论文英文摘要书写格式
英文科技论文的写作格式与特点
一个令人满意的标题，既不要过于概括，以致 流于空泛、一般化；也不宜过于烦琐，使人得不出鲜 明印象，难于记忆和引证。
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写标题时应注意的问题：
（1）标题是一种“标记”，而不是句子（也有少数作者使用 句子作标题）。一个句子一般要有主语、谓语、宾语，标题 通常不采用句子形式，比句子简洁，但词的先后顺序很重要， 次序错误是标题写作中常犯的错误。
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2.3 绪论一些常用的句型
The experiments (research)on …was carried by …
Recent experiments by …have suggested that …
The previous work on …has indicated that…
The paper is divided into five major sections as follows…
（2）要说明新材料名称，新数据，包括物理常数等。如不 能说明，也要提到这些。提到新的项目和新的观察是很重要 的，哪怕它们对本论文的主旨来说仅仅是附带而已。
（3）在说明实验结果时，要说明采用的方法。如果是新方 法，还得说明基本原理、操作范围和准确度。
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
摘要的目的 摘要的组成部分 摘要的长度 写摘要的注意事项
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
D、少用主语形式
有些作者不主张多用，认为多用存在下列问题： • 占去句首醒目的强调位置，平添一个that主语从句，
论文摘要论文格式要求【模板】
论文摘要中文摘要：1）页面设置：A4纸，页边距设置上2.5cm，下2.5cm，左3cm，右3cm 。
2) 中文题目：三号黑体字体，加粗，居中。
作者姓名、学院（室、所）。
小四号。
3）摘要正文：中文摘要介于100字与400字间，五号宋体字体，单倍行距。
英文摘要：1）英文题目与中文题目含义一致，首字母大写，四号Arial字体，加粗，居中。
2）作者姓名、学院（室、所）。
小四号Times New Roman字体，居中。
3）英文摘要正文，五号Times New Roman字体，单倍行距。
论文摘要全部内容不超过一页纸；论文撰写完成后，保存为 Word 97-2003文档提交。
论文格式要求中文稿件编排格式：(1)标题：限20字以内，二号黑体居中（英文14磅）。
(2) 摘要：五号宋体（英文10.5磅）。
(3) 关键词：五号宋体（英文10.5磅）。
(4) 正文：文字为小四宋体(5) 图标：图表要求对比度高，层次清晰，无折痕，图表应附相应的题名，五号字体居中（英文10.5磅）。
(6) 参考文献：参考文献为公开发表过的资料，文献序号应与其在文中出现的次序相一致，五号宋体。
中文参考文献用五号宋体字，排序为：作者姓名、杂志中文全称、出版年份（阿拉伯数字、加粗）、卷（期）号（阿拉伯数字、加粗）、起始页码（阿拉伯数字）；英文用五号Times New Roman字体，排序为作者姓名、期刊名称（国际通用缩写、斜体）、出版年份（阿拉伯数字、加粗）、卷（期）号（阿拉伯数字、加粗）、起始页码（阿拉伯数字）。
4．英文稿件要求全文使用Times New Roman 字体。
标题为14磅，摘要、关键词为8磅，中文摘要为小五宋体，正文为10磅，图表题/文为10磅加粗，一、二、三级标题分别为12磅加粗，10.5磅加粗，10磅。
参考文献为10磅。
英文摘要书写规范
英文摘要书写规范（一）一、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地论述文献重要内容的短文。
二、英文摘要必须符合“拥有与论文同等量的主要信息”的原则。
为此，英文摘要应重点包括4个要素，即研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
在这4个要素中，后2个是最重要的。
在执行上述原则时，在有些情况下，英文摘要可包括研究工作的主要对象和范围，以及具有情报价值的其他重要的信息。
当前学术期刊上英文摘要的主要问题是要素不全，繁简失当。
三、英文摘要的句型力求简单，通常应有10个左右意义完整、语句顺畅的句子。
四、英文摘要不应有引言中出现的内容，也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论，不得简单重复题名中已有的信息；不用非公知公用的符号和术语，不用引文，除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文，缩略词、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明；科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位，正确使用语言文字和标点符号，也同样适用于英文摘要的编写。
摘自：中国科协学会学术部（通知）科协学发[2002]054号《关于进一步提高期刊学术论文英文摘要写作质量以及在各有关期刊编辑部开展英文摘要达标荐优活动的通知》（二）如何写好中英文摘要1.文摘应包含正文的要点。
一般来说，文摘应包含研究对象（目的），研究方法（所用的设备、材料），结果与结论。
2.文摘要尽量简短，尽可能删掉课题研究的背景信息。
3.文摘中出现的数据应该是最重要、最关键的数据。
4.不需要自己标榜自己的研究成果。
5.二次文献信息应脱离原文而独立存在，因此文摘中不能出现图表参数。
6.文摘中的内容应在正文中出现，文摘不能对原文进行补充和修改。
7.文摘中的缩写名称在第一次出现时要有全称。
8.文摘句子应尽量简短。
——摘自“2004年中国地区美国工程信息公司数据库工作会议资料”。
英语论文格式
摘要、关键词：摘要和关键词这两个词用宋体加粗，小四号，摘要内容和关键词内容用楷体四小号；英文(1) Abstract：小四号；“Abstract”粗体；(2) Keywords：3-5个用“；”分隔；小四号；最后一个关键词后不用标点符号；除专有名词，单词首字母不大写；“Keywords”粗体汉语(1) 摘要：楷体小四号；“摘要”宋体小四号粗体；(2) 关键词：3-5个用“；”分隔；楷体小四号；最后一个关键词后不用标点符号；“关键词”宋体小四号粗体。
4、目录：1) 目录部分最多保留到三级标题，注意不同层次的缩进。
2)各级标题中的实词首字母大写，虚词小写。
各级标题内容格式应与正文部分相应标题保持一致。
3) 一级标题：粗体小四号字；其余二级、三级标题为小四号字；目录部分行间距为1.5倍。
5、正文格式：1）文章题目不必出现在正文页。
2）各级标题一般要求左对齐打印。
标题一律用粗体。
一级标题：粗体三号字；二级标题：粗体小三号字；三级标题：粗体四号字。
3）英文一律采用Times New Roman小四号，论文以A4标准页面排版(21*29.7cm)，1.5倍行距；如有汉字（参考文献部分），一律用五号宋体。
4）正文中每一段开头缩进两个汉字（或四个英文）字符的位置，段与段之间不空行。
5）正文中一级标题间的段落空一行。
6、参考文献：1）参考文献须另起一页。
2）“Bibliography”三号粗体，居中。
3）英文参考文献在前，中文参考文献在后。
英文参考文献按作者首字母顺序排列；同一作者按年排列。
中文按照作者姓氏的拼音字母顺序，排到所有英文文献后。
4）字体为英文小四号,中文宋体五号。
5）参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告P——专利A——文章6）作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I. Gordon；7）书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。
英文摘要写作格式和输入规范要求
英文摘要和外文翻译的格式要求目录一、总体要求 (2)二、英文标题 (2)三、作者姓名 (2)四、摘要 (3)五、关键词 (3)六、正文。
(3)七、图表。
(4)八、参考文献。
(4)九、斜体。
(4)十、英国人姓名规则 (4)十一、英文大、小写字母的使用 (5)十二、英文回行的基本规则 (6)十三、段落规则 (7)十四、英文标点使用规则 (7)十五、英国英语和美国英语标点符号的差异 (19)十六、中英文标点符号的差异 (19)十七：中国学生常见标点符号错误例析 (21)一、总体要求要求英语语言较为地道、通顺、简练，语法正确，符合英语表达习惯，专业术语规范、准确。
外文页所有字体均为Times New Roman ，要在英文状态输入法下输入，注意标点符号是英文的。
请结合所给模版认真体会。
本说明未尽事项，请查阅相关规定。
二、英文标题题目应写在第一行的中间，题目左右两边的空白距离大致相等。
题目的第一个单词的第一个字母必须大写。
从第二个单词起，其中每个实义词的第一个字母大写，而冠词、介词和连词的第一个字母则一般小写。
如：A Day to RememberLet's Go in for Sports题目的另一种写法是所有单词的第一个字母全部用大写。
