte Bronte–英国最佳传记

Mary Barton《玛丽·巴顿》:theclassstruggle between the workers and thecapitalists d、George Elliot(艾略特1819-1880女作家): 田园生活,道德问题,心理描写Silas Marner《织工马南》

文风:rich humorand keenobservation, very philosophicalAdam Bede:Adam爱上变心女

The Mill on theFloss《弗洛斯河上得磨房》:Tom&Maggie;Middlemarch, aStudy of Provincial Life《米德尔马契》

e、William MakepeaceThackera y(萨克雷1811-1863):Vanity Fair/A Novel without a Hero《名利场》

f、Thomas Hardy(哈代1840-1928诗人&小说家):多以农村生活为背景;自然主义小说家。the Wes sex novels(虚构地点)

Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》; The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》;The Return of the Native《还乡》

Farfrom theMadding Crowd《远离尘嚣》; Jude the Obscure《无名得裘德》

Tessof the D’Urbervilles《德伯家得苔丝》: Tess & Angel Clare –人无法掌控自己得命运

g、Robert Stevenson(史蒂文森1850-1894):TreasureIsland《金银岛》;Kidnapped

h、William Morris(莫里斯): TheEarthly Pradise;Pilgrims of Hope《希望得探求者》

2)诗歌:optimismand progressive vitality

a、AlfredTennyson(丁尼生1809-1902):维多利亚时代最具代表性得诗人Poet LaureateIn Memoriam《悼念》

sounds and rhythms;evoking moods; linking descriptions ofnature to the state of minds Poems by Two Brothers

The Princess;Maud;Break,Break, Break《拍岸曲》;The Idylls oftheKing《国王叙事诗》; Ulysses《尤利西斯》

b、The Brownings 布朗宁夫妇Robert/Elizabeth Browning The Ring andtheBo ok;Sonnets fromthe Portuguese

~ Robert Browning(1812-1889):dramatic monologues; realistic; optimistic; believed in the progress ofmankind

Menand Women(诗集);My Last Duchess《我得前公爵夫人》;Meetingat Night;Home Thought s, from Abroad

3) 散文

a、Thomas Carlyle(卡莱尔1795-1881历史学家):The French Revolution –起因(thewo

rker’smiserable livingcondition)

b、John Ruskin(作家&艺术评论家): 其社会与经济观念对William Morris,OscarWilde,Bernard Shaw &D、H、Lawrence影响巨大

Modern Painters; The Seven Lamps ofArchitecture;Unto thisLast; Sesame andLilies

c、Matthew Arnold(阿诺德1822-1888):Dover Beach《多弗尔海滩》

4) 无产阶级文学a、Ernest Jones(琼斯1819-1869): the Chartistpoets(宪章派诗人)

b、William Morris(莫里斯1834-1896): thefirstsocialist writer

5)19世纪末期文学趋势

a、Naturalism: 19世纪后半期,从现实主义发展而来;subjectiveand somber-达尔文Emile Zola &GeorgeGissing

b、New-Romanticism:oppose the ideathatart reflects life reality –Stevenson (苏格兰小说家)

c、Aestheticism(唯美主义): art is self-sufficient andhas no referencetolife–在诗歌中倾向于withdrawal or aversion

d、Descadence(颓废派文艺): the crisis of bourgeois culture;opposes thedemocratic andsocialist ideals;“artforart’s sake”

~ Oscar Wilde(王尔德1854-1900): Aestheticism and Decadence -An Ideal Husband; A Woman

of No Importance;

The Picture of Dorian Grey; The Happy Prince and OtherTales ;Salome《莎乐美》

Lady Windermere’s Fan《温德米尔夫人得扇子》;The Importance of BeingEarnest《认真得重要》七、The Modern Period现代时期(1914-):symbolism; the stream of consciousness;naturalism;impressionism

Impressionism–个人经历(低层中产阶级&工人阶级) Poetry–short lyrics

Novels(代表James Joyce)–心理活动;人性得深度及缺陷an unendingstreamofimpression, feelings and thoughts

a、John Galsworthy(高尔斯华绥1867-1933小说家&剧作家): 1932 NobelPrizeThe W hite Monkey《白猿》

strength &elasticity;powerful sweep&深度心理分析文风:concise,clearand straightforward

The ForsyteSaga《福赛特家史》(小说集):TheManofProperty《有产者》(批判现实主义顶峰SoamesForsyte&Irene)

In Chancery《骑虎难下》; To Let《出让》; Interlude: TheIndian Summer of a Forsyte; Awakening

b、GeorgeBernard Shaw(萧伯纳1856-1950批判现实主义剧作家):1925Nobel PrizeMrs、Warren’sProfession;

批判资本主义得罪恶面;humorist deals with contemporary social problems Heartbreak House; Widower s’House;

