佛教术语和常识问答英文版

常见佛教英语
佛教 Buddhism
三大语系佛教 Three languages of Buddhism:
汉语系佛教 Chinese Language Buddhism
藏语系佛教 Tibetan Language Buddhism
巴利语系佛教 Pali Language Buddhism
大乘佛教 Mahayana Buddhism
上座部佛教 Theravada Buddhism
金刚乘/密宗 Vajrayana Buddhism(Lamaism)
中国佛教 Chinese Buddhism
佛经 Sutra
经、律、论 Sutras, Vinaya, Sastra
大藏经 Tripitaka Sutra
三宝(佛、法、僧) Triratna (Buddha, Dharma,Sangha)
“三宝”加被 May “Triratna”bless
法师 Master/Venerable
长老 Thero/Venerable
大长老 Mahathero/ Most Venerable
方丈/主持 Abbot
佛教宗派 Buddhist School
佛教仪式: Buddhist Ceremony/Buddhist Service for
和平祈祷法会 Buddhist Praying Ceremony for World Peace
礼佛 pay respect for Buddha
颂经 Sutra Chanting
香炉 Incense burner
上香 To offer incense to Buddha
因果 Cause and effect
成道/成佛 To obtain the Buddha-hood
觉悟 To get enlightenment
三皈五戒 The ceremony for lay Buddhists to go to the Buddha for refuge, go to the Dharma for refuge, go to the Sangha for refuge and to follow the five commandments of Buddhism(no killing,no stealing,no sexual misconduct,no lying,no intoxicant)
诸恶莫做,众善奉行,自净其意,既是佛教
“To do no evil, to do only good, to purify the will, is the
doctrine of all Buddhas”
做功德 To make contribution to
普渡终生 To save all living beings from sufferings
四谛 Four noble truths
八正道 Eight noble paths
善哉 Sadhu (good or excellent)
佛教寺院 Monastery/Buddhist Temple
山门 The Front Gate
大雄宝殿 The Main Shrine Hall
圆通殿 The Hall of Universal Understanding
观音殿 The Hall of Avalokitesvara Buddhisatva
藏经阁 The Tripitaka Sutra Pavilion
罗汉堂 The Hall of Arhan
祖师殿 The Hall of Patriarch
四大天王 Four deva-kings, the protectors of Buddhism
韦驮 Vitasoka/Vigatasoka, the protector of Buddhism
斋堂 Monastic Dinning Hall
客堂 Monastic Reception
四大名山: Four holy mountains of Chinese Buddhism
五台山 Wutai Mountain is the Holy Place of Manjusri Buddhisattva
峨嵋山 Ermei Mountain is the Holy Place of Mahasthama Buddhisattva
九华山 Jiuhua Mountain is the holy place of Ksitigarbha Buddhisattva
普陀山 Putuo Mountain is the holy place of Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva
佛像 Buddha statue
释迦牟尼佛 Shakyamuni Buddha
弥勒佛 Maitreya Buddha
迦叶佛 Kasyapa Buddha
阿弥陀佛 Amitaba Buddha
毗庐舍那佛 Vairocana Buddha
药师佛 Bhaisajya Buddha/medicine Buddha
三世佛 Buddhas of Three Periods:
Kasyapa Buddha of the past
Shakyamuni Buddha of the present,
Maitrya Buddha of the future
菩萨 Buddhisattva
观世音菩萨 Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva
菩贤菩萨 Samandhabatra Buddhisattva
大势智菩萨 Mahasthamaprapta Buddhisattva
文殊菩萨 Manj

usri Buddisattva
地藏菩萨 ksitigahba Buddhisattva
善财童子 Sudhana
罗汉 Arhan
西方三圣:阿弥陀佛、观音菩萨、大势至菩萨
Amitaba Buddha
Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva
Mahasthamaprapta Buddhisattva
达摩 Budhidharma
摩腾 Kasyapa Matanga
竺法兰 Gobharana/Dharmaraksa
佛学院 Buddhist College
僧伽 Sangha
僧、尼(比丘、比丘尼) monk、nun /Bhiksu, Bhiksuni
方丈/主持 Abbot
首座 Chief monk
监院/当家 Monastic Manger
侍者 Assistant
中国佛教协会 The Buddhist Association of China
中国佛学院 The Buddhist Academy of China
会长 President
副会长 Vice President
秘书长 Secretary General
副秘书长 Deputy Secretary General


佛学英语词汇



the Great Vehicle d大乘

the Lesser Vehicle 小乘

the Diamond Vehicle 金刚乘

Four Noble Truths 四圣谛 苦suffering集causes of suffering灭 suppression of suffering

道path to suppression of suffering

Twelve Links in the Chain of Causation 十二因缘

cycle of rebirths 轮回

ignorance 惑

nirvana 涅磐

greed 贪

hatred 嗔

stupidity 痴

pride 慢

hesitation 疑

wrong view 恶见

no-soul 无我

impermanence 无常

sentient beings 众生

deva 天

human 人

asura 阿修罗

animal 畜牲

hungry ghost 饿鬼

denizen of hell 地狱

morality 戒 concentration 定 wisdom 慧

action 身 speech 口 consciousness 意

lay Buddhists 居士

novice monks 沙弥

monks 比丘

Five Precepts 五戒

personal enlightenment 自觉 universal enlightenment 觉他 full enlightenment 觉满

Buddha of Medicine 药师佛 Buddha Maitreya 弥勒佛

body of essence 法身 award body 报身 body of transformation 化身

Four Heavenly Kings 四天王

karma 因果

Buddha Amitaba 阿弥陀佛

Buddha of Sunlight (法身佛)毗卢遮那佛

Buddha Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼佛

Bodhisattva of Compassion 观音菩萨

Boohisattva of Ultimate Knowledge 文殊菩萨

Bodhisattva of Universal Benevolence 普贤菩萨

Bodhisattva of Great Power 大势至菩萨

bodhi 菩提

dhyana 禅那

sangha 僧团

saha 娑婆

五蕴 five aggregates色aggregate of material body受 aggregate of feelings想 aggregate of perceptions 行aggregate of predispositions识aggregate of consciousness



