托福听力技巧：notetaking
托福听力技巧：notetaking
托福听力技巧：note taking这就要求考生学会在听力考试时有效又快速地记录笔记。
下面教你托福听力记笔记Note taking 的五大技巧：第一招：记关键词所谓关键词，是指与听力中心内容有密切关系的词汇和短语，是考点的主要出处。
一般是实词，即名词，动词，形容词，副词，否定和数词。
抓住了听力中的关键词，整个文章的大意就呼之欲出了。
因此，记录关键词是最基本的方法。
至于找关键词的方法，我附上了听力十大原则的文件，这个方式无论记不记笔记都一样的。
第二招：记逻辑词和短语提示逻辑词和逻辑短语是连接一篇文章的筋骨和脉络。
外国人对于逻辑思维非常重视，托福中从阅读到作文无不体现出来这一点。
因此，听清楚逻辑词，记录下来，对于内容的之间的关系和顺序等的了解就容易了。
托福中出现的逻辑关系(Barron P75)：Definition ★Description and example** Classification^ Sequence^** Comparision and contrast** Cause and effect★★ Problem and solutionPersuation and evaluation 对于逻辑词和短语的总结，delta 和barron 上面都有提及，这里就不再累述了。
顺便说一点，拥有良好的逻辑意识和掌握相当的逻辑词和短语无论在分析阅读，听听力，说口语还是写作文的时候都是一个优势，能给评分教授一个清晰的条理。
还是那句话，你让教授爽，他就让你更爽! 新托福的语速还是跟老托差不多，比barron 的快。
因此，要懂得如何简化自己的笔记，同时让自己看得明白清楚。
缩写和符号是很好的方法。
我已经附上了自己总结的缩写和逻辑符号，大家可以下载。
同时，大家在准备过程中也可以按照自己的思路添加更多的缩写。
另外，换词也是一种很好的方法，在barron 中专门有一章paraphasing 的技巧训练，而阅读不是有换句子的题型吗?证明是托福要求掌握的能力之一。
托福听力记录关键信息5个TIPS分享
托福听力记录关键信息5个TIPS分享托福听力必需要做笔记吗?高效记录关键信息5个TIPS共享。
今日给大家带来了托福听力必需要做笔记吗，盼望能够关心到大家，下面就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福听力必需要做笔记吗?高效记录关键信息5个TIPS共享托福听力为什么要做笔记?在托福听力考试中，记笔记是很有必要的，主要缘由有4点，分别是：1. 托福听力的文章较长，对话每篇2-3分钟，讲座4-6分钟，一般为5分半到6分半，不记录的话很简单遗忘。
2. 在听段落的过程中，许多同学很简单受各种因素的影响。
有些同学不能适应段落长度，心浮气躁，进而完全不能跟着文章思路走;有些同学会被听力段落中讲话的声音、语调、考场的环境、同考场同学所影响，所以记笔记能够关心集中留意力。
3. 听力题目解题时间很短，一般在25秒-30秒左右，在这么短的时间内，我们根本没有过多的时间去回忆、思索和搜寻，记笔记的方法可以关心我们快速解决问题，提高正确率。
4. ETS官方指南对笔记的重要性有过论述。
托福听力考试做笔记小TIPS共享1. 听懂整句话，再记关键词，听的过程中评价重要信息。
2. 记录句子规律关系词，把握易出考点。
3. 听不懂的别纠结，重点登记主要信息。
4. 使用缩写和符号。
5. 了解托福听力考试的套路，提高效率。
2022托福听力练习：鹳靠捡垃圾生活Humans arent the only creatures who love junk food—many animals are known to enjoy sifting through our garbage to find edible treats.And now we learn that some storks have stopped migrating from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa in the winter—theyd rather feed at landfills.“They use landfill sites heavily during the winter and they travel very long distance to get to the sites.”Aldina Franco of the University of East Anglia, one of the scientists who studied the storks use of landfills in Portugal.GPS tracking devices on 17 birds showed that the landfill life might mean up to 100-kilometer round-trips to feed—healthy distances, but far shorter than their historic migration routes. “And also they use the nests throughout the year and look after the nests.So these resident birds are in perfect condition, they are always ready to start breeding.So as soon as spring arrives theyre ready to go, the nest is in good condition, and they start breeding earlier.”The number of storks overwintering in Portugal has shot up from fewer than 2,000 in 1995 to 14,000 in 2022.The increase appears to reflect both changes in behavior and a booming stork population in general.The study is in the journal Movement Ecology.The Portuguese landfills are slated to close in 2022, with the trash diverted to covered recycling and composting facilities.How will the storks respond?Franco thinks theyll get back to basics.“So the storks are social animals.They live in colonies.They migrate in groups.So potentially as long as there are a few birds that still know the route, they can teach the ones that are currently residents how to migrate.”不仅人类喜爱垃圾食品—很多动物也喜爱翻垃圾箱找寻食物。
听力notetaking
听力notetakingI. Mini-lectureConversational SkillsPeople who usually make us feel comfortable in conversations are good talkers. And they have something in common, i.e. skills to put people at ease.1. Skills to ask questions1) be aware of the human nature: readiness to answer others’ questions regardless of ______being shy_1______2) start a conversation with some personal but unharmful questionse.g. questions about one’s ___1st___2_job_____questions about one’s activities in the ___morning___3______3) be able to spot signals for further talk2. Skills to ____4_listen____ for answers1) don’t shift from subject to subject--- sticking to the same subject; _____No subject change5_____ in conversation2) listen to _____tone6_____ of voice--- If people sound unenthusiastic, then change subject.3) use eyes and ears--- steady your gaze while listening3. Skills to laughEffects of laughter:--- ______easing and comfort_7________ --- help start __conversation_____8_______4. Skills to part1) importance: open up possibilities for further friendship or contact2) Ways:--- men: a smile, a ____2nd hand squueze__9_____--- women: same as ______10______ now--- how to express pleasure in meeting someoneII. Conversation1. Victoria has eventually decided to go on a _1________.A. fly-drive holidayB. car-tripC. two-city holidayD. conducted tour2. At the Epcot Centre Victoria will _____3________.A. see aquatic displaysB. visit a large funfairC. visit a technologically-advanced cityD. visit a film studio3. When she visits the Kennedy Space Centre, Victoria will be able to __4______.A. send messages to satellitesB. learn something new about spaceC. go aboard a spacecraftD. operate Mission Control4. In order to go on this holiday, Victoria ultimately had to ____4________.A. overdraw an accountB. borrow from her parentsC. work overtimeD. spend her savings5. From the conversation, we get the impression that Victoria is ______2____.A. pragmaticB. extrovertC. willfulD. calculating。
托福听力巧记笔记的四个大招
托福听力巧记笔记的四个大招托福听力巧记笔记的四个大招在托福听力考试中，要想从听力材料中捉住细节、定位考点，那就必需要记笔记!所以，今天为大家带来了托福听力实用干货记笔记四大招!1.听懂整句话，再记关键词在讲授托福听力笔记的方法时，教师一定一开场就会告诉你：记关键词是最基本的技巧。
所谓关键词一般是指一些重要的实词，比方讲名词、动词、形容词和否认词。
然而这里真正需要注意的是：我们要先听懂这个句子，然后立即同步分析并捕捉住哪个词是这个句子里最重要的信息。
做这个的目的是用关键词来帮助你在做题时回忆起整个句子。
举个例子，下面的对话中，学生向教师询问如何写报道，教师快速地讲出了一连串意见，这里就很可能出多项选择题。
这时我们就需要在笔记中体现所有的意见。
那么我们该记哪些词?Student:DoyouhaveanyadviceonhowIshouldcoverthesto ry?Advisor:Well,MaxwillwanttotalktoyoubutIamsurehewillt ellyoutofindoutthingslikewhythephysicsdepartmentsworriedab outenrollment?Hasthenumberofstudentsbeengettingsmallerinr ecentyears?Byhowmuch?Whatkindsofplansaretheyconsideringt oaddressthisproblem?假如用上刚刚所讲的方法，上面对话中画线部分的详细意见你需要记下来的词汇应该是这样：worried?No.stu?how?plan?2.记录句子逻辑关系词，把握易出考点逻辑是连接一篇文章的筋骨脉络，每一篇托福听力文章都有着严谨的文章层次和逻辑关系。