Man and Superman《人与超人》;Pygmalion《卖花女》;MajorBarbara《巴巴拉少校》;The App le Cart《苹果车》

c、?William Butler Yeats(叶芝1865-1939爱尔兰诗人&剧作家):1923Nobel Prize;The Irish natio nalist

Sailing to Byzantine《驶向拜占庭》;TheSecond ing《基督再临》;Leda and theSwan《丽达与天鹅》

TheWind Among the Reeds《芦苇中得风》;Responsibilities; The WindingStair《盘旋得楼梯》;

TheLake IsleofInnisfree《茵尼斯弗里岛》;Easter, 1916;The Tower;The Land of Heart’s Desire

d、T、S、Eliot(艾略特1888-1965诗人&剧作家&批评家):1948 NobelPrizeThe Love Song of J、AlfredPrufrock

classicistinliterature, royalistin politics and Anglo-Catholic inreligionTh eHollow Men《空心人》

TheWasteLand《荒原》: alandmark and a modelofthe 20th C EnglishpoetryThe Four Quartets《四个四重奏》:anew serenityofoutlook Ash Wednesday e、D、H、Lawrence(劳伦斯1885-1930 诗人&小说家&散文家):心理活动;资本主义工业化吞噬人性Wom eninLove

TheWhitePeacock《白孔雀》;TheRainbow;Sonsand Lovers(半自传体); Lady Chatterley’s Lover

f、JamesJoyce(乔伊斯1882-1941 爱尔兰小说家):意识流奠基者obsessed withwords

The Dubliners《都柏林人》(短篇小说集);Finnegan’sWake《芬尼根守灵夜》

APortraitofan Artistas a Young Man《青年艺术家得肖像》:自传性– bitter experiences;

最终艺术与精神上得解放

Ulysses《尤利西斯》(非传统小说):modernism –nostory/plot/action

g、VirginiaWoolf(伍尔芙1882-1941 ):现代主义&意识流代表;Bloomsbury Group The mon Reader;Orlando

Novels:Mrs、Dalloway ;To the Lighthouse; The Waves

Essays:A Roomof One’s Own; Three Guineas《三个基尼》-女权运动经典作品

h、Joseph Conrad(康拉德1857-1924): TheNigger of the Narcissus《白水仙号上得黑家伙》;Lord Jim;Heart of Darkness

i、Robert Tressell (屈赛尔1870-1911):The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists《穿破裤子得慈善家》

j、EdwardMorgan Forster(E、M、福斯特): Howards End《霍华德庄园》; A Passageto India《印度之行》

A Room with aView; Where Angels Fearto Tread《天使不敢驻足得地方》

k、WilliamSomersetMaugham(W、S、毛姆1874-1965): The Moon and SixPence; OfHumanBondage《人生得枷锁》

i、George Orwell (奥威尔1903-1950):政治讽刺小说AnimalFarm;1984

* Post-modernism (二战后): 愤怒青年AldousLeonard Huxley(赫胥黎): Brave New World

a、John JamesOsborne(奥斯本1929-1994 剧作家):LookBack inAnger

b、Samuel Beckett(贝克特1906-1989 爱尔兰剧作家&小说家):1969 NobelPrize荒诞派Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》

c、William Golding(戈尔丁1911-1993 小说家):1983 Nobel Priz e 寓言风The Lord of The Fl ies《蝇王》

d、Doris Lessing(多丽丝·莱辛1919-小说家):2007 Nobel PrizeThe Grass is Singing(1950);The GoldenNotebook (1962)

e、V、S、Naipaul(奈保尔1932- 印度裔小说家): 2001NobelPrize小说及非虚构文学

A House forMr、Biswas; In a FreeState; ABendin the River《河湾》;The Enigmaof Arrival《抵达之谜》

g、Harold Pinter(品特1930-2008 剧作家): 2005 Nobel Prize 萧伯纳之后英国最重要剧作家- 20世纪下半叶

英国戏剧创作流派Pinteresque,早期作品常为荒诞派戏剧The Caretaker《瞧房者》;The Birthday Part y;The Homeing

g、Herbert George Wells(小说家-科幻):The Time Machine; TheInvisible Man

美国文学

一、Before the Revolution of Independence(17世纪之前)

1)NativeAmerican Literature(AmericanIndians)印第安传统文学

1、Traditional Literature: 口头文学–祝词、部落神话、英雄传说、民歌

2、Transitional Literature:19世纪白人侵占史;翻译作品

3、ModernLiterature: 19-20世纪,美国印第安人所著作品

2) Colonial America殖民时期(16世纪末-17世纪中):narratives& journals - earliestset

tlers/Puritans外来文学本土化

~ Puritanism: stressed predestination, original sin, totaldepravity,and limited atonementfrom God’sgrace

Stressed hardwork,thrift,piety and sobriety 以伊甸园传说为基础

1、Captain JohnSmith:the firstAmerican writerAMap of Virginia:witha Description of the Country (1612)

