汽车设计专业词汇 名词解释
1后备系数：是离合器中的一个重要参数，反映了离合器传递发动机最大转矩的可靠程度。
2极限转矩：限位销起作用时的转矩，减震器在消除了限位销与从动盘毂缺口之间的间隙所传递的最大转矩3扭转刚度：K?≤13Tj 取决于减振弹簧的线刚度即其结构布置尺寸
4装载质量定义：车上带有随车工具，加满油、水和备胎，没有装货，不载人时的整车质量。
5外形尺寸：轿车四挡变速器壳体的轴向尺寸为（3.0～3.4）A。货车变速器壳体的轴向尺寸与挡数有关
6中心距A：中间轴式变速器的中心距
7非断开式驱动桥(，即驱动桥壳是一根连接左右驱动车轮的刚性空心梁，而主减整器、差速器及车轮传动装置(由左右半轴组成)都装在它里面。（非独立悬架）
8断开式驱动桥，主减速器及其壳体装在车架或车身上，两侧驱动车轮装置采用万向节传动。为了防止运动干涉，应采用滑动花键轴或一种允许两轴能有适量轴向移动的万向传动机构。
9螺旋角是指在锥齿轮节锥表面展开图上的任意一点A的切线TT与该点和节锥顶点连线之间的夹角。
悬架静挠度：汽车满载静止时悬架上的载荷Fw与此时悬架刚度c之比，即f c=Fw/c。
悬架动挠度：从满载静平衡位置开始悬架压缩到结构允许的最大变形，车轮中心相对车架的垂直位移
弹性特性：悬架受到的垂直外力F与由此引起的车轮中心相对于车身位移f（即悬架的变形）的关系曲线。悬架侧倾角刚度：簧上质量产生单位侧倾角时，悬架给车身的弹性恢复力矩
11满载弧高：钢板弹簧装到车轴上，汽车满载时钢板弹簧主片上表面与两端连线间的最大高度差；
12钢板弹簧长度L：弹簧伸直后两卷耳中心之间的距离
13转动器的传动间隙：各种转向器中传动副（如循环球式转向器的齿扇和齿条）之间的间隙。
转向器角传动比：转向盘角速度与同侧转向节偏转角速度之比
14离合器后备系数：为离合器所能传递的最大静摩擦力矩与发动机最大转矩之比。
15整车整备质量:整车整备质量是指车上带有全部装备（包括随车工具、备胎等），加满燃料、水，但没有装货和载人时的整车质量。（14在任何工况下都能可靠地传递发动机的最大转矩，后备系数β必须大于1）16汽车质量系数：汽车装载质量与整车整备质量的比值，ηm0=me/m0。
汽车最小转弯直径：是指转向盘转至极限位置时，汽车前外转向轮轮辙中心在支承平面上的轨迹圆的直径17侧倾中心：在侧向力的作用下，车身在通过左、右车轮中心的横向平面内发生侧倾时，相对于地面的瞬时摆动中心
18转向系力传动比：从轮胎接地面中心作用在两个转向论上的合力2Fw与作用在转向盘手力Fh之比
19制动器效能因数：在制动毂或制动盘的作用半径R上所得到的摩擦力（Mμ/R）与输入力F0之比。
20汽车布置形式: 发动机、驱动桥和车身（或驾驶室）的相互关系和布置特点
21极限可逆式转向器:车轮冲击只有较小部分传给方向盘，逆效率低，在坏路上行驶时，驾驶员并不紧张。22轴荷分配：汽车在空载或满载静止状态下，各车轴对支承平面的垂直负荷。也可以用占空载或满载总质量的百分比来表示
23离合器间隙：离合器正常结合状态，分离套筒被回位弹簧拉到后极限位置时，为保证离合器摩擦片正常磨损过程中离合器仍能完全接合，在分离轴承和分离杠杆内端之间留有的间隙
24传动轴的临界转速：当传动轴的工作转速接近于其弯曲固有振动频率时即出现共振现象，以致振幅急剧增加而引起传动轴折断时的转速。
25差速器锁紧系数：差速器的内摩擦力矩与差速器壳接受的转矩之比
26.制动器效能因数:在制动鼓或制动盘的作用半径R上所得到的摩擦力（Mu／R）与输入力F0之比.
