新媒体外文翻译文献

新媒体外文翻译文献
新媒体外文翻译文献

新媒体外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

视频的前期拍摄与后期制作

电影电视媒体已经成为当前最为大众化,最具影响力的媒体型式。从好莱坞电影所创造的幻想世界,到电视新闻所关注的现实生活,到铺天盖地的电视广告,无不深刻地影响着我们的世界。过去,影视节目的制作只是专业人员的工作,似乎还拢罩着一层神秘的面纱。十几年来,数字技术全面进入影视制作过程,计算器逐步取代了许多原有的影视设备,在影视制作的各个环节发挥了很重大的作用。但是直到不久之前,影视制作使用的一直是价格极端昂贵的专业硬件及软件,

非专业的人员很难有机会见到这些设备,更不用说熟练掌握这些工具来制作自己的作品了。随着PC性能的显著提升以及价格上的不断降低,影视制作从以前专业等级的硬设备逐渐向PC平台上转移,原先身价极高的专业软件逐步移植到PC 平台上,价格也日益大众化。同时影视制作的应用也从专业的电影电视领域扩大到计算机游戏、多媒体、网络、家庭娱乐等更为广阔的领域。许多在这些专业领域的从业人员与大量的影视爱好者们现在都可以利用手中的计算机来制作自己的影视节目。

许多人接触到影视节目制作,是从3D计算机动画开始的,直到目前,了解乃至掌握3D计算机动画制作的人员很多,介绍这方面的书籍也不少,而对于影视后期制作,多数人并不太了解,相关的书籍也较少,而且一般也只关心某一软件的操作使用,而对于影视后期制作的基本流程和原理却不甚重视,希望读者能透过本书,不但可以了解和掌握软件的使用,同时也对影视后期制作的整个过程有一个比较全面的了解。

一、影视后期制作概况:

影视节目的制作是一个相当复杂的过程。由于影视节目本身的多样化,从耗资巨大的电影制作到个人制作的家庭录像带,可以说有天壤之别。虽然这些节目的使用意图,编列的制作预算,投入的人力物力都有很大的区别,但其制作过程却有相当的共同之处,一般来说,影视节目的制作可以分为前期制作,实景拍摄,和后期制作三个主要阶段。

前期制作是筹划与准备的阶段,对于电影制作来说,这个过程多半是从剧本开始,然后是制定预算、筹募资金、选定拍摄地点、挑选演员、组成摄影小组等一系列复杂的过程。而对于个人制作者来说,这也许不过是突发奇想,然后拿起

自己的摄影机,拍摄周遭环境人物短短数分钟互动的事。拍摄阶段就是利用摄影机记录画面的过程,这时拍摄的素材可以说是构造最终完成片的基石。

当主要的拍摄工作完成后,就到了后期制作阶段。传统上这个阶段的主要工作是剪辑,把拍摄阶段得到的散乱素材剪辑成为完整的影片。一般在电影的拍摄过程中,实际拍摄的素材是最终剪辑完成影片长度的数倍甚至数十倍。剪辑师要从大量的素材中挑出最满意的素材并把它们按照适当的方式组织在一起。后期制作还包括声音的制作与合成。一般只有到这个阶段,当多余的素材已经去掉,镜头已经组合串联在一起,画面与声音已经同步,才可以看到影片的全貌。因为影片的大量信息和涵义,并不是包含在某一个镜头的画面中,而正是包含在一连串画面的组合当中,包含在画面与声音的联系中,毫不夸张地说,影视艺术有很大的程度上正是表现在后期制作之中的。

传统的电影剪辑是真正的剪接,拍摄所得到的底片经过冲洗,要制作一套工作样片,利用这套样片进行剪辑。剪辑师从大量的样片中挑选需要的镜头,用剪刀将胶片剪裁,再用胶带或胶水把它们黏在一起,然后在剪辑台上观看剪辑的效果,这个剪裁、黏贴的反复过程要不断重复直到最后看当满意的结果。这个过程直到现在仍然很常见,虽然看起来很原始,但这种剪接却是非线性的。剪辑师不必从头到尾顺序地工作,因为他可以随时将样片随时从中间剪裁,插入一个镜头,或者直接剪掉一些画面,都不会影响整个片子。但这种方式对于很多制作技巧是无能为力的。剪辑师无法在两个镜头之间制作一个特效融合的画面,也无法调整画面的色彩,所有这些技巧都只能在冲印过程中完成,同时剪刀和浆糊的手工操作效率也很低。

