TOEFL写作中词汇的选用
托福综合写作词汇总结

托福综合写作词汇总结一、表示观点类。
1. Opinion([əˈpɪnjən],名词)- 例句:His opinion on this issue is very different from mine.2. View([vjuː],名词)- 例句:The author's view in the passage is quite convincing.3. Standpoint([ˈstændpɔɪnt],名词)- 例句:We should consider this problem from different standpoints.4. Perspective([pəˈspektɪv],名词)- 例句:From a historical perspective, this event has great significance.二、表示支持类。
1. Support([səˈpɔːt],动词/名词)- 例句:The evidence in the lecture supports the idea in the reading.(动词)- 例句:We need more support for this project.(名词)2. Back up([bæk ʌp],动词短语)- 例句:The data from the research backs up the author's claim.3. Endorse([ɪnˈdɔːs],动词)- 例句:Many experts endorse this new theory.三、表示反对类。
1. Oppose([əˈpəʊz],动词)- 例句:Some people oppose the construction of the new factory.2. Object to([ˈɒbdʒɪkt tuː],动词短语)- 例句:He objects to the new policy.3. Contradict([ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt],动词)- 例句:The lecturer's statement contradicts what is written in the reading.四、表示比较类。
托福作文范例词汇应选择使用不空洞的词

托福作文范例词汇应选择使用不空洞的词托福作文词汇应选择使用不空洞的词1.一些空洞的单词或词组根本不能为句子带来任何相关的或重要的信息,完全可以被删掉.比如下面的句子:When all things are considered,young adults of today live more satisfyinglives than those of their parents,in my opinion.这句话当中的〝when all things are considered〞和〝in my opinion〝都显得多余.完全可以去掉.改为:Young adults of today live more satisfying lives than their parents.2.有些空洞和繁琐的表达方式可以进行替换,例如:Due to the fact that our grandparents were under an obligation to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have at thispoint in time.〝due to the fact that〞就是一个很典型的繁琐的表达方式的例子,可以替换,简化为下面的表达方式:Because our grandparents were obligated to help their parents, they did nothave the options that young people have now.托福写作中应尽量减少重复啰嗦1.尽量避免重复使用同样的词汇.或者有的时候虽然词汇没有重复,但意思却有重复.这时候可以做一些简化的工作.例如下面这个例子:The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size.large 对一个farm来说就是size方面的large,所以in size可以去掉,改为: The farm my grandfather grew up on was large.更简洁的表达方式为:My grandfather grew up on a large farm.2.有时一个词组可以用一个更简单的单词来替换,例如:My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on hisparents’ farm.这里的over and over again就可以改为repeatedly,显得更为简洁:My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents’farm.托福考试作文独立写作范文:孩子过分依赖电子产品Independent TaskNowadays, children rely too much on the technology, like computers,smartphone, video games for fun and entertainment; playing simpler toys orplaying outside with friends would be better for the children s development.写作参考一:For parents, how to well plan their children’s development has been a hugeproblem. While some children are given more time on technological gadgets,others are more inclined to choose some activities, such as going camping ortraveling. For me, the former option would be a better one.Admittedly, playing simpler toys or playing outside might be good choicefor children. Simpler toys, namely Lego, are a good way to develop children’sthinking on solving the problem through block by block. By assembling the piecesfor different blocks, children could assemble an even big piece, such as theclassic London Tower Bridge. Also, playing with friends is helpful. When theyare playing with others, they would cooperate with them to playing sports oreven solve problems. However, on balance, both of these ways are limited inhelping children. Toys and outdoor activities are restrained to their actualforms: parents need lots of money to buy different toys to help children develop, and they pay a great amount of money on