27.制动器效能:制动器在单位输入压力或力的作用下所输出的力或力矩
28汽车转向中心:汽车转弯时所在的曲线轨迹处的曲率半径的圆心。
29路感强度：作用在转向盘上力矩的增量与对应的转向器输出力增量的比值
30动力转向器的静特性：输入转矩与输出转矩之间的变化关系曲线。
31锥齿轮螺旋角：锥齿轮节锥表面展开图上的齿形线任意一点的切线与该点和节锥顶点连线之间的夹角。32汽车比转矩：汽车所装发动机的最大转矩与汽车总质量之比，T b＝T emax／m a
33汽车制动性：是指汽车在制动时，能在尽可能短的距离内停车且保持方向稳定，下长坡时能维持较低的安全车速并有在一定坡道上长期驻车的能力
35等速万向节：输出轴和输入轴以始终相等的瞬时角速度传递运动的万向节
36临界转速：当传动轴的工作转速接近其转弯固有振动频率时，出现共振现象，以致振幅急剧增加引起传动轴这段时的转速。
37轮胎负荷系数：汽车轮胎所承受的最大静负荷值与轮胎额定负荷值之比
38比转矩：汽车所装发动机的最大转矩与汽车质量之比，(它能反应汽车的牵引能力).
39比功率：汽车发动机的标定最大功率
1.汽车设计中必须考虑“三化”是：汽车设计中必须考虑“三化”是标准化、通用化、系列化。
3.汽车总布置草图三维坐标系的基准线及作用:车架上平面线作为垂直方向尺寸的基准线，即z坐标线的基准线；汽车中心线作为横向尺寸的基准线，即y坐标线的基准线；前轮中心线作为纵向方向尺寸的基准线，即x坐标线的基准线。
4.汽车总布置草图主要进行的运动校核：转向传动机构与悬架运动的校核：作转向轮跳动图；根据悬架跳动量，作传动轴跳动图。原则上有相对运动的地方都要进行运动干涉校核。
5.离合器的主要功用:离合器的主要功用是切断和实现对传动系的动力传递，以保证将发动机与传动系平顺地接合与分离。
7.变速器换挡机构形式：变速器换挡机构有直齿滑动齿轮、啮合套和同步器换挡三种形式。
8.双十字轴万向节等速传动的条件:处于同一平面的双万向节等速传动的条件：1）保证同传动轴相连的两万向节叉应布置在同一平面内；2）两万向节夹角α1与α2相等。
9.转向器的效率:功率P1从转向轴输入，经转向摇臂轴输出所求得的效率称为正效率，用符号η+表示，η+=（P1-P2）/P1；反之称为逆效率，用符号η－表示η－=（P3-P2）/P3。式中，P2为转向器中的磨擦功率；P3为作用在转向摇臂轴上的功率。
10汽车制动系的组成及功能:制动系至少有行车制动装置和驻车制动装置。有些汽车还设有应急制动和辅助制动装置。制动系的功：用是使汽车以适当的减速度降速行驶直至停车，在下坡行驶时使汽车保持适当的稳定车速，使汽车可靠地停在原地或坡道上。
简答题试分析汽车上各种鼓式制动器的优缺点
汽车专业毕业设计(论文)任务书
08汽车毕业设计(论文）任务书 设计时间:2010年10月25日-2011年5月25日 指导教师： 电话： E—mail： 一、目的 毕业设计与毕业实习论文是完成教学计划达到专科生培养目标的重要环节，是教学计划中综合性最强的实践教学环节，通过这项实践环节可以培养学生的思想、工作作风,提高学生的实际各项能力，提高毕业生全面素质。 毕业设计与毕业实习论文的教学目标是使学生在以下几方面的能力得到训练和提高： 1、综合运用所学专业知识分析、解决实际问题的能力； 2、掌握文献检索、资料查询的基本方法及获取新知识的能力; 3、书面和口头表达的能力; 4、协作配合工作的能力. 二、对毕业学生的要求 1、学生在此期间应定期与指导教师联系，汇报设计进展情况； 2、及时将疑难问题请教指导教师； 3、严禁抄袭,否则毕业设计无成绩; 4、按要求在5月30日前上交论文给指导教师，过期不予答辩； 5、未按要求完成论文的学生不能毕业； 6、要求计算说明书计算准确、文字通顺、书写工整； 7、要求图纸、图面布置合理、正确清晰、符合制图标准及有关规定。 三、相关说明 1、每个学生必须独立完成毕业设计论文； 2、论文书写规范、文字通顺、图表清晰、测试数据完整、结论明确,论文后附参考文献名； 3、字数一般不少于4000字; 4、论文正文字体为小四号，用A4纸打印，装订成册。
五、成绩评定办法 参见毕业综合实践（毕业论文）成绩评定办法执行。 六、毕业论文的参考课题 可以结合本身工作性质，在提前告知指导教师并得到认可后，可自选题目。也可从以下（一）或（二）课题中任选一个课题： （一)毕业设计及论文的自选参考课题如下 汽车检测与维修专业毕业论文选题方向和标题参考 一、某种车型某个系统（或总成）的结构特点和检修分析，如： 1、帕萨特B5轿车防抱死系统及其检修 2、汽车排放污染的控制技术 3、浅谈捷达轿车电控燃油喷射系统
词汇学相关的一些名词解释 (1)
Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic Community Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries According to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation. There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form. A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc. A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly. The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form. A word is a minimum free form The morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form. 2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word. 3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word. 4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships: 5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tense There are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex words Conversion Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word
词汇的形象色彩
词汇的形象色彩与对外汉语教学 词语的形象色彩是指很多词语用于解释普遍存在的概念意义外，还同时具有形象感，它们通过人们的感官如视觉、听觉、味觉等诱发人们的联想，给人以生动可感的形象感。例如：猫头鹰这个词就比较形象地反映出这种鸟头部像猫的特点；哗啦啦，是人耳边回现出流水的声音；而甜丝丝会让我们如同品尝到了甜味的食物。这些都是日常生活中非常常见的例子，可见词汇的形象色彩在生活中的应用是很广的。 正由于应用广泛，有形象色彩的词很丰富，所以对这些词的分类显得有点困难。本文将采取兰宾汉先生对具有形象色彩的词的分类，即将它们分成形感、动感、色感、声感这样四类。下面分别加以阐释： 形感：有些词的意义能给人十分具体的形象。如佛手、木耳、浪潮，大家眼前会浮现出这种事物的整体的形状。木耳是一种长在腐朽的木头上的一种可供食用菌类，形状像人的耳朵；浪潮顾名思义，想浪花一样的潮流；这是对事物整体情状的比喻。又如喇叭花、鹅卵石，灯笼裤、斑马线则是在对事物的性状的比喻之后加上了一个类名。斑马、驼背、白头翁是对描摹事物的突出的特征等等。它们的突出的特点即是让人们很容易地联想到所指事物的外在形状，我们称之形感。 色感：有些词的意义给人以鲜明的色彩感。如血红让人联想到血的颜色；草绿则浮现出一片青草的的画面，联想到充满生机的绿，还有鹅黄、橘红等。具有色感的词多为形容词，比如ABB式的白茫茫，红彤彤，绿油油，金灿灿等；又如ABC式的白呲咧、血呼啦；还有A 里BC、A不BC式的，如血里呼啦，白不呲咧；还有ABCD式的如黑咕隆咚。这些词当中的词缀部分意义很虚，但它们结合在一起具有描摹性，给人们造成一种很模糊的印象，从而给人一种形象感。 动感：有些词的意义能让人产生特殊的动感。如席卷，会让人联想到用席子卷的这样一系列的动作，从而给人一动作快，范围大的感觉。而蚕食则让人们想到蚕不分昼夜沙沙吃蚕叶这样的动作行为，从而给人一种连续不断地侵食这样一种动感。这样的词还有摇曳、撞车、碰钉子、炒鱿鱼等。一些带如字的词常带有动作感：暴跳如雷、血流如注、泪如雨下、不绝如缕等。象点头哈腰、东倒西歪、俯首帖耳等次也是对存在事物的动作状态的直接的描写。声感：有些词能给人以如闻其声的感觉。这些词多为拟声词如呵呵，哈哈，嘻嘻，啧啧，喔喔，咩咩等。还有ABB式的如笑哈哈，笑嘻嘻，轰隆隆，哗啦啦；A里BC式的如稀里哗啦等，看到这些词自然会联想到自然界的一些声音，这也是其形象色彩的特点之所在。 当然，这只是众多对具有形象色彩意义的词的分类中的一种，而且也只是一种大至的分类，比如有的词就不只属于其中的一种，而是兼具两种甚至是多种形象色彩。如银河是因为看起来像一条白色的河而得名，它的意义中就包含了形感和色感两种形象色彩。有如扑啦啦，既有拍翅膀的动感又有拍翅时的声音的形容，也兼具两种形象色彩。 不仅仅是词，在词汇系统中的固定语中的一些成语同样具有形象色彩。例如狼吞虎咽明显是对动作的描摹，具有很强烈的动感；又如羊肠小道则是很典型的对于事物形状的描绘，具有形感。其它的成语如坐如针毡、骨瘦如柴、口若悬河等。