英语国家社会与文化 小论文
The Open University
摘要：英国开放大学对任何人都开放，无需正式学历，不限年龄，通过电视、录像、函授等方式为学生提供就地学习的条件。这种开放的思想既是对终身教育的诠释，也是英国开放大学的成功之源。她的诞生不仅是英国20世纪教育改革最成功的典范，更已成为世界远程教育发展史上的重要里程碑。
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The Open University, originally planned by the Labor Party as a ‘univ ersity of the air’, is an educational system which would make use of television, radio and correspondence courses. It offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications.
At the very beginning, many people laughed at this idea, but it became part of the Labor Party’s programme to give educational opportunity to those people who had not had a chance to receive future education for one reason or another. By 1969 plans were well advanced and by 1970 the Open University, as it was now called, had received 40000 applications. Only 25000 could be accepted for the four foundation courses offered: social science, arts, science and mathematics. Unsuccessful candidates were told to apply again the following year, when a foundation course in technology would also be offered.
The first teaching programme appeared on the air and screen in 1971, with clerks, farm workers, housewives, teachers, policemen and many others as students. Study centres have been set up all over the country so that students can attend once a week, and once a year they will spend a week at one of the university’s summer schools.
According to various reasons, some students need to use completely different alternative schools instead of four years full-time university. This is the reason why British Open University was founded. The Open University has pioneered the idea of ‘distance learning’. You can learn independently, and do not need to stay in the classroom. Many people are unable to participate in scheduled courses on account of work and family trivial matters, so they need flexibility. If you belong to this kind of person, the Open University is your first choice.
The process is very simple. First of all, you should enroll in one curriculum. Once you register successfully, the university will send you your study materials immediately by e-mail. These learning materials may include printed texts, CD-ROMs, video materials, audio tapes, and online messages. At the same time, there is a personal tutor assigning for you.
In the UK, the Open University has 13 regional centers where you can meet directly with your tutor or other students for informal study groups. Or you can stay
on the couch. It all depends on you. Your assignments will be marked by your tutor, and if you want to know more about your grades, you may call him to help you. In the learning process, you can mail or hand in your homework, and you will receive regular evaluation and feedback.
Honorary President of the British Open University came up with the idea of
‘learners open, place of study open, open learning, and open attitude’. This open thinking and life-long education are similar; both of them are different from the traditional education concept. They break the limitation of age and campus walls. In addition, they provide harmonious environment for students, and constantly update their knowledge and skills. The fundamental goal of life-long education is to create a learning society. Only by open learning can we achieve this goal, and open learning is linked with the student-centered. That is to say, students can choose the content and the place of study and select the learning time. As a result, students may improve from passive learning to active learning. This open mind provides a theoretical support for life-long education.
If it is strange for you to see a college degree that you’ve never seen, then consider this: the Open University is regarded as Britain’s largest university, with more than 20 million students. It owns hundreds of highly qualified faculty and has won numerous awards for the quality of its academic programs. Furthermore, two hundred thousand students can prove everything. As the technology develops, the Open University has been able to offer more courses completely over the Internet. There is no need going to the post office or stopping by a regional center. Everything can be done electronically. Similar concepts to the UK’s Open University exist around the world. As long as you look up “open university” on the Internet.
As far as I am concerned, it is too early to say how successful this new university will be. Its critics complain of the cost, but the Open University is probably the cheapest and most far-reaching method yet found of spreading further education. The Open University is one of the most important developments in UK’s higher education after World War II; it achieved a historic success due to its unique form of school, advanced instructional media and excellent quality of education. What’s more, it was well-known as the United Kingdom education of a great innovation and it also can be said is a great initiative of the World Education in the history.