传统的电视编辑则是在剪辑设备上进行的。剪辑设备通常由一台放影机和一

台录像机组成,剪辑师通过放影机选择一段适合的素材,然后把它记录到录像机中的磁带上,然后在寻找下一个镜头。此外,高级的剪辑设备还有很强的特效功能,可以制作各种画面的融合与特效过场,可以调整画面的颜色,也可以制作字幕等。但是由于磁带记录画面是顺序的,无法在已有的画面之间插入一个镜头,也无法删除一个镜头,除非把其之后的画面全部重新录制一遍。所以这种编辑叫做线性编辑,它给编辑人员带来了很多限制。

我们可以看到传统的剪辑方法虽然各有特点,但又都有很大的局限性,大大减低了剪辑人员的创造力,并使宝贵的时间浪费在烦琐的操作过程当中。基于计算机科技的数字化非线性编辑技术使剪辑的方法得到很大的进步发展的空间。这种技术将素材记录到计算机磁盘中,利用计算机的运算与数据读取与储存进行剪辑的过程。它采用了电影剪辑的非线性模式,但用简单的鼠标及键盘操作替代了剪刀和浆糊式的手工操作,剪辑结果可以马上回放观看,所以大大提升了制作的效率。

二、随着影视制作的迅速发展,后期制作又肩负起了一个非常重要的职责:

特效镜头的制作—特效镜头是指拍摄无法直接得到的镜头。早期的影视特效大多是通过模型制作、特殊摄影、光学合成等传统手段完成的,主要在拍摄及冲印的阶段中完成。计算机数字的使用为特效制作提供了更好更多的手段,也使许多过去必须使用模型和摄影技术完成的特效可以透过计算机科技来制作完成,所以更多的特殊效果就成为了后期制作的工作。特效镜头无法拍摄到一般是由于两种原因,一是拍摄对象或环境在现实生活中根本不存在,或者即使存在也不可能拍摄到,例如恐龙或是外星人;二是拍摄的对象和环境虽然在实际生活中存在,但无法同时出现在同一个时空中,例如影片的主角从剧烈的爆炸场景中逃生。

对于第一种困难,就必须利用别的东西来模仿拍摄的对象,常用的手段包括制作模型,利用对人的化妆来模仿其它生物以及计算机的3D动画,实际上3D计算机动画也是一种模型,只不是它是存在在计算机中的虚拟模型而已。总之要解决这类问题,需要用一种无中生有的办法。

对于第二种困难解决的方法就是合成。既然拍摄的对象都是存在的,就可以单独拍摄他们,然后在分别把拍摄的这些画面合成起来。过去,合成主要依靠特效摄影和冲印时的技巧来完成,但计算机数字合成技术的快速发展使这些方式都相形落伍了。在近年来特效电影的迅速发展,并带动了整个电影工业的成长。计算机数字合成技术与3D计算机动画有很大的差别,它本身不是无中生有的一种技术,而是利用已有的素材画面进行组合,同时可以对画面进行大量的修饰、美化。可以说是一种锦上添花的一种技术。对于电视节目来说,我们经常可以看到这样的画面,画面本身就是由很多没有关联的物体组合而成,显然不是透过拍摄,而是透过合成得以的。例如很多电视片头,广告,MTV等节目就是如此。这时合成的首要逃条件不是真实感,而是纯粹的审美和形式感,但从合成的技术方式来说与拟真的合成没有太大的差别。经由以上的介绍,我们大致总结出影视后期制作的样貌:利用实景拍摄所得到的素材,透过3D计算机动画和合成的技术来制作特效镜头,然后把镜头剪接组合在一起,形成完整的影片,并且为影片制作声音。在以下图中我们可以看到电视数字后期制作的基本流程。目前大部份的电视节目,比如广告、片头、MTV、电视剧等都是按这样的工作方式制作出来的,但在合成的过程中必须符合以下要求:

(一)画面干净

画面干净包括以下几个方面:

1、没有夹帧就是完整镜头连接,中间没有多余的东西。我们在剪辑时如果在镜头结束时没有剪,后面带着下一个镜头的内容,而这些东西是由于失误加上的,我们并不需要。这就是夹帧。还有我们在连接两个镜头时,中间没有连接好有黑场,这也是夹帧。通常在剪辑时,很重要的一个任务就是把画面剪干净。

2、镜头完整镜头的剪辑方式有动接动、静接静两种方式。动接这里就不多说了,静接时镜头必须完整。静止镜头要保持一定的长度,比如中景5-8秒。运动镜头必须有起幅、落幅。