如：My Life As Factory WorkerA Walk Under The Rain写题目不要用括号或引号。
题目后除了问号和感叹号之外，不加其它标点符号。
1、冠词：位于标题头时，首字母大写；位于标题中时，全部字母小写；2、介词及连词：位于标题头时，首字母大写；位于标题中时，5个（含）以上字母的，首字母大写；4个（含）以下字母的，全部字母小写。
三、作者姓名居中，斜体；中国人姓名按照中国人习惯，姓前名后，姓全部字母大写，名第一个字母大写，若名为2个字，则2个字之间加短线“-”，作者姓名之间加逗号“·”最后两作者之间加“and”。
⑴XIANG Hong-qiong and FENG Zhi-xin⑵YANG Xiu-hong , WU Zong-pu and ZHANG Guo-dong⑶西方国家及其它国家人的姓名按其习慣顺序排列，如：Sophie Dupont；缩写姓名时，姓要大写，之间用句号；如：J. H. Caemmere ；M. H. Thatcher（句号后面空1字符）⑷作者姓名及其排序应与中文稿一致。
英文论文字体要求[整理版]
![英文论文字体要求[整理版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/ffce742f86c24028915f804d2b160b4e767f8130.png)
英语论文格式规范(附样例)A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）XXX学院11XXxxx XXX 指导老师：XXX（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】This paper centers on the different expressions of ……（英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。
）【Key Words】idiom; comparison; English; Chinese（英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。
）1. Introduction(顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999).(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idiomsIn English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。
论文英文摘要怎么写
论文英文摘要怎么写一、绪论文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。
而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。
书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
二、要的类型与基本内容英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。
gb7713—87规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。
原则上讲，以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。
陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题，多半不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
三、英文题名1)题名的结构。
英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(nounphrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
论文摘要格式
对英文摘要的写作要求目前，由于论文作者写作的英文摘要，绝大多数都比较粗糙，与国际学术交流的要求相距甚远，需要进行大的修改，有时甚至是重写。
这一方面是由于论文作者英文写作水平有限;另一方面也由于大多数论文作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解。
各种检索（SCI、EI、ISTP等）要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的“目的(Purposes)”，主要的研究“过程(Procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”，由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要“结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。
如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。
也就是说，要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题：1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)根据各种检索对英文摘要的写作要求，英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式，但一般来说，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。
●研究的问题（What I want to do?）主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。
一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。
必要时，可利用论文中所列的最新文献，简要介绍前人的工作，但这种介绍一定要极其简练。
在这方面，《EI》提出了两点具体要求：1）Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)．2）Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。
apa格式英文论文范文
apa格式英文论文范文英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流;下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式英文论文范文，大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。
apa格式英文论文范文篇一The Analysis of Angel Clare’s Tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles中文摘要：文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。
越来越多的学者开始从文学的角度研究一个国家的经济，政治和文化根源。
悲剧是小说创作的手法之一。
西方早在古希腊时期就有了悲剧创作。
悲剧不是简单的艺术形式或艺术技巧，而是对现实社会的特征的再现，它可以通过尖锐、激烈的事件展示令人怜悯、悲痛、同情、哭泣等的情节。
英国著名作家托马斯•哈代是维多利亚时期著名的小说家之一。
他塑造了许多悲剧人物，展现出各种人物魅力。
小说除了给人以命运悲剧庄严凝重以外，还蕴涵了作者深厚的理性主义，蕴涵了对人类历史逻辑矛盾深邃反思的社会悲剧。
哈代的悲剧小说《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映了其当时的社会现实。
小说成功地塑造了女主人苔丝的形象，无情地揭露了资产阶级社会虚伪的伦理道德。
本文试从男主人公安琪儿•克莱尔的社会背景和人物心理两个方面，探讨导致其悲剧的成因。