还有一些成语以其呈现的整体的画面共同显示它的形象色彩。如隔岸观火，会使人的头脑中浮现一幅画面，隔岸是空间位置，观火是动作行为，如果接受者再补充一个动作行为的主体，就形成了这幅整体的画面。这是由于固定语的内部结构相对来首比较复杂，所呈现的信息量较大，因而信息的叠加呈现出了整体的画面，这个画面对整个成语的理解起着烘托得作用。如按下葫芦浮起瓢、拨云见日、兵临城下等。还有一些词语，其表层的给接受者提供两个形象单位二者结合在一块儿很容易使人想起它的深层的涵义，这一类成语形象感的形成和我国古典诗歌中意境的形成非常相似，既由表层的关系使人联想到深层的意蕴。如南辕北辙，辕向着南边而辄却朝着北，想去南边而却走向了北边，比喻行动和初衷是相违背的。如果对这个成语稍加体会其深沉含义是
词汇学 名词解释(部分)
Types of meaning Types of lexical changes 1.Elevation:词义升格 Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant. For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasant Marshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officer So elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive. 2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The old English is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life. 3.Bound morpheme: It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have: Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed For an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme. 4.Hyponymy: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”. Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.
汽车检测与维修专业毕业设计(论文)(1)汇编
郑州工业应用技术学院 毕业论文 题目：汽车润滑系统的常见故障及排除 指导教师：郭斌峰职称：老师 学生姓名：赵鑫学号：1302020157 专业：汽车运用技术 院（系）：机电工程学院 答辩日期：2016年6月01日 2016年6月01日
摘要 发动机的润滑是由润滑系来实现的。润滑系的基本任务就是将润滑油不断地供给各零件的摩擦表面使其润滑,减少零件的摩擦和磨损。润滑系虽然不参加发动机能量转换,却能保证发动机正常工作,使其有较长的使用寿命。 作为汽车业维修人员,我们应该知道润滑系的组成和功用,并应对润滑系的常见故障现象、故障部位、故障的检测、诊断和排除有一定的认识,明确其检测和诊断的基本思路。本设计讲述了发动机润滑系的组成与功用，润滑方式,机油的使用性能，润滑系常见故障诊断与排除，以及普桑的维修案例。随着汽车科技的发展，汽车的结构越来越复杂。我们只有掌握更多的知识和实践经验，才能更好地运用检测仪器快速准确地查找汽车的故障原因，并把故障排除。 关键词：润滑系，功用，故障排除，维护
目录 第一章概述 1.1 润滑系的概述 (1) 1.2 发动机润滑方式 (1) 1.3 发动机润滑系的油路 (2) 1.4发动机润滑系的组成 (3) 1.5 润滑系的主要部件 (3) 1.5.1 机油泵 (3) 1.5.2 安全阀 (5) 1.5.3 机油滤清器 (5) 1.5.4 机油散热器 (6) 1.5 .5曲轴箱通风 (6) 第二章润滑剂 (7) 2.1润滑剂的分类和作用 (8) 2.2润滑油的使用特性及机油添加剂的性能 (8) 2.2.1机油的使用特性 (8) 2.2.2 机油添加剂的作用 (8) 2.3机油的更换及注意事项 (9) 第三章润滑系常见故障的诊断 (9) 3.1机油压力过低 (9) 3.2机油压力过高 (10) 3.3机油消耗过多 (11) 第四章普桑润滑系故障维修实例 (13) 4.1 机油报警灯闪亮，报警器响 (13) 4.2机油警报器响个不停 (13)
完全版英语词汇学名词解释_共6页
第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem --- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.