3、动镜头最后必须定下来,动镜头不能称为结束画面,所以剪辑点动的镜头最后必须静止下来。即使使用动接,最后一个镜头也必须静下来。主体停止运动,或者出画。

(二)声音干净

这是新手在剪辑中通常被忽略的内容,包括几个方面:

1、话要完整

无论是现场原音还是旁白,不能让人说半句话。

2、声音要纯净

特别嘈杂的声音不能使用,必须让观众听明白。

3、声音的音量高低要合适

一个节目的音量要统一,不能有高有低。

背景音乐的音量比例要合适,不能让背景音乐的声音影响到说话的声音

出处:John Wiley & Sons.Press,Mark Gerhard Jeffrey M . Harper.Mastering Autodesk 3ds Max Design 2011[M].Publisher: John Wiley & Sons,2012.22-32.

In the early period of the video filming and

post-production

Film and television media has become the most popular, the most influential media type. From created the fantasy world of Hollywood movies to television news focus on the reality of life, into a frenzy of television advertising, which profoundly affects our world. In the past, film and television program production is only professional work, seems

to be gathering cover with a layer of mysterious veil.For decades, digital technology comprehensively in the process of film and television production, calculator gradually replaced many of the original film and television equipment, in film and television production each link has played a very important role. But until recently, the use of film and television production has always been extremely expensive specialized hardware and software, non-professional personnel it is difficult to have

the chance to see these equipment, let alone familiar with the tools to create their own works. As the PC performance significantly increased and the lower price, film and television production from the previous level of professional hardware equipment to gradually shift on PC

platform, the original value is extremely high professional software gradually transplanted to the PC platform, the price also becomes more and more popular.At the same time, the application of film and television production, film and television from the professional field expanded to computer games, multimedia, network, home entertainment, such as wider areas. Many practitioners in these fields and a lot of movie and TV fans can now be used his computer to make his film and television programmes.

Many people come into contact with the film and television programme production, starts from the 3 d computer animation, until now, to understand and master the 3 d computer animation production personnel many, introduce the many books, too, for the film and television post-production, most people don't know, books are less, and generally only care about a software operation, basic process and principle for the film and television post-production has not very seriously, hope I can through this book, readers can not only understand and master the use of software, but also to the whole process of film and television post-production has a more comprehensive understanding.

A profile of film and television post-production:

Film and television program production is a quite complex process. Due to the diversity of film and television program itself, made from expensive movie-making to personal home videos, it could not be more

different. Intention while the use of these programs, the budgeted production budget, investment of manpower to have very big difference, but its production process has much in common, in general, film and television program production can be divided into pre-production, live action, and post-production three main stages.

Pre-production is planning and preparation stage, for film production, the process often begins with script, and then the budget, raise money, the selected location, select group of actors, photography and a series of complex process. The ?Is the process of using the camera to record the picture shooting stage, then the footage is the foundation of the construction finished, so to speak.

When after the completion of the work, like the post-production stage. Traditionally the main job of this phase is the clip, the shooting stage get scattered material cutting complete film. General in the filming process, the actual final cut finished filming material is film length several times or even dozens of times. Editor, a large amount of material is from selected the satisfaction of material and put them together according to the proper way. Production and post-production include voice synthesis. Generally only at this stage, when the material has been removed, excess lens is in series with the combination of picture and sound is synchronous, can only see the outline of the film. Because of the large amount of information and meaning of the film, is not included in a

lens painting ?

Traditional movie clips were taken real splicing, the resulting film after wash, to make a working sample, use these samples for clips. Clips from a large number of samples selected need to shot, the film with scissors, tape or glue to stick them together again, and then watch a clip on JianJiTai effect, the cut and paste the process is repeated until (till) the final see repeatedly when satisfied with the results. This process until now is still very common, although look very primitive, but this kind of splicing is nonlinear. Editors don't have to order from beginning to end, because he can keep samples at any time from the middle clipping, insert a lens, or directly cut off some of the pictures, will not affect the entire film. But ?

Traditional TV editing is performed on editing equipment. Editing equipment generally consists of a projector and a video recorder, editor by projector choose a suitable material, and record it into the video tape, and then looking for the next shot. In addition, advanced editing equipment and effects of the strong function, can make all kinds of image fusion and special effects played, can adjust the color of the picture, also can make subtitles and so on. But due to tape record the order of images is, not in existing images inserted between a camera, can't delete a lens, unless all the after picture to record it again. So the editor called linear editing, it brought many restrictions to editors.

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

外文翻译 - 英文

The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication

科技外文文献译文

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