helping their childrenfordifferent activities. For those parents who suffer from financial burden, theseare not effective ways for children’s development. Comparatively, technologywould be a more effective way for children.Firstly, Internet via computers and smartphone are essential for theirdevelopment. In other words, Internet provides students with vast amounts ofinformation. According to a recent survey conducted by Gallup, after pollingthousands of students from local high schools, most respondents claim thatInternet is the No.1 helper from them to finish homework. When they haveproblems, they would search reference on Internet. Websites such as GoogleScholar would be a wonderful tool for them to find some papers or academicreference for their homework. Meanwhile, Internet is a wonderful place for themto entertain as well. They could watch movies on . They could even findinteresting stories on . All funny e_periences are available on Internetwithout causing children too much money.In addition, video games are also necessary for children’s growth. Whenchildren are playing video games, they might learn some strategic thinking. Fore_ample, when I am playing FIFA _, I have to manage my team members accordingto their physical strength so that I could beat other teams. For those who runquickly, it would be a good idea for them to play forward; for those who aretall and strong, they would be better playing middle field. Because of this teammanagement strategy, I have achieved many titles in the game. Learning fromthis, I would allocate my time in finishing homework according to my energylevel. When I am energetic, I might choose the most difficult homework;if I amtired, I might choose some easy-to-do tasks, which would not cost me muchtime.To conclude, while playing toys or spending time on outdoor activities is agood way for their development, technology would be better way.写作参考二:2月28日:Nowadays, children rely too much on the technology, like computers,smartphone, video games for fun and entertainment; playing simpler toys orplaying outside with friends would be better for the children s development. Technological advancement has contributed to the invention of a wide rangeof electronic products and there are an increasing number of children who arereported to rely heavily on the technology. Thus, the controversy is raisedamong the public whether playing simpler toys or playing outside with friendsare better for the children’s development. From my perspective, I insist on thatdepending on high technology is a rather right decision.For one thing, children can learn more about the world and develop a betterway of resolving problems. For instance, the upcoming Fourth IndustrialRevolution heralds a thorough change of the composition of working force in thesociety and learning the latest news through computers or smartphones will leadchildren to be aware of what are needed urgently and what have been outdated, inthis way, they can decide what kinds of capabilities and qualities they shoulddevelop for being accustomed to the fast-changing world. Besides, childrennowadays have to accomplish diverse curriculums many difficult assignments likewriting a paper related to how independent war was sparkled or what consequenceshad been aroused after the assassination of Lincoln. Computers can help resolvethe problem more effectively by providing students with abundant references andhistoric umentation. Additionally, there have been more educational