A True Relationof Such Occurrencesand Accidentsof Noteas Hath Happenedi

nVirginia sincetheFirst Planting of That Colony《关于弗吉尼亚得真实叙述》(1608) - 首部美国文学作品

2、WilliamBradford: The History of Plymouth plantation

3、John Winthrop:TheHistory ofNew England

4、Roger Williams: AKey into the LanguageofAmerica;

A Help to the Languageof the Native inThatPartof America Called NewEngland

二、Around theRevolution of Independence独立革命时期(17世纪中-18世纪末)爱国主义&独立民主自由

history/diary/political essay/religious articles 文风:plain and firm style; a polishedandrhyt hmical balance of phrases

~ Calvinist(加尔文主义):originalsinandpredestination

~Enlightenment:18th C, anintellectualmovement whose rationalisticspirit inspired AmericansDeism

~ Deism(自然神论):Deist –一神论;人能通过自身道德感与智慧创造辉煌;love truth and dogood; 科教=幸福

1、Benjamin Franklin(富兰克林1706-1790): 思想家;启蒙运动代表; rational man 《独立宣言》起草者之一

AModest Inquiry into the Nature andNecessity of a Paper Money; TheWay to Wealth

Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》; TheAutobiography《自传》:simplicity,frankness&wit; AmericanDream

2、Thomas Paine(潘恩1737-1809政治宣传册): mon Sense《常识》:独立革命时期最佳政治宣传册

Rights of Ma n《人权》;The Ageof Reason《理性时代》; The American Crisis:16本系列宣传册;

The Case ofthe Officers ofExcise《税务员问题》;Downfall ofDespotism《专制体制得崩溃》3、Philip Freneau(弗伦诺1752-1832 诗人): Father ofAmerican Poetry; Poet of the Ameri canRevolution

文风:satire; bitter polemicist(辩论家)TheWild Honeysuckle《野金银花》;TheIndian Bu ryingGround(lyric)

The RisingGlory of America; The BritishPrison Ship;To the Memory of theBraveAm

ericans - 同类诗中最佳;

4、Thomas Jefferson(杰斐逊1743-1826): the 3rd President The Declaration of Independence起草者之一

三、American Romanticism/Renaissance浪漫主义文学(18世纪末-19世纪中后期)individualism

foldstoriesasan escape from the civilizedsocietyandwererich inmystic color; against rationalism

1) Pre-Romanticism(1770-1830):

1、Washington Irving(欧文1783-1859):美国首位国际闻名作家& 美国文学之父

theauthorofthefirst American short stories;the firstprosestylistof AmericanRomanticism

文风:Americanindigenous humor; mildand prone;simplicity, lucidity,poiseandease flow

The Legend of SleepyHollow《睡谷传说》;Tales of a Traveler;BracebridgeHall《布雷斯布里奇田庄》;

Rip Van Winkle:German legend;an escape fromsociety andreturn tonature; The Alhambr a《西班牙见闻札记》;

AHistoryofNewYork: 美国第一部诙谐文学杰作;Essay:The SketchBook《见闻札记》:美国浪漫主义开端

2、William CullenBryant(布莱恩特1794-1878诗人): thefirst American lyric poet;on eof the earliest naturalistpoets

theme:自然;宗教;humantarian reforms and national morality; self-consciousness 译

作:Homer – Iliad; Odyssy

ToaWaterfowl《致水鸟》;The YellowViolet《黄色堇香花》;The Fountain; The White-Footed Deer《白蹄鹿》;

AForestHymn《森林赋》;TheFlood of Years《似水流年》; Thanatopsis《死亡随想》(naturepoems)

3、James Fenimore Cooper(库珀1789-1851 小说家):The Littlepage Manuscripts《利特佩奇得手稿》;

发展了三类小说:therevolutionary past-The Spy; sea novels -The Pilot《领航者》;the American frontier novels

Leather Stocking Tales:frontier novels- The Pioneer《拓荒者》(thefirst true romance of Americanfrontier);

The Pathfinder《探路者》;The Prairie《大草原》;The Deerslayer《杀鹿者》; The Last ofMohicans《最后得莫希干人》(成就最高)

2) Post-Romanticism(1830-1860)

* American Renaissance(1836-1855): 首次美国知识分子运动-Transcendentalism(超验主义)

marked the maturity of American Romanticism and thefirstrenaissance

spiritand individualandnature;AmericanPurita nism + EuropeanRomanticism

1、Ralph Waldo Emerson(爱默生1803-1882 思想家,散文家&诗人):超验主义代表;主题-nature& meditation

Essays: Nature《论自然》:超验主义圣经(manifesto);Self-Reliance《论自立》; The Transcendentalist The AmericanScholar《论美国学者》:美国知识分子独立宣言–文化独立&文学地位; DivinitySchoolA ddress《神学院演说》