句子之间常见的逻辑关系有转折、比照、因果、顺承、举例等。
逻辑是通过逻辑词和逻辑短语来体现的。
一旦出现逻辑词，就很可能跟出考点，所以听清逻辑词，并迅速记录下来，能够使得文章内部的关系和顺序一目了然。
听力 note-taking
Some hints on taking notes1. Take notes throughout the lecture. Try to write down as much information as you possibly can. Write vertically, not horizontally. Change to another line when necessary. Indention may be used to symbolize what is less important.2. Always write down any terms that are new to you, definitions, specific facts, lists of items, and statistics.3. Speakers will sometimes give clues telling you which points in a lecture are especially important and will be asked about. Some of the most common clues:a. Repetition of a pointb. Emphasis from tone of voice or from pauses before or after making a pointc. The amount of time spent on a point4. Pay attention to the use of signal words or phrases in the lecture, especially ones that indicate the structure of the lecture or a change of topic.5. In academic discussions, important information may be in comments that students make (particularly if the professor agrees with the student).6. When taking notes on conversations, pay attention to who is saying what. For example, if a professor is speaking to a student, you may want to put the initial P before notes on what the professor says and S before what the student says.7. Take notes during repeated expressions (sometimes just similar in meaning). In fact, try to write down as many words as possible when listening for the second time.8. Organize your lecture notes according to order of importance. The most important ideas should be on the left side of the page. Indent to the right to show that an idea is subordinate to or supports the more important idea. In other words, ideas on the left side of the page are general divisions of the lecture. As you move to the right, ideas become more specific. You should also skip lines between important parts of the lecture. Writing notes in this way helps you analyze the material that you are listening to and organize your notes in a logical way.Main ideaSupporting ideaSupporting ideaMinor point, example, detail, etc.Main ideaSupporting ideaMinor point, example, detail, etc.Minor point, example, detail, etc.You can indicate ideas that you think are especially important with a box, a circle, an underline, or an exclamation point (!).Leave plenty of white space around your notes so that, if the speaker returns to a point later, you can add new notes.129. The average lecturer speaks about 125 to 150 words per minute. The average note taker canwrite only about 20 to 25 words per minute. Therefore, you need to use abbreviations and other shortcuts to help you get down as much information as possible.a. Don’t write your notes in complete sentences. Write in phrases.b. Omit unimportant words and words that do not carry information.Suppose the lecturer says this:The taiga is the largest of all the world’s biomes.You note might read: Taiga largest biome.Common words that you can generally eliminate:Be verbs(is, are, was, were), articles(a, an, the), pronouns(they, his, them),determiners (this, that, these), prepositions (of, with, from)c. Use standard abbreviations and symbols:14② 数学符号：+ = ≠ ≈ ± > ≥ < ≤ ∵ ∴ ∈ ∞><③ 标点符号: (or “) ! ? (“)④ 箭头符号 ↑ ↗ ↓ decreases, goes down, reduce, decline …↘→ causes, leads to, produces, move, go, forwards, cause, result in15←⑤ 线条符号删除线下划线⑥ 化学符号 Al CO2 O3 CH4⑦⑧⑨⑩ 其他 / % # X $ ♂ ♀ @ w/w/op.16pp. re etc. e.g. i.e.□ ☆ ♡ want, like, wish, desire … >_<||| 很尴尬~!!! ⊙﹏⊙ 真尴尬～～ ^_^||| 好尴尬! ^_^" 尴尬的笑..... →_→ 怀疑的眼神~~ ..@_@||||| 头昏眼花 …(⊙_⊙;)… ○圭~○列~~怎么 `(*>﹏<*)′ 好刺激.. … …For example, if the speaker says this: “The earth is about four times bigger than the moon.” You may take this note: Earth ± 4xbigger MoonSuppose a professor in a biology class says this:“There are many types of crustaceans, and they live in many different habitats. Most of them are marine animals – they live in the sea. Some are fresh water animals, and a few types of crustaceans live on the land.” You might take these notes: Many types of crustaceans “ environs. Most crustac. Live in sea A few “ “ on land“Four civilians also died when their car hit Kostoyev ’s armored vehicle which police say was thrown about 20 meters by the explosion.” 4 平 died as 车 > < K ’s 甲车飞 20m ← explsn“A suicide bomber detonated a blast that caused a gasoline tank truck to explode south of Baghdad today, killing at least 54 people and wounding dozens of others.自bmb (r) blastgas 车 expld @ 巴 S 今 ↘ 死 ≥ 5417伤 dzn (s)“Spain ’s prime minister has announced the first meeting of what he has called an alliance of civilizations to combat terrorism.” 西 PM: 1st 会 / alli of civil (n)↘ cmbt 恐“Authorities say no explosives have turned up on the Southwest Airline ’s jet despite a note claiming a bomb was on board.”auth: explsv -> no / SW Airln ’s jet 尽 note: bmb on brd“Authorities say a Columbian airliner with 25 people on board has been hijacked. Police say one of the passengers is a Columbian congressman.” auth: Col 飞 /25人 hij (d) pol: 1人 = Col cngrss (r)d. Besides standard abbreviations and symbols, you often need to create your own abbreviations. Remember, you will be using your notes as soon as the lecture is over. You can probably remember what your abbreviations mean for a few minutes, so abbreviations as much as possible.10. If you miss a point, don ’t worry. Just keep taking notes.11. Don ’t worry about spelling, punctuation, or correct grammar. Don ’t worry if your notes are messy.12. Remember that there are no “perfect ” notes. Everyone has his or her own style of taking notes. There are only three important issues in taking notes for the test: a. Are they accurate? b. Do they help you answer the questions? c. Can you understand them? The sample notes that are provided here are examples of god note taking, but another person could