翻译讲义1
2023年语文高考一轮复习讲义——精准翻译语句(1)—扣准语境,落实“分点”
学案34精准翻译语句(一)——扣准语境，落实“分点”课堂学案复习任务 1.掌握翻译的原则和要求。
2.强化翻译中的语境意识。
考情微观(见学案35)知识图要活动一掌握翻译的原则、要求一、翻译的原则：直译为主，意译为辅1．直译：字字落实所谓直译，就是字字落实，即用现代汉语的词对原文进行逐字逐句地对应翻译，做到实词、虚词尽可能文意相对。
要求原文字字在译文中有着落，译文字字在原文中有根据。
当然，有一些发语词、助词无法直接译出，则不必译出。
试翻译下列句子，体会直译原则。
(1)律知武终不可胁，白单于。
单于愈益欲降之。
乃幽武置大窖中，绝不饮食。
译文：________________________________________________________________________答案卫律知道苏武终究不可威逼而致屈服，报告了单于。
单于更加想让他投降。
就把苏武关在地窖中囚禁起来，断绝供应，不给他喝的、吃的。
说明：直译时须注意以下三个词语：①“愈益”，同义复词，只译出一个即可。
②“绝不”，要把“绝”落到实处。
③“饮食”，注意译的顺序：喝的、吃的，而不是吃的、喝的。
(2)吾家读书久不效，儿之成，则可待乎！译文：________________________________________________________________________答案我们家的人读书很久没有效果，这孩子长大，就值得期待吧！说明：直译时须注意以下三个词语：①“不效”，也可意译为科举上没有成就。
②“儿之成”中的“之”是结构助词，可不译。
③“乎”，语气助词，可译为“吧”。
2．意译：灵活变通由于文言文句式灵活，省略句、倒装句较多，而且词类经常活用，有时直译会使句子不通顺或表意不够明确。
在这种情况下，自然不能被原文束缚住，不能机械地采用直译，而应采用意译，使句子语气顺畅，意思明确。
意译，多用于一词或短语的翻译。
翻译中需要意译的多是使用固定词语或修辞手法(比喻、互文、用典、借代、委婉)的地方。
Unit+1+句子结构分析和翻译+讲义 高中英语人教版(2019)必修第一册
人教社必修1第一单元句子结构分析和翻译FIRST IMPRESSIONSHan Jing’s World7：00 a.m.1.So this is it —senior high school at last!状主系表同位状翻译技巧：根据主语＋系动词＋表语结构，状语前置。
直译：就是这样——高中学校了终于。
意译：就是这样——终于到了高中学校了！2.I ’m not outgoing [so I’m a little anxious] right now.主系表状从状翻译技巧：根据主语＋系动词＋表语结构，状语前置。
直译：我并不外向，所以我有点儿焦虑现在。
我并不外向，所以我现在有点儿焦虑。
3.I want to make a good first impression.主谓宾翻译技巧：根据主语＋谓语＋宾语结构。
我想留下一个好的第一印象。
4.Will I make any friends? What if no one talks to me?主谓宾状主谓宾翻译技巧：根据主语＋谓语＋宾语结构。
我会交到朋友吗？要是没人跟我说话怎么办？12:00p.m.5.I just had my first maths class at senior high school!主谓宾状翻译技巧：根据主语＋谓语＋宾语结构，状语前置。
直译：我刚刚上完第一节数学课在高中。
我刚刚上完高中的第一节数学课。
6.The Class was difficult, but the teacher was kind and friendly.主系表状主系表翻译技巧：根据主语＋系动词＋表语结构。
这堂课很难，但老师很友善。
7.He even told us a funny story, and everyone laughed so much!主状谓间宾直宾主谓状翻译技巧：根据主语＋谓语＋宾语和主语＋谓语结构。
他还给我们讲了一个有趣的故事，每个人都笑得很开心！8.I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.主谓宾宾补翻译技巧：根据主语＋谓语＋宾语结构。
翻译课课件UNIT 1
——To write is to translate what one is thinking of or understanding.
——As a matter of fact, guessing what other people mean is also a kind of
translating.
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●The English-Chinese translation proves to
be a valuable aid to the English learner because it gives him or her a better understanding of the English language and the Chinese language. It helps the English major brush up his or her English used as either the source language or the target language.