Poetry: Concord Hymn《康考德颂》; The Rhodo《杜鹃花》; The HumbleBee《野蜂》; Days:首开自由诗之先河

2、HenryDavid Threau(梭罗1817-1862 思想家): Walden《瓦尔登湖》; AWeekon the Concordand MerrimackRivers

Resistanceto Civil Government《抵制公民政府》; Civil Disobedience《论市民之不服从》

* ThePeak of Romanticism

1、NathanielHawthorne(霍桑1804-1864小说家):美国首位杰出小说家道德伦理问题; human s oul

文风:the most ambivalent; mystical; criticism of life; soft,flowing and almost feminine The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》

The Scarlet Letter:Hester Prynne, Chillingworth &DimmesdaleThe BlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》;

TheHouse oftheSeven Gables《有七个尖角阁得房子》:family decadenceMosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》

2、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(朗费罗1807-1882诗人):首位葬入西敏寺美国诗人

highly spiritual; birth, deathandlove;Thefirsttowrite the narrative poems;Voices o ftheNight《夜吟》

文风:filledwith melody and charmof meter;manly, affirmative note 译作:Dante –Divine edy《神曲》

Song of Hiawatha《海华沙之歌》:美国第一部印第安人史诗; A Psalm of Life《生命颂》; Evangeline 《伊凡吉琳》

3、Edgar Allan Poe(爱伦?坡1809-1849 诗人,小说家&批评家):首位美国职业作家;美国侦探小说之父

Tales of theGrotesqueandArabesque《怪诞奇异故事集》: first collection of short storiesPoems:To HelenTheRaven;AnnabelLee(哥特风)

小说:The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋得倒塌》; The Murdersin theRue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》

4、WaltWhitman(惠特曼1819-1892 诗人):democratic poet weekly newspaper: theLon gIslander

~ Free verse: no regular rhythm/linelength;

dependson natural speechrhythms & thecounterpointof stressed andunstressed syllables

Leaves of Grass《草叶集》:Democratic Bible;the birth oftruly American poetry& the endof th eAmerican romanticism

Song ofMyself《自我之歌》;I hearAmerica Singing; WhenLilacsLostin theDooryardBloom’d《小院丁香花开时》

5、Emily Dickinson(迪金森1830-1886女诗人):theme –religion, life and death, love andmarriage, nature, immortality

文风: Abundant use of dashes, and irregular and oftenidiosyncratic punctuation andcapital ization and clear-cutanddelicatelyoriginal imagery, precise diction and fragmentary pattern;Imagism

Because I Could Not Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死神》; I’m Nobody、Who Are You?《我就是无名小卒!您就是谁?》

This is My Letter tothe World;I Heard a Fly BuzzWhen IDied《我死时听到一只苍蝇叫》

6、HermanMelville(梅尔维尔1819-1891小说家): Typee《泰比》:romanticized story with the Polynes ians

MobyDick《白鲸》: the firstAmerican proseepic; Ishmael asthenarrator

The voyage =the search for the truth; MobyDick =宇宙得神秘;自然得强大;世间得邪恶

四、The AgeofRealism现实主义(19世纪中期-20世纪初)南北战争–废奴小说- 现实主义起点

~ 温与现实主义:William Dean Howells–大贵族大资产阶级vs、乡土小说:Mark Twain–底层社会~The Gilded Age(镀金时代1865-1914):Mark Twain–内战后得普遍disillusionment &frustration 工业化成果& GoldRush

特点:1、Straightforward2、Focus on monness of mon people’s lives

3、Objective

4、Presentmoral visions

5、Usuall yopen ending

~ Naturalism:a term createdby Emile Zola(法国女作家);men are weak; philosophical pessimists

1、Harriet Beecher Stowe(斯托1811-1896女作家):thelittlewoman who wrotethe book thatmadethis great war

UncleTom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔得小屋》: 南方种植园生活thefirstwell-known sociological novel

2、William Dean Howells(豪威尔斯1837-1920): The Rise of Silas Lapham《赛拉斯拉帕姆得发迹》;

A ModernInstance《现代例证》; A Hazard of New Fortunes《新财富得危害》:三部曲

3、Stephen Crane(克莱恩1871-1900):自然主义代表

The RedBadge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》:美国内战Henry Flemming

Maggie: A Girlof theStreets《街头女郎梅姬》:美国文学史上首次同情地描写受辱妇女得悲惨命运;美国自然主义文学里程碑;

4、O、Henry(欧亨利):The Cop and theAnthem《警察与赞美诗》

5、MarkTwain(马克?吐温1835-1910):美国文学里程碑thetrue fatherof our national li terature

realists and humorists;local color fiction:mixed with plots with realistic description Life on the Missippi;

The Adventures of TomSawyer《汤姆?索耶历险记》; The Prince and the Pauper《王子与贫儿》

TheAdventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利?费恩历险记》:western literature and civilization; 美国现代文学自此始

