英语专八-最全英美文学常识
英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”;首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) :Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
Tamburlaine the Great《帖木儿大帝》：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王b. William Shakespeare(剧作家&诗人, 1564-1616): 154 sonnets(十四行诗) + 37 plays + long poems; 现实主义创始人16 comedies :Merchant of Venice (Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia);The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream; As You Like It《皆大欢喜》; The Twelfth Night;The Comedy of Errors;Much Ado About Nothing《无事生非》; The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》; All is Well that Ends Well《终成眷属》11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet;Hamlet; Macbeth《麦克白》;The Tempest《暴风雨》Othello: a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and CyprusKing Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most complex in plot and most painful10 historical plays: Henry IV; Henry Vc. Ben Jonson(琼生1562-1637 诗人&剧作家&批评家): Comedy of Humors; Volpone《狐狸》; The Alchemist《炼金术士》三、17世纪文学1) Literature of the Revolution Period (Age of Milton)资产阶级革命时期: poetry (Metaphysical玄学派+ Cavalier骑士派)a. John Donne(多恩1572-1631)：玄学派创始人; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《临别辞：莫悲伤》文风：obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking – the conflict between body and soulThe Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets（主题-爱）b. John Milton(弥尔顿1608-1674)：Renaissance and Reformation (宗教改革)Paradise Regained《复乐园》;Paradise Lost《失乐园》: the greatest English epic; Satan is the heroSamson Agonistes《力士参孙》：closet drama; for reading rather than performing;On His Blindness《目盲自咏》; Areopagitica《论出版自由》; Comus;L’allegro《快乐的人》;Lycidasc. John Bunyan(班扬1628-1688): prose writing in the Puritan Age; 文风：simple and lively prose styleThe Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》: prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for salvation 宗教寓言“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。
英语专业八级文学常识
专八文学常识1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence stru cture are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for anot her with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United St ates government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
专八英美文学常识
英美文学1. William Faulkner is the author of ______.A. Far From the Modeling CrowdB. Sound and FuryC. For Whom the Bell TollsD. Scarlet Letter1. Robert Frost is a famous ______.A. novelistB. playwrightC. poetD. literary critic3. The Old Man and the Sea is one of the great works by ______A. Jack LondonB. Charles DickensC. Samuel Coleridge DEmest Hemingway4. Which of the following poets is different from the others?A. John Donne.B. John Keats.C. Lord Byron.D. Percy Bysshe Shelley.5. Which of the following is not written by William Shakespeare?A. Othello.B. The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus.C. Romeo and Juliet.D. The Twelfth Night.6. Beowulf narrates a story taking place in ______.A. the MediterraneanB. Northern EuropeC. EnglandD. Scandinavia7. ______ refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality.A. AllegoryB. ConflictC. IronyD. Flashback8. William Wordsworth is an English _____.A. poetB. novelistC. playwrightD. critic9. The great transcendental work by Henry David Thoreau is ______.A. NatureB. WaldenC. ExperienceD. Essays10. James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT ______.A. DublinersB. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManC. Jude the ObscureD. Ulysses11. The Bronte Sisters published the following famous novels EXCEPT ______.A. The Tenant of Wildfell HallB. Jane EyreC. Wuthering HeightsD. Agnes Grey12. In which novel can "Yahoo" be found?A. John Bunyan' s Pilgrim' s Progress.B. Edmund Spencer' s The Faerie Queen.C. Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels.D. Henry Fielding's Tom Jones.13. The Victorian Age was largely an age of ______, eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray.A. pessimismB. naturalismC. modernismD. critical realism14. Mark Twain shaped the world' s view of America and made a combination of ______ andserious literature.A. American folk humorB. funny jokesC. English folkloreD. American values15. Who was the first American to achieve an international literary reputation after the Revolutionary War?A. Fennimore Cooper.B. Nathaniel Hawthorn.C. Walt Whitman.D. Washington Irving.16. Paradise Lost is a masterpiece by ______.A. Christopher MarlowB. John MiltonC. William ShakespeareD. Ben Jonson17. Have a Dream is addressed by ______.A. Abraham LincolnB. John F. KennedyC. Martin Luther KingD. Ralph Waldo Emerson18. Which of the following is NOT a poem by Emily Dickinson?A. This is my letter to the world.B. heard a fly buzz — when I died.C. This is just to say.D. Because I could not stop/or death.19. Eugene 0' Neil is an American ______.A. novelistB. playwrightC. poetD. essayist20. The Romantic Age in England came to an end with the death of ______.A. Jane AustinB. Walter ScottC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. William Wordsworth21. In the works of such aesthetics as ______ and Walter Pater, the theory of "art for art's sake" is advocated.A. Oscar WildeB. Mrs. GaskellC. Alexander PopeD. Charles Lamb22. Works by ______ are characterized by stream-of-consciousness.A. George EliotB. Jane AustenC. Emily BronteD. Virginia Woolf23. Who of the followings is a playwright of the "theater of absurd" ?A. John Osbom.B. Wystan Hugh Auden.C. Bernard Shaw.D. Samuel Beckett.24. The period from 1865—1914 has been referred to as the ______ in the literary history of the United States.A. Age of RealismB. Age of ClassicalismC. Age of RomanticismD. Age of Renaissance25. With "Collected Poems" , ______won the second Pulitzer Prize.A. Ezra PondB. e. e. cummingsC. Robert FrostD. William Cullen Bryant26. ______ belongs to the second period in Shakespeare' s three stages of writing career.A. The Merchant of VeniceB. Love' s Labor LostC. HamletD. The Tempest27. Grass is a poem written by ______.A. Walt WhitmanB. Carl SandburgC. Langston HughesD. Alien Ginsberg28. William Makepeace Thackeray' s most famous work is ______.A. The School for ScandalB. Past and PresentC. Major BarbaraD. Vanity Fair29. Dover Beach is written by ______.A. Robert BrowningB. Alfred TennysonC. Mathew ArnoldD. Dylan Thomas30. The period of Old English literature refers to ______.A. about 450 — 1066B. 14th century — mid-17th centuryC. 14th century — mid-ISA centuryD. 16th century — mid-18th century31. Moby Dick is the most important work by ______.A. Jack LondonB. Herman MelvilleC. Sinclair LewisD. Ralph Ellison32. 0. Henry earned his fame mainly for his ______.A. novelsB. poemsC. short storiesD. dramas33. Francis Bacon' s ______ is a great essay on education.A. The Advancement of LearningB. The Importance of Being EarnestC. The New AtlanticD. The Learned Reading upon the Statute of Uses34. ______ is NOT a novel of Francis Scott Fitzgerald.A. Tender Is the NightB. Anna ChristieC. The Beautiful and DammedD. The Great Gatsby35. The American literature in modem period is divided into two parts by the event ofA. the expatriate movementB. the Great DepressionC. the First World WarD. the Second World War36. Which of the following novels does NOT belong to Dreiser' s Trilogy of DesirefA. The Titan.B. The Financier.C. The "Genius".D. The Stoic.37. The followings are all Dickens' works EXCEPT______.A. Oliver TwistB. Moll FlandersC. Great ExpectationsD. Bleak House38. It is generally regarded that Keats' s most important and mature poems are in the form ofA. odeB. elegyC. epicD. sonnet39. The 1954 Nobel Prize for literature was awarded to ______ for his "mastery of the artof modem narration".A. William FaulknerB. John SteinbeckC. Saul BellowD. Ernest Hemingway40. Sister Carrie is a masterpiece of ______ work.A. romanticB. classicC. neo-classicD. naturalistic41. Who is the father of English poetry?A. Shakespeare.B. Edmund Spencer.C. John Milton.D. Geoffrey Chaucer.42. The Octopus is written by ______.A. Frank NorrisB. Sherwood AndersonC. Willa GatherD. Stephen Crane43. James Baldwin' s most famous short story is ______.A. A Rose/or EmilyB. The Story of an HowC. Sonny's BluesD. A Clean, Well-lighted Place44. John Galsworthy won the 1932 Nobel Price for his work ______.A. UlyssesB. Hard. TimesC. The Forsyte SagaD. Jude the Obscure45. Which of the following poems is NOT written by George Gordon Byron?A. She Walks in Beauty.B. The Solitary Reaper.C. When We Two Parted.D. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.46.______wrote several novels with the name of "Rabbit".A. Arthur MillerB. Thomas PynchonC. John UpdikeD. Wallace Stevens47. The Road Not Taken is a poem written by ______.A. Robert FrostB. LongfellowC. Ezra PondD. Carl Sandburg48. "God help them that help themselves" is found in ______' s work.A. FranklinB. FreneauC. JeffersonD. Paine49. T. S. Eliot' s most famous long poem is ______.A. The Love Song of J. Alfred Pru/rockB. A Boy's WillC. The Waste LandD. The Golden Bough50. ______ is often credited with writing the first true " novel of incident".A. John BanyanB. Henry FieldingC. Samuel RichardsonD. Daniel Defoe51. Daisy Miller is a great work by ______.A. Henry JamesB. Mark TwainC. DreiserD. Stowe52. Hester is a character in ______.• A. Cone with the Wind B. The Fall of the House of UsherC. BabbittD. Scarlet Letter53. Jack London' s ______ is his patently autobiographical novel.A. The Call of the WildB. The Sea WolfC. Martin EdenD. The Iron Heel54. William Golding' s first and most well-known novel is ______.A. Coral IslandB. Lord of the FliesC. Treasure IslandD. The Brass Butterfly55. "To be, or not to be" is quoted from ______.A. King Lear BHamletC. Julius CaesarD. Romeo and Juliet56. The first book of the Old Testament is called ______.A. ExodusB. NumbersC. LeviticusD. Genesis57. The black man Jim is a character in Mark Twain' s ______.A. The Adventures of Tom SawyerB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. The Prince and the Pauper58. 0 Captain} My Captain\ was written in memory of ______.A. Walt WhitmanB. Benjamin FranklinC. Abraham LincolnD. Martin Luther King59. Which of the following works is NOT written by D. H. Lawrence?A. Women in Love.B. Sores and Lovers.C. The Rainbow.D. The French Lieutenant' s Woman.60. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ______ and ______ centuries.A. 14th/mid-17thB. 14th/mid-18thC. 16th/mid-18thD. 16th/mid-17th61. The Crapes of Wrath is the masterpiece of ______.A. John SteinbeckB. John CheeverC. John UpdikeD. John DOS Passes62. _____ is NOT a play written by Tennessee Williams.A. Cat on a Hot Tin RoofB. The Class MenagerieC. Light in AugustD. A Streetcar Named Desire63. Robert Bums is a poet from ______.A. EnglandB. New EnglandC. IrelandD. Scotland64. Look Back in Anger is a play written by ______.A. John OsbomeB. Samuel BeckettC. Edward AlbeeD. Eugene O'Neil65. ______ is a popular literary form in the medieval period.A. RomanceB. NovelC. SonnetD. Drama66. Seize the Day is regarded the best novel written by ______.A. Flannery 0'ConnerB. Saul BellowC. Ralph EllisonD. Sherwood Anderson67. ______ is NOT among the postwar poets in modem American literature.A. Robert LowellB. Gary SynderC. Alien GinsbergD. e. e. cummings68. William Blake' s The Tiger is collected in ______.A. Songs of InnocenceB. Songs of ExperienceC. Marriage of Heaven and HellD. Poetical Sketches69. The image of the famous "henpecked husband" is created by ______.A. Washington IrvingB. Fennimore CooperC. Edith Wharton D William Dean Howells70. ______ is known as "the poet' s poet".A. ShakespeareB. MarloweC. SpenserD. Donne71. The literary spokesman of the Jazz is often thought to be ______.A. O'NeilB. PoundC. Robert FrostD. Scott Fitzgerald72. ______was the most important person of the transcendental club.A. HawthornB. WhitmanC. EmersonD. Thoreau73. Shylock is a character in ______.A. The Merchant of VeniceB. The Twelfth NightC. The Winter's TaleD. Macbeth74. The compiler of A Dictionary of the English Language is ______.A. Joseph AddisonB. Richard SteeleC. Samuel JohnsonD. Laurence Stem75. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following EXCEPTA. religionB. love and marriageC. life and deathD. war and peace76. American fiction in the 1960s and 1970s proves different from its predecessors. It is referred to as ______.A. imagismB. black humorC. new fictionD. the Beat Generation77. Together with Lawrence and Joyce, ______ is considered one of the three giants ot the modem English novel and a master of English prose.A. Henry JamesB. Joseph ConradC. E. M. ForsterD. Aldous Huxley78. This line "If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" is quoted from ______.A. Don Juan C Kubia KhanC. To AutumnD. Ode to the West Wind79. Stephen Crane is famous for ______.A. An American TragedyB. The AmbassadorsC. Main StreetD. The Red Badge of Courage80. "Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay". What is the figure oi this speech?A. Hyperbole.B. Simile.C. Metaphor.D. Synecdoche.81. ______ has won the Pulitzer Prize four times and Nobel Prize.A. Ernest HemingwayB. John SteinbeckC. Eugene 0' NeilD. William Faulkner82. Golden Notebook is a feminist novel written by ______.A. Amy TanB. Doris LessingC. Flannery 0' ConnorD. Kate Chopin83. Which of the following poems is written by W. H. Auden?A. Sailing to ByzantiumB. To an Athlete Dying YoungC. Musee des Beaux ArtsD. Church Going84. Beloved is the masterpiece of ______.A. Tony MorrisonB. Ralph EllisonC. John DOS PassesD. Willa Gather85.______, the author of The Interpretation of Dreams has great impact on literary creation and criticism.A. Carl JungB. Jean-Paul SartreC. Friedrich Wilhelm NietzscheD. Sigmund Freud86. Henry Fielding is the author of the great 18th century English novel, ______.A. The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingB. PamelaC. Moll FlandersD. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy87. Tess is a character created by ______.A. D. H. LawrenceB. James JoyceC. Thomas HardyD. Dylan Thomas88. The sentence "Shall I compare thee to a summer' s day" is quoted from Shakespe-A. comediesB. tragediesC. historiesD. sonnets89. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Modernism?A. To elevate the individual and inner being over the social being.B. To put the stress on traditional values.C. To portray the distorted and alienated relationships between man and his environment.D. To advocate a conscious break with the past.90. In A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne compares the lovers ' souls to ______.A. two rosesB. two circlesC. sun and moonD. twin compasses91. Utopia is ______' s work.A. Thomas MoreB. Francis BaconC. John DrydenD. George Herbert92. One of the Prime Ministers of Britain has won the Nobel Prize for literature, and that is ______.A. Margaret ThatcherB. Tony BlairC. Winston ChurchillD. John Major93. "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" is an epigrammatic line by ______.A. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. Percy Bysshe Shelley94. Whitman' s poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT ______.A. a strict poetic formB. a simple and conversational languageC. a free and natural rhythmic patternD. an easy flow of feelings95. Who initiated the name of the Lost Generation?A. Hemingway.B. Fitzgerald.C. Gertrude Stein.D. William Faulkner.96. My Last Duchess is a monologue poem written by ______.A. William ShakespeareB. Robert BrowningC. Ben JonsonD. Robert Herrick97. The high tide of Romanticism in American literature occurred around ______.A. 1820B. 1850C. 1880D. 192098. The title of Alfred Tennyson' s poem "Ulysses" reminds the reader of the following EXCEPT______.A. the Trojan WarB. Homer's OdysseyC. adventures over the seaD. religious quest99. As a literary figure, Heathcliff appears in ______.A. Jane EyreB. Oliver TwistC. Wuthering HeightsD. Middlemarch100. The publication of ______ established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of the New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The Over-SoulD. The American Scholar101. ______ is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare, and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism.A. Richard SheridanB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Oscar WildeD. Bernard Shaw102. Chinese poetry and philosophy have exerted great influence over ______.A. Ezra PoundB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Robert FrostD. Emily Dickinson103. The success of Jane Eyre is partly due to its introduction to the English novel the first ______ heroine.A. explorerB. peasantC. workerD. governess104. ______ is the representative work of the Beat Generation.A. The Great CatshyB. On the RoadC. Look Back in AngerD. The Sun Also Rises105. Emily Grierson is a literary figure created by ______.A. Willa GatherB. Doris LessingC. William FaulknerD. Nathaniel Hawthorn106. The most significant idea of the Renaissance is ______.A. humanismB. realismC. naturalismD. skepticism107. The title of Thackeray' s "Vanity Fair" is taken from __A. The Holy BibleB. The Faerie QueenC. The Pilgrim' s ProgressD. Paradise Lost108. Mr. Micawber in David Coppeifield and Sam Well in Pickwick Papers are perhaps I best ______ characters created bv Charles Dickens.A. comicB. tragicC. roundD. sophisticated109. Thomas Pynchon can also be categorized as a Black Humor writer, as well as ______ writer.A. classicalB. transcendentalC. postmodernist D realistic110. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is written by ______.A. Ben JonsonB. Thomas GrayC. William WordsworthD. William Blake111. Who is considered the father of American poetrv?A. Philip Freneau.B. William Cullen Bryant.C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. D Henry David Thoreau.112. In America,there is "a little woman started a great war". Who is she?A. Anne BradstreetB. Harriet Beecher StoweC. Edith WhartonD. Catharine Anne Porter113. Waiting/or Godot is a ______.A. poemB. playC. short storyD. novel114. Which of the following poets has once won the Nobel Prize?A. William Butler Yeats.B. Thomas Hardy.C. Wystan Hugh Auden.D. Dylan Thomas.115. ______ is NOT written by Edgar Allan Poe.A. The RavenB. Annabel LeeC. The Fall of the House of UsherD. Song to Celia116. Arthur Miller is an American ______.A. novelistB. poetC. playwrightD. essayist117. Mr. Darcy is a character in ______.A. Tess of the D' UrbervillesB. Pride and PrejudiceC. Happy PrinceD. The Mill on the Floss118. Iceberg Theory is a writing principle proposed and closely followed by ______.A. Jack LondonB. Sinclair LewisC. William FaulknerD. Ernest Hemingway119. ______ is featured by black humor.A. CaricatureB. Catch-22C. The Catcher in the Rye C. Death of a Salesman120. Who is the only woman writer that has won both Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize?A. Pearl Buck.B. Virginia Woolf.C. Tony Morrison.D. Katharine Mansfield.。
专八人文知识(英国文学)
The old and medieval English literature(8th-14th century )The renaissance period(14th –mid17th c)The neoclassical period(mid17th -18th c)The romantic period(mid18th -mid19th c)The Victorian period(1836-1901)Modern period(20th - )注：【后面的Matp指主要作品】一．The old and medieval English literature(8th-14th century)1.The Venerable Bede(A.D673-735) “father of English history”《the essiesiastical history of the English people》《the anglo-sarxon chronic》epic——Beowulf2.mid11th-mid14th 亚瑟王和圆桌骑士《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，高文爵士和绿衣骑士》3.Geoffy Chaucer（杰弗利·乔叟，1343-1400）“the father of English poetry” ；“the first one who used London dialect ” in《The Canterbury Tales，坎特伯雷故事集》（1387-1400,a prologue\24 tales,描写14th 英国现状）二．The renaissance period (14th –mid17th c)1.Sonnet:contains 14 lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in various patterns 14行5音步抑扬格诗行（ababcdcdefefgg）e.g: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.2.Thomas More(托马斯·莫尔1478-1535) Matp:《Utopia,乌托邦》（in Latin）3.Francis Bacon(培根1561-1626) “杰出essayist in English history”《the essays》4.Edmund Spenser(埃德蒙·斯宾赛,1552-1599) “the poet’s poet”；Matp:《The Faerie Queen,仙后》（1579）；create “Spencerian Stanza ,斯宾塞诗体”。
专八英文文学常识
Old English: 450-1066<Beowulf> the national epic of the Anglo-SaonsMedieval English： 1066 - middle 14th centuryGeoffrey Chaucer-the father of English poetry(wisdom, humor, humanity)<The Canterbury Tales> first time to use 'heroic couplet': 14th –mid 17th started in ItalyA series of historical events:1.rediscovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture2.new discoveries in geography & astrology(占星学)3.the religious reformation & economic expansionThe Renaissance - rebirth or revivalpresent lifeBest representatives: Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe, William ShakespeareThe Elizabethan drama: the real mainstream of English RenaissanceMost famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson- the poets' poet5 quality: 1) a perfect melody 2)a rare sense of beauty 3)a splendid imagination4)a lofty(高尚的) moral purity and seriousness 5)a dedicated idealism<The Shepherdes Calender> lament(哀悼) over the loss of Rosalind<The Faerie Queene>主角：Arthur - who possess 12 virtuesGloriana – the Fairy QueenThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic –“Fierce warres and faithfull loves”READING: excerpt from The Faerie Queene仙后Content: Redcrosse Knight set out on his adventures.–“University Wits”,the pioneer of English dramaHyperbole(夸张)Marlowe‟s achievement: 1) blank verse无韵诗歌It is Marlowe who brought vitality(活力) and grandeur(伟大) into the blank verse with his “mighty lines,” which carry strong emotions.2) his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.(not strong in dramatic construction.)→ the pioneer of English drama3 tragedies: <Dr. Faustus> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<Tamburlaine> 帖木耳大帝 a play aboutan ambitious and pitiless overpowering king.<The Jew of Malta> 马尔他的犹太人non-drama <The Passionate Shepherd to His Love> pastoral(田园的) life ，the most beautiful lyrics(抒情诗)READING: 1. excerpt from Dr. Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧A play based on the German legendContent: Faustus is a scholar who has a strong desire to acquire knowledge. By conjuration(念咒文召唤) he call up Mephistophilis, the Devil‟s servant. He make a bond(契约)to sell his soul to the Devil in return for 24 years of life in which Mephistophilis to give him everything he desires. Devil‟s name is Lucifer.Dominant moral is human rather than religious2. The Passionate(热情的) Shepherd to His Lovethis short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics(抒情诗) in English literature.The shepherd(牧羊人) enjoy an ideal country life, cherishing(珍爱) a pastoral(田园的) and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature.– playwright & poet (above all writers in the past and in the present time)1.<Henry Ⅵ>, <Richard Ⅲ>…2.<Richard Ⅱ>, <Henry Ⅳ>, <Henry Ⅴ>, <King John>…Comedies: <A Midsummer Nig ht’s Dream>, <The Merchant of Venice>, <Twelfth Night> …Tragedy: <Romeo and Juliet> romantic tragedy. To praise the faithfulness of love and thespirit of pursuing happiness.3.Four tragedies - <Hamlet>, <Othello>, <King Lear> & <Macbeth>4.tragicomedies：<The Tempest>Achievement:A. exploring the characters‟s inner mind.– bring vividness to the charactersB. adroit（精巧的） plot constructionC. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. Disguise is an important device to create dramatic irony.D. the language.READING： 1. Sonnet 18 (14 line)<Sonnet 18> eternal or immortal（不朽的） beauty, have a faith in the permanence of poetry.A nice summer‟s day is usually transien t(短暂的), but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.2.excerpt from The Merchant of Venice<The Merchant of Venice> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portiaa heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable（不知足的） greed and brutality of the Jew.Double plot:(1) Bassanio ask Antonio for a loan so that he might marriage with Portia(2) Antonio borrow money from Shylock, the Jewish usurer. Shylock make a strange bond that requires Antonio to surrender a pound of his flesh if he fail to repay him within a certain period of time. Portia disguised as a young lawyer instructed to judge the case: Shylock can takehis pound of flesh, but there is no mention of blood in the bond. Otherwise, his lands and goods will be confiscated(充公) according to he law of Venice.3．Excerpt from Hamlet<Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated（复杂的） to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revengercontent: Hamlet, the prince, appearing in a mood of world-weariness（厌世） occasioned by his father‟s death and his mother‟s hasty remarriage with Claudius, his father‟s brother. Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father and then taken over both his father‟s throne and widow. Thus Hamlet is urged to seek revenge.Note: To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action–Bacon‟s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness & powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions（典故）, metaphors（隐喻） and cadence（韵律）.<The Advancement of Learning>man‟s understanding consists of three parts: history to man‟s memory, poetry to man‟s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man‟s reason.<Novum Organum> written in Latin on methodology方法论Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning 归纳法 ( i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general)in place of Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning 演绎法( i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular)READING: Of Studies<Of Studies> uses and benefits of study –studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary (互补) to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.- break away from love poetry, the diction(用语) is simple, the imagery is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poet‟s beloved, with God, or with himself.A)conceits B)syllogism (三段论)Poetry 早期:<The Songs and Sonnets> holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body.晚期:<Holy Sonnets> <A Hymn to God the Father> religious poemProse: his sermons, which are both rich and imaginativeREADING: 1. The Sun Rising 2. Death, Be Not Proud ( a sonnet,14 lines)<The Sun Rising> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere<Death, Be Not Proud> whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul.Achievement: 1)the early poetic works 2) the middle prose(散文)Elegy(挽歌) -<lycidas>利西达斯(his early work)Epic(史诗) - <Paradise Lost> <Paradise Regained>Dramatic poem(诗剧) - <Samson Agonistes>力士参孙 the most perfect example of the versedrama after the Greek style inEnglish.READING: excerpt from Paradise Lost<Paradise Lost> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton‟s creed(纲领).Take from the Old Testament, the theme is the “Fall of Man”: Satan rebel against God and are driven from Heaven. He determined to revenge by seduce(引诱) Adam and Eve to eat the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge against God‟s instructions. So, Adam and E ve are exiled by God from the paradise.1660-1798 with the publication of Lyrical ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge-& accuracythe Age of Enlightenment/Reason– the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries,a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century)modern English novel–newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生（the mid-century）Gothic novel(哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to the end of century)REAING: The Vanity Fair名利场 an excerpt form The Pilgrim’s Progress(天路历程)<The Pilgrim's Progress寓言), its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation(拯救) through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor –life as a journeyone of the first to introduce rationalism to England, for him the supreme value was order.READING: excerpt from A n Essay on Criticism(论批评)<An Essay on Criticism对句), criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, true wit which is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.- the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular(方言).READING: excerpt from Robinson crusoe<Robinson Crusoe> praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧).→ an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned(放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.→ Robinson grew from a naïve and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed (缺点)Achievement: 1)a master satirist. <A Modest Proposal> <Gulliver's Travels>READING: excerpt from Gulliver’s Travels(格列佛游记)<Gulliver's Travels> fictional work, four parts – Lilliput, Brobdingnag, FlyingIsland & Houyhnhnm(小人国) (大人国) (飞岛) (有人类理性的马)→ the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.), the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. He adopted “the third-person narration”.<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews…> (约瑟夫·安德鲁)<The History of Jonathan Wild the Great> (伟大的乔纳森·怀尔德)<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling> a masterpiece on the subject of human nature <The History of Amelia> the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin(伤感的) picture of the social life at the time.READING: excerpt from Tom JonesBrings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”In a way, Tom and Sophia, stands for a wayfaring(旅行的) Everyman, who is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain a knowledge of himself and finally to approach perfectness.– the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman, thelast neoclassicist enlightener.<A Dictionary of the English Language> 英语大词典READING: To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield> the letter is written in a refined and very polite language, with a bitter undertone of defiance and anger. The seemingly peacefulretrospection, reasoning and questioning express, to the best satiric effect, the author‟sstrong indignation at the lord‟s fame-fishing.<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.READING: excerpt from The School for ScandalA story about two brothers: Joseph Surface and Charles Surface. Charles in lovewith Maria, Sir Peter Teazle is loved by Lady Sneerwell. The lady instigates(教唆) Joseph to pursue Maria For her Money. Joseph secretly seduce(引诱) Lady Teazle, Sir Peter‟s young wife. The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and Charles wins his loves and the inheritance of his rich uncle.It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(堕落) of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th England.the leader of the sentimental(悲情的) poetry of the day ,especially “The Graveyard School”READING:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard> reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc(破坏) on them.△Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous (自发)emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace△The romantic emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s m ind.△The romantic period began with： in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's<Lyrical Ballads>end in 1832with Sir Walter Scott‟s death△two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and WalterScott(romantic).- poet & engraver(雕刻家)<Songs of Innocence>: a happy and innocent world from children's eye<Songs of Experience> : a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy (忧郁的)tone from men eyes. Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites <Marriage of Heaven and Hell> marks his entry into maturity.<The book of Urizen>(先知书) prophetic(预言的) book in his later periodHe presents his view in visual images. Symbolism is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.READING: 1. The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence)2. The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)3. The Tyger(from Songs of Experience)- the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous(自发的), “worshipper of natur e”- He defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected in tranquillity'.“Lake Poets”: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert Southey<The Prelude>(序曲) his masterpiece<To a Skylark> <Tintern Abbey>READING: 1. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils (水仙) and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.2. Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering（闪烁的）, smokeless & mildly （柔和的）. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety （虔诚）for nature.3. She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways4. The Solitary Reaper<The Solitary Reaper> thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.William Wordsworth and Coleridge: <Lyrical Ballads>Poet can be divided into two groups - the demonic 恶魔的(supernatural) & the conversational- The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces: <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>,<Chrisabel>, <Kubla Khan>老水手之行克丽斯塔贝尔忽必烈汗Feature: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory- Conversational poem: <Frost at Midnight> <The Nightingale>READING: Kubla Khan（暴君的） rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold's Pilgrimage> 怀尔德·哈罗德游记<Don Juan> （唐璜）(the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem, comic epic) by make use of Juan‟s adventures, to present a panoramic（全面） view of different types of society.READING: 1.Song for the Luddites<Song for the Luddites> 'will die fighting, or live free' Byron show his support of the Luddites who destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.2. The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)<The Isles of Greece> song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. 'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'? By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece and the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to struggle for liberty.1) Lyrics（抒情诗）<The Cloud> <Ode to the West Wind> <To a Skylark>云雀颂 the bird, suspended betweenreality and poetic image2) poetic drama （诗剧）<Prometheus Unbound> 解放了的米罗普修斯READING: 1. A Song: Men of England<Men of England> It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people of England to rise up against their political oppressors, but also an address to point out to them the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.2.Ode to the West Wind<Ode to the West Wind> terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, 'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?' The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.4 great odes : <Ode on Melancholy>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>, <Ode to a Nightingale>, <Ode to Psyche>希腊古瓮颂夜莺颂READING: Ode on a Grecian Urn<Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience (短暂)of human passion, 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'6 novels: <Sense and Sensibility> <Pride and Prejudice> <Northanger Abbey><Mansfield Park> <Emma> <Persuasion>诺桑觉寺蔓斯菲尔德公园→ Story of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels.→3 types of attitudes in pursuit of marriage:A)who would marry for material wealth and social positionB)who would marry just for beauty and passionC)who would marry for true love with a consideration of the partner‟s personal merit andhiseconomical and social status.→concerning 3 or 4 landed gentry families with their daily routine life: relationships with members of their own family and with their friends, dancing parties, tea parties, picnics, and gossips.READING: excerpt from Pride and prejudice1.Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy : in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved.2.Collins & Charlotte Lucas: see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is toavoid the wretchedness(不幸) of aging spinsterhood（未婚妇女身份）.3.Lydia & Wickham: shown the dangers of feckless（不负责任的） relationships unsupported bymoney.4.Mr. & Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh: comic characters＊, again became the predominant preoccupation.Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people.＊Darwin's <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditional faith, everything is created by God＊George Eliot, the pioneering woman, was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside”＊Thomas Hardy, that Wessex man who not only expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions and morals.＊Robert Browning, created the verse novel, revel and study characters‟ innerworld (psycho-analytical)- one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age- Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works1) child characters 2) horrible and grotesque（可笑的） characters 3) broadly humorous or comical characters- characterized by a mingling(混合) of humor and pathos (悲伤)pathos: little Nell <The Old Curiosity Shop> , little Paul <Dombey and Son><A Tale of Two Cities>READING: excerpt from Oliver Twist雾都孤儿<Oliver Twist> is a boy brought up in the workhouse. One day, as Oliver asked for more food, he was sent to work as an apprentice and then ran away …The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse and life of the underworld（下层社会） in 19th London.The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.Charlotte, is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class working women, particularly governesses（家庭女教师）.READING: 1. excerpt from Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte<Jane Eyre> 简·爱 Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a governess at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master, Mr. Rochester.- It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood School- successful introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.2. excerpt from Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte<Wuthering Heights> 呼啸山庄 a story about 2 families and an intruding(闯入的) stranger. The Earnshaw family (Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine) - HeathcliffThe Linton family ( Mr. Linton, his wife son Edgar, daughter Isabella- invents dramatic monologue(独脚戏), Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions, and withthe feelings.