Translation：
An activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language
（翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出来的活动。）
B. Eugine Nida（尤金· 奈达, American translation theorist）： Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation)
英汉互译技巧-1
1.2 翻译的定义及分类
定义：翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语 言所表达的思维内容准确而完整的重新 表达出来的语言活动。
1.2 翻译的定义及分类
分类： 涉及语言：本族语外族语、外族语 本族语 工作方式：口译、笔译 翻译材料：科技翻译、文学翻译、政论 翻译、应用文翻译 处理方式：全译、摘译、编译
1.5 对译者的要求
外语水平高 中文水平高 知识面广 熟悉基本翻译技巧
经济学 Economics， 国际经济与贸易 International Economy and Trade， 金融学 Finance， 法学 Law， 政治学与行政学 Political Science and Public Administration， 汉语言文学 Chinese Language and Culture， 传播学 Mass Communication， 广告学 Advertising， 音乐表演 Music and Rendition， 绘画 Painting， 艺术设计 Artistic Design，
1.4 翻译的过程
2）理解逻辑关系 E.g. One step further and you will be lost. I am in good health now and I can resume my work. I cannot keep these flowers alive and I have watered.
电气工程及其自动化 Electrical Engineering and Automation， 自动化 Automation， 电子信息工程 Electronic Information Engineering， 通信工程 Communications Engineering， 计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology， 网络工程 Network Engineering， 电子科学与技术 Electronic Science and Technology， 生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering， 软件工程 Software Engineering， 计算机软件 Computer Software，
4.英汉翻译教程 (1)
第一章翻译的定义和翻译的原则一、翻译的定义1.Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor.( Columbia Encyclopedia )2. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida )3.翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
（孙致礼2003：6 ）二、翻译的原则1. Yan Fu (1854-1921)In translation, there are three aspects difficult to bring about: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. It is no easy work to realize ―faithfulness‖! If there is only faithfulness without expressiveness , the translation doesn’t amount to translation. From here we can see expressiveness is of great importance.(译事三难，信，达，雅。
求其信已大难矣！顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉）①Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.----那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千无辜的平民②Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.――作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反．③We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement.――我们都会想念他的，我们祝愿他退休后快乐、长寿．④For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.古往今来多少离合悲欢, 谁曾见这样的哀怨辛酸！⑤Crafty men contempt studies, simple men admire them, and wise use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them , won by observation.――有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之．2. Fu Lei (1908-1966)①From there I could see the whole valley below, the field, the river , and the village. It was all beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.――从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流、村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往．②He carried on a business , but brought his pigs to the wrong market.――他经营生意，可是几乎血本无归．3.Qian Zhongshu①Capri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give ita soft and easy grace. It is friendly, remote, and debonair.卡普里岛是一块外形突兀的荒凉的岩石，沐浴在深蓝色的海洋里，但是它的葱绿的葡萄园仿佛在向人微笑，使这个海岛增添了几分令人舒爽的温柔宁静的姿色，卡普里岛远离尘嚣，但景色宣人，生机盎然。
手语翻译培训讲义之词汇及句子学习八 (1)
手语翻译培训讲义—词汇及句子学习
特殊教育专业教学资源库工程组整理
第四章词汇及句子学习
78.你能慢点说吗？
79.你的手语看不懂，可以写下来吗？
80.你对我们的工作有什么合理的意见和建议？
81.请对下一阶段的工作谈谈你的创新思路。
82.当前，我们最迫切需要做的事情有哪些？
83.目前还没有这方面的政策。
84.请到民政局〔劳动局、司法局〕去咨询。
85.单位、为何离开、开除、合同期满、
填表、低保、缝纫、盲人按摩、电焊
标准、文化程度
86.最近，省残联举办了残疾人职业技能大赛的选拔赛，给许多残疾人提供了展示自我和再创业的平台。
87.有事情要请假，不能随便旷工。
88.师傅，我是一个聋人，请你帮我打个——52456662，告诉我妈妈，今天晚上我加班，九点以后〔才能〕回家。
89.全社会对聋哑人要关心、保护，让他们相信组织，安心工作〔民政科、居委会、村委会、残联〕
90.以后常联系，请留下联系方式。
〔打、发电子邮件〕。
实用翻译lecture 1 Introduction
3. From the communicative point of view: translation aims at the pass of information from one language to another
• • • • • • •
• • • • •
(1) Nice day, isn’t it? 您吃饭了吗？ (2)Misquito, Bye, Bye, Bye. 蚊虫，杀杀杀！ (3)I am looking forward to your response at your earliest convenience. 急盼早复！ (4)At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment. 应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。 (5)保护绿草，留住绿意。 Keep off the grass. (6) 闲人免进\油漆末干\小心地滑 Staff Only\Wet Painting\Caution: Wet Floor
What is translation ?