The Innocents Abroad《傻瓜出国记》:newspaper articles about his European trip;

TheCelebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《卡拉韦拉斯县有名得跳蛙》;The Gilded Age《镀金时代》; 6、Theodore Dreiser(德莱赛1871-1945小说家): 自然主义代表Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》;T he“Genius”;

Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》:thepurposelessness oflife;An American Tragedy;

Trilogy ofDesire《欲望三部曲》: TheFinancier;The Titan; The Stoic

7、Henry James(詹姆斯1843-1916小说家):thefounderof psychological realism文风:hi ghly refined language

DaisyMiller: an outrage to American girlhood;theheroine= the free spirit of the New WorldThe Ambassadors;

The Bostonians《波士顿人》; The American; The Portraitof a Lady;TheWingsofthe Dove; The Golden Bowl;

评论集:French Poets and Novelists; Hawthorne;PartialPortraits《不完整得画像》

8、Jack London(伦敦1876-1916 作家):工人阶级代表The Son of theWolf: 短篇小说集

TheCall of the Wild《野性得呼唤》;Loveof Life; TheSeaWolf;WhiteFang

MartinEden:thecontradictionbetween socialismofMarxand the triumphofindividuals

9、EdwinArlington Robinson(罗宾逊1869-1935 诗人):TheTownDown the River; TheMan Against theSky

10、Sherwood Anderson(安德森1876-1941小说家): Death in the Woods;TheTriumphofthe Egg

Winesburg,Ohio《俄亥俄州得温斯堡》:23stories about asmall town;

五、the Age of Modernism 现代主义(一战后–至今)现代诗歌繁荣(1912-1922)

~Modernism: cutting off history and a sense of despairandloss; refused to accept the traditional values

1)诗歌:introspection(自省)andsocial criticism 1912-1922: 繁荣期

1、Ezra Pound(庞德1885-1972诗人&评论家):the fatherofmodern American poetryImagism

self-conscious

Pisan Cantos《比萨诗章》:the Bollingen Prize- In a MetroStation

2、Robert LeeFrost(弗洛斯特1874-1963诗人): focuson NewEngland 诗集:A Boy’sWish《少年得意志》;Northof Boston

文风:bine traditionalverse forms with a clear Americanlocal speech rhythm DesertPlaces

NewHampshire;The RoadNot taken; Mending Wall;Stopping bytheWoods on a Snowy Evening;

3、WallaceStevens:the rationalisthumanist tradition代言人- The Auroras ofAutumn《秋天得晨曦》

4、ThomasStearnsEliot(艾略特1888-1965诗人,剧作家&批评家):leaderof thenew poetryand criticism

Ash Wednesday; Murder in the Cathedral;The Hollow Man《空心人》;The SacredWood《圣林》; G erontion《小老头》;

TheWaste Land《荒原》:二战后得社会文化; 西部地区得精神贫穷centraltext ofmodernism

2) 小说: Lost Generation- Hemingway vs、南方文学- Faulkner

~Lost Generation: Paris, a term created by GertrudeStein(美国女作家)Hemingway–代言人Young writers whowerecut off from oldvaluesand yet unable to handle

thenewera

~ Jazz Age(1920s)/theRoaring Twenties: exciting acceleration;restlesspursuitof stimulus and

pleasure

disillusionement(幻灭) with ideas and civilization F、Scott

Fitzgerald

1、Ernest Hemingway(海明威1899-1961):1953Pulitzer Prize&1954 NobelPrize

theme –courageto tragedy

文风:spare, laconic, yet intense prose withsort sentences and veryspecificdetailsThe OldMan andthe Sea

The Sun Also Rises: 迷惘一代得写照;A Farewell toArms(LieutenantHenry);For Whom theBell Tolls;

短篇小说: The Winners Take Nothing;Deathinthe Afternoon: 生死观政论:To Haveand Have Not《贫与富》

2、F、Scott Fitzgerald(菲茨杰拉德1896-1940): leader of the JazzAge/Lost Generation;Talesof the Jazz Age

This Side of Paradise《人间天堂》;TenderIs the Night《夜色温柔》;The Last Tycoon《最后得巨头》

The Great Gatsby:irony and disillusionmentof the American Dream;NickCarraway视角

短篇小说:BabylonRevisted《重访巴比伦》TheCrack-up《崩溃》(自传体文集)

3、John Steinbeck(斯坦贝克1902-1968 小说家): the foremost writer of the Great Depressio

n(1930s); 被压迫者代言人

The Grapes ofWrath《愤怒得葡萄》:PulitzerPrize- anangry certainty of injusticesystem that has impoverishedthe people

The Pearl:post-war novel–bitter feelings against this greedysocietywhich made the warpossible