关键词：托马斯•哈代悲剧安琪尔•克莱尔Abstract: Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars ha ve begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Tragedy is a kind of literary creation, which is not a simple artistic form or technique but the repeat of real society. It can depict the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. The British famous writerThomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Besides providing the dignity of life tragedy to the readers, the novels contains the profound rationalism of the writer and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’urbervilles reflected his real society. Hardy succe eded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This paper will discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from the hero –Angel Clare’s social background and psychology.Key words: Thomas Hardy, tragedy, Angel ClareChapter1 IntroductionLiterature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literary work, scholars actually study history. Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the history of a count ry’s economic, political and cultural forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of literary works, we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger, sorrow and various truths. The manifestation of literature is manifold, one of which is tragedy. The writers often want to show the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. In the tragedy, it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage, cover themselves in dishonor, experience tribulation or even fail or die though they have reasonable motivation, wishes, ideal, or passion which may indicate a victory or success. But finally they will either die or get mad. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life . There are lots of tragedies in western literature such asOedipus, Prometheus Bound, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Faust, etc. And the famous tragedians are also legion like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc –Thomas Hardy for one. He was a prolific and excellent writer, publishing fourteen novels and four volumes of short stories. His works were noted for the intense tragic spirit and sense of fortune, from which we can feel the atmosphere of tragedy brought by fortune deeply.“Tess of the D’urbervilles” is one of the Hardy’s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer’s real society and its social system and morals; therefore studying this novel can help us to know about the history of his age. But many papers showed that most of critics used to research the writing background from the tragedy of Tess. Many scholars have always put emphasis on the tragedy of Tess for a long time. Only a few scholars made researches for the tragedy of its hero Angel Clare. He was a contradictory unity –he was bold in struggling with the traditional view but in the meantime he could not break the shackles of feudal ideas. This paper will see the society from this perspective –Angel Clare, the hero’s tragedy and discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from his social background and psychology.Chapter2 A brief account of Tess of The D’urbervillesIt seems that the fictional works do not concern with the real world. But we know that before the writers begin to create their works, it can be said that their social experience may be their primary material for creation. Some writers created the roles and environments in order to revolt against the worldly prejudice of their ages. These kinds of words are expected to tell people the truth of a society. In many cases, the social background of thenovel is the writer’s background. Before analyzing the roots of Clare’s tragedy, this paper will discuss two aspects of this no vel, namely “the writing background” and “the writer and his works” from which we can see the background of this novel.2.1 The writing backgroundThomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages. The Victorian age was an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age had a high place in Western literature which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being. His tragedies in the history of Western literature were no an accident for the tragedy consciousness. Hardy’s tragic novels has sprung from and developed this tragic idea in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragic path of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.Thomas Hardy studied Greek tragedies and Shakespearean tragedies all his life. And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer’s tragedy cons ciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy –life wasfilled with desire. If a person had a desire but could not gain his desires, he would feel painful; however, when he could gain his desires, he would become insipid. This was another torment. Schopenhauer grouped tragedy into three types: the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and distrust between persons in everyday life. In his opinion, the last tragedy was the most terrible one which we can see in Hardy’s works. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s. In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this periodcould not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village. With one remark he had ripped away the mask of British society.2.2 The writer Thomas Hardy and his workLiterature is reflection of life. Almost all writers created their novels according to his social background. We can see many literary works written on the basis of their ages. They wanted to bring out the social facts by their works. It should be such a free way that they could rebuke the dark society. People can feel the society of the writers from their works and then identified with the writers. The writers hoped that they could let the people know the dark aspects of the government and then fine an echo from them by their works. To some extent, a novel should be a history. From the introduction of Thomas Hardy and the main content of Tess of The D’urbervilles must be helpful to show us the background of Clare’s tragedy.2.1.1 About the writer –Thomas HardyThomas Hardy (1840～1928), born in 1840 near Dorchester, was a famous British poet and novelist. He carried forward and developed the literary traditions of the Victorian age. He vividly and truthfully described the tragic plots in his works. The critics of literature called him “Shakespeare of British novels”. Hardy was born into an architect’s family and was expected to become an architect. He trained as an architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, publishing Desperate Remedies in 1871, and was soon successful enough to leave the field of architecture for writing.Hardy was pessimistic in his view of life. The dominant theme of his novels is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate, chance, and circumstances, which are all predestined by the Immanent Will. He bravely challenged many of the sexual and religious conventions of the Victorian age. And he exposed the hypocritical morals, laws and religions of capital. Hardy’s works reflected the tremendous changes and people’s miserable lives especially the women’s lives in soc ial economic, politics, morals, custom, etc after the invasion of industrial capital to the British villages. Moreover, where we see Hardy's real mastery is the difference in the language of people from the social classes (e.g. the Clare’s in contrast with the farm workers’). He was good at viewing life with a tragic light. “Tess of The D’urbervilles” was his masterpiece which was noted by lots of critics of different periods.2.1.2 The main content of Tess of The D’urbervillesTess of The D’urbervilles cam e into conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other Hardy novels, rural lifeis a prominent issue in the story. And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells of that a village girl called Tess who was a beautiful, pure, plain, honest, assiduous and clever went through a miserable life. She was born in a poor family and lived in a peculiar society. The son of the D’urbervilles A lec raped her and she was pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long. Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped. Despite this, at last this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing. However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by a knave Alec, he could not forgive her for having another man’s child even tho ugh she forgave him everything. Angel Clare became very angry and abandons Tess. One day she found Alec became a minister. After her father’s death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, and they were shortly thereafter evicted from their cottage. She believes deep down that Angel had abandoned her, and Alec said it as well, and Tess knew her family would do well by Alec’s wealth and property. But to her surprised, Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but found her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she was arrested and hanged. She makes him promise to marry her sister, Liza Lu, after her death, which he agrees to do.In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy has directly satirized nature. This novel revealed the tragedy of common people’s destiny and flayed hypocritical gentlemen and morals. In this novel, Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for women. Hesucceeded in portraying an artistic image –a village girl with kindness, tenderness and amorousness. The novel, which indicated the tendency of anti-religious sentiments, against feudal morality and the laws of capitalists, was warmly received by the reading public though British upper class was bitter against it.Ch apter3 The origins of Angel Clare’s tragedyTragedy can also be a vision of life, which is shared by most Western cultures and having its roots. The essence of tragedy is almost the same thought different writers create the stories from different points of view and with different techniques. A number of critics had many kinds of interpretations for Angel Clare’s tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles. They analyzed his complicated character from different perspectives. This paper will explain his tragedy as the following aspects:3.1 Social rootsHere social roots refer mainly to the social conventions and moral standards which led to Clare’s tragedy. Clare lived in such conditions which the masculine authority played an important role in traditional society. Angel Clare was one of the victims of this society. At that age, women were regarded as being subordinate in the household. The chastity for them is the most important thing. The traditional view on chastity considered a woman’s chastity as the prerogative of her husband. If the women lost her virtue, she must be immoral. On the one hand the male made the moral standards for the female, demanding of the female to be pure and virginal; on the other hand, the male indulged himself in sexual matters. They demanded that the most magnanimous act the female had should be chastity; nevertheless, those who broke the women’s chastity were themales themselves. That is to say, only the males in that society were right. The female could say nothing for his wrong. So Tess asking Clare “Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive you. Angel” (Hardy, 1993) would become the impossibility.Under such circumstances, after Tess lost her virginity, she should be Alec’s concubine or make their relationship legalized according to the social bad habits of the time. But T ess, who pursued her innocent love, had rather be “a lady of easy virtue”. In the literature, there was a set form for the images of women, namely, women should be beautiful and virtuous, gentle and biddable, and should cleave to his husband and families. All these sets are related to the real society. Traditionally, a woman must obey her husband like his wretched slave. The description about this age given by Hardy was just the society whose “social morals” had manifested mainly in “chastity” that centered on men. Even if a man of that age was bold in challenging the old system, it was impossible for him to abandon the social morals. In addition, a large part of people around him were still controlled by feudal ideas, so the social roots should be the direct cause of Clare’s tragedy.3.2 Psychological rootsA person’s way of seeing things plays an important role all his life. Hardy naming his hero “Angel” might have his own intent. We know that Angel should be pure; however, from the development of the plot, we can not see “pure” from