简单佛学英语



Birth is suffering; aging is suffering;
生是苦;老是苦;
sickness is suffering; death is suffering;
病是苦;死是苦;
association with the unpleasant is suffering;
怨憎会是苦;
dissociation from the pleasant is suffering;
爱别离是苦;
not to get what one wants is suffering;
求不得是苦;
in short, attachment to the five aggregates is suffering.
简言之,对五蕴的执取就是苦。

When past conditioning is erased and no fresh one produced,
当过去的诸行都根除了,并且

也无新的产生,
the mind no longer seeks for future birth.
心不再企求来生。
The seed consumed, cravings no more arise.
种子耗尽,渴爱不再。
Such-minded wise ones cease like [the flame of] this lamp.
智者的心有如灯熄焰灭。

Impermanent are all compounded things.
诸行无常,
When one perceives this with true insight,
洞察及此,
then one becomes detached from suffering;
便能离苦;
this is the path of purification.
此即净化之道。

Impermanent truly are compounded things,
诸行确实无常,
by nature arising and passing away.
自然生起自然灭去。
If they arise and are extinguished,
如果它们生起后,从此就止息再无后续,
their eradication brings happiness.
则其止息便能引生喜乐。

When faced with the vicissitudes of life,
面对变动不已的生活,
one's mind remains unshaken, sorrowless, stainless, secure;
心中该保持坚定、稳固、不悲、无染,
this is the greatest welfare.
这是最大的福祉。

You are your own master, you make your own future.
你是自己的主人,未来掌握在你手中。
Therefore discipline yourself as a horse-dealer trains a thoroughbred.
好好地锻炼自己,就像马贩调教纯种好马一样。

Give charity out of devotion,
出于虔诚布施服务,
always maintain the moral precepts,
总是持守道德信念,
find delight in meditation,
领略禅修的喜悦,
and you will attain the celestial life.
如此,便会体验到天人的生活。

Those phenomena arising from a cause,
现象生起必有原因,
of these the Enlightened One has told the cause and also their cessation;
觉者己经指出诸法的原因及其寂灭;
this is the 'doctrine' of the Great Recluse.
这是大沙门的教旨。



Living in A Grateful World



Be grateful to those who have hurt or harmed you
for they have reinforced your determination

Be grateful to those who have deceived you
for they have deepened your insight
Be grateful to those who have hit you
for they have reduced your karmic obstacles
Be grateful to those who have abandoned you
for they have taught you to be independent
Be grateful to those who have made you stumble you
for they have strengthened your ability
Be grateful to those who have denounced you
for they have increased your wisdom and concentration
Be grateful to those who made you Firm and Resolute
and Helped in your Achievement
2009-09-19 22:30:29 萨缪 (止语!)
karma是“业”,不是“因果”。
“Buddha of Sunlight (法身佛)毗卢遮那佛”这个翻译也很怪异,不知道是不是就“大日如来”直接翻过来的,似乎应该是“vairocana buddha”
至于几位菩萨的名号,为何菩萨二字用梵语转写,而德号用汉译转译,殊不可解。

佛学英语词汇


the Great Vehicle d大乘

the Lesser

Vehicle 小乘

the Diamond Vehicle 金刚乘

Four Noble Truths 四圣谛 苦suffering集causes of suffering灭 suppression of suffering

道path to suppression of suffering

Twelve Links in the Chain of Causation 十二因缘

cycle of rebirths 轮回

ignorance 惑

nirvana 涅磐

greed 贪

hatred 嗔

stupidity 痴

pride 慢

hesitation 疑

wrong view 恶见

no-soul 无我

impermanence 无常

sentient beings 众生

deva 天

human 人

asura 阿修罗

animal 畜牲

hungry ghost 饿鬼

denizen of hell 地狱

morality 戒 concentration 定 wisdom 慧

action 身 speech 口 consciousness 意

lay Buddhists 居士

novice monks 沙弥

monks 比丘

Five Precepts 五戒

personal enlightenment 自觉 universal enlightenment 觉他 full enlightenment 觉满

Buddha of Medicine 药师佛 Buddha Maitreya 弥勒佛

body of essence 法身 award body 报身 body of transformation 化身

Four Heavenly Kings 四天王

karma 因果

Buddha Amitaba 阿弥陀佛

Buddha of Sunlight (法身佛)毗卢遮那佛

Buddha Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼佛

Bodhisattva of Compassion 观音菩萨

Boohisattva of Ultimate Knowledge 文殊菩萨

Bodhisattva of Universal Benevolence 普贤菩萨

Bodhisattva of Great Power 大势至菩萨

bodhi 菩提

dhyana 禅那

sangha 僧团

saha 娑婆

五蕴 five aggregates色aggregate of material body受 aggregate of feelings想 aggregate of perceptions 行aggregate of predispositions识aggregate of consciousness


简单佛学英语


Birth is suffering; aging is suffering;
生是苦;老是苦;
sickness is suffering; death is suffering;
病是苦;死是苦;
association with the unpleasant is suffering;
怨憎会是苦;
dissociation from the pleasant is suffering;
爱别离是苦;
not to get what one wants is suffering;
求不得是苦;
in short, attachment to the five aggregates is suffering.
简言之,对五蕴的执取就是苦。

When past conditioning is erased and no fresh one produced,
当过去的诸行都根除了,并且也无新的产生,
the mind no longer seeks for future birth.
心不再企求来生。
The seed consumed, cravings no more arise.
种子耗尽,渴爱不再。
Such-minded wise ones cease like [the flame of] this lamp.
智者的心有如灯熄焰灭。

Impermanent are all compounded things.
诸行无常,
When one perceives this with true insight,
洞察及此,
then one becomes detached from suffering;
便能离苦;
this is the path of purification.
此即净化之道。

Impermanent truly are compounded things,
诸行确实无常,
by nature arising and passing away.
自然生起自然灭去。
If they arise and are extinguished,
如果它们生起后,从此就止息再无后续,
their eradication brings happiness.
则其止息便能引生喜乐。

When faced with the vicissitudes

of life,
面对变动不已的生活,
one's mind remains unshaken, sorrowless, stainless, secure;
心中该保持坚定、稳固、不悲、无染,
this is the greatest welfare.
这是最大的福祉。