语言与文化 论文(英文)
The Relation between Language and Culture Abstract: Different countries have different cultures, and also different language. Language and culture are interdependent and interactional. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture. On the other hand, culture have a great impact on language, that is culture conditioning. Knowing the language and cultural backgrounds can help our communication. Instead, it will cause many communicative barriers. In this paper, we summarize the relationship between language and culture. And example to explain it’s impact on cross-culture communication. 摘要：不同的国家有不同的语言和文化，语言和文化是相互依赖、相互影响的，语言是文化的重要载体，另一方面，文化对语言也有制约作用。了解语言文化知识有助于我们的交际。相反地，缺乏语言文化背景知识必然会导致交际障碍。本文列举了语言与文化的关系，并举例说明了这种关系对跨文化交际的影响。 key words: language, cultures, relationship, communication 关键词：语言，文化，关系，交际 1. Introduction As we all know that different countries have different cultures, and also different language. Language and culture are interdependent and interactional. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture. On the other hand, culture have a great impact on language, that is culture conditioning. Language plays a very important role in all human activity. It’s one of the indispensable part of the social life of human. You can not imagine the world would be without language. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of human language is so mystical that people do not acquaint it entirely so far. Culture is the product of social life and national spirit. In other words, culture is the genetic code of difference among the various nation, country and region. Every country has its own culture formation and individuality. This special culture is one of the most important source of affinity and cohesion of a country. For this reason, we must protect and develop the culture of the various nation, country and region, keep variety of our global culture. 2. Relationship between language and culture Relationship between language and culture can be summarized as the following: (1). Language is part of culture. Like other cultural phenomenon, language is also a social phenomenon, it occurred with the production of society, and develops with the development of society. The language is with nationality, different nationalities often have different languages; Language is also human creation. It is the most important spiritual wealth of human society .We can say that language has all the attributes of culture, so language is also a kind of culture, one of the many cultural phenomenons. The human language is not only an integral part of culture, and also the most important part. (2).Language is the main carrier of culture. Although language is part of culture, other cultural phenomenon generally can't exist being independent from language. Only through language, culture can be preserved, extended and spread.
初中英语语言与文化的关系
初中英语语言与文化的关系 学习任何一门外语，都不仅要掌握语音是、语法、词汇和习语，而且还要知道和熟识使用该语种的人如何看待事物，如何观察世界；要了解他们如何用他们的语言来反映他们的思想、习惯和行为；更要了解他们社会的文化，语言是文化的一部分，并对文化起着重要作用。它们之间互相影响、互相作用；理解语言必须了解文化，理解文化必须了解语言。 我们学习应用外语，目的是为了交际，并且是跨文化的交际，故此必然涉及不同的习俗文化、不同的世界观、人生观；不同的思维方式、行为方式和生活方式；以及不同的政治信仰和宗教信仰等。我们所指的文化，并不单纯是狭义上所指的文学、音乐、美术等，而更广义上所指的：一个社会所具有的独特的信仰、习俗、制度、目标和技术的总模式。所以在跨文化的交往中，没有这些的深入认识，只局限地以自己母语文化中所形成的各种思维方式、行为方式，习俗观和世界观去和外国人进行交往，必然会形成不同文化观念在某个话题或论点方面的冲突和不快。 在初中阶段的英语教学中，英语教学工作者更多地强调了“听”“说”“读写”四大技能的培养及素质教育在教材的安排和教学时间的分配上，忽略了英语文化的进一步的学习、了解和渗透。同时，作为素质教育，我们在语言教学中，应尽量多地全方位体现该语言范畴的文化现象、文化特征。虽然对事物的理解受到年龄、职业、信仰、思维等影响，但对于初中学生来说，他们应该可以理解在欧美国家最常用的成语、谚语、格言和典故。这些内容在教材中安排得并不多，尽管 有 "A friend in need is a friend indeed" "An apple a day keeps the doctor away","There os a will, there is a way"------ 等等。但我认为仍不足够，英语文化中，常用的谚语还很多，而
英语国家文化
English Football Culture Key words: Culture, English, Football In today’s world, football has become the world's first sport. World Cup has become a platform for the football player to show their level of football, but also in front of the world’s peo ple. Because of football, the world of people linked to together, although football originated in China, but the modern football started in the United Kingdom. Rules, professional, football managers and game system complete leagues, they have been found in the late 19th century. The professional football is considered as a new life start to 20 century. The rise of English football Early in the 19th century, the British initially realized urbanization. With the revolution, more and more went to city and lived in towns. Accompanied by a fundamental change in production technology and economic development, the quality of people's life changed, people's material needs were meet, then it needed to pursue a higher level, spiritual and cultural level of demand were transported. Football developed rapidly in this environment. First a large number of workers who were physically strong had some leisure time for sport and fun to play as entertainment. Second the people play football found their own spiritual sustenance, quickly established a lot of football teams in industrial cities such as Manchester, Newcastle. A factory as a unit, a streets as a unit, there were a variety of units. You can imagine the scene at that time, you can also imagine how much the exciting of football emergence, which is not difficult to understand why the English has so strong football tradition, so deep feelings.
