punctuation
Punctuation 3
Title：Punctuation________________________________________________DashA dash is a long horizontal mark twice the length of a hyphen. On most typewriters and computers dashes are represented by typing two hyphens. Dashes are emphatic. They are nearly like emphatic parentheses.To be effective, dashes, like exclamation points, should not be overused.1 Dashes indicate an abrupt change of thought or tune.Sometimes they set off a clause or phrase for emphasis or dramatic effect.Change of thought: I loved the dinner last night--have you you ever been to Chez Louis?Set off statement for emphasis: Punctuation marks can beconfusing--commas, dashes, hyphens, colons!2 Dashes with Nonrestrictive ModifiersCommas are normally used to set off nonrestrictive modifiers.However, nonrestrictive modifiers can be set off by dashes for emphasis or if the modifiers contain commas or other punctuation that could confuse the reader.Incorrect: Some expensive films, Heaven's Gate, for example, have been big flops.(Relationships not clear)Correct: Some expensive films--Heaven's Gate, for example--have been big flops.(Modifier itself has a comma.)3 Example: The years 2001 – 2003January – June______________________________________________BracketsBrackets, or crotchets, are always used in pairs to mark off material inserted into a quotation which is not part of the original quotation. The use of brackets should be limited, but may include short references, shortdefinitions, a short piece of information which clarifies the quotation, or an editorial comment.1 The Latin word sic, which means "thus" or "so," is often put into brackets to indicate a misspelling or some other misuse of language in the original quotation.2 Brackets are also used in dictionaries, glossaries, and word lists to show word origins and etymologies.3 Brackets may be used to show parenthetical information for material already inside parentheses.Editorial insertion:Then Ceres asked: Tell me, heavenly bow,If Venus or her son [Cupid], as thou dost know,Do now attend the queen.(Clarifies the meaning)Misspelling in original quotation:"Mi dere Jo I hope u r write [sic] well."Word origin: Brackets [L.](The word brackets come from Latin.)Parentheses within parentheses: (Charles Dickens [1812-1870] had been trained as a stenographer.)__________________________________________________Underlining and Italicizing:Underlining words and Italicizing words in standard written English mean the same thing.Handwriting and typing normally show underlining. Typesetting for print usually uses italics. Most computers can go either way.Whichever way is chosen, be consistent and keep the same style throughout. Grammar Slammer normally uses italics because of the Web file convention of using underlining to show a jump spot or link.1 Underlining or Italicizing TitlesTitles of longer written works are underlined or italicized.Longer written works include books, full-length plays, films, longer musical compositions, and periodicals.Incorrect (speaking of the musical): I like Oklahoma.(The state?)Incorrect: I like "Oklahoma."(The song?)Correct: I like Oklahoma. ORI like Oklahoma.(The title of a longer work is italicized or underlined.)Correct: I liked Macbeth, but not Macbeth.(I liked the play Macbeth, but not the character of that name.)Correct: Time magazine carried a review of Blade Runner, the film based on the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?(The periodical, film, and book title are all italicized or underlined. Note that the question mark is italicized also because it is part of the title.)Titles of radio and television series as well as works of art are underlined.Correct: Rodin's The ThinkerCorrect: We used to watch reruns of Gilligan's Island.Correct: My favorite Star Trek episode is "The Trouble with Tribbles."(Note the last one--the series is italicized; the episode is in quotationmarks.)See also Underlining and Italicizing, Italicized Names, and Titles withQuotation Marks.If an italicized or underlined name or title appears in the title of a work or some other writing which is otherwise italicized or underlined, the writer hasa choice:Normally the specific item reverts to standard type. This is always done in bibliographies and formal references.Example: A Commentary on Piers Plowman(Book title contains name of another book)Or you may italicize or underline the title or otherwise italicized orunderlined writing without regard to the further italicized words. This may be necessary to avoid confusion.Example: A Commentary on Piers Plowman helped me understand that medieval work.(Using the style of #1 for this would be more likely to confuse the reader.)2 Underlining or Italicizing NamesUnderline the specific name of individual air, sea, space, and land craft.Examples:Challenger (space)Captain Bligh commanded the Bounty (sea)He called the Chevy Greased Lightning. (land)If an italicized or underlined name appears in the title of a work or some other writing which is otherwise italicized or underlined, the writer has a choice:1. Normally the specific item reverts to standard type. This isalways done in bibliographies and formal references.Example: Mutiny on the Bounty by Nordhoff and Hall(Book title contains name of ship)2. Or you may italicize or underline the title or otherwise italicizedor underlined writing without regard to the further italicized words. Thismay be necessary to avoid confusion.Example: The Mutiny on the Bounty film starred Marlon Brando.(Using the style of #1 for this would be more likely to confuse the reader.)3 Underlining or Italicizing Foreign Words or AbbreviationsUnderline or italicize foreign words or abbreviations unless they areregularly used in English.Because the English language is very flexible, it may sometimes be hard to tell whether some words are widely used. Check any word or phrase you have a question about in a dictionary.Clearly words like champagne or chimpanzee or an abbreviation like etc.are not native English words, but they are widely used so underlining words like them is not necessary.Incorrect: That was a pro bono legal brief.Correct: That was a pro bono legal brief.(Legal term from Latin, used by lawyers but otherwise not common.)4 Underlining or Italicizing Words for EmphasisUnderline or italicize words which you want to emphasize. In printing and on many computers this may also be accomplished by bolder print.The emphasis either is because of special information the writer to wants to call to the reader's attention or because the word or words are meant be stressed in speech.Examples: He insists that two men saw him.(Information the writer wants to call attention to)You said what to Mr. Blank?(Word meant to be stressed in speech)5 Underlining or Italicizing Items Which Name ThemselvesUnderline or italicize numbers, symbols, letters, and words which name themselves (or which are used as the figure or word).Incorrect: "Give me a C!" the cheerleader shouted.(The letter is used as a letter, it names itself.)Correct: "Give me a C!" the cheerleader shouted.Incorrect: His 2's look like 7's.(The numbers are being referred to as figures; they are not numberinganything.)Correct: His 2's look like 7's.Incorrect: How do you spell shepherd?(The sentence is not about shepherds but about the word shepherd.)Correct: How do you spell shepherd?6 Titles with No PunctuationDo not underline, italicize, or place in quotation marks the name of the Bible, its books, divisions, or version, or other religious Scriptures and theirdivisions or versions.Example: In I Corinthians the Bible says that the greatest eternal value is love.(The Bible and its book take no special punctuation.)Example: The Talmud's tractate Sanhedrin discusses the laws and history of Jewish religious leadership.(The scriptural Talmud and its division, Sanhedrin, take no specialpunctuation.)Do not underline, italicize, or place in quotation marks the title of anygovernment document including charters, treaties, acts, statutes, orreports.Examples: The Declaration of IndependenceThe North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTAThe Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 or the FWPCA7 Scientific Nomenclature命名法, 术语The Latin-derived scientific names are capitalized except for thespecific and subspecific names. The generic, specific, and subspecific names are underlined or italicized.The names of the following are capitalized: kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, subclass, superorder, order, suborder, superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus.The names of the following are not capitalized: superspecies, species,subspecies.Names of superspecies, species, and subspecies always appear with the name of the genus (or at least the genus abbreviated) so that the fullspecific name begins with a capital letter.The full specific name, genus plus species (and superspecies andsubspecies, if used), is italicized or underlined.Examples: Birds are in the class Aves, subphylum Vertebrata, andphylum Chordata.The American Robin is in the family Turdidae, superfamily Muscicapidae, suborder Oscines, and order Passeriformes.The American Robin is Turdus migratorius.The Dark-Backed Robin, a northern-nesting subspecies, is known as T.m. nigrideus.