programsspreading through the Internet like TED that is designed to disseminate the mostoutstanding professors’ lectures throughout the world to share the greatestideas with people in every corner of the world. Obviously, relying on thehigh-tech devices can be of great benefits for children both to resolve theproblems they might meet during their study and learn more things beyond theirte_tbooks.For another thing, video games have been designed to be more alluring andintellectually demanding. To be more specific, there have occurred many morevideo games that are invented to e_ploit children’s imagination and also releasetheir pressure. Take Minecraft, a popular game sweeping many primary and highschool students, as an e_ample. In the game, players can use diverseconstruction materials and tools to construct what they like such as a castle ora skyscraper even a city. Besides, by decorating the entities they created inmany different styles, massive intellectual activities are needed like how todesign the roof the house and where should put the pets in the city and etc.During the process, students can be fully occupied in the game, serving as anantidote to boredom that will be detrimental to students’ mental health if itcan be erased promptly. Consequently, playing video games is a better choice forstudents to make to release their pressure and ensure their health.Granted, I have to admit that playing outside with friends is also a betterway of releasing pressure like playing sports that can help e_ercise children’sbodies to improve their physical quality. However, children might be injuredwhile joining sports since they are lack of adequate physical e_ercises usually.However, playing video games will not trigger any possible injuries.In a word, relying on technology is a better choice than playing simpletoys or playing outside with friends for children’s development. Learning moreout of the classroom, resolving academic problems as well as releasing workloadseffectively can all reveal the superiority of relying on technology.托福作文词汇应选择使用不空洞的词。
托福写作常用词汇

托福写作常用词汇托福写作常用词汇下面是店铺整理的托福写作常用词汇,欢迎大家阅读!能,会,可以:can,(would) be able to,have the chance/opportunity to do.., get to do应该:should, be supposed to, shall, have to, must,be required to, it is necessary for sb to因素:cause, factor, reason合适:fit, suit, be suitable/fit/right需要:require, need, it is necessary for..to..,demand不变:fixed, constant, stable, unchanged (unchanging)担心:worry about, be concerned about, care about解决:solve/resolve,address,deal with,work out,tackle解释:tell, explain, spell out, say how上升,增加:(vi.)increase,go up,rise,(vt.) increase,raise (n.) growth, rise, increase.下降,减少/小:(vt.) decrease, reduce, lower (vi.) decrease,fall,drop,go/come down,decline. (n.) fall,decrease,decline, drop变:change, alter, become (different/big/small/..), get,grow知道,了解,意识到:know, be aware/concious of, realize,get information about证实,表明:show, suggest, indicate, make it clear that很大程度上,基本上:greatly, considerably, enormously,significantly, basically提高,变好:improve, make better, enhance采取(措施):adopt, take提出(政策):propose, offer废除:eliminate, get rid of, do way with, dispense with 提供:provide, offer, give任务:assignment, job, work, task有用,帮助:beneficial,helpful,useful,be a great help to, do good to, bring benefit to, be good for方法:way, approach, strategy, method观点:idea, belief, view, opinion影响:affect(vt.),influence(vt.),have influence/effect/impact on(被)允许:allow, permit, can, may, be free to do恢复,复原:restore, recover, bring