英语国家社会与文化入门_上册_翻译
A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。这是一个什么在许多方面 是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天过自己的生活。 一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的 重要性。英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的 维持（自愿）组织的联系称为英联邦国家。但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国1973年以来的成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家，而 不是其英联邦成员资格。它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家，是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。从这些英联邦国家，这在20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。 这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能 总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。但是，这仅仅是一个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。英国是一个国家，一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同的元素组成。它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。因此，在讨论英国和英国的一些考虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰的女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她的英国绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她的身份从不同的男人和不同的英语。 但是，这4个组成部分之间的区别的国家只有一个，也许是最简单的，不同的是分裂联 合王国。有人已经指出，英国现在是一个多种族社会，这些移民是最近才集团带来了自己的文化，这与他们并肩坐在一起，与生活更加传统的英国方式方方面，例如，许多穆斯林，而大多数（名英国人至少）是基督教徒。并明确在我的苏格兰妇女的例子涉及的是事实，男人和女人没有生活在英国同样的经历。此外，英国经济分为：它是一个阶级结构的社会。很可能夸大了这个阶级的重要性，因为结构的过程中，大多数国家有一些一流的一种制度，但它确实可以说，对英国社会的阶级结构是比较明显的。一名工厂工人，他的父亲是工厂的工人很可能会从股票经纪，父亲是一名股票经纪人，不同的文化：他们将倾向于读不同的报纸，看不同的电视节目，用不同的说话口音，在做不同的事情他们的自由时间，对自己的孩子有不同的期望。 另一个不同之处，这标志着英国社会就是区域。即使在四个国家，每个地区的不同：高 地之间的差异和低地苏格兰有着悠久的历史意义，例如：北部和南部英格兰队也被认为是文化不同，但它们之间的边界上没有标记任何地图，只存在一个比较笼统的精神风貌。然而，有一些是在经济方面的区别的基础，南部平均较富裕的北方。 部分之间的北部和南部的另一个区别，这标志着英国社会，一个可以看到在许多社会中， 但有可能尤其明显，在英国，也就是资本之间的区别和不同的经济差别的原因找到了省份。伦敦是在该国南部，并在英国占主导地位的各种方式。这是迄今为止该国最大的城市，约占全国人口的七分之一，它是政府的所在地，它是文化中心，这里是所有的主要报纸，电视台，与遥遥领先的最广泛选择画廊，剧院和博物馆。此外它是商业中心，在英国大公司总部的绝大多数，是国家的金融中心，三个主要的国际金融中心之一。因此，它结合了北京，上海，广州，还是纽约，华盛顿和洛杉矶的职能，在一个城市。并鉴于其长期在英国的历史作用，也许西安呢！伦敦是英国的经济和文化生活的巨大影响力，并在一定程度上在其阴影的国家
英语国家文化简答
"British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the ●British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores…. ●Key points: What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in ●Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces. ● 1.The Celts originally lived on Scotland, they kept their own culture and language—the Gealic. 2.Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Ireland invaded the South-west --- the lowland zone. They were called Scots and gave the modern country of Scotland its name. 3.The Scottish people have a strong sense of nationality and desire for cultural independence. They observed some old customs and tradition, like the Highland tradition. Today, bagpipe, and tartan are considered as the
英语国家社会与文化(下)名词解释(中英)
The Resource Management Act 资源管理法案 The Resource Management Act reflects New Zealander’s environmental awareness. Under the Act, laws governing land,air and water resources are combined together to ensure the sustainable management of natural resources. It focuses on the effects of human activities on the whole environment as well. The Act came into force in 1991. With it , New Zealand leads the world in environmental legislation. 资源管理法案反映了新西兰人的环保意识。根据该法案，法律将土地，空气和水资源结合在一起管理，以确保自然资源的可持续管理。它侧重于人类活动对整个环境的影响。该法案于1991生效。有了它，新西兰在环境立法方面领先世界。 Maoritanga 毛利文化 Maoritanga is the Maori word for “ Maori culture. It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their languages, customs and traditions. 毛利文化是毛利语中的“毛利文化。它是指在新西兰土著居民丰富的文化遗产中的所有元素，包括他们的语言，习俗和传统。 MMPR 混合成员比例代表制 MMPR stands for Mixed Member Proportional Representation. Under this new election system, each voter has two votes, the first one for a candidate in their electorate, the second for a political party. The second vote, when counted nation-wide, decides the number of seats each party will take in Parliament. MMPR代表混合成员比例代表制。