Of Mice andMen: thetragicfriendship of two migrant workers

4、Sinclair Lewis(刘易斯1885-1951小说家): Babbitt《巴比特》: 批评资本主义得物质性,以及中产阶级道德得压迫性

Main Street《大街》:abitter criticism of aMiddle Westernvillageforits dullness, hypocrisy,prejudiceand oppression;

5、William Faulkner(福克纳1897-1962小说家):1950 NobelPrize the foremost southernwriter of the20th century

Ananalysis of the underlying cause for thefailure and decay oftheSouthbefore the Civil War

文风:the human heartin conflictwith itself & thecreative method is capricious;symbolic &modernistic techniques

The Sound andthe Fury《喧哗与骚动》: lost innocence& 意识流;AsILayDying《在我弥留之际》:意识流短篇小说;

Light in August: realisticnovel;Absalom, Absalom《押沙龙,押沙龙!》:a fableabout the south; historical novel

6、WillaCather(凯瑟1873-1947 女作家): My Antonia

7、EugeneGaldstone O’Neil(奥尼尔1888-1953戏剧家):pessimistic The Hairy Ape《毛猿》;

Long Day’s Journey into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》:the problem of modernman’sidentity Desire Underthe Elms《榆树下得欲望》; The Iceman eth《卖冰得人来了》

六、American Literature since 1945南方小说;犹太小说;心理小说;科幻小说

~1950s–the Beat writers ~1960s –blackhumor~1970s–百花齐放

~the Beat Generation(垮掉得一代):analienation fromsociety because they rejectedconventional socialand moralvalues

1、RalphEllison(埃里森1914-1994 黑人):InvisibleMan

2、Saul Bellow(贝娄1915-2005): 1976 Nobel Prize

The Adventures of AugieMarch;Seizethe Day《勿失良辰》;The DanglingMan《摇摆不定得

人》

3、Flannery O’Connor(奥康纳1925-1964 女作家):A Good ManIs Hard to Find

4、John Updike(厄普代克1932-2009):themostrealistic of postwarrealists - Protes tantmediocrity

RabbitRun;Rabbit Redux《兔子归来》;Rabbit is Rich; Rabbit at Rest《兔子安息》

5、William Carlos Williams(1883-1963 诗人):The Yachts《游艇》;Paterson; The Red WheelBarrow《红色手推车》

6、TennesseeWilliams(威廉斯1914-1983剧作家,诗人&小说家):The Glass Menagerie《玻璃动物园》;

AStreetcar NamedDesire《欲望号接车》;Caton a Hot Tin Roof《热铁皮屋顶上得猫》

7、ArthurMiller(米勒1915-2005剧作家):Deathof a Salesman

8、EdwardAlbee(阿尔比1928- 剧作家):The Zoo Story; Who’s Afraidof VirginiaWoolf

9、J、D、Salinger(塞林格1919-2010):The Catcher inthe Rye《麦田守望者》: theyoungagainst the dubious valuesofadults

10、Allen Ginsberg(金斯堡1926-1997 诗人): Howl《嚎叫》:the birth traumaof theBeat Generation 11、Jack Kerouac(克鲁亚克1922-1969 小说家): On theRoad

语言学

第一节语言得本质

一、语言得普遍特征(Design Features)

1.任意性Arbitratriness:shu 与Tree都能表示“树”这一概念;同样得声音,各国不同得表达

方式

2.双层结构Duality: 语言由声音结构与意义结构组成(thestructure of sounds andmea

ning)

3.多产性productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量得新句子,就是由双层结构造成得结果(Under

stand and createunlimited number with sentences)

4.移位性Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场得东西,如过去得经历、将来可能发生得事情,或

者表达根本不存在得东西等

5.文化传播性Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握

二、语言得功能(Functions of Language)

1.传达信息功能Informative:最主要功能The main function

2.人际功能Interpersonal:人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位得功能establishand main

tain their identity

3.行事功能performative:现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and cu

rses

4.表情功能Emotive: 表达强烈情感得语言,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions

5.寒暄功能Phatic:应酬话phaticlanguage,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!” 等等

6.元语言功能Metalingual:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book可以指现实中得书也可以用“boo

k这个词来表达作为语言单位得“书”

三、语言学得分支

1、核心语言学Core linguistic

●语音学Phonetics :关注语音得产生、传播与接受过程,着重考察人类语言中得单音。Its main

focus is onthe articulation, transmission and reception ofhumansounds, e specially isolated sounds

●音位学Phonology:从功能得角度出发对出现在某种特定语言中得语音及其组合、分布规律进

行研究得语言学分支。Thebranch of linguistics whichstudies the sound patterns fromfunction perspective、

●形态学Morphology:研究单词得内部构造theinternalstructureof words

●句法学Syntax:研究组词造句得规则the rules governingthe bination of wordsi

nto sentences、

●语义学Semantics:对语言产生得意义得方法得系统研究,以研究词义与句义为主it’s the s

ystemic studies on themeaning-producing mechanisminlanguages, includingwordsand sentences meaning