back4阻止:prevent, stop, keep (sth/sb from doing sth)花费:spend, take, cost, put in, make effort参加:join, take part in, participate in, engage in, get involved in, attend, be a part of调整,调节:adjust, regulate, control产生,创造:create,produce,make,generate,bring about, form表现,显现出:show, display, demonstrate, represent确保:ensure, guarantee, assure (of), promise最后:in the end, eventually, at last, finally行为方式,做法:act, practice建议:suggest, say should, advise, recommend决定:decide, choose,make up one’s mind查明:find out, discover, figure out导致,引起:cause,result in,lead to,bring about,contribute to限制:limit, restrict, confine, put a limit on正在做,努力:work on延期相关:more time,extra time,extension,later deadline; put off, postpone, put back to, delay。
托福写作如何学会更好的用词

托福写作如何学会更好的用词托福考试要想有个好成绩尤其是在主观题方面要明白一个问题,并不是中文意思对了就可以,尤其是像托福写作这种问题不少人只是按照中文来说话,完全没有任何托福写作技巧,这样是不对的,下面来看看。
1、在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词,选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景由于历史的原因,现代英语除本族语外,还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲,这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。
总的来讲,英语本族语大多是短词,小词,听起来朴素)亲切,大量用于口头表达:法语来源的词庄重文雅,多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰等有关;拉丁来源的词,书卷味浓,如 ask,question,inter-rogate 这三个不同来源的同义词在不同的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。
托福考试中同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外,它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。
托福写作中比如“瘦”可以用slender,slim,lean, thin,underweight,gaunt,lanky,skinny等来表达,而sleder表示“苗条”是褒义的,skinny却是贬义的,underweight则是中性的词。
即使同是褒义词,表达的感情色彩也不同。
比如little和petite两个同义词当用来描绘女子时,都意为“个子小”的,但petite同时还有“匀称”的意义,而little更强调“可爱的”或“可怜的”,根据不同的上下文,它还有“纤小”、“娇小”或“弱小”等不同意义。
因此在选词表达思想时,一定要分清主题,对象及情景。
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托福写作常用词汇及词组

★以下是英⽂写作翻译频道为⼤家整理的《托福写作常⽤词汇及词组》,供⼤家参考。
更多内容请看本站频道。
If we cooperate with each other, we will definitely overcome obstacles/difficulty 2.建设性的,有益的constructive, helpful, valuable, useful Translation: 他们很感激我给予他们的建设性的意见。
They appreciate the constructive suggestions that I give. 3.⽀持,赞成approve of, in favor of, uphold, stand by one's side, agree with, give one's assent 提倡advocate, recommend反对opposite, object to Translation:⼀些⼈⽀持此观点,⽽另外⼀些⼈则反对这观点。
Some people approve of this view, while others object to it. 4. 充分运⽤optimize, make best use of, make full use of,使⽤employ, utilize (vt) Translation:⼈类使⽤⼤⾃然的各种⾃然资源。
Human beings utilize various kinds of natural resources. 5. 优秀的outstanding, perfect, brilliant, remarkable, distinguished, excellent, splendid, first-rank, first-class Translation:相信⾃⼰,⾃⼰就是优秀的。
Believe in yourself, and you are outstanding. Part2: expressions & sentences' pattern (30m) 1.接触各种思想/经历:be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems Translation:店铺会让我们接触各种思想和经历。
托福写作中如何巧用词汇

托福写作中如何巧用词汇托福独立写作中因为词汇运用不当所导致的扣分问题层出不穷。
很多同学并非不知道这些词汇语法问题,许多情况下都只是没有太过注意才会导致错误发生。
下面和小编一起来看托福写作中如何巧用词汇,希望有所帮助!数字/单词运用时机区分当数词可以用至多两个英文单词表达时,尽量使用英文字母表示。
因此,12以下的数字或整数一般都需要“写出来”,但在percent(百分比)前面一般直接使用阿拉伯数字,如:Experts quickly realized that there were two possible explanations for the decline of sea otters: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. 专家很快认识到,海獭数量减少有两个可能的.原因:环境污染或来自捕食者的攻击。
When the price difference between two products is small, for example, less than 5 percent in the case of eco-certified wood products, American consumers often choose on factories other than price. 当两种产品之间的价格差距非常的小(在环保认证木材制品的案例中,这种差距小于5%),美国消费者会考虑生产厂商而不是价格。