在这种新的选举制度下，每一个选民都有两张选票，第一张是投给选民的候选人，第二个是投给政党的候选人。当第二次投票在全国范围内举行时，将决定各个党派在议会中所占的席数。 The Ombudsman申述专员 The Ombudsman is appointed by Parliament. His responsibilities are to investigate people’s complaints against government departments and local authorities and to make sure that appropriate official information is freely available in accordance to the Official Information Act. There are Chief Ombudsman and specialist ombudsman in various fields. 申诉专员是由议会任命的。他的职责是调查人们对政府部门和地方当局的投诉，并确保根据官方信息法适当的提供免费的官方信息。在各个领域都有首席监察官和专家申诉专员。
(期末论文)浅析语言与文化的关系
浅析语言与文化的关系 文化语言学是研究语言与文化的关系——语言所蕴含的民族文化内涵，以及民族文化对语言的存在形式和演变怎样产生影响的一个语言学分支学科。它是语言学众多学科中与人和社会紧密联系、最富人文内涵的一个分支学科。经过一个学期的学习，我逐渐对这门课程有所了解，作为期末论文，我将结合书本知识和课外参考文献，同时联系自身专业，浅析语言和文化的关系。 一、“文化”的概念 为了更好地理解语言与文化的关系，首先要先了解什么是文化。人们关于“文化”的讨论延续了很长时间，至今仍未得出一个统一的看法。19世纪英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒在他的《原始文化》一书中,曾给文化下过一个著名定义:“文化是一个复杂的整体,其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗,以及作为社会成员个人所获得的任何其它能力和习惯。”这个定义强调的精神方面的文化，是一般文化人类学家所持的观点。我国国学大师季羡林先生对文化下的定义是:“文化就是生活,包括物质文化和精神文化两方面,由社会的生产关系所产生出来的物质生活方式,如衣食住行，便是物质文化;由社会的生产关系所反映出来的意识形态,如法律、政治、艺术、哲学，便叫精神文化。”从一直以来人们对“文化”讨论的发展来看，文化的内涵越来越宽广。文化不仅包括了人的知识、信仰、艺术、道德、
法律、习俗、观念等精神方面的内容，也包括人的生产生活活动所产生的种种产品、结果或遗迹，也包括人的行为方式、思维方式、实践能力，甚至社会活动的组织形式等。 二、语言和文化的关系 语言是人类思维和交流的工具，它作为人们认识、思维、交际、表达的符号，参与到文化形成的具体过程中。每一种语言都是在具体、特定的社会历史环境中产生和发展起来的；每一种语言中的形象意义都是在自己独特的历史、社会条件和民族风俗语境下形成的。与语言的发展相似，文化也是社会发展到一定阶段的产物。各民族文化所具有鲜明的个性，不仅决定了人的认知结果，还制约着语言形式。语言与文化相互依存。语言是文化不可分割的一部分，同时又担负着传达文化的任务。因此，我们的教材中说“文化和语言之间起码有了两种关系：语言是文化的载体，语言是一种文化样式”。 第一，语言是文化的载体,是文化存在的物质表现形式。 各民族的文化由于所处的环境不尽相同，民族区域生态环境不同，文化积累和传播方式的不同，社会和经济生活的不同等等，从而产生了文化的不尽相同和各个民族文化的鲜明个性。民族文化的传承和发展最重要的手段就是利用语言,是语言记录了民族文化并保存了民族文化。语言单位,特别是词语,体现了人们对客观世界的认识和态度,烙上了某一民族的历史、社会生活的印记。 比如，在表达赞美时，美国人通常会说“You look good in this
英语国家社会与文化 课程标准
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英语国家社会与文化课程结课英文论文
My feeling for this course Never have I known so much about society and culture of English-speaking countries before I took up this course.Through the process,I got pleasure,companionship,experience and instruction.Actually I was so looking forward to having the lesson at the first time that I had got the syllabus.Now I know,it’s definitely worthwhile. Our teacher once told us,“Reading is the most effective way for one who could not go through the country but still eager to learn about their culture.”I can’t agree more with it.Maybe the past will step out from the stage of history,nevertheless,books have the ability to record the fact that exactly happened in the history.I proved it on my own experience,believe it or not. For example,Animal Farm is a political fable style novel.The story describes an "animal" revolution brewing,rising up and final transformation.Suffered enough oppression,the animals in the Manor Farm rebelled against humans under the guidance of pigs,drove the planter,Mr. Jones.The animals achieved their ambition of "self-determination" and changed its name to "Animal Farm",pursuing that "all animals are equal".But soon the leading pigs had contravention.Since then,it turned out that one pig,Napoleon had more and more power and special treatment,gradually moving away from other animals,and eventually became an exploiter exactly the same as a human being.Thus,the name,animal farm,was also abandoned. This book is analyzed by critics that it’s strikingly similar to the history of the Soviet union,even the international communist movement in the whole 20th century.We can see the similar shadow in many communist party ruling or did rule countries of animal farm.The author,George Orwell,his predication on the fate of the communist movement in the future by changes of the