(Note the use of capitalization and italics.)The genus or species name is only abbreviated when the name hasalready been used, and it is clear what the letters stand for. The lastword in a species name is never abbreviated. So if we were to onceagain refer to the Robin species, we could write Turdus migratorius or T.migratorius but never simply T.m. unless it were followed by asubspecific name as was done above.________________________________________________The Virgule -slashThe virgule(['və:gju:l]), often called the "slant bar" by computer users, has four specific uses in punctuation.A virgule separates parts of an extended date.Example: The 1994/95 basketball season.Washington was born in February 1731/32.A virgule represents the word per in measurements:Example: 186,000 mi./sec. (miles per second)A virgule stands for the word or in the expression and/or. (Though notconsidered standard, it sometimes stands for the word or in otherexpressions also.)A virgule separates lines of poetry that are quoted in run-on fashion in thetext. (For readability, avoid this with more than four lines.)Example: Ann continued, "And up and down the people go,/ Gazing where the lilies blow/ Round an island there below,/ The island of Shalott."Fourth, the slash is used in writing fractions, as in ^@ or 3/4; in this use, it is often called the scratch.。
英语文章中标点符号的运用
PunctuationPunctuation helps to clarify and sometimes emphasize the meaning of a sentence. It is necessary to learn to use all the puncruation marks correctly.标点符号有助于明确或强调句子的意思，因而有必要学会各种标点符号的使用方法。
I The Comma逗号（，）逗号表示句子内部的一般性停顿。
假如你说下面这句话：When he came, I was busy cleaning my room.你说完came后稍停了一下，那也就是说把这个句子写出来时该打一个逗号的地方。
但有时由于句子的结构需要也用逗号，即使在没有停顿的地方也一样。
A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. This simple rule is important for Chinese to remember, for in Chinese writing comma may be used to separate complete sentences. The use of a comma in place of a period, a semi colon, a colon, or a dash in English writing is called the comma fault.Faulty:It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.Improved:It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields.It was raining so hard that they couldn’t work in the fields.They couldn’t work in the fields because it was raining hard. It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields.As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.Of course, it is easy to see that the improved sentences lay stress in different points. Which one is preferable depends on the context and the writer’s intention.在并列句中，连词（and, but , or , for , so , nor , yet）的前面用逗号：He asked the question in a loud voice, but no one answered.We were tired, and we decided to have a rest.Come early, or you’ ll miss the show.She couldn’t go to the airport to meet him, nor could she send anyone in her stead.It must have rained last night ,for the ground is wet.He is an eccentric boy, yet you can’t help liking him.如果两个或三个并列从句都很简短，意思又紧密相连，它们之间可不用连词而用逗号：A memoir is history, it is based on evidence.- E. M. forster逗号的这种用法是特殊情况，有时可在文学作品中见到。
punctuation
PunctuationCommaExercise 1: Use a comma where necessary.1) If you cook Elmer will do the dishes.2) While we were eating a rattlesnake approached our campsite.3) The plan took off and we were on our way.4) A good money manager controls expenses and invests surplus dollars to meet future needs. Key:.1) If you cook, Elmer will do the dishes.2) While we were eating, a rattlesnake approached our campsite.3) The plan took off (,) and we were on our way.4) A good money manager controls expenses and invests surplus dollars to meet future needs.The comma was invented to help readers. Without it, sentence parts can collide into one another unexpectedly, causing misreading.Add commas in the logical places (after cook and eating), and suddenly all is clear. No longer is Elmer being cooked, the rattlesnake being eaten.Carious rules have evolved to prevent such misreading and to speed readers along through complex grammatical structures. Those rules are detailed in this section.e a comma before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses.When a coordinating conjunction connects two or more independent clauses-word groups that could stand alone a separate sentences-a comma must precede it. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English:and, but, or, nor, for, so,and yet. A comma tells readers that one independent clause has come to a close and that another is about to begin.Exception: if the two independent clauses are short and there is no danger of misreading, the comma may be omitted.Caution: As a rule, do not use a comma to separate coordinate word groups that are not independent clauses.e a comma after an introductory clause or phrase.The most common introductory word groups are clauses and phrases functioning as adverbs. Suchword groups usually tell when, where, how, why, or under what conditions the main action of the sentence occurred. A comma tells readers that the introductory clause or phrase has come to a close and that the main part of the sentence is about to begin.When Irwin was ready to eat, his cat jumped onto the table.Near a small stream at the bottom of the canyon, we discovered an abandoned shelter.Exception: The comma may be omitted after a short adverb clause or phrase if there is no danger of misreading. For instance:In no time we were at 2,800 feet.Sentences also frequently begin with phrases describing the noun or pronoun immediately following them. The comma tells readers that they are about to learn the identity of the person or thing described; therefore, the comma is usually required even when the phrase is short. For instance:Knowing that he couldn’t outrun a car, Sue took to the fields.Excited about the move, Alice and Don began packing their books.e a comma between all items in a series.When three or more items are presented in a series, those items should be separated from one another with commas. Items in a series may be single words, phrases, or clauses. For instance:At Dominique’s one can order fillet of ra ttlesnake, bison burgers, or picked eel.Note: Although some writers view the comma between the last two items as optional, most experts advise using the comma because its omission can result in ambiguity or misreading. For instance:The activities include a search for lost treasure, dubious financial dealings, much discussion of ancient heresies, and midnight orgies.e a comma between coordinate adjectives not joined by and. Do not use a commabetween cumulative adjectives.When two or more adjectives each modify a noun separately, they are coordinate.With the help of a therapist, Mother has become a strong, confident, independent woman.Adjectives are coordinate if they can be joined with and (strong and confident and independent) or if they can be scrambled (an independent, strong, confident woman). Adjectives that do not modify the noun separately are cumulative. For instance:Three large gray shapes moved slowly toward us.We cannot insert the word and between cumulative adjective (*three and large and gray shapes) nor can we scramble them (*gray three large shapes).e commas to set off nonrestrictive elements. Do not use commas to set off restrictiveelements.Word groups describing nouns or pronouns (adjective clauses, adjective phrases, and appositives) are restrictive or nonrestrictive. A restrictive element defines or limits the meaning of the word it modifies and is therefore essential to the meaning of the sentence. Because it contains essential information, a restrictive element is not set off with commas.Restrictive: For camp the children needed clothes that were washable.Nonrestrictive: For camp the children needed sturdy shoes, which were expensive.Prepositional or verbal phrases functioning as adjectives may be restrictive or nonrestrictive. Nonrestrictive phrases are set off with commas; restrictive phrases are not.Restrictive: One corner of the attic was filled with newspapers dating from the turn of the century. Nonrestrictive: The helicopter, with its 100,000 candlepower spotlight illuminating the area, circled above.An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames a nearby noun. Nonrestrictive appositives are set off with commas; restrictive appositives are not.Restrictive: The song “Fire It Up” was blasted out of amplifiers then feet tall. Nonrestrictive: Norman Mailer’s first novel, The Naked and the Dead, was a best-seller.e commas to set off transitional and parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases,elements expressing contrast, and direct quotations.Transitional expressions:Transitional expressions serve as bridges between sentences or parts