英美文化ae111222
英美文化之电影PPT课件
1997：拯救大兵瑞恩 导演：斯皮尔伯格 主演：汤姆·汉克斯
汤姆·赛斯摩尔 马特·达蒙
这个片段讲述的是米勒牺牲过 程。影片最后借林肯的信，讲 述了用八个战士去救一个瑞恩 “值得不值得”的道理。
2001：珍珠港 导演：迈克尔·贝 主演：本·阿弗莱克
2006 追梦女孩
2007 理发师托德
儿童片 Kids Films
1994 独自在家Ⅱ
1997 宝贝智多星Ⅲ
1999 强棒奶娃
动画片 Cartoon (Anime Films)
1990 美女与野兽
1994 狮子王
2006
快乐的大脚
1992：闻香识女人 导演：马丁·布雷斯 主演：艾尔·帕西诺
克里斯·奥唐奈
影学硕士生。与人合写的
第一个剧本《巴顿将军》
就获得了奥斯卡奖。
• 导演的《教父》、《对
话》、《现代启示录》等
弗朗西斯·科波拉
Francis Ford Coppol
影片都极富创新性，有很 高的艺术价值，并且都有 高票房率，达到了商业与
艺术的结合。 30
弗朗西斯·科波拉拍摄得最好的影片是《教父》 The Godfather
20世纪70年代—90年代
7
进入第二个黄金时期的标志性影片
1975：飞越疯人院
1976：洛奇
1979： 克莱墨夫妇
8
美国电影繁荣发展的第二个黄金时期 与第一个黄金时期比较的特点
一、America movies transformed
to adapt and seek a buyer's market from the conquest of a seller's market, and the film type gradually
英美文化对比PPT课件
Scottish kilt (基尔特)
3.1British clothing
Tailcoat( 燕尾服） Tailcoats originated in the United Kingdom, in the 18th century, evolved from the cavalry service. The historical reason that coats were cut this way was to make it easier for the wearer to ride a horse. But it is extremely beautiful. This makes the other branches to follow up. Thus, cavalry clothing had become fashion among civilians and officials and popular in Britain and its colonies.
1.1 Pronunciation
British English is conservative and rigorous. In many cases, there is no correspondence between the pronunciation and spelling, and British are willing to follow the rule in this way to show their kind of recognition and respect for their language. However, Americans have another concept. They do everything under the precondition of convenience, and they tend to follow the regular pronunciation rather than irregular pronunciation in British English. Americans change the irregular pronunciations in British English into regular ones.
英美文化
Us pop star Ashton Kutcher
The fabulous five American Clothing Types
f ive types:
• jeans • Rock • Urban • West coast • Alaskan
ＪＥＡＮＳ
• 牛仔裤，英文名为“Jeans”，最早记载于1567年，是对来自意 大利港口城市热那亚（Genoa） 的商船水手所穿的裤子的称谓， 即“Genoese”或“Genes”。 • 从19世纪60年代开始“Jeans”这个响当当的名字才被利维公司 正式采用 ，在这之前人们把它称之为“齐腰工装裤”（Waist High Over all）、“裤子”(Pantaloons)。 说起牛仔裤，人们 自然会想起1849年美国那次淘金潮. • 利维· 斯特劳斯（Levi Strauss）被公认为是牛仔裤的发明者。 • 1850年，他所创立的利维公司（Levi`s）生产的501牛仔裤就是
ＦＡＭＯＵＳ ＥＸＡＭＰＬＥ：kevin federline, exhusband of pop star British Spears
hipsters时髦人士
HISTORY: the term hipster arose in the 1930s from the word hip-meaning cool or happening. modern hipster culture has emerged from the 1990s cocoon英音：[kə'ku:n]美音：[kə'kun]茧状物 / 塑料披盖,防护膜of punk英音：[pʌŋk]美音：[pʌŋk 生手;年轻无赖汉;笨蛋;男同性恋者 rock, and form the latest fashion on the new millennium英音： [mi'leniəm]美音：[mɪ'lɛnɪəm千禧年;千年至福;黄金 时代 Implications :Dressing like a hipster demonstrates 论证,证明 that you are young, , educated, artsy and living in urban areas like a trendy suburb in New York .you probably play a instrument and gave an endless supply of ironic interests.