take good notes in a completely different way.Model Test Two Using a Library A student may use a library in three ways. In this lecture we shall examine these activities in order to help the student to use his library 1 . I. Borrowing books In order to borrow books effectively, one can look into 2 , which features: A. cards placed in 3 under the name of the author;18B. cards always giving other important information: the book ’s call number and 4 . The call number normally consists of two parts:a. 5 , on the top left-hand corner, telling you in 6 the book lies;b. 7 , on the next line, giving the number relevant to that specific author and that particular book.II. 8 materials Such books as dictionaries, bibliographies or encyclopedias, books which are valuable ordifficult to replace, and 9 are kept in the reference section. The student is likely to make use of them when he is doing research.III. 10On many occasions, the student goes to the library because it provides a good studyenvironment and he can easily meet and talk to his fellow students.Using a Library The uses a student makes of his college library may be summarized under three broad headings: borrowing books, consulting reference materials and general study. In this lecture we shall examine various aspects of these activities with a view to helping the student to use his library more easily and more efficiently. First of all, then, borrowing books. Let ’s assume a student has been given the author and title of a certain book which he ’s been told to read. As soon as he gets to the library he should check that the book is in stock. In order to do this he ’ll have to consult the catalogues. As he has the name of the author, it ’ll be easiest to use the author, or name, catalogue. This consists of a list of books entered on cards in alphabetical order under the name of the author, institution, or editor by which the book is best known. If you look at your handout you ’ll see a sample card. At the top of the card, in the center, is the author ’s name – with his surname coming first, followed by his forename, also known as “Christian name ”. The forename is further distinguished from the surname either by punctuation (brackets or a comma), or by style of printing (the forename is smaller or lighter). The book ’s call number, that ’s to say, the number which identifies the book, occurs near the top left-hand corner of the card. This number normally consists of two parts, each part being printed on a separate line. The first line, on the top line, is the class number. It ’s the number that tells you in which subject area the book lies. The Dewey Decimal System, which nearly all libraries use to classify their books, divides all knowledge up into major subject areas. Every subject has a number and the number after the decimal point refers to a particular branch of that subject. The numbers selected range from 000 to 999 – but there is an indefinite number of subdivisions within these categories. Thus the sample card shows the class number as 375.33. This number represents these subdivisions: 300 Social Science 370 Education 375 Curriculum 375.33 Economics Beneath this Dewey Decimal number you ’ll see another number. This is for the author. The capital letter O represents the first letter of the author ’s surname. The following number is especially assigned to this particular name. The small letter which in some systems follows thisnumber is the first letter of the title of the book. In cataloguing titles, the definite and indefinite articles are disregarded. Thus the letter here is “p”. While the class number tells the student which general area in the library to go to in order to find the book, the author number will direct him to the exact shelf.With this information, and having found the book, the student can now fill in the appropriate voucher, or borrowing slip, and have the book date-stamped on the inside page by the assignment. If the book is already out on loan, then it’s usually possible to reserve it, so that when it’s returned the student can be sure of getting it.The second broad use a student may make of his library is consulting reference materials. In addition to the lending section an academic library always has a reference section. Three important types of materials in this section are:(1) Books which were planned and written to be referred to for pieces of information ratherthan to be read completely. Examples of such books include dictionaries, bibliographies and encyclopedias.(2) Books which are valuable or difficult to replace. An example would be an old edition of abook, of which the library has only a single copy, which is out of print, but which is referred to by a regular number of students each year.(3) Professional journals or periodicals.A student who’s starting on a new and difficult topic often finds it valuable to consult an encyclopedia. This type of book is arranged alphabetically by subjects and it gives an overview of a topic, including definition, description, background and bibliographical references. The overview is usually clear, concise and authoritative. When the student is writing a dissertation or doing a piece of research then he will need to consult a specialized bibliography. This is a book which lists all the published materials on a particular subject, and in some cases gives a brief summary of each item. Very recent research, however, may not appear in a bibliography and the student should, therefore, always consult the relevant professional journals.Finally, the library provides a suitable working environment, which is free of charge, spacious, well-lit and adequately heated. Moreover, the student can consult one of the reference books or perhaps even a fellow student when he meets an unexpected problem in his work. He can also have a chat with his fellow students in his breaks. Libraries, of course, have