You are your own master, you make your own future.
你是自己的主人,未来掌握在你手中。
Therefore discipline yourself as a horse-dealer trains a thoroughbred.
好好地锻炼自己,就像马贩调教纯种好马一样。

Give charity out of devotion,
出于虔诚布施服务,
always maintain the moral precepts,
总是持守道德信念,
find delight in meditation,
领略禅修的喜悦,
and you will attain the celestial life.
如此,便会体验到天人的生活。

Those phenomena arising from a cause,
现象生起必有原因,
of these the Enlightened One has told the cause and also their cessation;
觉者己经指出诸法的原因及其寂灭;
this is the 'doctrine' of the Great Recluse.
这是大沙门的教旨。


究竟菩提心 Absolute Bodhi Citta - 完全觉醒、见到现象之空性的心;

甘露 Amrta (藏文dut tsi) :一种加持物,能帮助心理及生理疾病的复元。

阿罗汉 Arhat (藏文Dra Chompa):已净除烦恼障的小乘修行者暨成就者。他们是完全了悟的声闻或独觉(或称缘觉)圣者。

观音菩萨 AvalOkiteSVara (藏文ChenreZig):大悲心本尊,是西藏人最广为修持的本尊,因此被尊为西藏之怙佑者。观音菩萨的心咒是「嗡嘛呢贝美吽」,六字大明咒或六字明咒。

中阴 (藏文Bardo):字义为「介于两者之间」。中阴总共有六种,一般指的是介于死亡及再度受生之间的状态。

菩提心 Bodhi Citta (藏文Chang Chup Sem):义为「开悟或证悟之心」。

菩萨Bodhi SattVa (藏文Chang Chup Sem Pa):义为「展现证悟心者」,亦指为了救度一切众生脱离轮回苦海,而誓愿修持以菩提心为基础的大乘法门及六波罗蜜的修行者。

菩萨戒 Bodhi SattVa Vow (藏文Chang Chup Sem Gyi Dong Pa):修行者为了引领一切众生皆成就佛果而誓愿修行并领受的戒。

佛性 Buddha Nature (梵文tathagatagarbha,藏文deshin shekpe nying po),又称为「如来藏」:是一切众生皆具有之原始本性。开悟就是佛性的彰显,因此,佛性往往被称为佛的本质,或开悟的本质。

释迦牟尼佛 Buddha Sakyamuni (藏文Shakya Tubpa):往往又称为瞿昙佛(Gautama Buddha),指贤劫千佛当中最近出世、住于公元前五百六十三年至四百八十三年间的佛。

法道 Buddhist Path (藏文lam):得到正觉或证悟的过程,亦指修行的三种逻辑次第;根、道、果「」中的道。

圆满次第 Completion Stage (藏文dzo rim):在金刚乘,禅修有两个阶段:生起次第及圆满次第。圆满次第是密续禅修的方法,在这个阶段,行者由于体内气脉及能量的变化而得到大

乐、明性及无念的觉受。

依因缘而存在 Conditioned Existence (梵文SamSara,藏文Kor Wa):即轮回的现象。

勇父 Daka (藏文ba wo):相对于空行母之男性,已经全然开悟而且证量很高的瑜伽士。可能是已经得到此种成就的人,也可能是一位禅修本尊证悟心的非人道化身。

空行母 Dakini (藏文khan dro):已经全然开悟而且证量很高的瑜伽女。她可能是已经得到此种成就的人,也可能是一位禅修本尊证悟心的非人道化身。

生起次第 Development Stage (藏文Cherim):在金刚乘,禅修有两个阶段:生起次第及圆满次第。在生起次第的阶段,本尊的观想逐步建立并持续下去。

法、佛法 Dharma (藏文Cho):一、指真理;二、指佛陀所教导我们修正言行的方法与修持成佛的法门 (即佛法)。。

法性 Dharmata (藏文Cho Nyi):义为「如是」、「事物之真实本性」、「事物之如如真相」。法性是完全开悟者所见到的现象,没有任何的障蔽及曲解。

法轮 Dharma Chakra (藏文Cho Chi Khor Lo):佛陀的法教可分为三种层次:小乘、大乘及金刚乘,分别在三次转动法轮时所传授。

法界 dharmadhatu(藏文Cho yings):一切现象所升起之片遍在界,无始亦无终。

法性 dharmata(藏文Cho nyi):现象的真实本性,亦称为「如如自性」、「事物之真实本性」或「事物之本然自性」。

证道歌 Doha(藏文gur):金刚乘行者随顺觉受及悟境而自然唱造的歌。通常是九字一句。


勇父 Daka (藏文ba wo):相对于空行母之男性,已经全然开悟而且证量很高的瑜伽士。可能是已经得到此种成就的人,也可能是一位禅修本尊证悟心的非人道化身。

空行母 Dakini (藏文khan dro):已经全然开悟而且证量很高的瑜伽女。她可能是已经得到此种成就的人,也可能是一位禅修本尊证悟心的非人道化身。

生起次第 Development Stage (藏文Cherim):在金刚乘,禅修有两个阶段:生起次第及圆满次第。在生起次第的阶段,本尊的观想逐步建立并持续下去。

法、佛法 Dharma (藏文Cho):一、指真理;二、指佛陀所教导我们修正言行的方法与修持成佛的法门 (即佛法)。。

法性 Dharmata (藏文Cho Nyi):义为「如是」、「事物之真实本性」、「事物之如如真相」。法性是完全开悟者所见到的现象,没有任何的障蔽及曲解。

法轮 Dharma Chakra (藏文Cho Chi Khor Lo):佛陀的法教可分为三种层次:小乘、大乘及金刚乘,分别在三次转动法轮时所传授。

法界 Dharmadhatu(藏文Cho yings):一切现象所升起之片遍在界,无始亦无终。

法身dharmakaya 又称为「自性身」或「法性身」,是佛陀的全然证悟身或圆融智慧身,是超越形相的真知智慧,显现

于报身及化身。

法性 Dharmata(藏文Cho nyi):现象的真实本性,亦称为「如如自性」、「事物之真实本性」或「事物之本然自性」。

证道歌 Doha(藏文gur):金刚乘行者随顺觉受及悟境而自然唱造的歌。通常是九字一句。

八有暇、八种自由 Eight Freedoms (梵文Astaksana,藏文Tel Wa Gye):未生于地狱道、未生于饿鬼道、末生于畜生道、末生于长寿之道、末生于不利修持佛法之地、末生于无正法或持邪见之地、末生于无佛出世的世界、末生为心智不全之人等无暇或难以修持佛法的状况。又称为「离八难」。