英美文化总结英文版作文
英美文化总结英文版作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The English and American cultures are rich and diverse, each with its own unique characteristics. In England, the traditional afternoon tea is a popular custom. People gather together to enjoy a cup of tea, accompanied byfinger sandwiches, scones, and cakes. It is a time for relaxation and socializing, often accompanied by polite conversations and polite manners.In America, the Fourth of July is a significant holiday that celebrates independence. It is marked with fireworks, parades, and barbecues. Families and friends come together to enjoy the festivities and show their patriotism. It is a time for fun, food, and freedom.English and American cuisines also have their own distinct flavors. In England, fish and chips are a classic dish that is loved by many. The crispy battered fish and the thick-cut chips are a perfect combination. In America, hamburgers and hot dogs are iconic foods that are oftenenjoyed at barbecues and picnics. They are quick, easy, and delicious.When it comes to sports, football is a passion for both the English and the Americans. In England, football matches are a major event, with fans cheering for their favorite teams and singing chants. In America, American football is a popular sport, with the Super Bowl being one of the most-watched events of the year. The atmosphere is electric, with fans coming together to support their teams.The English and American education systems also have their own unique approaches. In England, students wear uniforms and follow a more formal structure of education. In America, students have more freedom in their choice of clothing and the curriculum is more flexible. Both systems aim to provide quality education and prepare students for their future.In terms of language, English is spoken in both England and America, but there are some differences in vocabulary and pronunciation. For example, in England, the word"biscuit" refers to what Americans would call a "cookie." Additionally, accents can vary greatly between regions in both countries, adding to the linguistic diversity.Overall, the English and American cultures are diverse and fascinating. From traditional customs and cuisine to sports and education, each culture has its own unique characteristics that contribute to the rich tapestry of global culture.。
英美文化概况-Lessen 11-20
Lesson 11 Geography : The LandThe continental U.S. is situated in the southern part of North America . Covers a total area of 9631420 square kilometers .The U.S. is the 4th largest country in the world in terms of area . Alaska in the largest state of the U.S. In area . The coast range , the cascades and the rocky mountains are the Cordillera range . The rocky mountains form the continental divide of the U.S. The highest peak in the continental U.S is contained in the sierra Nevada mountain range. Alaska was bought by the U.S from Russia after the end of the American civil war . The international rivers of the U.S include St. Lawrence , Rio Grande & river Columbia . River Hudson flows through New York city . Of the five great lakes ,lake Michigan is wholly within the U.S .Niagara falls is located on the US-Canadian boundary between lake Erie and lake Ontario . Southern Florida has a semitropical climate . The coasts of Oregon Washington are among the rainiest places in the world . The Midwest of the U.S has a temperate climate . The Rockies are cooler or colder than other regions in the same latitude because of their high altitude .The greatest wonder is found in the forests of sequoia and fir trees on the northwest coast of the U.S. The deposits of natural gas in the US rank the first in the world . About three quarters of the iron ore in the US comes from the lake superior region . The western mountain ranges are rich in nonferrous metal deposits in the US. The US capital , the white house & pentagon building are in Washington D.C.The eastern part of the US consists of highlands formed by the Appalachian Mountain range . The two great plateaus west of the Rockies are : the Columbia plateaus & the Colorado plateaus . Mount witney is the highest peak in the US outside Alaska . Death valley is the lowest point in north America . The central part of the US is composed of vast plains .New England states have a could climate . The Middle Atlantic states have a temperates and the south has a warm climate.Lesson 12 Geography : The peopleThe US has long been known as a " melting pot " . Most Americans are of European origin . Originally , north America was sprinkled with more than 300 tribes of American Indians . The dominant ethnic group in the US today is WASPs ( White anglo-Saxon Protestants ) , the first colonial people in present day US ,from England ,Northern and Western Europe . The Hispanics constitute the largest ethnic-racial minority group in the US and black form the second . Race is different from ethnicity because its basis is skin color . The blacks are the very bottom of the society in the US . The state of California is the largest in population today .Between 1820and 1980 the US admitted almost 50 million immigrants . People in the US have kept moving westward for reasons : fertile soil in the west ,good climate in the west & discovery of gold in the west .Hispanics in the US speak Spanish . Today about 90% of Americans are church members in the US . Protestants outnumber other religious group in the US . Class in an objective reality in the US today . Much of America`s wealth is owned by a small number of the monopoly capitalists . There exists a strikingly wide gap between the wealthy and the poor . The poor exist in the US because its distribution of wealth is fundamentally unequal .The solvency of the middle class in the US depends on the combination of personal income and credit borrowing . The black people in the US are descend from Negro slaves imported from Africa . Black people were declared free initially by Abraham Lincoln`s Emancipation Proclamation .In the 19th century a large number of Chinese were shipped to America as " coolies " . The residents in Hawaii are mainly of Japanese descent , Caucasian & Polynesian background . In US individuals encounter not only oppression but also discrimination based on ethnicity and race . According to the 2007 estimation , the total population of the US is 301.139947 million .Lesson 13 American EconomyThe last stage that American economy has experienced is corporate capitalism . Commercial capitalism was established as the dominant mode of production in the British colonies in the 17th century . In the industrial capitalism stage American economy developed rapidly . Trust corporation first emerged in the late 19th century and the early 20th century . The division of labor in management meant that corporations power were no longer concerned primarily with problems of production .Modern corporations in the United states are anything but competitive . The oldest and most important industrial region in the US is the northeast . The south of the US has now become the newly developed industrial region . The west of the US is an important mining area .Los Angeles , san Francisco and Seattle are on the Pacific coast . At present the west is the most rapidly growing section of the US . Canned fish and lumber are the chief manufactured products of Alaska . The growing use of machines to perform routine tasks in every field has exacerbated unemployment . About 1/4 of the land area is farmed in the US . All states except Arizona of the following are in the corn Belt . The states of Kansas leads the US in the production of wheat . Automobile has provided America with a comfortable and convenient means of transportation . The rapid growth of US private investment abroad sine 1945 was facilitated by all the following : diplomatic pressure , military interventions and economic sanctions .The three stages that American economy has experienced in its development are commercial capitalism ,industrial capitalism and corporate capitalism . The US had surpassed great Britain in industrial production by the 1880s . Development of the American corporations begin in the 1870`s . In these giant corporations management was rationalized and centralized . Now the US economy is dominated by production ,strategies and consumption , monopolistic corporations . Automation and computerization have virtually brought about another revolution in US industrial in the 20th . Most of the important crop-growing areas of the US are in the central region .The staple crops grown in the US are corn , wheat , with barely , oats andrice ranking next in importance . The stock raising areas of the US are scattered in the neighborhood of the Great lakes , in the Corn belt and on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Range .The airplane provides US with the fastest means of travel . In the US , railways are still important for carrying goods and are still operated by commercial companies .Lesson 14 Political system : GovernmentThe constitution of the US was framed in Philadelphia in 1787 . The president of the US exercises the executive power . The power of the US president has kept enlarging . President has the veto power in the US . Congress can veto the president`s vote by 2/3 vote of the full membership of both houses . Under the US constitution , the president has the power to sign an executive agreement with other nations without the consent of the senate. The constitution of the US says that only congress can declare war upon other nations .The constitution of the US follows two principles : the federal system and " separation of powers ".The cabinet of the American government is made uo pf the heads of departments . The department of state is headed by the secretary of state . The heads of justice is headed by the attorney general .The department of state advises the president on foreign relations . The secret service is part of the Treasury Department . FBI and federal prisons are among the responsibilities of the Department of Justice . The largest of independent agreement agencies is the postal service . A senate must be over 30 years old and must have been an American citizen for at least nine years . The number of representatives from each state is fixed according to the size of the population of the state has . Representatives in the US are elected every two years .Impeachment of the president should be proposed by the house and decided on by the senate . In the process of an