a “no-talking” rule with the result that these discussions or formal chats normally take place in a neighboring coffee bar. There are problems with this, of course. Students can, if they’re not careful, make the library a social center rather than a study center. To prevent this, it’s wise to set daily targets as regards work. In this way, one can take any necessary breaks and still complete what has to be finished. It’s all a question of balance and of self-discipline. With a little common sense, study can be both efficient and pleasant.1920Model Test FourThe Baby-Boomer Generation Between the end of WWII and the mid 1960s, the U.S. birth rate experienced a huge increase, which is generally referred to as the Baby Boom. Many factors combined made it possible for people to raise more children, among them fast economic growth and the 1 in the U.S. Traditionally the most powerful economic group has been people between 2 . The Baby Boomers are becoming the 3 generation in the U.S. Many differences can be tracked from the Baby Boomers and their parents. As the boom started during times of 4 , the Baby Boomers spend their money instead of saving it, which can be manifested in the following respects: I. They pay for their 5 , furniture and appliances. II. They are the largest market for 6 vehicles. III. They spend more money on 7 and beauty. All these led to great changes in American business and industry, among which are: I. New businesses emerge to cater for the needs of the middle-aged consumers. II. Companies are creating products 8 for them. As the Baby Boomers grow older, their 9 will remain. In the future, more changes in business and industry are expected to satisfy the special 10 of this group.The Baby-Boomer Generation Between the end of World War II and the middle of the 1960s, the United States experienced an unusual spike in its birth rate. In other words, more babies were born during these twenty years than during any time before or since then. This dramatic increase in the number of births is called the “Baby Boom ” and the children born during this period are referred to as “Baby Boomers ”. A large part of the Baby Boom was an after-effect of World War II where the bombed-out cities and fractured economic increased the needs for goods and services in unprecedented peacetime amounts. This led to an unprecedented bubble of vigorous economic growth that did not diminish until 1968. Furthermore, in the United States, the G.I. Bill enabled a record number of people to attend college and obtain, perhaps in many cases, the first college degree in their extended families. This led to an increase in education and granted higher incomes to families, allowing them the resources to raise more children. During the Baby Boom, approximately 76 million children were born in the United States. In 1996, the oldest Baby Boomers were turning 50 years old, including the first Baby-Boomer president, President William J. Clinton, who was born in the first year of the Baby Boom, 1946. This fact is very important because traditionally the age group with the most money has consisted of people between the ages of 35 and 44. Well, the Baby Boomers are getting older, and every day more and more of them are entering this 35 to 44 age group. All this means that the Baby Boomers are not only the largest age group in the United States, but they are also the richest.Because of their numbers and their wealth, the Baby Boomers have tremendous economic power in this country.Although they have a lot of money, the Baby Boomers do not handle their money in the same way as their parents did. There are three reasons for this. First, you need to remember that the Baby Boom started after the Second World War, during times of inflation. The result of this is that the Baby Boomers usually spend their money instead of saving it like their parents did. The Baby Boomers are also big users of credit, unlike their parents. Second, the Baby Boomers never experienced the economic difficulties of the 1930s; they grew up in comfort, even luxury. Finally, the Baby Boomers generally have more leisure time than their parents did.The tastes and preferences of the Baby-Boomer generation are also very, very different from those of their parents. And this fact, of course, has influenced American business and industry in many important ways. Let’s look at a few examples.What do you think is the biggest expense for people between the ages of 35 and 44? (pause) That’s right – housing. People in this age group have to borrow a lot of money to pay for houses or condominium, and they also spend a lot of money on furniture and appliances. So, as more and more Baby Boomers have entered the age group of 35 to 44, it has been very profitable for banks, furniture manufacturers, interior decorators, and all other businesses connected to housing and home maintenance.People in this age group are also very interested in cars, especially foreign ones. They want cars that are economical, but at the same time they don’t mind spending money for extras like air conditioning, sunroofs and stereos. The Baby Boomers are also the largest market for campers and vans, which we call “recreational vehicles”. The car industry has made a lot of money thanks to the Baby-Boomer generation.Now, because the Baby Boomers are getting older, you can see all around you industries that didn’t even exist fifteen years ago. I’m talking about things like diet centers, tanning salons and health spas. These businesses are popular because the Baby Boomers are terribly concerned with staying attractive and healthy as they move into the middle age. So these people spend huge amounts of money on physical fitness and beauty.Finally, as the Baby Boomers grow older, many companies are creating new products designed especially for middle-aged consumers. For example, several years ago Levi Strauss