八知识障 Eight Intellectual Complcations:没有八种知识造作就是没有始见、终见、断见、常见、去见、来见、离见及无离见。

空性 Emptiness (梵文sunyata 藏文tongpanyi):佛陀在二转法轮时开示道:外在现象及内在现象或「我」的观念,皆没有真实的存在性,因此是「空性的」。


五无间、五逆 Five Actions of immediate result:五种导致即身堕入无间地狱的极其严重之恶行:杀父、杀母、杀阿罗汉、出佛身血、破和合僧。亦称为五无间罪业或五逆罪。

五毒 Five Poisons (梵文klesas,藏文nyon mong):即烦恼障或心识障:相对于知识障。烦恼障主要可分为三种或五种。所谓约三毒是指:贪、瞋、痴:五毒则指三毒加上慢及疑(嫉)。

四不共加行 Four Extraordinary Founndations Orpreliminary Practices:四不共加行包括十一万一千一百一十一遍的皈依大礼拜、清净业障金刚萨心咒、献曼达及上师相应法之祈请文

四种极端或四偏 Four Extremes (梵文CatuSkoti,藏文mu bzhi):相信一切事物的存在性 , 即常见 ; 相信一切事物都不存在性 , 即断见 ; 相信事物既存在又不存在 , 即常见 ; 相信事物超乎存在及不存在

四加行 Four Foundations Orpreliminary Practices (藏文Ngon dro):在金刚乘中,行者通常由四加行契入法道。一般所谓的「四加行」包括「四共加行」(Four Ordinary Foundations Orpreliminary Practices) 及「四不共加行」(Four Extraordinary Founndations Orpreliminary Practices)。

四无量心 Four Immeasurables (藏文 tsam med pa):无量有四,慈、悲、喜、舍;

慈,愿一切众生具乐及乐因。悲,愿一切众生离苦及苦因。喜,愿一切众生不离无苦之妙乐。舍,愿一切众生远离怨、亲、爱、憎,常住大平等舍。

四共加行 Four Ordinary Founndations Orpreliminary Practices (藏文tn mong gi ngon dro Shi):将心转向佛法的四种禅修或思惟,包括观修或反复深思「观人生难得」、「观死无常」、「观业报因果」、「观轮回过失」,以培养坚定的修道心。如三年关前的三个月作此观想,或者修大手印前四年空观禅修的第一年作此观修。四共

加行是大手印的基础法门。亦称为「转心四思惟」或「转心四法」、「四正观」。

四圣谛 Four Noble Truths(藏文pakpay den pa Shi ):佛陀以在印度鹿野苑(撒拉那,Saranath)开示四圣谛而开始转法轮。苦谛、集谛、灭谛及道谛是佛教小乘的基础思惟。

转心四思惟 Four Thoughts That Turn The Mind (藏文lo dok nam shi):即四加行的基础思惟。

冈波巴大师 Gampopa (l079-1153 A.D):藏传佛教噶举派的主要传承持有者。着有《解脱庄严宝论 (The Jewel Ornament of Liberation)

上师瑜伽 Guru Yoga:四不共加行的第四加行,强?#123;对上师的虔敬心。

小乘 Hinayana (藏文tek pa chung wa):字义为「较小之车乘」,指佛陀初转法轮时所传授的法教,强?#123;仔细检视自心及其迷惑。又称为上座门徒,即上座部,之道 (Theravadin path)。

饿鬼 Hungry Ghosts (梵文preta,藏文yidak):永远在饥、渴之中的众生,生于轮回六道中的饿鬼道。


相互依存 Interdependent Origination (藏文ten drel):相互依存的理论指出,一切现象皆是空性的,也就是说,一切事物的显现都是相互依存,互有关联,并系决于彼此,而没有任何实质的存在。事物的显现主要有十二种缘起,称为十二因缘。

阿修罗 Jealous Gods (梵文asura,藏文lha ma yin):嫉妒心极强之众生,因有染污的善业而生于上三道中的阿修罗道。或称为半神。

圆满智慧 Jnana(藏文ye she):乃原始的明觉,也是开悟(自心本性不再受到障蔽)时所显现的智慧。梵文之发音为「佳那」。

噶举派(藏文kagyu):西藏佛教的四大派之一,由马尔巴大译师所创始,以大宝法王 (噶玛巴)为至高的导师。藏传佛教其它三大派为:宁玛 – 红教、萨迦 – 花教及格鲁– 黄教。

劫 Kalpa (藏文yuga):数百万年之长的时间单元,是「劫拨」的简称。

业、业报因果 Karma (藏文lay):字义为「行为」,亦指宇宙之因果定律:善行(善因)必导致善果,恶行(恶因)必导致恶果:善果必出自善因,恶果必出自恶因。

三身 Kayas,three(藏文ku sum):佛有三身:化身、报身、法身。

烦恼障 Klesa (藏文nyon mong pa):有情的痛苦,通常又称「defilement」染污。烦恼障可分为三毒:贪(贪恋、贪欲、贪执)、瞋(瞋恨、瞋恚、瞋怒)、痴(愚痴、迷惑、嫌恶);亦可分为五毒:贪、瞋、痴、慢(傲慢)、嫉(嫉妒)。