什么时候用阿拉伯数字当数字需要用两个以上英文单词表达时,尽量使用阿拉伯数字表示,因此年份往往是直接用阿拉伯数字进行表示,如:These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 125 kilometers per hour. 这些动物奔跑速度非常快,可以达到每小时125千米。
托福写作:必备单词【初中高级】
托福写作: 必备单词【初级+中级+高级】本文为大家介绍的托福写作必备词汇是托福写作过程中需要考生重点掌握的一些必备知识,大家每天练习一部分内容,相信在接下来的托福写作过程中一定能够取得优异的成绩,最后祝愿大家在解析来的托福写作备考过程中能够取得优异的成绩。
1.持某观点:claim ( contend,deem,reckon,assert,share the belief that )2.支持某观点:advocate (maintain vote for side with be in favor of )3.反对某观点:contradict (criticize be against cast doubts on )4.合理的:justified ( sensible feasible convincing,persuasive,rational,practicable,logical,wise,sagacious,viable,preferable,advisable,appropriate,hold water bear much analysis)5.好处:advantage (benefit,merit,positive side,upside,boon,pros)6.弊端:disadvantage( defect,demerit,negative side,downside,flaw,drawback,bane,cons)7.肯定:undoubtedly (indeed undeniably there is no denying that)8.不确定:be likely to ( potentially presumably)9.重要的:essential (significant,vital,crucial,critical,fundamental,indispensable)10.有益的:beneficial (conducive instrumental )11.有害的:detrimental (harmful virulent)12.有争议的:controversial (disputable,contentious)13.普遍的:widespread ( prevalent,universal)14.显著地:considerably (significantly,remarkably,dramatically,tremendously,substantially)15. 明显的:evident (apparent,manifest)16. 增强:enhance (strengthen,boost)17. 减少:decline (descend,collapse,relieve)18. 大约:approximately(nearly,around,estimated,roughly)19. 趋势:trend(tendency,inclination)20. 预见:predict (expect,project)21. 带来bring about (result in,lead to)22. 产生,引起create (spark ;yield;;give rise to)23. 建立establish (found,institute)24. 要求call for (request,demand)25. 去除eliminate(remove,eradicate)26. 探讨explore (examine,identify)27. 表明,描绘indicate (depict,portray,illustrate)28. 满足…需求meet the need of ( satisfy the requirement of,cater for the demand of)29. 足够adequate (enough;sufficient)30. 解决tackle ( resolve,address)31. 意识awareness(consciousness)32. 控制curb ( regulate,censor)33. 解释:account for ( be responsible for,be attributed to)34. 投资finance (invest in,subsidize)35. 缓解relieve ( ease,alleviate)36. 压力stress ( pressure,strain)37. 遵循observe (follow,conform to)38. 继承inherit (hand down,carry forward)39. 培养cultivate (train,foster)40. 促进promote ( contribute to,upgrade)41. 适应adapt to (adjust to,acclimate to)42. 提供provide (render,afford)43. 替代replace (substitute,take the place of)44. 保护preserve (protect,safeguard)45. 证据evidence (proof)46. 赢得gain (acquire,attain)47. 国外的foreign( alien,exotic)48. 重视attach importance to (emphasis,highlight)49. 发展advance (development,progress)50. 倾向于tend to ( be inclined to ,be apt to)51. 吸引attract (allure,tempt)52. 专注的be absorbed in(be immersed in,devote oneself to)53. 目的是aim at ( The purpose is )54. 实现achieve (fulfill,implement)55. 危害endanger ( threaten;jeopardize)56. 损害undermine (impair,damage)57. 阻碍hinder (obstruct,impede)58. 禁止forbid (ban,prohibit)59. 责备blame( denounce,criticize)60. 污染pollute (contaminate,stain)61. 腐蚀erode(wear away,corrode)62. 欺骗deceive (cheat,defraud)63. 冲突conflict ( shock,tension)64. 驱使prompt (spur,incite)65.贪婪的acquisitive(money-oriented,materialistic)66.自私的self-centered (selfish,inconsiderate)67.体谅的considerate (understanding,sympathetic)68.冷漠的indifferent (apathetic,aloof)69.奢侈的wasteful (luxurious,extravagant)70.残忍的inhumane(brutal,barbaric)71.绝望的hopeless(despairing,desperate)72.过分的excessive (extravagant,exorbitant)73.激烈的intense (fierce,vigorous)74.严厉的stringent (rigorous,rigid)75.与…相关be related to( be associated with,be linked to)76.难以置信的unbelievable(incredulous,virtual)77.惊人的extraordinary (marvelous,spectacular)78.