started making jeans especially designed for men in their thirties and forties. Another example, Mattel, which is famous for making toys for kids, now makes electronic toys for adults. A very obvious example of a new product is “lite”beer, which was invented only because the Baby Boomers were afraid of getting fat from drinking regular beer! Even McDonald’s is trying to appeal to people in their thirties and forties by selling salads in addition to hamburgers and French fries.In conclusion: the Baby Boomers presently make up the lion’s share of the political, cultural, industrial, and academic leadership class in the United States. They are the largest and richest generation that this country has ever seen. Of course, as this generation grows older, its power and influence will remain. Therefore, we can expect that the economy will continue to change and business and industry will continue to respond to the special tastes and preferences of this group.2122Model Test SevenResumes and Cover LettersAn awful truth about resumes and cover letters is that most of them 1 . Of course, it means not that they really have a bad smell, but that they have glaring 2 . Here, some hiring professionals are offering some candid advice which may help job seekers avoid some typical pitfalls.The first advice is not to use the same resume for every job. Companies, positions, and managers reading resumes are all different. So it is ridiculous that job seekers apply for jobs without 3 their resumes. It is expected that they have 4 about a particular position or company and 5 every resume they send out.The second advice is not to be boring. If resumes have a lot of 6 , or dry job descriptions, or a lack of specific results, the readers might get bored and reject them immediately. There are two solutions for this problem. One is to read the resume to some friends. If they lose attention, it means 7 must be eliminated. The other is to see whether a resume has sentences which may cause readers to think “ 8 “. If there are, they must be reworded.The third advice is not to forget the 9 , which may save hirers from 10 and help them know immediately what job is being applied for and how it is known to the applicant. So it is suggested that every resume have it, even if it gets only a one-line sentence.Resumes and Cover LettersToday, I’m going to share with you the awful truth about resumes and cover letter. Here it is: Most of them stink. That ’s not just my opinion, although I’ve read nearly 15,000 resumes and cover letters over the years and found glaring mistakes in about 85 to 90 percent of them. It ’s also the opinion of most of the hiring professionals I’ve spoken to over the years. Where do most resumes and cover letters go wrong? And how can you avoid the typical mistakes that most job seekers make? To find answers, I spoke with two experienced recruiters. Their candid advice can help you avoid typical pitfalls, and get hired faster.Here it is.First, don ’t use the same resume for every job. Would you grab any old suit off the rack and rush off to church to get married? No. First, you get the suit tailored, so it fits. That way, you won ’t look ridiculous. Unfortunately, job seekers can look ridiculous when they rush to apply for jobs without tailoring their resumes. It ’s a real pet peeve of most hiring professionals, including Larry Harris, a Minneapolis-based recruiter and President of American Consulting. “Why don ’t candidates customize every resume they send out, to fit the job they ’re applying for? That makes my job a lot easier when I forward that resume to my client, the hiring manager.” According to Tony Haley, Director of UK-based Fenton Chase International, most resumes come across as23generic, with no consideration about a particular position or company. “The most surprising group of candidates who do this is Sales Managers and Sales Directors. These people spend their days reviewing resumes from candidates and yet when it comes to their own, they cannot sell themselves,” says Haley.What is the solution? Customize, customize, customize. Every company, every position, every manager reading your resume – they ’re all different. So tailor your resume for every position you apply for. Bring out the details of your experience that are most relevant to each opportunity and company.Second, don ’t be boring. One of the worst sins you can commit with a resume is to be boring. The rule of thumb is simple: If they snooze, you lose (because your resume will go in the trash). Resumes get boring when you fill them full of jargon, or dry job descriptions, or if there is a lack of specific results, according to Haley. “Consider the reader. Remember, the people reading your resume might not be that proficient at it. If they cannot see what they are looking for almost immediately, they might reject it, and it ’s full of technical jargon, they might not understand it,” says Haley.What is the solution? An easy way to eliminate dull wording from a resume is to read it aloud to two or three friends. If eyes glaze over or brows furrow, you ’ve probably lost your audience. Revise the resume until it holds your friends ’ attention all the way through. Haley offers another way to create a compelling resume: “Use the ‘So, what?’ test. Any sentence on a resume that causes a reader to think ‘So, what?’ probably means it ’s waffle. Reword it or take it off.”Third, don ’t forget the cover letter. You wouldn ’t want to alienate anyone who could help you get a job, would you? Yet, that ’s just what you do when you forget to send a cover letter with your resume. Because a missing cover letter creates extra work for busy hiring professionals, as they try to figure out what job you ’re applying for and how you heard about it.So what is the solution to this? Write and include a cover letter with every resume, including those you send by