固速鲁 Kusulu:修习佛法有两种方法,一种是研读佛教经典:另外一种是直接禅修,研读的功夫较少,这就是「固速鲁」或瑜伽上的方法。

喇嘛、上师 Lama (梵文guru):西藏传统中崇高的老师。

大手印 Mahamudra (藏文Cha ja chen po):字义为「大印鉴」或「大符号」。此种禅

修传统强?#123;直观自心,而不是经由善巧法门认知自心。

大班智达 Mahapandita(藏文 pan di ta che po):伟大的佛教大学者;班智达,pandita:大学者。

大成就者 Mahasiddha (藏文drup thop chen po):证量极高的修行者

大乘 Mahayana (藏文tek pa chen po):字义为「大型车辆」,是佛陀二转法轮时所传授的法教,强?#123;空性、慈悲心及遍在之佛法。

曼达拉或坛城 Mandala(藏文chin kor):各种金刚乘修法所用的图形,通常中央是本尊,并有四个方向。

咒语 Mantra(藏文ngak):代表各种能量的梵音,必须在各种不同的金刚乘修法中复诵。

中观 Middle Way(藏文u ma),或Madhyamaka school:龙树(Nagauna)所建立的一个哲学派别,以阐述空性的《般若波罗蜜多心经》为基础。

莲花生大士 Padmasambhva (藏文Guru Rinpoche):于第九世纪应邀至西藏,降服邢秽及魔障,并建立宁玛派传承,为藏传佛教之祖师。

别解脱戒 Pratimoksa Vows (藏文so sor tar pa):僧尼所受持的不杀生、不偷盗、不妄语……等戒律。

缘觉或独觉 Pratyeka Buddha (藏文rang sang gye):意为「孤立的证悟者」,又名辟支佛。为已开悟的小乘修行者,依修十二因缘而悟道,但不具救度一切众生的菩萨愿;其修行动机是自利,而非利他之菩提心。

前行法 Preliminary Practices :修持本尊禅修之前必须完成的基础或预备修持。

相对菩提心 Relative Bodhi Citta - 修持六度(布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定及智慧波罗蜜)、万行,并救度一切众生脱离轮回苦海的愿心。

轮回 Samsara (藏文kor wa):依因缘而存在的存在形式。众生因为贪、瞋、痴 (三毒或烦恼障) 而流转于轮回,并承受轮回之苦。

僧、僧伽 Sangha (藏文 gendun):法道上的伴侣。或泛指法道上的一切行者,或特指已开悟的圣僧。

六波罗蜜 (Six): 布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定及智慧

轮回六道 Six realms of Samsara (藏文rikdruk):由于不同的烦恼或心识染污特质而受生于轮回的六种形态:天道:天人或天道众生具有强烈的傲慢心,必须历经变易之苦:阿修罗道:具有强烈的嫉妒、猜疑心,必须历经斗争之苦;人道:是六道中最幸运的,因为人道众生具有达到证悟的最佳机会,虽然他们有生、老、病、死之苦:畜生道:由于强烈的愚痴而受生,有深切的暗哑之苦:饿鬼道:由于强烈的悭吝而受生,有极端的饥渴之苦:地狱道:由于强烈的填瞋归鬼恚心而受生,具有极端的冷热之苦。

声闻 Sravaka (藏文nyen th):指亲闻佛说法的弟子,或泛指修习四圣义谛而证悟成道,已经完全了知无我的小乘修行者(阿罗汉)。

十圆满 Ten Assets or Endowments (梵文dasasam pada,藏文jor wa chu):益于

修持佛法的十种因素:生于人道、生于佛法盛传之地、具有健全的心智、无极大恶业、对佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛传法、值法传世、有修行者与修行的自由及具善知识之慈悲教导。

三宝 Three Jewels (藏文kon chok sum):佛宝、法宝及僧宝。

赤松德赞 Thrisong Deutsen (790~858A.D.):西藏国王,邀请伟大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏,并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺庙「桑耶林」(Samye Ling)。

三藏 Tri pitaka:佛教的法教通常分为三藏,经藏、律藏及论藏。经藏,佛陀所说的经文;律藏,佛陀所制定的戒律;论藏,佛弟子所造的论述,主体是现象的分析,是法教的阐释或论述传统。


龙树 Nagauna

化身 Nirmanakaya 又称为「应化身」,示现于世间,如释迦牟尼佛于此世间之化现。

涅燊 Nirvana(藏文nya ngen lay day pa):完全证悟时所达到的境界。在文字用法上和轮回形成对比。

莲花生大士 Padmasambhva (藏文Guru Rinpoche):于第九世纪应邀至西藏,降服邢秽及魔障,并建立宁玛派传承,为藏传佛教之祖师。

波罗蜜多 Paramita(藏文pha rol tu phyin pa):能超越轮回的具德行为。大乘道所修持的种波罗蜜是:布施波罗蜜、持戒波罗蜜、忍辱波罗蜜、精进波罗蜜、禅定波罗蜜、智慧波罗蜜。颇哇 Phowa(藏文):一种高深的密续法门,是关于在死亡时将意识投射到善道的法门。

般若 Prajna(藏文she rab):在梵文的意思是「圆满的知识」,也可以表示智慧、理解或辨识能力。通常它是表示从比较高超的角度(例如,非二元)来看事情的智慧。

别解脱戒 Pratimoksa Vows (藏文so sor tar pa):僧尼所受持的不杀生、不偷盗、不妄语……等戒律。

缘觉或独觉 Pratyeka Buddha (藏文rang sang gye):意为「孤立的证悟者」,又名辟支佛。为已开悟的小乘修行者,依修十二因缘而悟道,但不具救度一切众生的菩萨愿;其修行动机是自利,而非利他之菩提心。

前行法 Preliminary Practices :修持本尊禅修之前必须完成的基础或预备修持。

相对菩提心 Relative Bodhi Citta - 修持六度(布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定及智慧波罗蜜)、万行,并救度一切众生脱离轮回苦海的愿心。

世俗谛 Relative truth(藏文kun dzop):和胜义谛(或译为圣谛、真谛)合称为二谛。世俗谛是尚末开悟的世俗人对世界的看法,亦即他们基于错误的自我信念而做的投射。
仪轨 Sadhana(藏文drup tap):密续修法的法本,详细地叙述如何观修本尊的坛城及禅定。