Angel Clare. Angel Clare was born in a rich pastoral family, but he was unwilling to obey his father and brothers. He did not abide by the old custom and etiquette, and gave a damn for the superior of material things such as wealth and position. He was born andbred the religion. But he thought that he could not honestly be ordained a minister as his brothers were. He took up a disdainful position on the social customs and found the value of working people. He abandoned the chance of studying in university and went to the countryside and to study the agricultural skills. This is sufficient to show that he was bold in struggling with the traditional view and tried to show off the shackles of the class. At the newly-married night, Tess decided to tell him her “guilt” in detail. Angel fell out with Tess and then went to Brazil alone though he had lived a loose life with a woman who was not acquainted with him. He could not forgive Tess her “guilt”. The so-called “pure” in his mind was so ingrained that he could not accept Tess’s past. He considers her as a "fallen women".Clare was also such a man with a ridiculous point that a man could have affair with many girls but a girl must keep to be a virgin before she become a bride. It showed his cowardice in his character. Tess trusted him and made a decision to confide her secret to him. But on the night of their wedding, when Clare learned that Tess was not a virgin and had had a bastard, the original perfect image was suddenly broken by the sad facts. Apparently he said he was deeply attached to Tess, but actually he could not face the truth with courage. He just loved Tess’s pleasing appearance rather than any other things of her. Angel Clare was more or less an open-minded bourgeois intellectual. In love, although he was not as despicable as Alec, he was devoid of selfless and sincere feeling as Tess did. Clare loved Tess just because of her beauty. And she could become his right hand in the futur e.He told Tess: “I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you. Another woman in your shape.”(Hardy, 1993) Hecould not believe this bad truthe and said “Tess! Say it is not true! No, it is not true!” It is clear that he took a deadly knock psychologi cally. Clare’s character determined his tragedy –he could not accept her past.It is clear that the seeds of tragedy are sown when all the rigid rule of his forebear and the unfair social systems firmly laid hold of Angel Clare, who had preached the liberation of mankind no longer exists. When Clare finally realized the immensity of Tess’s love and the piteous plight it had brought upon her, everything was too late. He could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards. Tess would go away forever. It was Clare’s tragedy –the social system and morality and his character decided that it could be inevitable.Chapter4 ConclusionLiterature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. Literature originates from life and then reforms life. They can make you subconsciously and deeply believe that all the things they described really happened. After you finish reading, the characters that it depicted will appear vividly in front of you. They are true to life—— you can see their faces and feel their sound, pace and thoughts. With the excellent literary works, we can feel the history vividly. As an important part of literature, tragedy has showed its artistic attraction. The reason why a great number of readers tend to be affected by the plots of tragedies is that some of them had the same or similar experience with the characters in the novels.The western tragedies put emphasis on the soul-stirring spirit from the fear. The strong tragedies can touch the heart ofthe readers. The modern western tragedies represented the life style of modern westerners. They have some characteristics of modern lives and consciousness. Studying on the masterpieces of an age can help a lot for studying its history. Thomas Hardy was born in Victorian age. The novel in this age became the most widely