email. Even a one-line cover letter in an email is better than nothing, according to Larry Harris: “You could simply write: I ’m applying for your telemarketing software sales position. I spent five years doing that exact job. I’d be perfect for it!”Here ’s hoping these tirades and tips from hiring professionals will help you write a better resume and cover letter next time you apply for that dream job.Now, go out and make your own luck!Model Test Eleven Differences in North American English24Topic: The 1 in America and Canadian English, which are manifested in three categories:I. Pronunciation A. Canadians have a special way of pronouncing diphthongs, i.e. notably the 2 , for example, about , especially in talks among the natives of 3 . B. New Yorkers pronounce /o/ like o-w-u as in coffee and dog ; they also add 4 to words like idea , Africa and law . C. Bostonians pronounce a like aa , for example, aant and haaf ; they 5 most of their r ’s, the way the 6 do.II. Grammar 7 , or Standard English, is the same everywhere. Some variation in 8 is acceptable, for example, I catched a fish instead of I caught a fish .III. Vocabulary A. Vocabulary differences in North America are determined by 9 .B. Canadian English shares vocabulary independently with Britain and America, but Canadian English speakers can also juggle 10 simultaneously.Conclusion: There are hundreds of differences, but North Americans don ’t have much trouble understanding one another.Differences in North American EnglishThe North American continent, consisting of the United States and Canada, covers an area of approximately 7,300,000 square miles. Within this area live about 266 million people, 240 million in the United States and 25 and a half million in Canada. So many people, living in such a great area, are naturally different in many ways. If you traveled around North America, or talked with people from different parts of the continent, then surely you have noticed that one of the biggest differences among people is the way they speak English. the most obvious differences are in people ’s pronunciation, but there are also some differences in grammar and many differences in vocabulary from region to region. In today ’s lecture we are going to look at some interesting examples of all three types of differences, beginning with the pronunciation, or what you might call “accent ”.Certain accents are easy to recognize because they contain features that are unique to a particular region of the continent. Let me give you three examples. You can almost always recognize English-speaking Canadians because of the phonological process called “Canadian raising ”. According to this process the beginning of diphthongs /ai/, /ei/ and /au/ is raised to medium vowels when they precede voiceless consonants, which causes an apparent convergence of pronunciation between Canadians and Americans. This way, when saying the word “about ”, for example, a Canadian raises to a medium vowel his pronunciation of /au/ instead of doing it in a lower position, so for any American ear it would sound like “about ”, although this is only an illusion. This feature is very notorious between natives of Toronto, who also have a unique way of pronouncing the name of their city.Another accent that is fairly easy to identify is that of New York City. Geographically, the speech of New York is no longer restricted to the City as it was till the beginning of this century. It comprehends the surrounding counties of New York State and New Jersey, too. Within it, there is the greatest range of social divergence found in the whole “new world ”. Many New Yorkers pronounce the /o/ sound almost as if it were spelt o-w-u. Listen to the difference: coffee, dog,because. Some New Yorkers also add an r sound to many vowel sounds, such as law and order, pronouncing it lawr en order. New Yorkers also say ideer instead of idea and Afriker instead of Africa.People from Boston, on the other hand, say aant and haaf the way the British do, but in most other places people say aunt and half. Bostonians also drop most of their r’s. Have you ever heard someone say he was going to pahk the cah? This person was probably from the Boston area.Let’s go on now to some differences in grammar. Actually, there isn’t much variation in grammar from region to region. Some variation in spoken grammar, as in the use of the simple past tense, is acceptable. For example, in some areas it’s normal for people to say I catched a fish instead of I caught a fish. But I want to emphasize that we are dealing here with spoken grammar, since, as you know, written English is the same everywhere; it is what we call Standard English.Finally, let’s talk about the vocabulary. As to vocabulary differences, these are fun to examine. For example, when you go to the supermarket, what do you carry your groceries home in? In California, your answer would be “a paper bag”. In the eastern United States, you would call it “a paper sack”, but in the area of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, you would call it “a poke”! Another example, for dinner, do you like to eat “green beans”, “string beans”, or “snap beans”? They are, in fact, the same thing, but each name is used in different geographical areas. As you can see, in North America, differences in the names of objects are determined by geography and not by social or economic class as they are in some other countries.As outsiders intuitively recognize, Canadian English is a derivative of American English, not British English. This is reflected in its vocabulary. Canadian English speakers visit down-town, not the town center; and they note-take dewy-eyed from the gospel of professors, not lecturers. And yet, in contrast to Americans, they eat sultana raisins, put their daughters in girl guides rather than girl scouts, pull over onto the hard shoulder but no the paved shoulder and spread jam and marmalade on the rye bread instead of preserves. Canadian English shares vocabulary independently with Britain and America, but Canadian English speakers can also juggle both vocabulary sets simultaneously.I want to say, in conclusion, that I have given you just a handful of examples of regional differences in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary in the United States and Canada. There are naturally hundreds of such differences. But in spite of these differences, North Americans do not have much trouble understanding one another, even if they come from places that are as far apart as, say, the northern part of Canada and south Texas. The linguistic differences are simply not great enough to interfere with our ability to communicate with one another.25。