三摩地 Samadhi(藏文ting nge dzin):又称为专一禅定,是禅修的最高形式。

止 Samatha or tranquility meditation(藏文Shi nye):基本的禅修方法。修「止」的时候

,行者通常盘腿而生,专注于呼吸并观察心的活动。

报身Samb Hogakaya 又称为「法乐身」,示现给菩萨。

轮回 Samsara (藏文kor wa):依因缘而存在的存在形式,和涅乐相反。众生因为贪、瞋、痴 (三毒或烦恼障) 而流转于轮回,并承受轮回之苦。

僧或僧伽 Sangha(藏文gen dun):修行道上的伴侣。僧众可能是法道上的一切修行者,或是已开悟的出家众。

经典 Satra(藏文do):记录佛陀亲口所说的法,所集成小乘及大乘典籍,有别于金刚乘的密续(tantra)法教及阐释佛陀之语的论注(Sastras)。

经乘 Satrayana:经乘的证悟方法包括小乘及大乘。

悉达 Siddha(藏文grub thab):有成就的佛教修行者,即成就者。

悉地 Siddhis(藏文ngo drub):佛教成就者的修行成就。

轮回六道 Six Realms of Samsara (藏文rikdruk):由于不同的烦恼或心识染污特质而受生于轮回的六种形态:天道,天人或天道众生具有强烈的傲慢心,必须历经变易之苦阿修罗道,具有强烈的嫉妒、猜疑心,必须历经斗争之苦; 人道,是六道中最幸运的,因为人道众生具有达到证悟的最佳机会,虽然他们有生、老、病、死之苦畜生道,由于强烈的愚痴而受生,有深切的暗哑之苦:饿鬼道,由于强烈的悭吝而受生,有极端的饥渴之苦:地狱道,由于强烈的填瞋归鬼恚心而受生,具有极端的冷热之苦。

蕴 Skandha(藏文pang pa):蕴的字义为「积集」。色蕴、受蕴、想蕴、行蕴及识蕴等五蕴,是将物体的存在转化为知觉的五种基本功能。

声闻 Sravaka (藏文nyen th):指亲闻佛说法的弟子,或泛指修习四圣义谛而证悟成道,已经完全了知无我的小乘修行者(阿罗汉)。

气脉 Subtle Channels(藏文tsa):气脉指的是有气的能量或「风」,《梵文「波若那」(Prana),藏文即「隆(Lung)」》,循环于其中的微细管道,而不是解剖学上的脉。

空性 Sunyata(藏文tong pa nyi):佛陀在二转法轮时开示外在现象、「我」或「自我」的观念没有真实的存在性,因此万法都是空性的。

密续 Tantra(藏文gyu):金刚乘法教及其典籍。

十圆满 Ten Assets or Endowments (梵文dasasam pada,藏文jor wa chu):益于修持佛法的十种因素:生于人道、生于佛法盛传之地、具有健全的心智、无极大恶业、对佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛传法、值法传世、有修行者与修行的自由及具善知识之慈悲教导。

三宝 Three Jewels (藏文kon chok sum):佛宝、法宝及僧宝。

赤松德赞 Thrisong Deutsen (790~858A.D.):西藏国王,邀请伟大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏,并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺庙「桑耶林」(Samye Ling)。

三藏 Tri pitaka:佛教的法教

通常分为三藏,经藏、律藏及论藏。经藏,佛陀所说的经文;律藏,佛陀所制定的戒律;论藏,佛弟子所造的论述,主体是现象的分析,是法教的阐释或论述传统。


What is Buddhism? 什么是佛教?

Buddhism is a religion to about 300 million people around the world. The word comes from 'budhi', 'to awaken'. It has its origins about 2,500 years ago when Siddhartha Gotama, known as the Buddha, was himself awakened (enlightened) at the age of 35.
佛教是一种约有三亿人信仰的世界性宗教。这个词来自于'菩堤',意思是'觉悟' 。佛教大约起源于2500年前,是悉达多乔达摩(称为佛陀)在35岁时觉悟后所发起的。



? Is Buddhism a Religion? 佛教是一种宗教吗?

To many, Buddhism goes beyond religion and is more of a philosophy or 'way of life'. It is a philosophy because philosophy 'means love of wisdom' and the Buddhist path can be summed up as:

(1) to lead a moral life,
(2) to be mindful and aware of thoughts and actions, and
(3) to develop wisdom and understanding.

对于许多人来说,佛教超越宗教,更象是一种哲学或'生活艺术' 。说它是一种哲学,因为哲学'意指热爱智慧'。佛教的修行路径可以概括为:

( 1 )引导人们过着高尚的道德生活(戒),
( 2 )教人观察身心注意思想行为(定),
( 3 )通过修行获得智慧(慧)。



? How Can Buddhism Help Me? 佛教对我能有什么帮助?

Buddhism explains a purpose to life, it explains apparent injustice and inequality around the world, and it provides a code of practice or way of life that leads to true happiness.
佛教解释了生命的真相,它对世上的种种不公正以及不平等现象(人生的痛苦)作出了解释,并提供了修行解脱的道路,使人走向真正的幸福。



? Why is Buddhism Becoming Popular? 为什么佛教越来越受人欢迎?

Buddhism is becoming popular in western countries for a number of reasons, The first good reason is Buddhism has answers to many of the problems in modern materialistic societies. It also includes (for those who are interested) a deep understanding of the human mind (and natural therapies) which prominent psychologists around the world are now discovering to be both very advanced and effective.

佛教在西方国家越来越流行有许多原因,首先一个原因是佛教解答了现代功利社会出现的许多问题。还有就是(对于那些有兴趣的人来说)佛教深刻剖析人的心灵,世界各地著名的心理学家都发现佛教对心灵的了解(和自然疗法)都是非常先进和有效的。



? Who Was the Buddha? 佛陀是谁?

Siddhartha Gotama was born into a royal family in Lumbini, now located in Nepal, in 563 BC. At 29, he realised that wealth and luxury did not guarantee happiness, so he explored the different teachings, religions and philosophies of the da

y, to find the key to human happiness. After six years of study and meditation he finally found 'the middle path' and was enlightened. After enlightenment, the Buddha spent the rest of his life teaching the principles of Buddhism — called the Dhamma, or Truth — until his death at the age of 80.
悉达多乔达摩是在公元前563年出生于在蓝毗尼的一个帝王家族,在现在的尼泊尔境内。在29岁时,他意识到荣华富贵并不能给予人真正的幸福,所以他学习了当时社会上流行的不同的宗教和哲学教义,希望能找到通往真正幸福之路(灭苦之路)。经过六年的学习和冥想(修行),他终于找到了'中道'后获得了解脱。大彻大悟之后,佛陀终其一生传播佛法,直到他在8 0岁后去世为止。



? Was the Buddha a God? 佛陀是神吗?