read, the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, the writers of this age shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. In Hardy’s works, man is also shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary characteristics which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment. He vividly portrayed different characters of tragedy. Tess of the D’urbervilles was one of his masterpieces. The conflicts between the traditional and the modern, between the old rural value of respectability and honesty can be clearly seen in this novel and it is not difficult to see the roots of this tragedy either from Tess or C lare. This paper analyzed Clare’s tragedy and described the roots of tragedy in this process. A wonderful description is just a part of a novel, but only those things which can strike deep into the minds of the people will be remembered by them. From the tragedy of Angel Clare, we can see the dark of a society again.Bibliography:[1] Abcarian, Richard. Marvin Klotz: Literature—The Human Experience[M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000[2] Force, Lorrain.M. Cliffs Notes on Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Washington University, 1996.[3] Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. ForeignLanguage Press ,1993.[4] Robert Ackerman. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Beijing: Simon&Schuster Press and Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996[5] 马新国主编，2002，西方文论史[M]，北京：高等教育出版社[6] 颜学军，论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J]，四川外语学院学报，2001(3)[7] 张谷若译本，1990，德伯家的苔丝[M]，北京：人民文学出版社[8] 朱立元，1997，当代西方文艺理论[M]，上海：华东师大出版社apa格式英文论文范文篇二On Thomas Hardy’s Religious Sense in His Works小议托马斯•哈代作品中体现的宗教观念Abstract: Religion has a profound influence on the works of European and American writers. .From a series works of Thomas Hardy, clearly we can see the influence of The Bible on him .Nevertheless, though Hardy failed to eliminate the limitation of Tragic predestination and religious tradition , By the case study analyzing on the works of Thomas Hardy ,this paper makes an research on the distinguished religious sense of Thomas Hardy as well as its cause of formation.内容摘要：宗教对欧美作家的文学作品有着深远的影响。
中英文详细摘要格式要求
中英文详细摘要格式要求
中英文详细摘要（500字左右，不超过IoOO字）采用统一封面。
论文题目下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字（黑体小二号加粗），“摘要” 二字下空一行打印摘要内容（宋体小四号）。
摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字（黑体小四号），其后为关键词（宋体小四号）。
关键词数量为3〜5个，每一关键词之间用分号分开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
英文摘要应与中文摘要保持内容一致。
“ABSTRACT” （ Times New Roman字体小二号）9再下空一行打印英文摘要内容（TimeS New Roman 字体小四号）。
摘要内容后下空一行打印“KEYWORDS：”，用TimeSNeWROman字体小四号加粗，其后关键词小写（第一个字母大写），关键词数量为3〜5个，每一关键词之间用分号分开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号，Times New Roman字体四号。
中文摘要的页眉打印,无论一级标题在奇数页还是偶数页都不显示页眉；其余页奇数页为“摘要”，偶数页为“沈阳理工大学硕士学位论文”；英文摘要的页眉打印，无论一级标题在奇数页还是偶数页都不显示页眉；其余页奇数页为“Abstract” ,偶数页为“沈阳理工大学硕士学位论文” o 中英文摘要单面打印，加页码，居中。
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论文英文摘要撰写第一组一、论文摘要的种类、结构与文体要求及要素一篇论文的摘要在本质上就是一篇浓缩的论文，它是作者对研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括，其结构与论文的主体结构相对应。
论文的英文摘要存在的问题有涉及结构内容方面的，有涉及句法词法方面的，也有涉及时态语态方面的。
下面我们首先对论文英文摘要的种类、功能与结构和英文摘要撰写的一般原则和基本步骤做以介绍；接下来对论文英文摘要撰写中的常见问题做出归纳并进行实例分析和提出相应解决方法。
1、摘要的种类与结构摘要一般分为两类：信息性摘要和指示性摘要。
当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
1）信息性（报道性）摘要（Informative Abstract）信息性摘要即报道性摘要，也称资料性摘要，它是原文内容要点的具体总结，主要由四个部分组成：（1）研究的目的（Objective or Purpose）；（2）研究的过程与采用的方法（Process and Method）；（3）主要成果或发现（Results or Findings）；（4）主要结论和推论（Conclusion）。
有的摘要的第一部分还包括背景介绍（Background）。
实际上，信息性摘要是论文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要。
本科毕业论文的摘要按其种类来讲应当属于信息性摘要。
（信息性摘要范文请见第6-7页：第二部分；二；至 1、摘要的要素）2）指示性摘要（Indicative Abstract， Descriptive Abstract）指示性摘要即介绍性摘要，也称陈述性摘要。
它主要介绍论文的论题，或者概括表述研究的目的，用简单几句话使读者对论文所研究的主要内容有一个概括的了解，不需要介绍方法、结果、结论等具体内容，也不需要用数据进行定量描述。
指示性摘要只讲述论文的主题思想，不涉及或很少涉及细节问题，但要指明文献的论题和所取得的成果的性质及所达到的水平。
下面就是一篇题目为《英语写作教学与大学生综合素质培养》论文的英文题目及其指示性摘要的范文。