of sentences. They include conjunctive adverbs such as however, therefore, and moreover and transitional phrases such as for example, as a matter of act, and in other words. When a transitional expression appears between independent clauses in a compound sentence, it is preceded by a semicolon and is usually followed by a comma.Conjunctive adverbs: accordingly, also, anyway, besides, certainly, consequently, conversely, finally, furthermore, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next, nonetheless, otherwise, similarly, specifically, still, subsequently, then, therefore, thus;Transitional phrases: after all, as a matter of fact, as a result, at any rate, at the same time, even so, for example, for instance, in addition, in conclusion, in fact, in other words, in the first place, on the contrary, on the other hand;When a transitional expression appears between independent clauses in a compound sentence, it is preceded by a semicolon and is usually followed by a comma. For example:Minh did not understand our language; moreover, he was unfamiliar with our customs.Natural foods are not always salt free; for example, celery contains more sodium than most people would imagine.Exception: If a transitional expression blends smoothly with the rest of the sentence, calling for little or no pause in reading, it does not need to be set off with a comma. Expressions such as also, at least, certainly, consequently, indeed, of course, moreover, no doubt, perhaps, then,and therefore do not always call for a pause. For instance:Alice’s bicycle is broken; therefore you will need to borrow Sue’s.Absolute phrasesAn absolute phrase, which modifies the whole sentence, usually consists of a noun followed by a participle or participial phrase. Absolute phrases may appear at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Wherever they appear, they should be set off with commas. For instance:Her tennis game at last perfected, Krista won the cup.Brian was forced to rely on public transportation, his car having been wrecked the week before.Contrasted elementsSharp contrasts beginning with words such as not, never, or unlike are set off with commas.Celia, unlike Robert, had no loathing for dance contests.Jane takes to me as an adult and friend, not as her little sister.Direct quotations:Naturalist Arthur Cleveland Bent remarked, “In part the peregrine de clined unnoticed because it is not adorable.”“Convictions are more dangerous foes of truth than lies,” wrote philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.e commas with dates, addresses, titles, and numbers.DatesIn dates, the year is set off from the rest of the sentence with a pair of commas.On December 12, 1890, orders were sent out for the arrest of Sitting Bull.Exceptions: Commas are not needed if the date is inverted or if only the month and year are given.The recycling plan goes into effect on 15 April 1994.January 1990 was an extremely cold month.AddressThe elements of an address or place name are followed by commas. A zip code, however, is not preceded by a comma.John Lennon was born in Liverpool, England, in 1940.Please send the package to Greg Arvin at 708 Spring Street, Washington, Illinois 61571.NumbersIn numbers more than four digits long, use commas to separate the numbers into groups of three, starting from the right. In numbers four digits long, a comma is optional3,500 (or 3500)100,000Unnecessary Commas1.Do not use a comma between compound elements that are not independent clauses.Though a comma should be used before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses, this rule should not be extended to other compound word groups.(×) Jake still doesn’t realize that his illness is serious, and that he will have to alter his diet to improve.(×) The director led the cast members to their positions, and gave an inspiring last-minute pep talk.2.Do not use a comma after a phrase that begins an inverted sentence.Though a comma belongs after most introductory phrases, it does not belong after phrases thatbegin an inverted sentence. In an inverted sentence, the subject follows the verb, and a phrase that ordinarily would follow the verb is moved to the beginning.(×) At the bottom of the sound, lies a ship laden with treasure.3.Do not use a comma before the first or after the last item in a series.Though commas are required between items in a series, do not place them either before or after the whole series.(×) Other causes of asthmatic attacks are, stress, change in temperature, humidity, and cold air. (×) Ironically, this job that appears so glamorous, carefree, and easy, carries a high degree of responsibility.4.Do not use a comma between cumulative adjective, between an adjective and a noun, orbetween an adverb and an adjective.(×) In the corner of the closet we found an old maroon hatbox from Dears.(×) It was a senseless, dangerous, mission.(×) The Hurst Home is unsuitable as a mental facility for severely, disturbed youths.5.Avoid other common misuses of the commas.Do not use a comma in the following situations.After a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)(×) Occasionally soap operas are performed live, but, more often they are taped.After such as or like(×) Many shade-loving plants, such as, begonias, impatiens, and coleus, can add color to a shady garden.Before than(×) Touring Crete was more thrilling for us, than visiting the Greek islands frequented by the jet set.After although(×) Although, the air was balmy, the water was too cold for swimming.Before a parenthesis(×) At MCI Sylvia began at the bottom, (with only three and a half walls and s swivel chair), but within five years she had been promoted to supervisor.To set off an indirect (reported) quotation(×) Samuel Goldwyn once said, that a verbal contract isn’t worth the paper it’s written on.With a question mark or an exclamation point(×) “Why don’t you try it? ,” she coaxed, “You can’t do any worse than the rest of us.”Exercise 3: Add commas where necessary and remove the overused ones.1)As he was writing up the report, Officer Sweet heard a strange noise coming from the trashdumpster.2)The man at the next table complained loudly and the waiter stomped off in disgust.3)Instead of eating half a cake or two dozen cookies I now grab a banana or an orange.4)Nursing is physically, and mentally demanding, yet the pay is low.5)Uncle Sven’s dulcimers disappea red as soon as he put them up for sale but he always kept onefor himself.6)When the runaway race car hit the gas tank exploded.7)He pushed the car beyond the roll gate and poured a bucket of water on the smoking hood.8)Lighting the area like a second moon the helicopter circled the scene.9)While one of the robbers tied Laureen to a chair, and gagged her with an apron, the otheremptied the contents of the sage into a knapsack.10)Many musicians of Bach’s time played several instruments, but few mastered them as e arly orplayed with as much expression as Bach.Key:1)As he was writing up the report, Officer Sweet heard a strange noise coming from the trashdumpster.2)The man at the next table complained loudly, and the waiter stomped off in disgust.3)Instead of eating half a cake or two dozen cookies, I now grab a banana or an orange.4)Nursing is physically and mentally demanding, yet the pay is low.5)Uncle Sven’s dulcimers disappeared as soon as he put them up for sale, but he always keptone for himself.6)When the runaway race car hit, the gas tank exploded.7)He pushed the car beyond the roll gate and poured a bucket of water on the smoking hood.8)Lighting the area like a second moon, the helicopter circled the scene.9)While one of the robbers tied Laureen to a chair and gagged her with an apron, the otheremptied the contents of the sage into a knapsack.10)Many musicians of Bach’s time played several instruments, but few mastered them as early orplayed with as much expression as Bach.SemicolonThe semicolon is used between major sentence elements of equal grammatical rank.1. Use a semicolon between closely related independent clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction.When related independent clauses appear in one sentence, they are ordinarily linked with a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet). The coordinating conjunction signals the relation between the clauses. If the clauses are closely related and the relation is clear without a conjunction, they may be linked with a semicolon instead.(√) When I was a boy, I was told that anybody could become President; I’m beginning to believe it.(×) Some of the inmates were young and strung out on drugs, others looked as if they might kill at any moment.