北极航道法律地位研究

华中科技大学硕士学位论文

摘要

随着环境污染加剧和全球气温逐步升高，曾经千里冰封的北极地区也受到影响，冰川和北冰洋海冰开始慢慢消融，北极西北航道和东北航道在未来可能的通航时间逐步增长，其具有的重要经济利益和政治利益引发关注，成为各大国之间争夺的焦点。如果未来北极航道全面开通，将大大缩短东西方传统航线距离，并将成为北极地区资源运输的唯一通道。此外，除了巨大的经济价值，北极航道还有具有重要的政治价值和军事价值。加拿大和俄罗斯率先抢占时机，分别从环境保护等名义出台相关国内法规管控北极西北航道和北方海航道。美国从自身航行利益出发，坚决反对加拿大和俄罗斯所主张的北极航道是其内水的主张。北极航道法律地位如何定性一直未得出一致的结论。

中国作为近北极国家，从经济角度上看，中国是贸易大国，北极航道的开通将大大缩短中国对外贸易的距离，节省成本，影响我国经济发展战略布局。从安全角度来看，传统航线存在许多不确定的风险，比如部分地区海盗猖獗，可能对我国远洋通航构成威胁。因此北极航道的法律地位问题对我国远洋航行具有重大战略意义。

本文正是在上述背景下展开的研究，力图从中国视角出发，维护我国北极利益，探究北极航道的法律地位，从而为我国参与北极航道的开发提供法理支持。本文主体有四个部分，第一部分介绍北极航道的基本概况以及其对中国的意义，第二部分主要讨论了北极航道法律地位争议的焦点所在，重点是讨论俄罗斯和加拿大对北极航道的管控以及美国对此的态度。第三部分从国际法的角度分析了北极海峡的法律地位,指出北极航道实质上是国际海峡的基本属性。本文最后一部分是在前文讨论的基础上，结合作者对相关问题的思考，提出了解决北极航道争议的几种设想。

本文旨在介绍北极航道目前争议的基础上，通过探究国际法国际海峡法律制度，提出从我国视角下解决北极航道争议的现实途径，为我国参与北极治理和有效保障我国在北极航道航行权利提供理论支持。

关键词：北极航道国际海峡西北航道东北航道直线基线

华中科技大学硕士学位论文

Abstract

With the intensification of environmental pollution and the global temperature gradually increased，the glaciers and Arctic sea ice have begun to melt slowly.The expected navigable time of the Northwest Passage and the Northeast Passage of the Arctic has been gradually increasing.The important economic and political interests of the Northwest Passage and the Northeast Passage of the Arctic have become the focus of the game between major powers countries.If the Arctic fairways fully opened in the future,it will greatly shorten the distance between the traditional routes east and west,And it will be the only source of resource transport in the Arctic.In addition,apart from considerable economic value,the Arctic passage also has important political value and military value. Canada and Russia seize the opportunity,From the name of environmental protection, Promulgation of the relevant domestic laws and regulations trying to control the Arctic passage.The United States takes into account its own interests,strongly oppose the claims of Canada and Russia.The controversy over the legal status of the Arctic passage has not been solved.

As a near-Arctic country,China is a big trading power from an economic point of view.The opening of the Arctic channel will greatly shorten the distance between China's foreign trade,save costs and affect the strategic layout of China's economic development. From a security standpoint,there are many uncertainties associated with traditional routes. For example,piracy in some areas may be a threat to China's ocean-going navigation. Therefore,the legal status of the Arctic channel is also of great strategic significance for China's ocean-going navigation.

This article is precisely the research carried out in the above background,trying to explore the legal status of the Arctic channel from the perspective of China,so as to provide legal support for our participation in the development of the Arctic channel.The