Title: Teaching of English Writing and Cultivationof University Students’ Comprehensive QualityAbstract: Based on the theories of English language learning, the concept of quality education, and the authors’ teaching experience of English writing, this paper expounds the function of English writing in the cultivation of university students’comprehensive quality from such aspects as language proficiency, logical thinking, and a rigorous work style.一般情况下，作者应首选信息性摘要，因为它具体而实用。
但多数摘要并不完全是信息性或指示性的，常常是二者相结合。
信息性摘要中加入指示性叙述可使摘要简明，指示性摘要中加入信息性内容又使摘要详细，二者互补，使摘要既能充分反映论文最重要的事实与概念，又能节省篇幅。
摘要的长度应根据文献及摘要的用途而变化。
一般来讲，指示性摘要以100-150 words 为宜。
而学术论文的信息性摘要的长短约为正文字数的2%至3%；国际标准化组织建议不少于250个词，最多不超过500个词。
本科毕业论文摘要可以说是信息性摘要的扩展。
我校大学生毕业设计（论文）要求及撰写规范指出：本科毕业论文的中文摘要约500—800字左右（限一页）。
外文摘要内容与中文摘要一致。
2、摘要的文体要求本科毕业论文的摘要撰写应遵循准确、简明、清楚、完整的原则。
准确是指内容上要忠实于原文。
简明是摘要文体的一个重要特征。
在英文摘要中要使用正规英语、标准术语，避免使用缩写词汇，也不能使用图表和表格。
清楚是指使用简洁的正规英语将论文的论题、实验方法、试验结果、结论等用有限的字数表达出来，做到不遗漏、不重复、不带有感情色彩和意义不确定的词语，也不使用祈使句或感叹句。
摘要的内容要完整，在摘要中应说明论文的主要内容，不能使用论文的导言来代替摘要的内容。
3、摘要的要素本科毕业论文的摘要属于信息性摘要。
信息性摘要比指示性摘要要长许多，描述更具体详细，更具实用性。
因此，信息性摘要更不宜在论文完成之前或研究工作完成之前撰写。
前面我们提到科技论文的摘要一般由4个组成部分。
每个组成部分的内容应如下展开。
1）研究的目的（Objective and Purpose）研究的目的主要说明研究、制造、调查等的前提、目的和任务，涉及的主题范围或本文解决的主要问题。
2）研究的过程与采用的方法（Process and Methods）主要指作者的主要工作过程及采用的技术手段或方法，包括所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、手段、仪器仪表或软件等。
在此部分，作者应尽可能详细描述出具体过程、变化规律、有效措施等，对新技术手段应清楚描述其基本原理、应用范围及所达到的精度和误差等。
3）主要结果或发现（Results）这里指作者在此研究工作过程中或使用论文的研究方法最后所得到的主要结果或发现，它是摘要最重要的部分。
结果部分应力求简明而富有信息性，可以是实验或研究所得的实验数据、实验结果，也可以是理论成果，还可以是观察到的主要现象与结果以及得到的效果和性能等。
4）主要结论和推论（Conclusion）这里指的是结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用范围和应用情况以及存在的问题等。
这部分主要阐明研究成果蕴含的意义，特别阐明这种意义是怎样与研究目的相联系的。
但是结论应力求精确、直接、详细、明晰。
信息性摘要范文：下面这篇题为《钢水余热烧结衬瓷法制备耐磨喷嘴工艺研究》的我校2003级一名同学的本科毕业论文摘要就基本符合以上要求。
现将这一论文摘要的英汉版本介绍给大家。
Title: Technology of Making Wearable Nozzle by SinteringLining-Ceramics with Surplus Heat of Molten SteelAbstract （英语版）Ceramic material has a long history, and now it has become the focus in the field of modern material science because of its good wear-resistance, thermal stability, inoxidizability, and electromagnetic characteristics. (背景引言)The object of this study is to make a wearable material by sintering lining-ceramics on the surface of casting with the heat produced by molten steel during the process of solidification. The methods are as follows: the nano-ceramic powder is mixed with metal powder according to certain proportion and to form the compound powder by heating method; the compound powder is smeared on the appropriate part of the inner surface of the casting mold; and as the molten steel is filled into the mold, the layer of the compound powder will be sintered on the surface of casting. The layer of lining-ceramics integrates with matrix metal closely and enhances wearable properties of casting effectively. (研究目的、研究过程与采用的方法)Al2O3 ceramic powder is heat-resistant and economic in price, so nano-powder of Al2O3, SiO2, Cao and other ceramic powder were used as the metal-ceramic compound powder. In order to assure good integration between the layer of lining-ceramics and base body materials, metal nickel powder which has small wetting angle with base metal was used in the experiment. (采用的材料)A great breakthrough on the technology of lining-ceramics by sintering with surplus heat of molten steel has been gained by a lot of experiments, and the compound powder has been sintered on the surface of casting. Compared with other technology of lining-ceramics, this technology has excellent characteristics: energy-saving, easy operation, smooth and neat surface of the casting with few air holes. In fact, this technology has reached such a degree that it can be applied in production. The abrasion test indicated that the layer of lining-ceramics has excellent properties of wear-resistance. SEM analysis shows that the layer of layer of lining-ceramics forms an integrated boundary with base metal, and a compound grade also forms along the direction of upright to plane of lining-ceramics. The ceramic layer integrated with base body metal in a mode of chemical bond, so the integrated strength between them is greatly heightened. (研究结果、发现，及结论)摘要（汉语版）陶瓷材料具有悠久的历史，并以其良好的耐磨性、耐热性、耐腐蚀性和点此特性成为当今材料界瞩目的焦点。