有抱负的ambitious(aggressive,aspirant)79.固有的inherent(nature,innate)80.稳定的steady (stable,constant)81.恶化worsen (aggravate,deteriorate)82.夸大exaggerate ( overstate)83.限制restrain (constrain,confine)84.拆除tear down(knock down,pull down)85.加速accelerate (speed up,precipitate)86.占优势predominate (dominate)87.分辨distinguish (differentiate,discern)88.抵消counteract (offset,cancel out)89.开展launch (conduct,carry out)90.承担assume (shoulder,accept)91.颁布,制定enact (enforce,promulgate,map out )92.影响influence(impact,pervade)93.差异difference (distinction,gap)94.交流municate(exchange,associate)95.接触have access to (make contact with,keep in touch with)96.优先give priority to (put…into first place)97.节约economize ( conserve,cherish)98.面临be faced with (be confronted with)99.措施measure (step,action)100.注意beware ( prevent,guard against)托福写作需要考生掌握一定量的词汇,这些词汇都是在托福写作备考过程中我们需要经常用到的内容,托福考试备考过程中,词汇是非常非常重要的一部分内容,考前将这些词汇掌握住,并能够熟练应用,对我们来说是非常有必要的。
托福写作词汇的应用
托福写作词汇的应用1.选词时要符合语言习惯并与社会文化诸多背景一致例如,英美人对landlord和peasant两词的理解与中国人截然不同。
英美人对前者的理解首先是“房东”,然后才是“地主”;而peasant一词对他们来说意味着“粗俗”与“无知”,此词多少带有贬义色彩。
再如propaganda一词在中国并不带有西方人所理解的贬意;而First lady 第一夫人绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人,因此在写作中应特别注意这类词,否则会导致冒犯和误解。
由于东西方社会历史文化的差异,许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭,Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”,而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。
Peach在汉语中象征“长寿”而在英语中却用以指代“特别讨人喜爱的人或物”。
又比如在表示色彩的词中green是青春的颜色,常表示希望、活力,但在英语中green又与“妒忌” to be green with envy,green-eyed和“没有经验的”a green horn联系起来。
如果没有广泛的阅读积累,养成经常查字典的良好习惯,单凭想当然地选词,势必会词不达意。
即使同一事物,在美国和英国也可能有不同的表达。
例如:corn一词在美国指“玉米”而在英国泛指“谷物”;“地铁”在英国用tube或underground美国则用subway。
此类的例子还有pavement/sidewalk, Chemists' shop/drug store等。
2.在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词,选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景由于历史的原因,现代英语除本族语外,还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲,这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。
总的来讲,英语本族语大多是短词,小词,听起来朴素亲切,大量用于口头表达:法语来源的词庄重文雅,多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰等有关;拉丁来源的词,书卷味浓,如ask,question,inter-rogate这三个不同来源的同义词在不同的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。
托福写作常用词汇及易误用词汇
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托福写作高级词汇的盘点
托福写作高级词汇的盘点托福写作备考过程中,高级词汇的积累也是备考的重要工作。
而且灵活的使用高级词汇,也能够为我们的写作提分带来很大的帮助。
那么具体的托福写作考试中,常用的高级词汇有哪些呢?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容,供大家参考!托福写作高级词汇的盘点1) Come a long way 有很大的进步Human being has come a long from drinking and eating raw food to talking through cell phones.2) It is worthwhile to / it is worth doingIt is worthwhile to spend time in learning music and art, because they can benefit me for life time.3) Give credit for 归功于The convenience that commuters (通勤者)has now should give credit for the newly opened subway lines.4) Give sb. a competitive edge 给某人竞争优势Learning multiple languages give people a competitive edge in this demanding society.5) Remove the barrier for 为(发展,交流等)消除障碍Learning English is a way to remove the barrier for communicating with many foreigners./exchanging with exotic cultures.6) Be the cornerstone of 是的基石Believing in the correlation of hardworking and success is the cornerstone of American spirit.7) Be an essential ingredient of 是的条件A sound health is an essential ingredient of excellent academic performance.8) profit from/benefit from 从中获益People can profit/benefit from the advancement of modern technology, such as computers, the Internet and many digital devices.9) is an indispensable part of 