<In Memoriam> 悼念<Ldylls of the King> 国王叙事诗 represent a cyclic history of western civilization, which, in Tennyson‟s mind, is going on a spiritual decline and will end in destruction.READING: 1. Break, Break, Break 2. Crossing the Bar 3.ULysses<Break, Break, Break> in memory of the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar>过沙洲 we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. 'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering the next world<Ulysses> 尤利西斯 not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of them- the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic<The Ring and the Book> 指环与书his masterpiece. Its symbolic meaning, the “ring ”– the goldsmith‟s（金匠的） technique of alloying gold（合金）in making rings. The “book” – the hard truthREADING:1. My Last Duchess 2. Meeting at Night 3. Parting at Morning<My Last Duchess> 我逝去的公爵夫人this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical （残暴的）man<Meeting at Night> 黑夜相会 the man, a lover, describes the whereabouts of their meeting place. <Parting at Morning> 晨别 here describe the sun-rise, the poet unconsciously expresses his helplessness in having to face up his duty as a man.（特有的）intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women. She shows that the need of the individual for expansion and growth has to be brought into harmony with a sense of social responsibility.（人与社会的关系）Naturalistic and psychological novel心理分析READING: excerpt from Middlemarch<Middlemarch>米德尔马契 a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorDorothea Brooke (a beautiful, intelligent young lady) and Lydgate( a proud, ambitious young doctor), both fail in achieving their goals owing to the social environment as well as their own vulnerabilities.（易受伤）both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment' :the fictional（虚构的） primitive and crude rural region which is really the home place he both loves and hates.<Tess of the D'Urbervilles> 德伯家的苔丝 experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration （持续）Tess, as a pure woman brought up with the traditional idea of womanly virtues, is abused and destroyed by both Alec and Angel, agents of the destructive force of the society.ØThe writer concentrated on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on theobjective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.ØThe three trilogies（三部曲）of Galsworthy‟s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century.Ø“the Angry Young Men” with lower-middle-class or working class background. Kingsley Amis, John Wain, John Braine and Alan Sillitoe were the major novelists in thisgroup. Osborne, the first “Angry Young Man”ØJames Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist; <Ulysses>ØShaw, is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.ØYeats, the leader of the Irish National Theater Movement.-dramatist (leading playwright)早期 <Widowers’ Houses> 鳏夫的房产 <Candida> 康蒂坦 <Mrs. Warren’s Profession>华伦夫人的职业<Caesar and Cleopatra>凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉中期<Man and Superman>人与超人晚期<Back to Methuselah>回到麦修色拉<The Apple Cart>苹果车Feature: 1.he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expenseof another.2. Shaw‟s characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view, that shift and alter, for he is interested in doctrines.3．he inversion（倒装）, a device found in Shaw form beginning to end.4.Action is reduced to a minimum, while the dialogue and the interplay of the minds maintainthe interest of the audience.READING: excerpt from Mrs. Warren’s Profession about the economic oppression of womenA conventional writer, having inherited the traditions of Victorian novelists of the critical realismPlay: <The Silver Box> 银盒Novels: <The Forsyte Saga>福赛特世家(trilogy三部曲:<The Man of Property>有产业的人<In Chancery>骑虎<To Let>出租) <A Modern Comedy>现代喜剧READING: excerpt from The Man of Property<The Man of Property> Soames Forsyte, wealth is the sole aim of life. Irene, his wife, loves art and cherishes. Aoames asks Bosinney, a young architect, to build a country house for them. Later, Irene and Bosinney fall in love with each other.The novel show the human relationships of the contemporary English society are merely an extension of property relationships.- poet<The Lake Isle of Innisfree>茵尼斯弗利岛 <The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland>梦见仙境的人<Sailing to Byzantium>驶向拜古廷explored the problems of death, love, old age and art.READING: 1. The Lake Isle of Innisfree 2. Down by the Salley Gardens<The Lake Isle of Innisfree> Tired of life of his day, Yeats sought to escape into an ideal “fairyland” where he could love calmly as a hermit(隐士) and enjoy the beauty of nature. Here Innisfree is referring to a place for hermitage.<Down by the Salley Gardens>reconstruct an old song from 3 lines imperfectly(不完整地) remembered by an old peasant womanone of the important verse dramatists<The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock> 普鲁弗洛克的情歌<The Waste Land> 荒原the most famous poem，is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.<Ash Wednesday>灰星期三 <Four Quartets>四个四重奏READING: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock<The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock> dramatic monologue, an ironic contrastPrufrock, is neurotic, self-important, illogical and incapable of action. The setting in which a tea party is a significant event and a game of cards is the only way to stave off boredom.Autobiographical(自传的) novel <Sons and Lovers> 儿子与情人Masterpieces: <The Rainbow> 虹 <Women in Love> 恋爱中的女人rich symbolism and complex narrative<The Rainbow> the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human personalities（诽谤）, the perversion(歪曲) of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital（婚姻） relationships.<Women in Love> about two lovers. Birkin and Ursula, Gudrun and Gerald,rich symbolic, Geraldis a symbolic figure of spiritual death, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics. Birkin, as a symbolic figure of human warmth.。
《专八英美文学知识》课件
的作品，了解这个时期的文学革命。
3
2 0世纪文学
4
了解现代主义和后现代主义对英美文学 产生的影响，并研究20世纪的权威作家。
古代文学
从古代民间故事到史诗诗歌，探索英美 文学的根源和起源。
1 9世纪文学
探索浪漫主义、现实主义和自然主义等 19世纪文学的关键特点和作家。
重要作家与作品
威廉·莎士比亚
探索莎士比亚的戏剧作品，如《哈姆雷特》和《罗 密欧与朱丽叶》。
3 超自然和奇幻
欣赏奇幻文学和超自然元素在作品中的运用，从魔法到神话传说。
经典文学解读
通过深入解读经典文学作品，如《1984》和《傲慢与偏见》，探究其深层含 义和与现实世界的关联。
总结
总结各个部分的主要内容，并鼓励听众进一步探索英美文学的魅力和多样性。
《专八英美文学知识》 PPT课件
在这个PPT课件中，我们将深入探讨英美文学的各个方面，从概述到重要作家 与作品，再到文学主题与风格，以及经典文学的解读。
标题
在文学中，一个好的标题可以吸引读者的注意力，并传达出作品的主要思想和情感。融入创意和挑逗性元素， 将读者吸引到故事中。
导言
引言
通过一个引人入胜的故事或悲观的民谣，引导听众进入《傲慢与偏见》和 《理智与情感》。
欧内斯特·海明威
研究海明威的小说，如《老人与海》和《别了，武 器》。
托尼·莫里森
探索莫里森的作品，如《宠儿》和《云图》。
文学主题与风格
1 爱与悲伤
探索文学中关于爱情和失落的主题，以及不同作家对这些主题的表现方式。
2 社会批判
研究文学作品中对社会不公和不平等的批判，以及作家对这些问题的态度。
背景
简要介绍英美文学的背景和意义，以及与文化和历史的关联。
专八人文知识总结(终)
11、E.M．Forster: 《通往印度之路》
12、George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳：Widowers' Houses《鳏夫的房产》，Heartbreak House《伤心之家》，Mrs. Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》
4、Ballads 民谣：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。
三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）
1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔： Utopia《乌托邦》
2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。
2、 Coleridge柯勒律治：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯特贝尔》, Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
3、 Southey骚赛：桂冠诗人；
4、 George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦： Don Juan《唐璜》
悲观时期： David Copperfield《董贝父子》，David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》