development of animal farm in the book,confirmed totally by history that the Soviet union took apart and the upheaval of eastern Europe in 1991 and afterwards incidents,which really took place at that time.But the meaning of Animal Farm is more than just the historical prophecy.This allegorical novel pointed out in literary language that owing to the fundamental interests of the leading group who possessed the division right was to hold their dominant position,regardless of the form having what kind of appeal,the ultimate result would be contrary to maintain the basic demands of social fairness.Professor Xia Zhiqing once said: "In western literature,since the Aesop's Fables, each dynasty has fables and fairy tales focusing on animals.However,for readers in the late 20th century,this kind of work is not a more accurate representation of the human condition today than" Animal Farm "." While t he novel Being There tells us a story about a man named Chance, a gardener. Chance once lived in the townhouse of an old, wealthy man in Washington, D.C.watching TV all day until the man was dead.Then he was forced to face the world.He met Benjamin Rand,a wealthy businessman.While being asked what his name was, instead of "Chance the Gardener" (which was
语言与文化(Language and Culture)
Language and Culture I firmly believe that language and culture are familiar with everyone on earth. Nevertheless, I don’t think everyone is clear about the real meaning of language and culture. On this basis, this essay will explain some basic information about language and culture, including what is language, what is culture and the relationship between language and culture. What’s more, quite a number of examples will be cited to help you have a better understanding of language and culture. Let’s begin with the concept of language. When we put a key word “language”into the online Wikipedia(维基百科)，which is a free encyclopedia to people all over the world, we find that language is defined as the human capacity for acquiring and using complex system of communications , and a language is any specific example of such a system. From this definition, we have a clear consciousness towards language. When we look into the Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary, Language is divided into several meanings as follow：1. use of words in an agreed way as a method of human communications 2. system of words of a particular community or country etc. 3. faculty of speech 4. system of symbols and rules for writing computer programs 5. any method of communication.6. professional or specialized vocabulary. Besides, I have also learned the definition of language from my linguistics class. In the book A New Concise Course in Linguistics for Students of English(新编
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期末论文浅析语言与文化的关系
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文化形成的具体过程中。每一种语言都是在具体、特定的社会历史环境中产生和发展起来的；每一种语言中的形象意义都是在自己独特的历史、社会条件和民族风俗语境下形成的。与语言的发展相似，文化也是社会发展到一定阶段的产物。各民族文化所具有鲜明的个性，不仅决定了人的认知结果，还制约着语言形式。语言与文化相互依存。语言是文化不可分割的一部分，同时又担负着传达文化的任务。因此，我们的教材中说“文化和语言之间起码有了两种关系：语言是文化的载体，语言是一种文化样式”。 第一，语言是文化的载体,是文化存在的物质表现形式。 各民族的文化由于所处的环境不尽相同，民族区域生态环境不同，文化积累和传播方式的不同，社会和经济生活的不同等等，从而产生了文化的不尽相同和各个民族文化的鲜明个性。民族文化的传承和发展最重要的手段就是利用语言,是语言记录了民族文化并保存了民族文化。语言单位,特别是词语,体现了人们对客观世界的认识和态度,烙上了某一民族的历史、社会生活的印记。 比如，在表达赞美时，美国人通常会说“You look good in this shirt.”或者是“I really like your scarf.”。在汉语中，用的最普遍的是“你的…+增强语气的词（真，特别）+形容词”，如：你的围巾真漂亮。很少有人会使用美国人常说的“我真喜欢你的围巾”这样的句子。在英语中人们说“I like/love…”的频率要大大高于汉语，而绝大多数中国人在赞美对方的时候会选择使用第二人称“你”、“你的”。这就需要通过语言和文化的关系来解释，在中国几千年来的文化传统中，人们非常强调集体主义，在做任何事情的时候考虑的更多的是集体而不是个人的利益，所以会注意避免强调“个体”。而美国人素来崇尚个人主义，主张个性的发展，他们会随时愿意表达个人的观点和憎恶。这一文化上的差异也会反映在他们各自的语言中。在汉语中，过多的使用第一人称“我”会被认为是以自我为中心，这是绝大多数中国人所不齿的，所以一定要尽量避免。正是考虑到这一点，当中国