• Discussion: What is translation? • Directions: discuss with whoever you like around you in five minutes, and then come back with an idea of yourself . • Examples to be illustrated: • 1）你吃了吗？ • 2）叔叔，欢迎你来北京。 • 3）My dear Mr. Bennet…
Lesson 1 翻译资料
Lesson 1教学时数：4学时教学重点：翻译的概念、标准、过程、分类和译者素质；中国翻译史简介；摸底练习考核要求：掌握基本的翻译理论知识1. 翻译的概念什么是翻译？回答这个问题由于人们认识的角度不同，所以答案也就不一。
下面是部分翻译理论家对翻译的定义，由此可见人们在翻译性质认识上的差别：Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida)Translation may be defined asfollows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.(TL). (Catford)Translation is a process in which the parole of one language is transferred into the parole of another with the content i.e. meaning unchanged. (Barhudarov)翻译是一种创造性的工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至还可能超过创作。
（郭沫若）翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
（孙致礼）2．翻译的类别翻译的种类可从不同的视角来分类。
一般说来，翻译可从5种不同的角度来分类：1）从译出语和译入语的角度来分类，翻译可分为本族语译为外语外语译为本族语；2）从涉及到的语言符号来分类，翻译分为语内翻译（intralingualtranslation)、语际翻译(interlingual translation)和符际翻译(intersemiotic translation)；3) 从翻译的手段来分类，翻译可分为口译（oral interlingual translation）、笔译(written interlingual translation) 和机器翻译(machine translation)；4) 从翻译的题材来分类，翻译可分为专业文献翻译(translation of Englishfor science and technology)、文学翻译(literary translation)和一般性翻译(practical writing translation)；5）从翻译的处理方式来分类，翻译可分为全译（full translation）、摘译（partial translation）和编译（translation plus editing）。
1汉英词汇比较与翻译
• China should show the world through its actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony.
第一讲 汉英词汇比较与翻译
Schedule for the Semester
• Semantic translation (7 Chapters) • Syntactic translation (4 Chapters) • Textual translation (3 Chapters) • Plus Review and Practice • Final Score =practice 20%+midterm
concern now.
翻译中的选词
• The largest quantity of translation in a text is done at the level of the word. By Peter Newmark.
• 1.根据语义范围选词 • 2.从近义词中选词 • 3.根据搭配选词 • 4.根据褒贬选词
not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too?
例3：“考察”的译法
• 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考 察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。
• In his lifetime, Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, toured 16 provinces, leaving his footmarks in nearly every corner of the country.
翻译 第一章
• 解析：“能考入这所大学也是一个成就”中的 “也是”具有较强的否定色彩。应译成积极意义 的 “考入这所大学是个了不起的成就”。
词义的选择
• 例3：I’m very grateful to be able to turn over the reins of leadership to a new president, with America in such a strong position to meet the challenges of the future.