后期：Bleak House《荒凉山庄》，Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》，Great Expectations《远大前程》
14、Thackeray萨克雷：Vanity Fair《名利场》
2、Yeats叶芝：爱尔兰使人 《芦苇的风》《库尔的野天鹅》《驶向拜占庭》。
最新TEM8-英语专八英美文学资料
英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)A. Pagan poetry(异教诗歌):Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报B. Religious poetry:Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): 《赞美诗》（Anthem）,大多取材余《圣经》（Bible）故事。
Cynewulf(基涅武甫9C): 《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）C. Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735)《英吉利人教会史》（Historian Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）Alfred the Great(848-901)Father of English Prose《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle）2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):Cavalier literature骑士文学A.Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 linesGeoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400): the father of English poetry; Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)The Canterbury Tales; The Parliament of Fowls；The Book of the DuchessThe House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》B.English ballads（15th C）Thomas Malory(1395-1471) :Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660):人文主义humanism; 十四行诗Sonnets; 无韵诗Blank verse; 戏剧Drama; 斯宾塞诗体Spenserian；University Wits 大学才子派1) 诗歌a. Thomas Wyatt(怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》;Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc. Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poetThe Shepherd Calendar《牧人日历》；Amoretti《爱情小唱》The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian StanzaSpenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，散文家，剧作家&小说家)：Eupheus《尤菲绮斯》Euphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classicPhilosophical: New Instrument《新工具》New Atlantis《新大溪岛》Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Professionals: Maxims of the Law《法律格言》3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe: University Wits 大学才子派First made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
专八英国文学常识
专八英国文学常识专八英国文学常识１．the renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is not such an event?a．the rediscovery of ancient rome and greek culture．b．england's domestic rest．c．new discovery in geography and astrology．d．the religious reformation and the economic expansion．２．which of the following is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the english language．a．the pilgrim's progressb．grace abounding to the chief of sinnersc．the life and death of mr．badmand．the holy war３．it is___________alone who, for the first time in english literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the english society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life．a．geoffrey chaucerb．martin lutherc．william langlandd．john gower４．all of the following four except___________are the most eminent dramatists in the renaissance england．a．francis baconb．christopher marlowec．william shakespeared．ben jonson５．it is generally regarded that keats's most important and mature poems are in the form of___________．a．elegyb．odec．epicd．sonnet６．daniel defoe's novels mainly focus on___________．a．the struggle of the unfortunate for mere existenceb．the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for securityc．the struggle of the pirates for wealthd．the desire of the criminals for property７．in beowulf,___________fought against the monster grendel and a five breathing dragon．a．the anglo-saxonsb．beowulfc．the scandinaviand．the winter dragon８．francis bacon is best known for his___________which greatly influenced the development of this literary form．a．essaysb．poemsc．worksd．plays９．most of thomas hardy's novels are set in wesse-x___________．a．a crude region in englandb．a fictional primitive regionc．a remote rural aread．hardy's hometown１０．we can perhaps describe the west wind in shelley'spoem "ode to the west wind" with all the following terms except___________．a．swiftb．proudc．tamedd．wild１１．"blindness", "partiality", "prejudice", and "absurdity" in the novel "pride and prejudice" are most likely the characteristics of___________．a．elizabethb．darcyc．mr．bennetd．mrs．bennet１２．the modern english novel came into being in___________．a．the middle of the 17th centuryb．the 17th centuryc．the late 18th centuryd．the middle of the 18th century１３．who is not the major figure of modernist movement?a．eliotb．joycec．charles dickensd．pound１４．who is considered to be the best known english dramatist since shakespeare?a．oscar wildeb．john galsworthyc．w．b．yeatsd．george bernard shaw１５．of the following poets, which is not regarded as "lake poets"?a．samuel taylor coleridgeb．robert southyc．william words worthd．william shakespeare１６．in the first part of gulliver's travels, gulliver told his experience in___________．a．lilliputb．brobdingnagc．houyhnhnmd．england１７．which of the following cannot describe "byronic hero"?a．proudb．mysteriousc．noble origind． progressive１８．in the history of literature, romanticism is generally regarded as ．a．the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience．b．the thought that designates man as a social animalc．the orientation that emphasizes those features which men have in commond．the modes of thinking１９．the term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of___________．a．john miltonb．john donnec．john keatsd．john bunyan２０．"the vanity fair" is a well-known part in___________．a．the pilgrim's progressb．grace abounding to the chief of sinnersc．the life and death of mr．badmand．the holy war２１．in oliver twist, charles criticizes___________．a．money worshipping tendencyb．dehumanizing of workhouse systemc．hypocrisy of the upper societyd．distortion of human heart２２．which of the following plays by shakespeare is history play?a．julius caesarb．the merry wives of windsorc．henry ivd．king lear２３．who is regarded as a "worshipper of nature"．a．john keatsb．william blakec．william wordsworthd．jane austen２４．which of the following writing is not the work by charles dickens?a．a tale of two citiesb．hard timesc．oliver twistd．sons and lovers２５．the 18th century england is known as the___________ in the history．a．romanticismb．classicismc．renaissanced．enlightenment专八人文知识（英国文学）(3)2016-07-17 22:59 | #2楼william wordsworth威廉华兹华斯1770-1850 an evening walk 黄昏漫步;lyrical ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）;lucy poems 露西组诗(she dwett among the untrodden ways;to the cuckoo杜鹃颂;i wandered lonely as a cloud;the solitary reaper孤寂的刈麦人);ode on intimations of immorality不朽颂;ode to duty义务颂;the excursion远足;the prelude序曲samuel taylor coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834 lyrical ballads;the fall of the bastille巴士底狱的毁灭;the rime of the ancient mariner老船夫;kubla khan忽必烈汗;biographia literaria文学传记robert southey骚塞 joan of arc wat tylergeorge gordon byron乔治拜伦1788-1824 hours of idliness 懒散的时刻;english bords and scottish reviewers英国诗人与苏格兰评论家;childe harold’s pilgrimage,cantos i and ii,canto iii 1818恰罗德哈罗德游记;ode to the framers of the frame-bill编织机法案编制者颂;oriental tales东方叙事诗(the bride of abydos阿比道斯的新娘;the corsa海盗;the siege of corinth柯林斯之围);manfred曼弗雷德;the age of bronze青铜世纪;don juan唐璜名诗：she walks in beauty;the isles of greecepercy bysshe shelley波西比希雪莱1792-1822 queen mab麦布女王;prometheus unbound解放了的普罗米修斯;adonais阿东尼斯;the cenci钦契;song to the men of england致英国人民;englandin 1819;the masque of anarchy专制魔王的化装游-行;ode to the west wind/a skylark西风/云雀颂;a defence of poetry诗辩john keats约翰济兹1795-1821 endymion恩底弥翁;isabella伊莎贝拉;the eve of sanit agnes圣爱尼节前夜;ode on a grecian urn 希腊古瓮颂;ode to a nightingale夜莺颂;to autumn秋颂;hyperion 赫披里昂（未完成）20、charles lamb查尔斯兰姆1775-1834 tales from shakespeare莎士比亚故事集;alburn verses诗集;essay of