(×) Grandmother’s basement h as walls of Mississippi clay, to me it looked like a dungeon.A semicolon must be used whenever a coordinating conjunction has been omitted between independent clauses. To use merely a comma creates an error known as a comma splice.Caution: Do not overuse the semicolon as a means of revising comma splices.2. Use a semicolon between independent clauses linked with a conjunctive adverb or transitional phrase.The following conjunctive adverbs and transitional phrases frequently link independent clauses appearing in one sentence.Conjunctive Adverbs:Accordingly, also, anyway, besides, certainly, consequently, conversely, finally, furthermore, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next, nonetheless, otherwise, similarly, specifically, still, subsequently, then, therefore, thus;Transitional Phrases:After all, as a matter of fact, as a result, at any rate, at the same time, even so, for example, for instance, in addition, in conclusion, in fact, in other words, in the first place, on the contrary, on the other hand;When a conjunctive adverb or transitional phrase appears between independent clauses, it is preceded by a semicolon and usually followed by a comma. For instance:I learned all the rules and regulations; however, I never really learned to control the ball.Conjunctive adverbs and transitional phrases should not be confused with the coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet, which are preceded by a comma when they link independent clauses.3. Use a semicolon between items in a series containing internal punctuation.(×) Classic science fiction sagas are Star-Trek, with Mr. Spock and his large pointed ears, Battlestar Gatactica, with its Cylon Raiders, and Star Wars, with Han Solo, Luke Skywalker, and Darth Vader.(√) Classic science fiction sagas are Star-Trek, with Mr. Spock and his large pointed ears; Battlestar Gatactica, with its Cylon Raiders; and Star Wars, with Han Solo, Luke Skywalker, and Darth Vader.Without the semicolons, the reader would have to sort out the major groupings, distinguishing between important and less important pauses according to the logic of the sentence. By inserting semicolons at the major breaks, the writer does this work for the reader.4. Avoid common misuses of semicolon.Do not use a semicolon in the following situations.Between a subordinate clause and the rest of the sentence(×) Unless you brush your teeth within ten or fifteen minutes after eating; brushing does almost no good.(√) Unless you brush your teeth within ten or fifteen minutes after eating, brushing does almost no good.Between an appositive and the word it refers to(×) Another delicious dish is the chef’s special; a roasted duck rubbed with spices and stuffed with wild rice.(√) Another delicious dish is the chef’s special, a roasted duck rubbed with spices and stuffed with wild rice.Between independent clauses joined by and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet(×) Five of the applicants had worked with spreadsheets; but only one was familiar with database management.(√) Five of the applicants had worked with spreadsheets, but only one was familiar with database management.Exceptions: if at least one of the independent clauses contains internal punctuation, you may use a semicolon even though the clauses are joined with a coordinating conjunction. For example:As a vehicle, the model T was hard-working, commonplace, and heroic; and it often seemed to transmit those qualities to the person who rode in it.Although a comma would also be correct in this sentence, the semicolon is more effective, for it indicates the relative weights of the pauses. Occasionally, a semicolon may be sued to emphasize a sharp contrast or a firm distinction between clauses joined with a coordinating conjunction.Exercise:Add commas or semicolons where needed in the following sentences.1.When a woman behaves like a man why doesn’t she behave like a nice man?2.No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right a single experiment can prove mewrong.3.If an animal does something we call it instinct if we do the same thing we call it intelligence.4.Don’t talk about yourself it will be done when you leave.5.The only sensible ends of literature are first the pleasurable toll of writing second thegratification of family and friends and lastly the solid cash.6.When men talk about defense they always claim to be protecting women and children but theynever ask the women and children whey they think.Key:1.When a woman behaves li ke a man, why doesn’t she behave like a nice man?2.No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove mewrong.3.If an animal does something, we call it instinct; if we do the same thing, we call itintelligence.4.Don’t talk about yourself; it will be done when you leave.5.The only sensible ends of literature are first, the pleasurable toll of writing; second, thegratification of family and friends; and lastly, the solid cash.6.When men talk about defense, they always claim to be protecting women and children; butthey never ask the women and children what they think.ColonThe colon is used primarily to call attention to the words that follow it.e a colon after an independent clause to direct attention to a list, an appositive, or aquotation. For instance:1) The daily routine should include at least the following: twenty knee bends, fifty sit-ups, fifteen leg lifts, and five minutes of running in place.2) My roommate is guilty of two of the seven deadly sins: gluttony and sloth (贪婪和懒惰).3) Consider the words of John F. Kennedy: “Ask not what your country can do for; ask what you can do for your country.”e a colon between independent clauses if the second summarizes or explains the first.For example:Faith is like love: It cannot be forced.Note: When an independent clause follows a colon, it may begin with a lowercase or a capital letter.e colon after the salutation in a formal letter, to indicate hours and minutes, to showproportions, between a title and subtitle, and between city and publisher in bibliographic entries.Dear Sir or Madam:5:30 .The ratio of women to men was 2:1The Glory of Hera: Greek Mythology and the Greek FamilyBoston: Bedford, 19944.Avoid common misuses of the colonA colon must be preceded by a full independent clause, Therefore, avoid using it in the following situations.(×) Some important vitamins found in vegetables are: vitamin A, thiamine, niacin, and vitamin C. (√) Some important vitamins found in vegetables are vitamin A, thiamine, niacin, and vitamin C.(×) The areas to be painted consisted of: three gable ends, trim work, sixteen windows, and a front and back porch.(√) The areas to be painted consisted of three gable ends, trim work, sixteen windows, and a front and back porch.(×) The trees on our campus include many fine Japanese specimens such as: black pines, ginkgos, and weeping cherries.(√) The trees on our campus include many fine Japanese specimens (,) such as black pines, ginkgos, and weeping cherries.ExerciseEdit the following sentences where necessary.1) Smiling confidently, the young man stated his major goal in life; to be secretary of agriculture before he was thirty.2) The second and most memorable week of survival school consisted of five states: orientation; long tracks; POW camps; escape and evasion; and return to civilization.3) Among the canceled classes were: calculus, physics, advanced biology, and English 101.4) There are only three seasons here: winter, July, and August.5) For exampl e: Teddy Roosevelt once referred to the wolf as “the beast of waste and desolation.”Key:1) Smiling confidently, the young man stated his major goal in life: to be secretary of agriculture before he was thirty.2) The second and most memorable week of survival school consisted of five states: orientation, long tracks, POW camps, escape and evasion, and return to civilization.3) Among the canceled classes were calculus, physics, advanced biology, and English 101.4) There are only three seasons here: winter, July, and August. (√)5) For example, Teddy Roosevelt once referred to the wolf as “the beast of waste and desolation.”Apostrophe1. Use an apostrophe to indicate that a noun is possessivePossessive nouns usually indicate ownership, as in Tim’s hat or the lawyer’s des k. Frequently, however, ownership is only loosely implied: the tree’s roots, a day’s work. If you are not sure whether a noun is possessive, try turning it into an of phrase: the roots of the tree, the work of a day.When to add - ’s1)If the noun does not end in –s, add –’s2)If the noun is singular and ends in –s, add –’s.Lois’s sisterException: If pronunciation would be awkward with the added -’s, some writers use only theapostrophe. Either use is acceptable.Sophocles’ play s are among my favorites.When to add only an apostropheIf the noun is plural and ends in –s, add only an apostrophe.Both diplomats’ briefcases were stolen.Joint possessionTo show joint possession, use –s with the last noun only; to show individual possession, make all nouns possessive.Joyce and Greg’s new camperCompound nounsIf a noun is compound, use –s with the last element.My father-in-law’s2. Use an apostrophe to mark omissions in contractions and numbers.It’sThe class of ’95T he ’60s generation3. Use an apostrophe and –s to pluralize numbers mentioned as numbers, letters mentioned as letters, words mentioned as words, and abbreviations.The bleachers in our section were marked with large red J’s.We’ve heard enough maybe’s.Exception: An –s alone is often added to the years in a decade: the 1980s.The Modern Language Association recommends no apostrophe in plurals of numbers and abbreviations: figure 8s, VCRs.Quotation MarksUse quotation marks to enclose direct quotations.1. Direct quotations of a person’s words, whether spoken or written, must be in quotation marks.2. Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation.3. Use quotation marks around the titles of short works: newspaper and magazine articles, poems, short stories, songs, episodes of television and radio programs, and chapters or subdivisions of books.Note: Titles of books, plays, and films and names of magazines and newspapers are put in italics or underlined.4. To give special emphasis or ironic emphasis to a word or phrase, as in there examples:The governor’s “Look Forward” program is a model of innovation.Jeremy’s “car” is an alarming collection of rusty parts.5. Use punctuation with quotation marks according to convention.Periods and commasAlways place periods and commas inside quotation marks. This rule applies to single quotation marks as well as double quotation marks.“This is a stick-up,” said the young couple. “We want all your money.”Colons and semicolonsPut colons and semicolons outside quotation marks.Harold wrote, “I regret that …..”; his letter, however, came with a substantial contribution.Question marks and exclamation pointsPut question marks and exclamation points inside quotation marks unless they apply to the whole sentence.“Mommy, can I tell you a story now?”Periode period to end all sentences except direct questions or genuine exclamations.e periods in abbreviations according to convention.Mr. . . . A. M. Mrs. . . Ms. . . etc. Dr.A period is not used in abbreviations of organization names:NATO, UNESCO, IBM, UCLA, NBANote: If a sentence ends with a period marking an abbreviation, do not add a second period. DashWhen typing, use two hyphens to form a dash (--). DO not put space before or after the dash.e dashes to set off parenthetical material that deserves emphasis. For example:Everything that went wrong—from the peeping Tom at her window to my head-on collision—was blamed on our move.e dashes to set off appositives that contain commas.An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames a nearby noun. Ordinarily most appositives are set off with commas, but when the appositive contains commas, a pair of dashes helps readers see the relative importance of all the pauses. For example:In my hometown the basic needs of people—food, clothing, and shelter—are less costly than in Los Angeles.e a dash to prepare for a list, a restatement, an amplification, or a dramatic shift intone or thought. For instance,Along the wall are the bulk liquids—sesame seed oil, honey, safflower oil, and the half-liquid “peanuts only” peanut butter.Consider the amount of sugar in the average person’s diet—104 pounds per year, 90 percent more than that consumed by our ancestors.The writer could also use a colon. The colon is more formal than the dash, and not quite as dramatic.4.Do not overuse the dash.Unless there is a specific reason for using the dash, avoid it. Unnecessary dashes create a choppy。
Punctuation
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1. Punctuate the following sentences.Information resources must be correct timely concise and comprehensiveShe read all kinds of books ancient and modern Chinese and foreignI have seen neither the camel nor the cargo nor the jewels insisted the ArabThe professor entered the classroom opened his notebook and began his lecture.The bell ran on and on and Tom was still reluctant to get out of bedWe must leave now or we will miss the planeJohn was busy cooking but Mary was playing the pianoThe work is pleasant and the hours are shortGeorge seeing his brother was hurt ran to help him.Bored with his work he thought of going home early.She suddenly appeared at the door a bunch of flowers in her hand.The ceremony over we went back homeMy father however was determined to continue.Some people work best in the mornings others do better in the eveningsTrains are too slow hence he has decided to go by plane.I don’t want to go besides I’m too tired.The film brought him fame moreover it brought him money.On the committee are quite a few well known people for example Professor Zhang an expert in economics Dr. Wang President of the Medical University and Mr. Li Editor in Chief of the local evening paperThree persons were mentioned in her will John her brother Martin her nephew and Helen her faithful friendWe have more knowledge but less sense more medicine, but less wellnessWe visited several major cities in Europe Paris, Lyon, London, Rome, Milan and Berlin.We need three kinds of support economic, political and moral.He protested It’s not my fault that no one staysAbraham Lincoln said You can fool all the people some of the time, and some of the people all the time but you cannot fool all the people all the timeHave you read the essay The Simple Joys of Life in the January Reader’s Digest?She is you have seen her before no longer what she used to be.This answer if we can call it an answer is completely meaningless.Everybodys business is nobodys businessThey worked without a moments restHow many 5s did you get?2. Decide whether the use of the apostrophe in each item is correct or not. In the space provided, write C for correct and W for wrong.1) ____ I bought ten dollar's worth of stamps.2) ____ The night shift nurses uniforms were cleaned and pressed.3) ____ The children's book club met every Saturday morning.4) ____ The Murray's phone bills are often over $100 a month.5) ____ The decision is yours.6) ____ It seems an interesting idea, but there are a lot of if's.3. Put in hyphens, dashes, parentheses, brackets, and ellipsis where they are needed in the following sentences.1) Darwin's On the Origin of Species 1859 caused a great controversy when it appeared.2) "Whoever is elected secretary of the club Ashley, or Chandra, or Aisha must be prepared todo a great deal of work," said Jumita, the previous secretary.3) "But to be restricted to just two forms of punctuation mark ... is like building a house usingonly a hammer and a saw you can do it; but not very well."4) Cold hearted stepmothers are a fixture in many famous fairy tales.5) A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrownthe jumping on a chair at the sight of a mouse era and a major who says that they haven't.6) He could easily have saved the situation by But why talk about it?7) "During the height of the storm, winds exceeded 55 miles an hour the local weather stationrecorded 60 miles an hour, with gusts up to 65 miles an hour."8) We are sad at the small number of people five who accepted our invitation.9) Money that's all he thinks about!10) Eventually the investigation had to examine the major agencies including the preciouslysacrosanct National Security Agency that were conducting covert operations.。
Punctuation1
PunctuationI. The Purpose of PunctuationThe primary purpose of punctuation is to ensure the clarity and readability of writing. Punctuation clarifies sentence structure, separating some words and grouping others. It adds meaning to written words and guides the understanding of readers as they move through sentences. The rules set forth here cover many of the situations you will encounter in writing research papers.1.1 CommaThe comma is used within a sentence to separate its elements to make the meaning clear. It is used:a.before a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but, for, yet, or so etc.) joining independent clausesin a sentenceCongress passed the bill, and the president signed it into law.The poem is ironic, for the poet‘s meaning contrasts wit h her words.Take along a tape recorder, or you risk misquoting your interviewee.V ery short independent clauses need not to be separated by a comma if they are closely connected in meaning.She was late and so missed the program.The bell rang and everyone left.b.to separate words, phrases, and clauses in a series.WORDSBoccaccio‘s tales have inspired plays, films, operas, and paintings.She buys bread, butter, vegetables, and many other things from this supermarket.He spoke slowly, clearly, and emphatically.PHRASESA nurse has to work at night, on weekends, and on holidays.We ran into the airport, checked our luggage, raced to the boarding gate, gave the attendant our boarding passes, and collapsed in our seats.CLAUSESIn the Great Depression, millions lost their jobs, businesses failed, and charitable institutions closed their doors.But use semicolons when items in a series have internal commas.Pollsters focused their efforts on Columbus, Ohio; Des Moines, Iowa; and Saint Louis, Missouri.c.between coordinate adjectives—that is, adjectives that