He was not, nor did he claim to be. He was a man who taught a path to enlightenment from his own experience.

他不是,他也没有声称是。他教导自己亲历的觉悟之道。




? Do Buddhists Worship Idols? 佛教徒崇拜偶像吗?

Buddhists sometimes pay respect to images of the Buddha, not in worship, nor to ask for favours. A statue of the Buddha with hands rested gently in its lap and a compassionate smile reminds us to strive to develop peace and love within ourselves. Bowing to the statue is an expression of gratitude for the teaching.

佛教徒对佛像表示敬意,这并不是崇拜偶像,也不是请求恩惠。佛像中佛陀的两手轻轻地置于膝盖上以及面带慈祥的微笑提醒着我们要努力从自己的内心中寻求清静与慈爱。对佛像顶礼是表示对佛陀教化的感谢。



? Why are so Many Buddhist Countries Poor? 为什么那么多信仰佛教的国家贫穷?

One of the Buddhist teachings is that wealth does not guarantee happiness and also wealth is impermanent. The people of every country suffer whether rich or poor, but those who understand Buddhist teachings can find true happiness.

佛教的一个教义是:财富并不能保证真正的幸福并且财富也是无常的。每个国家的人读都有苦,无论贫穷与富贵,只有那些修行了悟佛法的人才能找到真正的幸福(才能断苦)。



? Are There Different Types of Buddhism? 有不同类型的佛教吗?

There are many different types of Buddhism, because the emphasis changes from country to country due to customs and culture. What does not vary is the essence of the teaching — the Dhamma or truth.

由于各个国家不同的习俗和文化而产生了不同类型的佛教,但佛法的本质也就是佛教所说的真理是没有变的。



? Are Other Religions Wrong? 其他宗教都是错误的吗?

Buddhism is also a belief system which is tolerant of all other beliefs or religions. Buddhism agrees with the moral teachings of other religions but Buddhism goes further by providing a long term purpose within our exi

stence, through wisdom and true understanding. Real Buddhism is very tolerant and not concerned with labels like 'Christian', 'Moslem', 'Hindu' or 'Buddhist'; that is why there have never been any wars fought in the name of Buddhism. That is why Buddhists do not preach and try to convert, only explain if an explanation is sought.

佛教也是一种信仰,它对其它的信仰或宗教是很宽容的。佛教赞同其他宗教关于道德的教义,但佛教依于智慧和真知进一步指出人生更长远的目标。真正的佛教是非常宽容的,并不执着于比如对'基督教'、'穆斯林'、'印度教'或'佛教' 等名称的分别。这就是为什么在历史上从来没有任何战争是以佛教的名义发起的。佛教徒也从不强求别人改变信仰,只是在别人需要时尽力开导。



? Is Buddhism Scientific? 佛教合乎科学吗?

Science is knowledge which can be made into a system, which depends upon seeing and testing facts and stating general natural laws. The core of Buddhism fit into this definition, because the Four Noble truths (see below) can be tested and proven by anyone. In fact, the Buddha himself asked his followers to test the teaching rather than accept his word as true. Buddhism depends more on understanding than faith.

科学是可以形成系统的知识,是通过观察和试验的结果来说明一般的自然法则。佛教从总体上来说也符合这种方式,因为佛法的四圣谛(见下文)是可以通过检验和求证的。事实上,佛陀本人也要求他的追随者自己去修行证悟他的教法,而不是盲目地接受他的话。佛教更重视理解(智慧)而不是仅仅依赖于信仰。



? What did the Buddha Teach? 佛陀的教导是什么?

The Buddha taught many things, but the basic concepts in Buddhism can be summed up by the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path.
佛陀对人们有很多的教导,但基本的教义可以概括为四圣谛与八圣道。



? What is the First Noble Truth? 第一个圣谛(苦谛)是什么?

The first truth is that life is suffering i.e., life includes pain, getting old, disease, and ultimately death. We also endure psychological suffering like loneliness, frustration, fear, embarrassment, disappointment and anger. This is an irrefutable fact that cannot be denied. It is realistic rather than pessimistic because pessimism is expecting things to be bad. lnstead, Buddhism explains how suffering can be avoided and how we can be truly happy.

第一个圣谛是人生是有种种痛苦的,就是说人生之苦包括疼痛,老化,生病,以及最终死亡。我们还得忍受心理上的痛苦比如孤独,沮丧,恐惧,尴尬,失望和愤怒。这是一个无可辩驳的事实也是不能否认的。这是面对现实而不是悲观,因为悲观主义是预期一切都是不好的。但佛教解释了如何摆脱痛苦以及如何使我们获得真正的快

乐。



? What is the Second Noble Truth? 第二个圣谛(集谛)是什么?

The second truth is that suffering is caused by craving and aversion. We will suffer if we expect other people to conform to our expectation, if we want others to like us, if we do not get something we want,etc. In other words, getting what you want does not guarantee happiness. Rather than constantly struggling to get what you want, try to modify your wanting. Wanting deprives us of contentment and happiness. A lifetime of wanting and craving and especially the craving to continue to exist, creates a powerful energy which causes the individual to be born. So craving leads to physical suffering because it causes us to be reborn.

第二个圣谛讲痛苦的原因是渴求和厌恶(贪与嗔)。如果我们期望别人顺从自己的意愿、如果我们希望别人喜欢我们、如果我们没有得到我们想要的东西,发生如此等等的事就会感到痛苦。换言之,得到你想要的并不能保证使你真正幸福。不断地挣扎得到你所希望的,不如尝试放下渴求。不停地渴求只会使我们失去知足与快乐。如果一辈子不停地渴求尤其是渴求继续存在,就会造成了强大的能量从而导致再生。所以渴求导致身心痛苦,因为它使我们转生。



? What is the Third Noble Truth? 第三个圣谛(灭谛)是什么?