elia伊利亚散文集(dream children梦中儿女;a dissertation unpon roast pig 烤猪论;old china古瓷;new year’s eve除夕;the praise of chimney sweepers扫烟囱童工赞;the superannuated man领取养老金的人;a bachelor’s complaint of the behavior of married people单身汉对结过婚的人的行为的抱怨)walter scott瓦尔特司各特1771-1832 诗：the minstrlsy of the scottish border苏格兰边区歌谣集;marimion玛里恩;the lady of the lake湖上夫人小说：waverley威弗利;guy mannering盖曼纳令;rob roy罗布罗伊;the heart of midlothian米德洛西恩监狱;ivanhoe艾凡赫;kenilworth坎尼尔华斯;woodstock皇家猎馆;queentin durward 昆廷达沃part 6. english critical realismthomas hood胡德1799-1845 the song of the shirt衬衫之歌;the bridge of sighs悲叹之桥;miss kilmansegg and her precious leg基尔曼塞格小姐和她贵重的`腿ernest jones琼斯1819-1869 小说：the women’s wrongs妇女们的委屈名诗：the song of the lower class;the song of the futurecharles dickens狄更斯1812-1870 the posthumous pa-pe-rs of the pickwick club匹克威克外传;oliver twist奥利弗退斯特;american notes美国札记;martin chuzzlewit马丁朱述尔维特;theold curiosity shop老古玩店;dombey and son董贝父子;david copperfield大卫科波菲尔;hard times艰难时世;a tale of two cities 双城记;great expectation远大前程william makepeacethackery萨克雷1811-1863 the book of snobs势利者集;vanity fair名利场;history of pendennis潘丹尼斯的历史;the history of henry esmond亨利艾斯芒的历史;the newcomes纽可谟一家;the virginians弗吉尼亚人jane austin简奥斯丁1775-1817 pride and prejudice傲慢与偏见;sense and sensibility理智与情感;emma爱玛;mansfield park曼斯菲尔德公园;persuasion好事多磨;northanger abbey诺桑觉寺charlote/emily/anne bronte夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮勃郎特1816-1855 jane eyre简爱;shirley雪丽/wuthering height呼啸山庄/agones grey艾格尼斯格雷elizabeth cleghorn gaskell盖斯凯尔1810-1865 mary barton 玛丽巴顿;ruth露斯;cranford克兰弗德;north and south北与南;life of charlote bronte夏洛蒂勃郎特传george eliot爱略特(mary ann evans)1819-1880 adam bede 亚当贝德;the mill on the floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊；silas marner织工马南;middlemarch米德尔马契;felix holt,the radical。
英语专八 马思特英美文学概论[重点]
British LiteratureI。
The Renaissance Period [the 14th & 17th centuries]：Humanism is the essence of theRenaissance.1.The Old English poetry includes: the religious group and the secularone. Eg. The epic Beowulf2.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language,like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.史诗指古代叙事诗中的长篇作品，常反应重大意义的历史事件或以古代传说为内容，塑造著名英雄人文。
3.Chaucer :The father of English poetry:He was the first to introduce Octosyllabic couplet in The Romaunt the RoseHeroic couplet: The Legend of Good Women; The Canterbury Tales He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.4.Miracle play: the medieval中世纪dramatization of a Biblical story(e.g. Cain and Abel ) or of a saint’s life, was chiefly popular from thetwelfth through the fifteenth centuries.5.Morality play: a later medieval development, which remainedpopular well into the sixteenth century, was an allegorical 寓言dramatization of the conflict between good and evil, including suchcharacters as Everyman, Gooddeeds, and Avarice.6.Heroic couplet: is a rhyming韵律couplet of iambic pentameter,often containing a complete thought. Commonly there is a parallel or an antithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.双行诗，由两个押韵的抑扬格五音步诗行构成，常包含一个完整的意思。
专八人文知识(美国文学)
一．Literature of colonial settlements(北美殖民时期文学)（16C末——17C中）John Smith “the first author”《A True Map of Virginia》二．the literature around the revolution of independence (17C中——18C末)1．Franklin （1706——1790）scientist politician writer《the Autobiography，自传》《poor Richard’s almanac穷查理历书》2. Thomas Jefferson (1743——1826) 《the declaration of independence，独立宣言》3. Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺(1752——1832) “father of American poetry”《the wild honey suckle，野忍冬花》《The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地》《the British prison shop英国囚船》《the rising glory of America美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》三．American Romanticism(18C末——19C中后)1. Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父《the sketch book 见闻札记》《the legend of sleep hollow 睡谷的传说》《rip Van Winkler 瑞普·凡·温克尔》2. James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·菲尼·莫库珀《the spy 间谍》《the pioneers 拓荒者》《the last of the Mohicans 最后的莫西干人》《the prairie 大草原》《the pathfinder 探路人》《the deerslayer 杀鹿者》《leather stocking tales 皮袜子的故事集》3. Edgar Allen Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡写科学和侦探小说“侦探小说的鼻祖”《tales of the grotesque and arabesque 怪诞故事集》《the murders in the Rue morgue 莫格街谋杀案》《the fall of the house of Usher 厄舍古厦的倒塌》4．Ralph waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生transcendentalism超验主义《Nature 论自然》《essays 论文集》《the American scholar 美国学者》5．Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗超验主义《Walden 瓦尔登湖》6．Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔《Moby Dick 莫比·迪克》7．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·朗费罗《the song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌》《voices of the night 夜吟》《A psalm of life 人生礼赞》8．Walt Whitman 华尔特·惠特曼《leaves of grass 草叶集》《song of myself 自我之歌》四．American Realism （19C中——20C初）1．Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽叶特比彻斯托夫人女《uncle tom’s cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋》（anti-slavery novel）2．Mark Twain 马克·吐温《the adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆·索耶历险记》《the adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·芬历险记》《life on Mississippi 密西西比河上》《the gilded age镀金时代》海明威评价：“全部美国文学都来自马克吐温的《哈克贝利·芬历险记》”3．O·Henry 欧·亨利短篇小说《the cop and the anthem 警察与赞美诗》《the furnished room 带家具出租的房间》《the gift of the magi 麦琪的礼物》《the last leaf 最后一片藤叶》4．Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯《Daisy Miller 黛西·米勒》《the portrait of a lady 贵妇人画像》《the wings of the dove 鸽翼》《the ambassadors 大使们》《the Golden bowl 金碗》5．Jack London 杰克·伦敦《the sea wolf 海狼》自传体短篇小说《Martin Eten 马丁·伊登》《the call of the wild 野性的呼唤》6．Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱赛《sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹》《Jennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘》五．American modernism （20C初——）1．Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱·刘易斯1930年第一个美国人获诺贝尔奖《main street 大街》《Babbitt 巴比特》2．Eugene O’Neill 尤金·奥尼尔剧作家1936年获诺贝尔奖《long day’s journey into night 进入黑夜的漫长旅途》《the hairy ape 毛猿》《the Iceman cometh 送冰人来了》3．Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠1938年获诺贝尔奖《the good earth 大地》翻译了《水浒传all men are brothers》4．Thomas Stearns Eliot T.S.艾略特1948年获诺贝尔奖《the wasteland 荒原》《four quartets 四个四重奏》《murder in the Cathedral 大教堂的凶杀案》《the hollow man 空心人/透明人》5．William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳1949年获诺贝尔奖《the sound and the fury 愤怒与喧嚣》《as I lay dying 当我垂死的时候/我弥留之际》6．Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威“the lost generation迷惘的一代”的代表作家1954年获诺贝尔文学奖《the sun also rises 太阳照常升起》《farewell to arms永别了，武器》《for whom the Bell tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣》《the old man and the sea 老人与海》7．F·Scott Fitzgerald 司各特·费茨杰拉德《the great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比》（jazz age）8．John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克1962年获诺贝尔奖《the grapes of wrath 愤怒的葡萄》《of mice and men 人与鼠》9．Toni Morrison 托尼·莫瑞森黑人作家1993年获诺贝尔奖《song of Solomon 所罗门之歌》10．J.D. Salinger J.D.塞林格《the catcher in the rye 麦田里的守望者》11．Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·埃里森African-American novelist 《the invisible man 隐形人》12．Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒“黑色幽默”文学代表人物《catch-22 第二十二条军规》13．Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉斯剧作家《A streetcar named desire 欲望号街车》14．Ezra Pound 艾兹拉·庞德意象派诗歌（imagism）创始人《in A station of the metro 地铁车站》（14words ：the apparition of these faces in the crowd；petals on a wet, black bough.）15．Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特“新英格兰诗人”《new Hampshire 新罕布什尔》《A boy’s wish 一个孩子的愿望》16．Margaret Mitchell 玛格丽特·米切尔《gone with the wind 飘》。