英汉或汉英翻译中词语的处理首先需分析这两种语言的词语间存在的差异然后透过语言现象探讨翻译对策和技在汉英两种语言的对比研究中人们发现了大量的对应词语如反映人民生活经验思想感情等方面的词
第一章 词语的翻译
总括
目录
一 词义的选择 二 词类的转换 三 增词与省略 四 四字词组的翻译 五 直译与意译
总括
词语包括词和短语，是积句成篇的基本语言单位。英 汉或汉英翻译中，词语的处理首先需分析这两种语言的词 语间存在的差异，然后，透过语言现象探讨翻译对策和技 巧。
• 错译：我非常高兴能于此时将领导权交给新任总 统，强大的美国正面临未来的挑战。
• 解析：褒贬色彩的错误理解将产生错误的译文， “强大的美国正面临未来的挑战”传递出贬义信 息。可改译为 “美国非常强大，可以迎接一切未 来的挑战。”
词义的选择
• 例4：他醉心于医学研究。 • 译文：He is deeply engrossed in medical research. • 解析：这里的“醉心于”是褒义，有赞扬的味道，选词
解析：refuses 在这里是名词， “废物”之义。
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Chapter One Theory of Translation 1 Definition(s) of translation A: a social activity, an activity for cultural communication and transmission; B: to express the ideas or thoughts of the original texts in the translated one; C: to use one form of language to express the contents of another form of language; D: an art, an art to rewrite; etc. E: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida) F: Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. (Newmark) 2 Functions of translation 3 Classification of translation 4 Two most influential translation theories: Nida: functional/dynamic equivalence 9 functions of language: Expressive; informative; cognitive; interpersonal; imperative; performative; emotive; aesthetic; metalingual Newmark: semantic translation & communicative translation Section Two Standard and principle of translation 1严复：信、达、雅 2傅雷：神似 3钱钟书：化境 4鲁迅：忠实、通顺
Three translation principles in the west: 1 A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; 2 The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; 3 A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
Section Three Methods of translation 1 Literal trans. 1. To take off the boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.
2. It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. 3．one country, two systems a stick-and-carrot policy to add fuel to the fire 4．All roads lead to Rome. Blood is thicker than water. There is no smoke without fire. Classroom practice: 1. crocodile’s tears 2. chain reaction 3. to kill two birds with one stone 4. to turn a deaf ear to 5. to fish in troubled waters 6. to talk black into white 7. Look before you leap. 8. Example is better than precept. 9. Ill news travels fast. 10. Easier said than done.
2 Free trans. 1．from the cradle to the grave
2．Do you see any green in my eye? 3．Mary will make you a good wife. Classroom practice: 1.Adam’s apple 2. raining cats and dogs 3. the apple of one’s eye 4. castles in the air 5. to laugh off one’s head 6. to look a needle in a bundle of hay 7. to hold a wolf by the ears 8. to have one’s nose in the air 9. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 10.Now it’s the time to put our cards on the table. 3 Transliteration 1．Cocacola 可口可乐 2. Canon 佳能 3．model 模特儿 4. Karl Marx 卡尔.马克思 5．typhoon 台风 6. Wall Street 华尔街
Classroom practice：
1. modern _____________ 2. carnation ____________ 3. radar _____________ 4.Dove ____________ 5. sofa _____________ 6. aspirin ____________ 7. Botily Co. _____________ 8. Benz ____________ 9. mango _____________ 10. hormone ____________ 11. nylon _____________ 12. tango ____________ 4 Formal trans.
5 annotation 1. pizza 比萨饼 2. Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠 3. mad-cow disease 疯牛病（一种牛海绵状脑病） 4. tree hugger 紧抱树干的人（极端环保主义者） 5. Many school children like Harry Potter very much. 很多在校的学生非常喜欢哈里.波特。（哈里.波特：英国女作家罗琳的畅销系列小说中的小主人公） Classroom practice： 1. clone ______________ 2. hacker _______________ 3. AIDS ______________ 4. EL Nino _______________ 5. sauna ______________ 6. Oval Office _______________ 7. rock’n’roll ______________ 8. the Water-gate Event _________ 9. His dream is to be a second Jordan. 6 Paraphrase
1．to meet one’s Waterloo 遭到惨败 2．at the end of one’s wit 黔驴技穷；江郎才尽；山穷水尽等 3．to fish in the air 水中捞月 4．tit for tat 以牙还牙 5．a drop in the ocean 沧海一粟 6．Money makes the mare to go. 有钱能使鬼推磨。 7．An old dog can’t learn new tricks. 老狗学不了新花样。 8．He was smooth and agreeable. 他待人处事，八面玲珑。
Classroom practice：
1. to put all one’s eggs in one basket ______________________ 2. neither fish nor flesh _______________________ 3. to return good for evil _______________________ 4. a Trojan Horse _______________________ 5. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. _____________________________________________________________________ 6. In the end things will mend. _______________________ 7. Man proposes, God disposes. _______________________ 8. All for one, one for all. _______________________ 9. He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl. _____________________________________________________________________ 10. Can the leopard change his spots? __________________________ 11. Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, she felt like a fish out of water.