separately modify the same noun.Critics praise the novel‘s unaffected, unadorned style.The new regime imposed harsh, repressive laws.d.to set off a parenthetical comment, or an aside, if it is brief and closely related to the rest ofthe sentence.The vernacular, after all, was the language of everyday life.Tonight‘s performance, I‘m sorry to say, has been canceled.e.to set off a nonrestrictive modifier—that is, a modifier that is not essential to the meaning ofthe sentences. A nonrestrictive modifier, unlike a restrictive one, could be dropped without changing the main sense of the sentence. Modifiers in the following three categories are either nonrestrictive or restrictive.Words in appositionNonrestrictiveThe color of the costumes, blue, acquires symbolic meaning in the story.Isabel Allende, the Chilean novelist, will appear at the arts forum tonight.RestrictiveThe color blue acquires symbolic meaning in the story.The Chilean novelist Isabel Allende will appear at the arts forum tonight.Clauses that begin with who, whom, whose, which, and thatNonrestrictiveScientists, who must observe standards of objectivity in their work, can contribute usefully to public-policy debate.RestrictiveScientists who receive the Nobel Prize sometimes contribute usefully to public-policy debate.Note that some writers prefer to use which to introduce nonrestrictive clauses and that to introduce restrictive clauses.Adverbial phrases and clausesNonrestrictiveHe had to leave his hometown, where he had lived ever since he was born.The ending is sad, as the narrator hinted it would be.An old lady, nodding and smiling, invited us in.RestrictiveThe novel takes place in a land where many languages are spoken.The ending is as the narrator hinted it would be.f.after a long introductory phrase or clause.PHRASEAfter years of anxiety over the family‘s finances, Linda Loman looks forward to the day the mortgage will be paid off.CLAUSEAlthough she was virtually unknown in her day, scholars have come to recognize the originality of her work.g.to set off alternative or contrasting phrases.A determined, even obsessed, taxi driver tells of his ambitious.It is Julio, not his mother, who sets the plot in motion.h.to separate the tag from the statement in tag questions:It‘s a fine day, isn‘t it?i.to indicate omission in sentences:Thales thought water was the beginning of everything; Anaximenes, air; Heraclitus, fire.Reading exercises one‘s eyes;speaking, one‘s tongues; while writing, one‘s mind.j.to separate ―yes‖ or ―no‖ from other parts of an answer:Y es, I like it very much.No, I don‘t think so.Note: To prevent misreading. Compare the following pairs of sentences and you will see sentence A is misleading because it needs a comma to separate different elements.a. Ever since he has devoted himself to athletics.b. Ever since, he has devoted himself to athletics.II. PeriodThe period (full stop) is used:(1)to end declarative and mildly imperative sentences.Everyone should obey the law.Knowledge is powerPut a gram of boldness into everything you do.(2)to end indirect questions:He wondered if she would be able to come in time.They wondered how many attempts have been made to climb Mt. Everest.(3) to denote most abbreviations and initials:U.S.A.Mr., Mrs., Dr., Ph.D., a.m. and p.m.Abbreviations not requiring periods include: address abbreviations for states, such CA and NY;names of some organizations and government agencies, such as CBS and FBI, and acronyms (initials pronounced as words), such as NASA and CARE.Ms. Y uan, who works at NASA, lectured to Dr. Arias‘s physics class yesterday at 9:30A.M.(4)t o end short answers like ―yes‖ or ―no‖:―Do you know it?‖ ―No.‖―Y ou will really come?‖ ―Sure.‖III SemicolonsThe semicolon is used:a.between independent clauses not linked by a conjunction:The coat is tattered beyond repair; still, Akaky hopes the tailor can mend it.The holidays are over; we must get down to our studies.The conjunctive adverbs (so, therefore, however, hence, nevertheless, moreover, accordingly, besides, also, thus, still otherwise, etc.) are inadequate join two independent clauses. A semicolon is required in such cases instead of a comma.Buses are always crowded; hence, he prefers to cycle.The invention brought him fame; moreover, it brought him money.b.to separate clauses when commas are inadequate:In recognition of his services to the people, he was given an extra bonus; awarded a medal,a certificate of honor; and promoted once more.c.between items in a series when the items contain internal commas:Present at the symposium were Henri Guillaume, the art critic; Sam Brown, the Daily Tribune reporter; and Maria Rosa, the conceptual artist.Before he cam e, we had expected him to help us; but when he was with us, he didn‘t do much.IV. ColonsThe colon is used at the end of an independent clause to focus attention on the words following the colon. After a colon, we often write lists, appositives, and direct quotations. Leave only one space after a colon, not two. A colon is used:Before listsUse a colon to introduce a listLibraries have two kinds of periodicals: bound periodicals and current periodicals.I need the following groceries: eggs, milk, and coffee.The causes of the U.S. Civil War were as follows: the economic domination of the North, the slavery issue, and the issue of states‘ rights versus federal intervention.Before appositivesUse a colon after an independent clause to direct attention to an appositive (a word or word group that renames another word or word groups).A doctor has two important abilities: the ability to listen and the ability to analyze.The plot is founded on deception: the three main characters have secret identities.He had one great love in his life: himself.Before long quotationsUse a colon to introduce a quotation longer than three lines. This type of quote is indented on both sides, and no quotation marks are used.As Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable state in their book The History of the English Language:There is no such thing as uniformity in language. Not only does the speech ofone community differ from that of another, but the speech of differentindividuals of a single community, even different members of the same family,is marked by individual peculiarities.Use a colon to introduce a quotation that is independent from the structure of the main sentence.R.Quirk points out: ―Like ellipsis, substitution is a device fo r abbreviating and for avoiding repetition. In this second respect, it is similar to the use of lexical equivalents that are notidentical repetition.‖Before subtitlesUse a colon between the main title and the subtitle of a book, article, or play.A popular book on nonverbal communication is Samovar and Porter‘s InterculturalCommunication: A Reader.The title of an article from the New York Times is ―Man on Mars: Dream or Reality?‖But a verb or preposition that performs the same introductory function as a colon makes the colon unnecessary.The novels on the reading list include …, …., ….(The verb include performs the introductory function).The reading list includes such novels as…..(The preposition as performs the introductory function).In expressions of time or dayUse a colon between the numbers for hours and minutes when indicating the time of day.Helen left the class at 12:30.Their plane arrived at 1:40 a.m., six hours late.After formal salutationsUse a colon after the salutation of a formal letter.Dear Professor Einstein:Dear Customer Relations:To Whom It May Concern:In informal letters, use a comma.Dear Mom,Dear Mark,Caution1. Do not use a colon to introduce a list after the verb to be unless you add the following or as follows.To me, the most important things in life are: good health, a happy home life, and a satisfying occupation. (incorrect)To me, the most important things in life are good health, a happy home life, and a satisfyingoccupation.2. Do not use a colon after a preposition. Use a colon only at the end of an independent clause.After a long day at work, I look forward to: enjoying a quiet dinner at home, playing with my children, and watching a little TV.V ApostropheThe apostrophe plays three major roles: it helps to form the possessive of nouns and a few pronouns; it stands for one or more omitted letters; and it helps to form the plurals of letters and numerals. It does not help form plurals of nouns or the possessive case of personal pronouns.1. When nouns and indefinite pronouns do not end in –s, add –‗s to show possession.The dean’s duties included working closely with the resident assistants.They care about their children’s futures.The accident was really no one’s fault.2. When singular nouns end in –s, add –‘s to show possession.The tour bus’s passengers switched to a train in Athens.That business’s system for handling complaints is inefficient.Charles Dickens’s story ―A Christmas Carol‖ is a perennial favorite at Christmas time.3. When a plural noun ends in –s, use only an apostrophe to show