托福听力笔记技巧
托福听力笔记技巧托福听力笔记技巧如何快速记下有用信息一.为什么托福听力需要记笔记1. 听力材料长度增加，每类文章的长度都在600字以上2. 总题目数量减少，老托福听力题目为50道，新托福为34道3. 听力题型简化为两大类：长对话(2个)，课堂讲座(4个)4. 出现三种新的考试题目类型：表格题、重复题、多选题5. 听完之后才可以看题目6. 考生可以做笔记通过对新托福听力特点的分析，我们不难看出记笔记是听力高分突破的关键。
二.如何快速记下关键信息1.抓核心IBT听力正式开始之前会有一个简短的内容介绍，之后屏幕上会出现一些和听力内容相关的，这些可以帮助我们确定下面所要听部分的核心话题。
例如， listen to a conversation between a professor and student in a professor and student. 从这个介绍我们可以知道下面对话内容的场景：biology class，结下来会出现一个图片，里面文字为：Friends of the Earth, Biology class。
后面还会出现一个对话内容的图片。
通过这些文字和图片，我们可以推断这个对话的主题为与人类地球有关的一个结构，这样机构主要会负责环保事宜。
确定主题可以让考生悬着的新慢慢落地。
后面的长对话给出的文字和图片提示与对话类似。
2.核心相关细节确定核心话题之后，我们需要做的就是记录与其相关的细节，主要的细节为what , when, where , who , why和 how等。
注意记录对话和演讲中信息引导词和信息引导句后面的信息，例如，First ……, let's look at the ……, Now, Let's move on to ……, in the nest part of lecture ,I 'd like to talk about ……3.笔记记录方法1)主要记录实词：名词，动词，形容词。
托福听力做笔记必备2大技巧讲解
托福听力做笔记必备2大技巧讲解托福听力做笔记必备2大技巧讲解记不到重点信息的快来看托福听力记笔记正确思路一：以听为主关于这一点，请你明确笔记的作用。
在你听得差不多而且笔记模式不是乱记的情况下，笔记作用在于再一次帮你梳理重点。
那么很多时候你根本用不着回去找笔记。
在你听得很烂再加上笔记烂的情况下，那么恭喜你，如果笔记有作用，它仅限于你找到大概对应的地方看自己记了哪几个词，然后成功选择出现这几个原词的错误选项。
或者更有可能，那一坨笔记你想用也用不上，只能凭感觉乱蒙选项。
托福听力记笔记正确思路二：记录要说明的意思，而不是听到的词举个例子，“他很丑，可是他很温柔，不过他实在太丑了，可我爸妈非要逼我，不过我实在太注重颜值了啊，可是最后想想自己年纪这么大，算了吧”。
意思是什么? 和他在一起好了，对吧，如果写笔记，那就写“在一起”，最好再加个委曲求全不情愿的表情。
假如写听到的词，难道写“算了吧”??下面以官方真题Official24L1crocodilevocalization为例，文章讲鳄鱼发声的几个原因。
第二个原因是鳄鱼宝宝会向妈妈发出叫声，让妈妈注意到自己从而保证安全。
其中一段师生问答如下：Excuse me. But,um... does all that crying defeat the purpose? I mean, doesn't it attract morepredators?Hmm...goodquestion. I guess, I am guessing that once the babies have the mother'sattention, they are safe. She's never too far away, and, and I think. (I)mean,would you mess with a mother crocodile?学生担心宝宝叫唤可能会引来更多捕食者。
托福听力技巧：note taking
托福听力技巧：note taking这就要求考生学会在听力考试时有效又快速地记录笔记。
下面教你托福听力记笔记Note taking 的五大技巧：第一招：记关键词所谓关键词，是指与听力中心内容有密切关系的词汇和短语，是考点的主要出处。
一般是实词，即名词，动词，形容词，副词，否定和数词。
抓住了听力中的关键词，整个文章的大意就呼之欲出了。
因此，记录关键词是最基本的方法。
至于找关键词的方法，我附上了听力十大原则的文件，这个方式无论记不记笔记都一样的。
第二招：记逻辑词和短语提示逻辑词和逻辑短语是连接一篇文章的筋骨和脉络。
外国人对于逻辑思维非常重视，托福中从阅读到作文无不体现出来这一点。
因此，听清楚逻辑词，记录下来，对于内容的之间的关系和顺序等的了解就容易了。
托福中出现的逻辑关系(Barron P75)：Definition★Description and example★★Classification★Sequence★★★Comparision and contrast★★Cause and effect★★Problem and solutionPersuation and evaluation对于逻辑词和短语的总结，delta和barron上面都有提及，这里就不再累述了。
顺便说一点，拥有良好的逻辑意识和掌握相当的逻辑词和短语无论在分析阅读，听听力，说口语还是写作文的时候都是一个优势，能给评分教授一个清晰的条理。
还是那句话，你让教授爽，他就让你更爽!新托福的语速还是跟老托差不多，比barron的快。
因此，要懂得如何简化自己的笔记，同时让自己看得明白清楚。
缩写和符号是很好的方法。
我已经附上了自己总结的缩写和逻辑符号，大家可以下载。
同时，大家在准备过程中也可以按照自己的思路添加更多的缩写。
另外，换词也是一种很好的方法，在barron中专门有一章paraphasing的技巧训练，而阅读不是有换句子的题型吗?证明是托福要求掌握的能力之一。
托福听力笔记技巧
托福听力笔记技巧托福听力考试中尤其是Lecture部分是需要大家快速记录信息的，由于Lecture部分听力一般长达5-6分钟，单凭临时记忆很难记录下来全部的重点内容，下面我就和大家共享托福听力笔记技巧如何快速登记有用信息，盼望能够关心到大家，来观赏一下吧。
托福听力笔记技巧如何快速登记有用信息一.为什么托福听力需要记笔记1. 听力材料长度增加，每类文章的长度都在600字以上2. 总题目数量削减，老托福听力题目为50道，新托福为34道3. 听力题型简化为两大类：长对话(2个)，课堂讲座(4个)4. 消失三种新的考试题目类型：表格题、重复题、多选题5. 听完之后才可以看题目6. 考生可以做笔记通过对新托福听力特点的分析，我们不难看出记笔记是听力高分突破的关键。
二.如何快速登记关键信息1.抓核心IBT听力正式开头之前会有一个简短的内容介绍，之后屏幕上会消失一些和听力内容相关的，这些可以关心我们确定下面所要听部分的核心话题。
例如，listen to a conversation between a professor and student in a professor and student. 从这个介绍我们可以知道下面对话内容的场景：biology class，结下来会消失一个图片，里面文字为：Friends of the Earth, Biology class。
后面还会消失一个对话内容的图片。
通过这些文字和图片，我们可以推断这个对话的主题为与人类地球有关的一个结构，这样机构主要会负责环保事宜。
确定主题可以让考生悬着的新渐渐落地。
后面的长对话给出的文字和图片提示与对话类似。
2.核心相关细节确定核心话题之后，我们需要做的就是记录与其相关的细节，主要的细节为what , when, where , who , why和how等。
留意记录对话和演讲中信息引导词和信息引导句后面的信息，例如，First ……, lets look at the ……, Now, Lets move on to ……, in the nest part of lecture ,I d like to talk about ……3.笔记记录方法1)主要记录实词：名词，动词，形容词。
托福听力考试中记笔记技巧
托福听力考试中记笔记技巧托福听力考试中记笔记技巧托福听力篇幅较长，延续时间长，听力内容信息量大，同学们在备考托福听力时不仅需要大量的反复练习，更需要锻炼和掌握相应的托福听力技巧。
yjbys网店铺为大家带来托福听力考试中记笔记的技巧，希望对大家有所帮助哦!在托福考试当中，听力测验部分看似只有四分之一，但是考察听力的地方却涵盖了听力部分，口语部分，和写作部分，影响着考生们托福考试中60%甚至70%的分数。
我们人脑本身的记忆是有限的，据科学统计，人脑的瞬间记忆时间为2秒到4秒，而托福考试当中最短的听力小节也有90秒。
有句话叫“得听力者得托福”，那如何能在有限的时间和一次性的录音中听到并且记下最重要的内容呢?下面就由专家带领托福考生们走近听力笔记。
所谓记笔记，就是为了补充我们大脑短期记忆和耐久力的不足，以保证我们听到所听部分的精准度，而且保证不受说话人持续时间的影响，下到90秒，上到5分钟。
如果完全依赖记忆，又没有异于常人的天赋，即使是在一天中非常好的一个状态下，也不能百分之百保证能够用心记下来所有的主要思想和足够的细节支撑。
专家在以往多次的托福考试中发现，考到高分甚至满分的考生没有不记笔记的，所以，请考生们一定不可以眼高手低，只是看过路过而不去自己真正的练习。
请注意，每个人的记忆、思维和反应能力都是有各自特点的，一定要在平常练习中就发展自己记笔记的方式，制定一套属于自己的方法。
比如，笔记越简单，记录就越快，但是，对于短期记忆、联想能力和符号使用就相对提高了。
所以，经常有考生问“到底如何记笔记?”“我到底应该记下来什么?”，答案都是因人而异的。
托福考生们要摸索出自己的套路，这就需要大量的练习。
下文则是专家为考生指点方向，打开思路的一些笔记技巧。
托福记笔记技巧：少写多画画直线和箭头永远比写字母和汉字要快的多，形象生动，相当于笔记的“半成品”，有助于我们在听完听力，做题的时候很快的联想到刚刚听到的情景，而且可以在口语中一边看笔记一边读出自己的笔记。
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托福听力技巧：note taking
众所周知，托福听力考试的语速较快，内容涉及范围广且专业性强，因此不少考生难以立即选出答案。
这就要求考生学会在听力考试时有效又快速地记录笔记。
下面教你托福听力记笔记Note taking 的五大技巧：
第一招：记关键词
所谓关键词，是指与听力中心内容有密切关系的词汇和短语，是考点的主要出处。
一般是实词，即名词，动词，形容词，副词，否定和数词。
抓住了听力中的关键词，整个文章的大意就呼之欲出了。
因此，记录关键词是最基本的方法。
至于找关键词的方法，我附上了听力十大原则的文件，这个方式无论记不记笔记都一样的。
第二招：记逻辑词和短语提示
逻辑词和逻辑短语是连接一篇文章的筋骨和脉络。
外国人对于逻辑思维非常重视，托福中从阅读到作文无不体现出来这一点。
因此，听清楚逻辑词，记录下来，对于内容的之间的关系和顺序等的了解就容易了。
托福中出现的逻辑关系(Barron P75)：
Definition
Description and example
Classification
Sequence
Comparision and contrast
Cause and effect
Problem and solution
Persuation and evaluation
对于逻辑词和短语的总结，delta和barron上面都有提及，这里就不再累述了。
顺便说一点，拥有良好的逻辑意识和掌握相当的逻辑词和短语无
论在分析阅读，听听力，说口语还是写作文的时候都是一个优势，能给评分教授一个清晰的条理。
还是那句话，你让教授爽，他就让你更爽!