The third truth is that suffering can be overcome and happiness can be attained; that true happiness and contentment are possible. lf we give up useless craving and learn to live each day at a time (not dwelling in the past or the imagined future) then we can become happy and free. We then have more time and energy to help others. This is Nirvana.

第三个圣谛是离苦得乐是可以实现的,真正的快乐和满足是可能获得的。假如我们放弃无用的渴求和学习每天生活在当下(而不是停留在过去的忆念中或对将来的想象中),那么我们就会感到快乐与自由。我们还会有更多的时间和精力来帮助别人。这就是涅槃(解脱)。



? What is the Fourth Noble Truth? 第四个圣谛(道谛)是什么?

The fourth truth is that the Noble 8-fold Path is the path which leads to the end of suffering.

第四个圣谛是八圣道可以使人彻底脱离痛苦。



? What is the Noble 8-Fold Path? 什么是八正道?

In summary, the Noble 8-fold Path is being moral (through what we say, do and our livelihood), focussing the mind on being fully aware of our thoughts and actions, and developing wisdom by understanding the Four Noble Truths and by developing compassion for others.

总的来说八正道就是在说话做事及工作谋生上注意守戒(端正品行) ,用心观察我们的思想及行动(修定),并且从体悟四圣谛中获得智慧以及培养对人的慈悲心。



? What are the 5 Precepts? 五戒是什么?

The moral code within Buddhism is the precepts,

of which the main five are: not to take the life of anything living, not to take anything not freely given, to abstain from sexual misconduct and sensual overindulgence, to refrain from untrue speech, and to avoid intoxication, that is, losing mindfulness.

佛教的道德规则是戒律,其中主要的五戒是:不杀生,不偷盗,不邪淫及放纵感官享乐,不妄语,不饮酒或吸毒而使人失去正念。



? What is Karma? 什么是因果报应?

Karma is the law that every cause has an effect, i.e., our actions have results. This simple law explains a number of things: inequality in the world, why some are born handicapped and some gifted, why some live only a short life. Karma underlines the importance of all individuals being responsible for their past and present actions. How can we test the karmic effect of our actions? The answer is summed up by looking at (1) the intention behind the action, (2) effects of the action on oneself, and (3) the effects on others.

因果报应是说有因必有果,也就是说,我们的一切行为都有结果。这个简单的定律可以解释很多事情:世界的不平等现象,为什么有些人一出生就残废和而有些人却有天赋,为什么有些人短命。因果报应强调所有的人必须对他们自己的过去与现在行为负责。怎么评判我们行动所造成的果报如何呢?概括地说答案是要看( 1 )行为的意图,( 2 )行为结果对自己的影响,和( 3 )对别人的影响等。



? What is Wisdom? 什么是智慧?

Buddhism teaches that wisdom should be developed with compassion. At one extreme, you could be a goodhearted fool and at the other extreme, you could attain knowledge without any emotion. Buddhism uses the middle path to develop both. The highest wisdom is seeing that in reality, all phenomena are incomplete, impermanent and do no constitute a fixed entity. True wisdom is not simply believing what we are told but instead experiencing and understanding truth and reality. Wisdom requires an open, objective, unbigoted mind. The Buddhist path requires courage, patience, flexibility and intelligence.

佛法教导我们智慧与慈悲要同时开发。在一个极端,你可能是个傻好人,在另一个极端,你可能只获得知识却没有任何情感。佛教使用中道来开发慈悲与智慧。最高的智慧是看到万法无常无我的真相。真正的智慧不只是相信教义而是实践和了悟真相。开发智慧需要一个开放的、客观的、不固执的头脑。在修行佛法的道路上需要勇气、耐心、随缘和智慧。



? What is Compassion? 什么是慈悲?

Compassion includes qualities of sharing, readiness to give comfort, sympathy, concern, and caring. In Buddhism, we can really understand others, when we can really understand ourselves through wisdom.

慈悲心的特质包括的愿与别人分享、随时愿意给人安乐、有

同情心、关心别人以及照顾别人。根据佛教,如果我们能通过智慧了解自己,我们才能真正理解别人。



? How do I Become a Buddhist? 如何成为一个佛教徒?

Buddhist teachings can be understood and tested by anyone. Buddhism teaches that the solutions to our problems are within ourselves not outside. The Buddha asked all his followers not to take his word as true, but rather to test the teachings for themselves. ln this way, each person decides for themselves and takes responsibility for their own actions and understanding. This makes Buddhism less of a fixed package of beliefs which is to be accepted in its entirety, and more of a teaching which each person learns and uses in their own way.
佛教的教义是每个人都可以理解并实践的。佛法教导我们消除烦恼是从内心而不是从外面。佛陀要求他的弟子们不要盲目地接受他的话而是要自己去修行证悟他的教法。这样,每个人都可以为他们自己作出选择但也得对他们自己的思想行为负责。这样佛教就不会被人们当成固定信仰来全盘接受,而是让人们随着自己的因缘来学习以及利用。










四大天王 Four deva-kings, the protectors of Buddhism
韦驮 Vitasoka/Vigatasoka, the protector of Buddhism
斋堂 Monastic Dinning Hall
客堂 Monastic Reception
四大名山: Four holy mountains of Chinese Buddhism
五台山 Wutai Mountain is the Holy Place of Manjusri Buddhisattva
峨嵋山 Ermei Mountain is the Holy Place of Mahasthama Buddhisattva
九华山 Jiuhua Mountain is the holy place of Ksitigarbha Buddhisattva
普陀山 Putuo Mountain is the holy place of Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva


西方三圣:阿弥陀佛、观音菩萨、大势至菩萨
Amitaba Buddha
Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva
Mahasthamaprapta Buddhisattva


The history of Buddhism begins with the life of the historical Buddha, 25 centuries ago. For the next 500 years the sangha grew from small groups of wandering monks and nuns in patched robes to become a major religion of the Indian subcontinent. During this time the first Buddhist scriptures were written, and Buddhism divided into the two major schools, Theravada and Mahayana.

佛教的历史始于佛教历史的生活,25年前。在接下来的500年里,僧从小群体的流浪僧人和尼姑在补丁的长袍,成为印度次大陆的主要宗教。这一次第一佛经写的过程中,佛教分为两大流派,小乘佛教和大乘佛教。

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