possession.The visitor s’ comments included high praise for the park rangers at Y ellowstone.The newspapers have publicized several medicines’ severe side effects recently.The boy s’ bicycles are stored in the basement.4. In compound words, add –‘s to the last word.His mother-in-law’s corporation just bought out a competitor.The tennis player’s strategy was brilliant.They wanted to hear somebody else’s interpretation of the rule.5. In individual possession, add –‘s to each noun.Olga’s and Joanne’s books are valuable.After the fire, the doctor’s and the lawyer’s offices had to be rebuilt.6. In joint or group possession, add –‘s to only the last noun.Olga and Joanne‘s books are valuable.Anne and Glen Smith‘s article on solar heating interests me.Do not use an apostrophe with the possessive forms of personal pronoun.Some pronouns have specific possessive forms. Do not use an apostrophe with these forms.Pronoun Possessive form(s)he hisshe her, hersit itswe our, oursyou your, yoursthey their, theirswho whoseBe specially alert to it’s and its, as well as who’s and whose, which occur often in English and are frequently confused.Apostrophe caution: The following forms do not exist in English, so do not use them: its’, his’, hers’, yours’, their s’, whos’.Use an apostrophe to stand for omitted letters, numbers, or words in contractions. Common contractionsI‘m, he‘s she‘s it‘sY ou‘re, we‘re, they‘reIsn‘t, are n‘t, wasn‘t, weren‘tHe‘ll, she‘ll, you‘ll, we‘ll, they‘llWon‘t, didn‘t,I‘d, I‘ve, we‘ve, you‘ve, they‘veWho‘s, there‘s, let‘s, can‘t, o‘clockApostrophes also indicate the omission of the first two numerals in years. Use this contraction only in informal writing.The class of ‘50 is having a reunion this year.They moved to Florida after the blizzard of ‘78.Use an apostrophe to form plurals of letters, numerals, symbols, and words used as terms.Billie always has trouble printing W’s.The address includes six 6’s.The for’s in the paper were all misspelled as four’s.For the plural form of years, two styles are acceptable: with an apostrophe (1980‘s) or without (1980s). Whichever form you prefer, use it consistently.VI Quotation marksMost commonly, quotation marks enclose direct quotations—spoken or written words from an outside source. Quotation marks also set off some titles, and they can call attention to words used in special senses.Always use quotation marks in pairs, and be especially careful not omit the second (closing) quotation mark. Double quotation marks (―…‖) are standard. Single quotation marks (‗…‘) are used only for quotation marks within quotation marks. In print, opening and closing quotation marks look slightly different from each other, but they look identical when made on a typewriter or computer printer. Y ou will find examples of both print and of type-written quotation marks inWhen you quote the words of others in your writing, be sure to remain alert to these important matters:●Incorporate quotations correctly and smoothly into your writing:●A void plagiarism—the use of another person‘s words as if they were your own:●Document direct quotations correctly1. Use double quotation marks to enclose short quotationsA quotation is considered ―short‖ if it can be typed or hand-written to occupy no more than four lines on a page. Short quotations are enclosed in double quotation marks. Longer quotations are not enclosed in quotation marks—they are displayed. A displayed quotation starts on a new line, and all typewritten lines indent ten spaces.Short quotationPersonal space ―moves with us, expanding and contracting according to the situation in which we find ourselves‖ (Fisher, Bell, and Baum 149).Long quotationRobert Sommer, an environmental psychologist, uses literary and personal analogies to describe personal space:Like the porcupines in Schopenhauer‘s fable, people like to be close enough toobtain warmth and comradeship but far enough away to avoid pricking one another.Personal space …has been likened to a snail shell, a sop bubble, an aura, and―breathing room.‖ (26)2. Use single quotation marks for quotations within quotationsWhen you want to quote four lines or less and the original words already contain quotation marks, use double quotation marks at the start and end of the directly quoted words. Then, substitute single quotation marks (‗…‘) wherever there are double quotation marks in the original source.Original sourcePersonal space … has been likened to a snail shell, a soap bubble, an aura, and ―breathing room.‖--Robert Sommer, Personal Space:The Behaviroral Bases of Design, page 26Single quotation marks within double quotation marksRobert Sommer, an environmental psychologist, lists comparisons of personal space to ―a snail shell, a soap bubble, an aura, and ‗breathing room‘‖ (26).Translate the following two sentences1.I have a young brother who is a doctor.I have a young brother, who is a doctor.2. Eat children.Eat, children.Exercise 2Put the punctuations in the following sentences1. Andrew did not accept the job offer he wants to go to graduate school.2. Computer use is increasing computer crime is too.3. Skiiing is dangerous nevertheless millions of people ski.4. I have never been to Asia in fact I have never been outside the country.5.One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only or get a correct idea of a flavorfrom a description a sound must be heard a color seen a flavor tasted an odor inhaled.6.If she did not speak with Rebecca on the tender subject she compensated herself with long andintimate conversation with Mrs Blenkinsop the house keeper who dropped some hints to the lady‘s-maid who may have cursorily mentioned the matter to the cook who carries the news I have not doubt to all the tradesmen.7.Even when the repetition is a part of the wr iter‘s original plan consideration is necessarybefore it can be allowed to pass it is implied in the terms ‗rhetorical‘ or significant repetition that the words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out the repetition that is to say is more or less abnormal and whatever is abnormal may be objectionable in a single instance and is likely to become so if it occurs frequently.8. That that is is that that is not is not that that is is not that that is not that that is not is not that thatis.Exercise 3Rewrite these sentences to insert -‘s or an apostrophe alone to make the words in parentheses show possession. Delete the parentheses.1.At Pablo (Picasso) birth, two (midwives) errors nearly allowed him to be left for dead.2.Luckily for Picasso, his cigar-smoking (uncle) quick act saved him.3.(Max Jacob and Pablo Picasso) shared Paris apartment caused them some problems.4.He acted on his belief and helped to develop his seventeen (children) and many (other),artistic talents.5.His faith was rewarded: his sons Rembrandt and Raphaelle both earned their (contemporaries)praise.Exercise 4Rewrite these sentences so that each contains a possessive noun.Example: The Special Olympics is an international program promoting the physical fitness of mentally retarded children and adults.The Special Olympics is an international program promoting mentally retardedchildren’s and adult s’ physical fitness.1.Athletic competition is encouraged in accordance with the age and ability of the participants.2.The training of these athletes takes place in schools and other institutions.3.Handicaps of the participants do not prevent them from competing in sports from basketball togymnastics and ice skating to wheelchair exercise.4.The sponsor of the program is the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Foundation, which first sponsoredthe event in 1968.5.The true beneficiary of the foundation is American society, for the aim of a democracy isequal opportunity and participation for all its members.The first step is to add semicolon:That that is is; that that is not is not; that that is not is that that is not; that that is not is not that that is.The second step is to add comma:That that is, is; that that is not, is not; that that is, is not that that is not; that that is not, is not that that is.The explanation: 这句话里的动词，有的是系动词，有的则等于，不作―是‖解，我们可以把句子改写如下：The thing which exists, exists; the thing which does not exist, does not exist; the thing which exists is not the thing which does not exist; the thing which does not exist is not the thing which exists.全句译成中文似可为：实是实，虚是虚，实非虚，虚非实。
Punctuation
Tips for using semicolon
1. The semicolon is used to mark the connection of closely related sentences. eg: (1) No one is born with knowledge, for knowledge must be taught and learned. or In my opinion, no one is born with knowledge; for knowledge must be taught and learned. (When there is internal punctuation within the clauses, semicolon is used to replace comma.) (See examples on page 435) or (2) No one is born with knowledge; knowledge must be taught and learned. or (3) No one is born with knowledge. Knowledge must be taught and learned. What is the difference between sentence (2) and sentence (3)?