第三招：利用缩写，简写，逻辑符号，换词减少记录时间
记笔记关键是速度。
新托福的语速还是跟老托差不多，比barron 的快。
因此，要懂得如何简化自己的笔记，同时让自己看得明白清楚。
缩写和符号是很好的方法。
我已经附上了自己总结的缩写和逻辑符号，大家可以下载。
同时，大家在准备过程中也可以按照自己的思路添加更多的缩写。
另外，换词也是一种很好的方法，在barron中专门有一章paraphasing的技巧训练，而阅读不是有换句子的题型吗?证明是托福要求掌握的能力之一。
在note taking中的换词，不需要改成复杂深奥的词语，恰恰相反。
举个例子：当你听到…opportunity…的时候，如果要写下来，那多麻烦啊，要考虑复杂的拼写。
但是如果你马上晓得改写成chance，那就节约了很多时间。
还有，没人说只能写英文啊!当你听到large，small的时候，你不觉得记上“大”“小”更快吗?所以当你发现某个词出现得比较常见但是又浪费时间去记录它的话，就可以利用换词解决。
如此类推，可以应用的地方还是很多的。
第四招：巧妙利用听力时的“空余时间”
老师教的方法。
就是在教授说了一堆nonsense的时，或者两人对话时，非表达观点着说话时(例如口语第3，5题)，利用“空余时间”来补全之前没有做好的笔记。
这一个方法同时提示我们，某个点如果没有记下来时，不要以放弃后面的内容为代价来花费时间记笔记，只要心里留个印象就可以了，等后面适当的时机再补上。
第五招：利用清晰的结构减少查看笔记的时间
记录笔记的最终目的是做题的需要。
因此，记录了笔记而自己都看不懂，或者花大量时间翻看笔记，都是得不偿失的做法。
特别是做口语笔记的时候，你的preparation time是非常宝贵的。
因此，平时
锻炼note taking时，要注意有自己的结构。
例如是左右分别记主题和分论点?还是一行一行的记下来并做标注?例如在记录综合作文听力时，很多人习惯把草稿纸对折然后一边是reading的观点，另一边是lecture的观点。
这就是一种很好的方法，令人一目了然。
Note taking 练习的方法
1.听写，也叫听抄。
具体来说，也就是在听段子的时候将大意记下。
记住，是大意!一开始可以一句一句慢慢来，等后面熟练了一次听抄的内容逐渐增多~~做完后对照文本看看有什么缺漏，或者按照大意将内容复述一下练习口语也挺8错的。
听写材料有很多，如Scientific American 60 Second Science，旧托听力，各种辅导书的听力练习等等
2.在做练习的时候，对于自己所做的笔记不是记完，做完题目就算的，要有一个效果反馈的过程。
在对完答案后，针对自己不确定的答案和没有记录的得分点信息，可以参照原文找出相关内容。
通过对照自己的笔记，可以找出为什么自己没有听出来信息点。
是没有注意到提示词?还是由于着急写了前面没用的东西而漏记了有用的?这一点在做Barron听力的时候最方便了，因为它的原文都有把得分信息标出阴影。
这样练习多了，听信息点的感觉就会好很多。
3.针对听写时单词拼写速度过慢，浪费宝贵的时间在纸上的同学，我建议你们去做另一项听抄练习。
现在市面上的单词书大都附有CD，大家可以试着在背单词的同时听着单词的mp3，然后跟着它读的速度把单词写下来，保证尽量拼写正确。
这样记单词和练习写英文速度一举两得。
当然，有很多同学在平时背单词的时候就习惯不断在纸上边写边背，这一定程度上也可以加快写字的速度。
Note taking 要注意的问题
a)不是听写下许多许多内容就可以捉到得分点。
有很多人都经历过记了一大堆东西后，发现还是做不对题目，因为得分点的信息往往在记其他无用的东西时被忽略了。
这就是把握信息点的问题。
关键的问题还是提高记笔记的效能，而不是效率。
提高的方法前面已经说过了。
所以有人说note taking到最后记的越来越少，但是正确率越来越
高。
b)不要一听到教授开始讲话就赶紧去记录。
ETS没有那么笨，每题都是先提示important，for example，然后在说答案。
有时是先说一大堆nonsense，然后再转正题，有些时候是先说了内容，再来个This is %&$#，提示得分点。
所以听的时候要注意内容和主题的密切度，当内容不确定有没有用的时候先记录下部分关键词，并且大脑要有个大致的印象它讲了什么，实在不够时间等后来再补上。
练习这个Barron也是挺好的材料，因为里面的忒长的段子都有一大堆nonsense，还有短语什么的……
c)做笔记只且只要自己看得懂就可以了!傻子都知道笔记是不算分的，所以大家做笔记的时候就按自己的思路来做记号和写单词，不完整不正确一点关系都没有，只要自己看得懂。
时间宝贵，留着去听下面的内容吧 ~~但是你如果连自己都看不懂自己写什么，那……
d)谨慎地查看和使用记录的笔记，特别是只写下只言片语的地方。
记住，就算你记对了，也不代表你能选对答案。
听力大忌之一是看到选项有与原文相同的字眼就选那个。
有人说新T的听力迷惑性大，我个人觉得是因为选项往往是原文的同义改写，即paraphasing，要真正理解了才能选对。
所以在查看笔记的时候要慎重!
最后，老生常谈。
practice makes perfect，光靠看和想是没有用的，还是赶快去练习吧~~。