●语用学Pragmatics:从语言同使用者之间得关系出发,研究在实际交际inreal-time munic

ationcontexts中影响人们语言使用得各种因素mainly in termsof the relationship between language and language-users。

2、边缘语言学Peripheral:

·心理语言学psycho-linguistics ·社会语言学socio-linguistics·人类语言学anthropo-linguistics·计算机语言学puter-linguistics

四、语言学中几对基本概念

1、规定性研究Prescriptive与描述性研究Descriptive

●Prescriptive:着重于语言中“标准Standards”认为语言中存在着一种地位最高得语言形态,如

标准语法/语音等,为规定人们如何说话、写作

●Descriptive:着重于语言中“事实Facts”,目得就是描述人们一般就是怎样说话、写作得

2、共时研究Synchronic与历时研究Diachronic

●Synchronic:以某个特定时期得语言为研究对象,如现代汉语研究、莎士比亚时代语言研究等

●Diachronic:研究语言各个阶段得发展变化,研究语言得历史发展规律

3.语言Langue与言语Parole(由Ferdinand de Saussure索绪尔提出)

●Langue:指语言系统得整体the whole linguistic system,所有语言使用个体头脑中存

储得词语-形象word-image得总与,这个整体相对比较稳定

●Parole:指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出得具体话语actual useof langua

ge,就是随时间与地点变化得一个动态得、偶然性很大得实体。

4. 语言能力petence与语言运用performance(由Noam Chomsky乔姆斯基提出)

●petence:指理想语言使用者关于语言规则得知识储备

●Performance:指真实得语言使用者在实际场景中得语言使用

——索绪尔着重于从社会得角度social perspective来研究语言,乔姆斯基则从

语言使用者得知识构成the knowledge base of the language users来瞧待语言,如乔从心理学得角度来分析语言

第二节语音学Phonetics

一、语音学得分支

1.发音语言学Articulatoryphonetics:研究语音产生得方式,这就是普通语言学主要研究得分支2、声学语言学Acousticphonetics3、听觉语言学Auditoryphonetics

二、语音学中两个重要概念

1.言语语音Speechsounds:

●就是语音学研究得对象,亦可叫做音段Segment或者音素Phone; ● 分为两

种:辅音consonants与元音vowels

2.发音器官Speech organs:

●声带the V ocal Cords:位于咽喉theLarynx中,咽喉突出得部分较喉结The Adam’s Apple

●三个回声腔:咽腔the Pharynx、口腔the oral cavity与鼻腔the nasalcavity三、关于辅音Consonants

1.概念:发音过程中产生了气流阻塞得那些音There is an obstruction of the airatsomep

oint of the vocal tract、

2.分类:三类划分——发音部位Placesof articulation、发音方式Manners of articulation 与清浊特征

?按照发音部位places:

● 唇间音bilabial:/p/ /b//m//w/ ●唇齿音labio-dental:/f/ /v/ ● 齿间音dental:/ 6/ /咬舌Z/

●牙龈音alveolar:/t/ /d//s//z//n//l//r/ ● 龈腭音al veo-palatal/post-alveolar:● 硬腭音Palatal:/师/ /3/ /ts//d3/ /j/

●喉音glottal:/h/

?按照发音方式manners

● 完全阻塞辅音pleteobstruction/爆破音plosives/stops:/p/,/b/ /t/, /d/ /k/, /g/● 鼻音nasals:/m//n/ /n长/

●擦音fricatives:/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /师//3/ /6/ /咬舌z/ /h/● 破擦音affricates:/ts//d3/ ● 流音liquids :/r/ /l/

● 滑音/半元音glides/simivowels:/w//j/ ● 接近辅音approximants ●中央流音central● 边流音lateral:

3.特征:

?清浊特征Voicing

●分类:浊辅音voiced consonants清辅音voiceless consonants ●体现形式:声带

就是否震动in the vibration of thevocal cords ●E、g:/p/与/d/?送气特征Aspiration

●articulated with astrong air stream pushing out●只有爆破音与破擦音有送气与否得区别

●不造成词义改变,就是非区别性特征●E、g:/p/ 在please中送气,在speak中不送气

?区别性特征DistinctiveFeatures

●可以用来区分不同音位(phonetic voicing)如清浊特征,但送气特征就不就是●区别性特征一般都就是双元Binary得(+voicing/-voicing)

四、关于元音Vowels

1.概念:发音中没有出现任何气流阻塞得音Asound pronounced with no obstruction of theair stream

2.分类:舌翘位置the partofthe tongue that is raised、舌高theextent towhic hthetongue rises与嘴唇得形状theshape of the lips