4- punctuation
• (2) Used in common abbreviations, like those for months, days, measurements, and name titles:
inches square feet Monday September Mister in. sq. ft. Mon. Sept. Mr.
• RULE 6: Use commas between the day of the month and the year when you are writing the date: • September 22, 1964
• and after the day of the week if it is noted:
• Introductory word: • However, I won’t be able to give you that. • Introductory phrase: • To get a good night’s sleep, you should practice relaxation techniques. • Introductory clause: • While they ate, the students talked about their plans for the weekend
• RULE 4: Use commas to set off an appositive
• Our neighbors, the Dixons, traveled to Yellowstone National Park for vacation this summer.
• RULE 2: Use a comma to set off an introductory expression from the rest of the sentence.
【通用文档】chapter 16- punctuation.doc
Chapter 16: PunctuationIf you have ever wondered if punctuation is truly important, try reading a passage that does not have punctuation. It in nearly impossible to correctly figure out what the writer was trying to say. Punctuation tells us when one idea stops and another starts. It tells use who owns things and who said what. Punctuation helps us to understand what we are reading.Capitalization is also important, generally we capitalize one of a kind things. We capitalize proper names like Bill and America because they refer to a particular person or place. We capitalize name brands like Band-Aid but not the product-bandages. We also capitalize nations, religions, places, languages, and unique items like the Declaration of Independence.Abbreviations should only be used if necessary to refer to time, a person`s title like Dr., or organizations that are usually referred to by their initials.美文欣赏1、走过春的田野，趟过夏的激流，来到秋天就是安静祥和的世界。
Punctuation
What Would You Do?
• The passage from today talks about a boy who has trouble escaping because he has too many possessions from home. • Imagine you were forced to flee your home. What would you bring with you? Why would you choose to bring these things?
Student Presentations:
• Respect your classmates who are presenting— do not talk when they are talking. • Fill out the chart on each of the punctuation marks.
You will have the rest of class to plan your lesson which will answer these questions.
Next Week:
• Each group will present their lesson on their punctuation mark to the class. • Please make sure you have pages 21-29 from A Long Way Gone read before you come to class.
• Why is this punctuation mark used?
– What are the rules for using this mark? – How do students know when to use this maቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱk?
PUNCTUATION1：END Punctuation
End PunctuationTeaching Contents:The following sections will help students understand and use different types of punctuation more effectively in writing. This chapter begins with the comma, the punctuation mark which usually causes writers the most trouble, before turning to other types of punctuation._______________________________________________________※End PunctuationThe punctuation marks that signal the end of a sentence are the period, the question mark and the exclamation mark.____________________________________________________Period1. Use a period at the end of a complete sentence that is a statement.Example: I know that you would never break my trust intentionally.Wrong：Norway has applied for EC membership, Sweden is expected to do the same.2. Use the period after an indirect question.Example: He asked where his suitcase was.3. The period is used with most abbreviations:Mr. Dr. Ph. D. U.S.A.Nowadays, the period can be omitted. (USA)※Generally, periods are not needed in abbreviations for the names of institutes, organizations and companies.WTO UNESCO NATO IBM BBC4. Three spaced period=the ellipsis mark5. If the last word in the sentence ends in a period, do not follow it with another period. If the sentence requires a question mark or exclamation point, one may be added after the period.Examples: I know that M.D. She is my sister-in-law.Please shop, cook, etc. I will do the laundry.Incorrect: Please make the check out to Roland N. Payne, D.D.S..(Second period at end not needed)Correct: Please make the check out to Roland N. Payne, D.D.S.Correct: Do I make the check out to Roland N. Payne, D.D.S.?6. A period is used after numbers and letters in outlines.Outline:I. PunctuationA. Periods1. End sentences2. Abbreviations3. Outlines____________________________________________________Question marks1. Use a question mark only after a direct question instead of indirect question.Examples: Will you go with me?I asked if he would go with me.Direct Question: What is your name?Incomplete Question: Really? When? No kidding?Statement Intended as Question: Your name is Fred?2. Use a question mark when a sentence is half statement and half question.Example: You do care, don't you?3. A question mark with parentheses indicates the writer’s uncertainty.Examples: Plato was born in 428(?), died in 347 B.C.____________________________________________________ Exclamation marks1. Use exclamation points to show emphasis or surprise. Do not use the exclamation point in formal business letters.Example: I'm truly shocked by your behavior!Exclamatory sentence: The rain did not stop for four days!Strong command: Be back at ten o'clock or else!Interjection: Wow!2. When an emphatic interjection or direct address begins a sentence, you may use an exclamation point or a comma, depending on how much you want to show the strong emotion.Correct: No, I don't want to go there.Correct, more emotion: No, I don't want to go there!Correct, even more emphasis: No! I don't want to go there!3. Use of an exclamation point inside parentheses is used by some to show irony.Usually, the ironic tone should be clear from the words, but sometimes this special punctuation is added for emphasis. Some authorities do not consider this construction necessary, and it is of very limited use in most standard English writing.OK, informal: That butcher (!) is a vegetarian.(The punctuation is probably not necessary, but it was placed there to emphasize the irony.)。
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+ plus 加号；正号
- minus 减号；负号
± plus or minus 正负号
× is multiplied by 乘号
÷ is divided by 除号
＝ is equal to 等于号
≠ is not equal to 不等于号
≡ is equivalent to 全等于号
≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号
≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号
＜ is less than 小于号
＞ is greater than 大于号
≮ is not less than 不小于号
≯ is not more than 不大于号
≤ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号
≥ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号
% per cent 百分之…
‰ per mill 千分之…
∞ infinity 无限大号
∝ varies as 与…成比例
√ (square) root 平方根
∵ since; because 因为
∴ hence 所以
∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例
∠ angle 角
≲ semicircle 半圆
≰ circle 圆
○ circumference 圆周
π pi 圆周率
△ triangle 三角形
≱ perpendicular to 垂直于
∪ union of 并，合集
∩ intersection of 交，通集
∫ the integral of …的积分
∑ (sigma) summation of 总和
° degree 度
′ minute 分
″ second 秒
℃ Celsius system 摄氏度
{ open brace, open curly 左花括号
} close brace, close curly 右花括号
( open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号
) close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号
() brackets/ parentheses 括号
[ open bracket 左方括号
] close bracket 右方括号
[] square brackets 方括号
. period, dot 句号，点
| vertical bar, vertical virgule 竖线
& ampersand, and, reference, ref 和，引用
* asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号，乘号，星，指针
/ slash, divide, oblique 斜线，斜杠，除号
// slash-slash, comment 双斜线，注释符
# pound 井号
\ backslash, sometimes escape 反斜线转义符，有时表示转义符或续行符
~ tilde 波浪符
. full stop 句号
, comma 逗号
: colon 冒号
; semicolon 分号
? question mark 问号
! exclamation mark (英式英语) exclamation point (美式英语)
' apostrophe 撇号
- hyphen 连字号
-- dash 破折号
... dots/ ellipsis 省略号
" single quotation marks 单引号
"" double quotation marks 双引号
‖ parallel 双线号
& ampersand = and
～ swung dash 代字号
§ section; division 分节号
→ arrow 箭号；参见号