汉语言文字学书目
汉语言文字学必读书目30种2009年10月修订 1、《中国语言学史》王力 2、《语文常谈》吕叔湘 3、《基础语言学教程》徐通锵 4、《普通语言学教程》 [瑞士]索绪尔 5、《现代语言学流派》冯志伟 6、《应用语言学概论》于根元 7、《对外汉语教学概论》赵金铭 8、《现代汉语八百词》吕叔湘 9、《汉语和汉语研究十五讲》陆俭明、沈阳 10、《现代汉语》黄伯荣廖序东 11、《汉语语法学》张斌 12、《汉语语法入门》马庆株 13、《汉语描写词汇学》刘叔新 14、《现代汉字学纲要》苏培成 15、《语义论》石安石 16、《词汇语义学》张志毅张庆之 17、《修辞学发凡》陈望道 18、《古汉语通论》（《蒋礼鸿文集》）蒋礼鸿 19、《训诂学原理》王宁 20、《训诂学概论》方一新 21、《古汉语词汇纲要》蒋绍愚
22、《文字学概要》裘锡圭 23、《音韵学教程》唐作藩 24、《中国修辞学》杨树达 25、《〈说文解字〉注》 [清]段玉裁 26、《说文释例》 [清]王筠 27、《经传释词》 [清]王引之 28、《四书章句集注》 [宋]朱熹 29、《训诂丛稿》（《郭在贻文集》）郭在贻 30、《同源字论》（《同源字典》）王力 研究生阅读、写作初步建议（09） 壹、阅读 一、文献文本：文献阅读的目的是增强语感，储存语料，了解语言面貌；精读（即参考注释，字句无窒碍）阅读量10-15万字（不包括注释），泛读（即不一定参考注释，基本理解）阅读量20-30万字；下列书目大致按难易排序，可以二选一（史书部头大，可以选读）。 1、《世说新语》/《坛经》 2、《中古汉语读本》（方一新、王云路编著） 3、《近代汉语读本》（刘坚编著） 4、《论语》/《孟子》（杨伯峻译注） 5、《史记》/《汉书》（传记部分） 6、《庄子》（陈鼓应今注今译）/《荀子》（王先谦集解） 7、《诗经》选读（100篇以上）/《左传》选读
《词汇学》名词解释总汇
《词汇学》名词解释总汇 1.Conversion（转换）is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. 2.Neologisms（新词用法）are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society. 3.Lexicology（词汇学）is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. 4.the elevation of meaning（词义的升格）refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 5.Acronyms（首字母拼音词）words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 6.Hyponymy(上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items). 7.Analogy（类比）is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language. 8.Motivation（理据）deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor（隐喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as. 10.Antonymy(反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. 11.Suffix（后缀）: an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem) 12. synecdoche（提喻）means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part. 13. prefix（前缀）: an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem) 14. initialism（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms. 16.the degradation of meaning（词义的降格）: is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。 18. back-formation（逆成法）: is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. 19. derivation（派生）: the process by which noninfectional affixes are added to roots to form words. 20. compounding（复合）: the process of joining together two linguistic forms which can function independently.
关于汽车专业毕业设计论文
毕业设计（论文） （说明书） 题目： 姓名： 编号： 平顶山工业职业技术学院 年月日
平顶山工业职业技术学院 毕业设计（论文）任务书 姓名 专业汽车运用技术 任务下达日期年月日设计（论文）开始日期年月日设计（论文）完成日期年月日设计（论文）题目：中国汽车工业的发展趋势及对策 A·编制设计 B·设计专题（毕业论文） 指导教师 系（部）主任 ＿＿年＿＿月＿＿日
平顶山工业职业技术学院 毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会记录 机械工程系汽车运用技术专业，学生于年月日 进行了毕业设计（论文）答辩。 设计题目：中国汽车工业的发展趋势及对策 专题（论文）题目：中国汽车工业的发展趋势及对策 指导老师： 答辩委员会根据学生提交的毕业设计（论文）材料，根据学生答辩情况，经答辩委员会讨论评定，给予学生毕业设计（论文）成绩为。 答辩委员会人，出席人答辩委员会主任（签字）： 答辩委员会副主任（签字）： 答辩委员会委员：，，，，，
平顶山工业职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）评语 第页 共页学生姓名：专业汽车运用技术年级 09 级 毕业设计（论文）题目： 评阅人： 指导教师：（签字）年月日成绩： 系（科）主任：（签字）年月日毕业设计（论文）及答辩评语：
摘要 20世纪九十年代以来，中国以GDP近两位数的实际增长速度成为全球增长速度最快的国家之一。据国务院发展研究中心的研究报告，加入世界贸易组织以后，中国经济将有更多增长机会，但其各部分增长差异各有不同。入世后中国必须承担降低关税、开放服务领域、减少或取消限制外商投资某些行业的规定等义务。从现有的保护壁垒和行业全球化程度来看，中国的汽车行业将是受入世冲击最大的行业。 2002年中国汽车工业面对加入WTO 后的冲击，凭借巨大的、迅速发展的市场，低廉的劳动力，完整的、较强的制造业配套能力，较强的、较完备的技术开发体系，迅速发展。但是，中国汽车工业从整体上看，仍然是一个国际竞争力较弱的产业。中国汽车工业逐步从制造、研究开发、销售服务、汽车信贷等方面全面融入世界汽车工业体系。通过使自身全面融入世界汽车工业体系，中国汽车工业将获得更加迅速的发展，并且逐步成为世界汽车工业的主要制造基地。但由于中国汽车工业发展具有种种有利条件，中国汽车工业有可能最终成为具有独立开发能力、具有一定国际竞争力的产业。 关键字：中国,汽车工业,发展趋势,对策 Abstract Since the 1990s, China with the actual near double-digit GDP growth rate as a global economic growth is one of the fastest. According to the development research center of the state council research report, after joining theWTO, China's economy will have more growth opportunities, but the growth potential of its components are all have differences. After WTO entry China must assume reduced tariffs, open service field, reduce or eliminate restricted the provisions of foreign investment certain industries such obligations. From the existing barriers and industry globalization intensity, China's auto industry will be the biggest impact by WTO industry.
词汇学概念整理