舌翘:front——/i/ /e/ /a/;back——/o/ /u/ 舌高:high——/i/ /u/;mid——/e/ /o/;low——/a/ 唇形:unrounded——/i/ /e//a/;rounded——/o//u/

/a/:front,low, unrounded /e/:front,mid,un rounded/i/:fro nt, high,unrounded/o/: back, mid,rounded/u/:back, mid,rounded

3.标准元音Cardinal vowels:由一组任意确定得元音组成,这些元音都就是作为抽象得单位存在,

为描述现实语音中得元音提供一个参考框架,由琼斯提出。

4.双元音Diphthongs:有两个音组成——纯元音pure vowel+短促得滑音brief gliding soun

d,由前音滑向后音,又称元音过渡V owel Glides

五、其她相关概念

1.语音同化Co-articulation或Assimilation:在一个语音群中,一个语音总会带上其附近语

音得某种性质,这个现象就成为语音同化。最明显得就就是鼻化,如can一词中,a得音会带上后面得鼻音n

专八2003-人文知识真题及答案精编版

2003年英语专八人文知识真题 31. is not a nationally observed holiday of America. [A] Christmas [B] Easter Sunday [C] Thanksgiving Day [D] Independence Day 32. The university of Dublin was not founded until . [A] the 19th century [B] the 18th century [C] the 17th century [D] the 16th century 33. The introduced old-age pensions in New Zealand in 1898. [A] Labor Party [B] Democratic Party [C] Liberal Party [D] Conservative Party 34. Irish culture experienced a golden age from to . [A] the eighth century, the eleventh century [B] the seventh century, the ninth century [C] the sixth century, the eighth century [D] the ?fth century, the seventh century 35. Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens? [A] A Tale of Two Cities [B] Hard Times [C] Oliver Twist [D] Sons and Lovers 36. is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama the modernistic period. [A] Sinclair Lewis [B] Eugene O'Neill [C] Arthur Miller [D] Tennessee Williams 37. is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. [A] Ernest Hemingway [B] F. Scott Fitzgerald [C] William Faulkner [D] Ezra Pound 38. is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories. [A] Concord [B] Immediate constituent [C] Syntagmatic relations [D] Government 39. studies the sound systems in a certain language. [A] Phonetics [B] Phonology [C] Semantics [D] Pragmatics 40. A linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers is called . [A] situational dialect [B] slang [C] linguistic taboo [D] bilingualism 2004年英语专八人文知识真题 31. The following are products imported by Australia from China EXCEPT . [A] food [B] textiles [C] steel products [D] electronics 32. Scots regard as the most important festival in a year. [A] Near Year's Day [B] Christmas Day [C] New Year's Eve [D] Easter 33. The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since became Prime Minister in 1992. [A] John Howard [B] Bob Hawke [C] Malcolm Fraser [D] Paul Keating 34. was known for his famous speech "I have a dream". [A] John F. Kennedy [B] Martin Luther King, Jr [C] Abraham Lincoln [D] Thomas Jefferson 35. Of all the 18th century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. [A] Daniel Defoe [B] Samuel Johnson [C] Oliver Goldsmith [D] Henry Feilding 36. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his .

英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)

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英国文学(English Literature) 一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪) 1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066) a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌;长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English song Cynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christ c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901) 2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500): a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌 无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines ~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer: * Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风:vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”couplet; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家 The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发 The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作) * William Langland(朗兰1332-1400):The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士 二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗,文艺复兴,无韵诗,伊丽莎白戏剧 1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547) a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586):代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance 文风:a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》:long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.

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英美文学知识点总结(专八) Old English Literature (古英语文学) (450-1066年) Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》: The first English national epic. S ir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士与绿林骑士》:knight literature. 中世纪英语文学(1066-1500) Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟,c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English literature ―英国文学诗歌之父‖William Langland (朗格兰,1330?-1400?), the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴(16-17世纪) William Shakespeare (莎士比亚,1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: 1.Greatest tragedies are King Lear《李尔王》, Macbeth《麦克白》, Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》, Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》. 2.Great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》, As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》, The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night《第十二夜》 3.great historical plays:Richard III 《理查三世》, Henry IV《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 Francis Bacon (弗朗西斯·培根, 1561-1626) a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose. Works by Bacon: The Advancement of Learning(1605)《学术的推进》,New Instrument (1620) 《新工具》,Essays (1625) 《培根文集》. John Donne (约翰·邓恩,1572-1631), a leading figure of the ―metaphysical school‖(玄学派主要代表人物),who frequently applies conceits (奇喻) or fantastic metaphors in his poems, involving dramatic contrasts. His poems feature a diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods, achieving vividness of imagery, vitality of rhythms, ingenuity of speech and depth of philosophy. Works by Donne: Songs and Sonnets《歌与十四行诗》,of which ―The Flea‖, ―The Good Morrow‖, ―Break of Day‖and ―A Valediction: Forbidding Morning‖are most popular. Holy

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