是中不可或缺的一部分Advertising has become an indispensable part of our lives and it has been exerting profound influence on the way we live, work , play and learn.10) plays a pivotal role in 扮演者至关重要的角色It is universally acknowledged that education plays a pivotal role in individual success11) enable somebody to do something 是某人做某事The policy of restricting usage of plastic bags enables people to foster an awareness of environmental protection.12) get accustomed to do something 习惯于做某事People may need time to get accustomed to use less plastic bags which once brought us great convenience, but this practice will definitely benefit/better our environment.13) Someone can utilize something 使用,利用In this day and age, many individuals can utilize the Internet via computers or mobile phones.14) something is in the best interests of someone 最符合的利益Preserving the endangered animals is in the best interests of humanity.15) contribute to 促成(表原因)The restricting of private cars can contribute to the betterment of traffic condition in Beijing.16)be supposed to 应该People living in modern society are supposed to know health is more important than anything else.17)hold fast to 牢牢地把握住(fast 这里是坚实地 )This movie The Pursuit of Happiness tells people that they should hold fast to their dreams, like Chris said, When you havea dream, you should protect it.18)put a premium on/ put a high value on/cherish(vt.)/treasure(vt.) 珍视,重视Good parents always put a premium on children s education.19) bear in mind 牢记It is important to bear in mind that happiness comes from a person s inner feeling not the possession he/she has.托福写作高端词汇有助提升表达水平到目前为止相信一个好的表达能给托福作文带来高分的同学一定不是少数,必须要承认托福考试写作表达好的确有高分,但不少人对于表达水平并没有正确的认识,认为从托福写作范文中搬来一些高端词汇就是提升表达水平的方式。
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TOEFL写作中词汇的选用 首先,我们先来看看词汇量。所谓词汇量,从宏观出发指的是你所掌握的单词总数。比如说你为了参加托福考试,整日茶饭不思,大门不出在家苦苦求索,用无数大脑细胞换来的单词记忆量。这个首先保证的是你的阅读能力,当你看到这个单词的时候好像形同陌路,也有点似曾相识,但是可以很大程度上帮助你理解整篇文章的意思,如此一来,你做TOEFL阅读部分的时候,词汇量的大小决定了你对文章的认知程度。可是对于写作而言,这个单词量就要另当别论了,或许你可以有几万个单词在大脑里,可是谈到写作,就很难用单词量来衡量你的具体应用了;换句话说,你认识他们每一个人,但是他们是不是认识你就不好说了。
很多同学背单词的坚韧精神让我佩服不已,但一如既往地记忆的确很好,可是在写作方面还是有很多苦恼:一般是提笔忘字或者高级词汇的使用,还有就是句型过于简单罗列,使得整篇文章缺少亮点和层次感。想要避免提笔忘字,就要谈到词汇要怎么记忆了,纯粹的单词表记忆,破坏了单词之间的联系性,积累写作方面的单词,最好不要逐一地背单词表,按照字母顺序排列的单词,彼此之间的联系太少。针对这一特点,市场上TOEFL写作类的图书都做了很多调整,经常在每篇范文之后附加了文章中好的词汇和短语,这样在你学习了范文的写法之后,再回味一下文章中的词汇精华,一举两得。如果有充分的时间,可以选择一些文字类新闻多一些的英文网站,Yahoo,MSN之类的就不错。通过阅读新闻来积累单词,首先很多社会新闻可以成为我们写作的构思素材,其次多元化的新闻,不容易产生死背单词的枯燥感。
关于高级词汇在TOEFL写作中的应用,我觉得要顺其自然。有些考生总是喜欢找一些级别高的单词,甚至是被人冷落的单词进行记忆,这就好像让莎士比亚去考托福一样,级别相差太多。我见过很多学生,尤其是高中生,因为记忆力还保持在茂盛期,所以偏爱这种类型的记忆;这样做的优点在于你的单词量扩展得很好,基本可以参加GRE的考试,缺点就是牺牲太多时间,也会损害记忆能力。针对TOEFL考试,词汇上的升级其实也很简单,我们来看下边这个例子:
important ? significant ? magnificent 具体应用到句子中: 1. WTO is planning an important conference about commercial regulations. 2. It is a significant contribution to the society. 3. We have visited the magnificent Forbidden city. 这几个词大家都很熟悉,都有“重要,华丽”的意思。可是作为同级比较的形容词,它们之间的关系则是递进式的,其强调的重要或者华丽的程度也在逐渐提升。如果你按照这样的顺序来进行记忆,不但可以记牢这几个单词,而且可以得到如何应用的真谛。所以所谓的高级词汇的应用,要从基础开始,打好基础之后再进行积累,切忌操之过急。再来看看下边这个例子:
Humility humiliate humiliated humiliating 这几个词汇都是由humility衍生出来的,但是意思大不相同,humility是我们的传统美德,叫做“谦卑”,和pride正好是反义词;而humiliate却是“使人蒙尘”的意思,humiliate和humiliating 一般口语使用偏多,指的是“感觉很丢脸,没有面子”。例如:I feel humiliated 或者 it is humiliating. 有时候,与其花费大量时间去记忆新单词和词组,都不如在已经掌握的单词中进行联想性的扩展来的有效和实惠。其实道理很简单,说一个东西好,很好,到非常好,相当好,甚至好到不能再好,这是一个纵向比较的记忆方法,按照级别的不同进行选择性的记忆和使用。
我们再看看下边这个例子: So amazing are these crewmembers that they have successfully accomplished space walk,what a briliant mission!