1、区别Lexeme Word Morphemes A lexeme is the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language. The lexeme “give” includes as members “give”, “gives”, “given”, “giving”, “gave”, but excludes “giver” and “givers”. A lexeme is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual spoken and written sentences. A word is a minimal meaningful unit of a language that can function independently. Morphemes are known as minimal meaningful units of a language. 2、组合形式 A combining form is a bound root that can form a new word by combining with another combining form, a word, or sometimes an affix, for example techno- and -phobe in technophobe. 3、区别Root base sterm ?A root is the basic form of a word which cannot the further analyzed without total loss of identity. e.g. international ?A base is a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. e.g. grace ---- graceful ---- ungraceful ?The stem is used only when we deal with inflectional affixes, so any form to which an inflectional affix is attached is a stem. e.g. works, workers, workshops 4、转化法定义 Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since words that are made do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. N---V bottle to bottle Adj----V dry to dry V------N look have a look 5、截短法定义及分类 Clipping/shortening(截短法)is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Words formed in this way are called “clipped words”. There are four common types of clipping: apocope/back clipping, aphaeresis/front clipping, front and back clipping, syncope.例子exam---examination phone---telephone tec----detective pacifist----pacificist 6、关联意义的定义与分类 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate. 1.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones(弦外之音) or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.woman--frail,cowardly,emotional 2.Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.dear hello 3.Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. pretty handsome 4.Stylistic meaning: daddy male parent 7、同形异义词的定义及分类 ?Concretely speaking, homonyms are words different in meaning, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. ?Homonyms fall into three types: absolute homonyms, which are words identical both in sound and spelling; date base . homophones, which are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning; night/knight leak/leek homographs, which are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.tear sow 8、区分歧义与含混 Ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that a word, phrase or sentence has more than one meaning. Are you engaged?Vagueness is caused by the indistinction and unclearness of language. A vague word is one that has an indefinite denotation(外延概念).forest wood city town 9、同义词及其分类 A synonym is a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another in the same language. Synonyms can be classified into two groups: perfect synonyms, which are words identical in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning including conceeptual and associative meaning, compounding/composition and partial synonyms, which are similar in essential meaning, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a give quality.couple/pair 10、上义词和下义词 The relationship in which the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word is called hyponymy. For example, the words animal and dog are related in this way. The specific term dog is called a hyponym, and the general term animal is called a superordinate term. 11、词义变化 Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept. Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. Degadation or pejoration of meaning is a process by which words of good origin or affective neutrality fall into ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense. 12、为什么英语谚语具有结构固定性 Characteristics of idioms: 1) Semantic unity : Each idiom is a semantic unity. The meaning of an idiom is very often not the total sum of the meanings of the constituent parts. In other words, an idiom