这句话是某英文网站对神舟七号的评价,这个属于句子的倒装,但是强调的内容是amazing。这个词意思很广泛,而且同义词也有很多,例如incredible, wonderful, 甚至unbelievable,这里用amazing是表示难以置信的好,类似incredible,是对太空行走这次任务完成的积极评价,这就是高级词汇的同等记忆了,这几个词都有“美妙,奇妙,难以置信”之类的意思,记忆的方法属于横向比较,也就是说,都是表示好到不能再好之类的意思,但是好的方向不同,所以单词的选择会有区别。
托福写作中句子句型的使用 我们来看看句子吧。如果说单词是句子的灵魂,那句子就是文章的基石,而句型则是不同品质的基石,可以让整篇文章充满多样的色彩,读起来让人很有兴趣。虽然句型的变化很多,可是针对TOEFL文章的特点,一篇接近300字的议论文,IBT在注重文章的完整性和一致性的同时,也需要文章有精彩的内容。可是文章篇幅有限,我们仅仅需要熟练地应用几个不同的句型,就一定会给评分人留下很深刻的印象了
句子中的修辞 我们看看下边的几个例句: 1. Knowledge will never lieh 知之为知之,不知为不知,是智也。 这个句子使用了拟人的修辞手法,赋予了knowledge生命,形象化了知识的严谨性,同时也避免了直接翻译的繁琐冗长。 2. That information comes very impressively to everyone in the job market。 那一信息使所有正在找工作的人为之一震。 这个句子也间接使用了拟人的手法,人性化了Information这个词,come可以把人们接受信息的过程表达的更生动。
3. Confidence never fails to play a significant role in your entire life 自信在你一生中扮演极其重要的角色 这个句子中never和fail表示双重否定,用以加强肯定的成分。 这几种句子中的修辞手法都可以使句子的意思表达起来更生动,让人读起来容易接受,同时也避免了直接翻译的很多缺点。
强调句的应用和举例说明 孔子《论语》中的这个经典语句可谓家喻户晓,一句“有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎”道出了中华民族作为礼仪之邦的特点。在托福中,这句话可以应用在关于friendship的文章,这句话直译过来说的是:有朋友从很远的地方来看你难道不是一件很开心的事情吗?通过中文理解,我们知道这句话所强调的部分是:一件很开心的事情。“开心”有很多词汇可以选择,常用的有happy和glad,高级一点的有enjoyable和pleasant,再高级一点的还有incredible和delightful。应用到实际写作中,可以使用it is 做一个强调句来凸显这句话的特点,例如:
It’s delightful to have friends from distant lands。 在这个句子中,除了deightful以外,其他句子成分都很平常,每个人都会写,所以即使是评卷人看到这个句子也不会觉得稀奇,那么作为强调句,恰好是delightful这个词,代表了一种发自心底的喜悦和开心,让读过这个句子的人都有眼前一亮的感觉,这也就达到了强调句的作用。然而happy和glad也都有快乐之意,但是和delightful相比就显得不够级别了,明显高兴的程度不一样,delightful更能显示一种喜悦带来的兴奋,迎接千里迢迢来访的朋友这样的表达最恰当不过了。可以起到强调作用的句型结构有很多,我们能够用到的同位语从句和倒装句都有这样的作用,例如:
It is an undeniable fact that human activities harm the Earth. 这句话中that后边引导的就是要强调的内容,即an undeniable fact. 为了突出harm the Earth是一个不可否认的事实,做成这样一个句子。
Only through effective measures can the government resolve the dispute. 这句话强调的就是only后边的effective measures,而且翻译过来是只有同过有效的措施,强调的唯一性,无二法门。
倒装句子的特点就是把句子倒过来说,这样的解释过于直白但却很实际。根据英语句型结构特点,因为要强调才会选择去倒装。我们看看下边的两个例子:
1. So severe is this problem that we have no alternative but to take some feasible measures to deal with it.
2. So amazing are these crewmembers that they have successfully accomplished space walk.
句子中划线的部分就是倒装结构的重点强调所在,关于倒装句的作用,前边已然讲过,这里就不多说了。在TOEFL的具体应用中,我们需要在写作实践里进行检验。
Only through education can we rise in the world. Only by receiving education can we rise in the world. 从句什么时候使用 在托福写作中,从句句型还是应用比较广泛的,常用的主语、宾语从句,定语从句,还有我们讲过的同位语从句。我见过的托福写作范文中,包括CBT和IBT的两类作文,段落中从句出现的频率都是很高的,尤其是第一段introduction中,一般做背景介绍的时候都会使用宾语从句,例如:some people claim that„ 在文章的主体部分中,为了体现句式的变化,各种从句交替应用就显得很重要;即使在iBT导入了first draft的概念之后,对文章的内容要求也没有改变要求,需要体现完整性和统一性。有一点值得注意,从句虽好,但不宜过多重复,这就好像美酒虽好,但不要贪杯的道理一样。好钢用在刀刃上,从句的优点是简单句不能比拟的,但只有简单句结合从句,才能体现句子的多变性;也只有全部的句子都为主题句服务,文章的整体性才会更好的体现。以下是议论文写作中比较好的一些从句例子:
1. Many experts claim that people should positively participate in garbage recycle.