impeachment , the senates serve as the Jury .Congress consists of the senate and the house of representatives . The national parks in the US are managed by the department of interior . Congress has the power to make any laws that are considered "necessary and proper " . The president of the Senate is the Vice-president and the presiding officer of the house is Vice-president . Today the real work of both house of congress is done in their committees . The Judicial branch of the US government is headed by the Supreme Court .Lesson 15 political system : State Government and Party PoliticsThe legislature is the most important part of a state government . The state legislature usually consists of two houses except the state of Nebraska . The chief executive of a state is the governor . Judges of state courts are usually appointed officials . The state court system begins with purely local jurisdiction followed by a series of intermediate trial courts , then by appellate courts and finally by the state`s supreme court . The most popular kind of city government in the US is the mayor-council system . The federal party was led by Alexander Hamilton . The federal Party was in favor of friendly relations with England .Two political parties emerged in the middle of the 19th century US over the issue of slavery . The party leader of a precinct is often called the precinct captain . The highest permanent organization of each party is the national committee . The general Election in the US is held every four years .The national conventions of the two parties usually begin with the discussion and acceptance of the party platform . The US Election Day is set on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in October . The number of electors in each state is equal to the number of congressmen . The newly elected president takes up on January 20th of the next year .Like the federal government , a state government is made up of three branches . The two types of juries utilized in the US are the grand jury and the petit jury . The decision for a trial is made by the grand jury , while the petit jury decides guilt or innocence . The three kinds of local governments under a state government are county governments ,city , town , or village government and local governments of districts set up for special purpose . At the primary stage of the general election , the voters elect delegates to the national conventions of the two parties in each state .The American voters do not vote directly for the president but vote for the presidential electors . The party that wins a majority of the popular votes in the state on the Election day will get all the electoral votes of that state . The presidential candidate who gets the majority of the electoral votes is elected president of the US . If no candidate receive a majority of the votes of the electors , the house of representatives choose the president and the senate choose the vice-president .In 1951 congress passed an amendment to the constitution to limit a president to two terms or to ten years successively in office . If a president dies or resigns or is removed from office , the Vice-president succeeds him.Lesson 16 History : The Early ColonizationChristopher Columbus was an Italian navigator . The New World discovered by Columbus was named after Amerigo Vespucci . The earliest British settlement on North America was Plymouth . The puritan`s settlement on North America was Plymouth . Connecticut , New Hampshire and Massachusetts are a New England colony . Georgia was the colony set up by Colonel James Oglethorpe in 1733 . In 1682 , a group of Quakers headed by William Penn set up the colony of Pennsylvania . Delaware wad first settled by people from Sweden .Of the 13 British colonies only Connecticut and Rhode Island were self-governing colonies . The central colonies are a region of small farms , cosmopolitan and Tolerant in religion . The southern colonies developed a plantation system with the exploitation of slave labor . In the 13 colonies , the black people were enslaved .The earliest inhabitant in America were American Indians ,who had come over from Asia by crossing the land bridge across the present Bering strait . Influenced by Marco Polo`s famous travel book ,kings ,lords and merchants in western Europe were eager to find sea routes to the far East . In the early colonization of Americas , Portugal set up colonies in Brazil , while Spain explored and colonized much of south America ,and Mexico . The French built settlement along the St Lawrence river and in the Five great lakes region . The two joint-stock companies set up in England in 1606 were : Virginia Company of Plymouth , Virginia Company of London . The first English colony set up in May 1607 was called Jamestown . In 1620 , a group of puritans sailed for America on a ship called the Mayflower . They called themselves Proprietary . Together with those who arrived later ,they set up four colonies , which they called New England . The New England Colonies become a center for lumbering ,shipping and fishing. The central colonies become a region of small Farms .In terms of their political administration , the thirteen British colonies can be divided into three types : the royal colonies , the proprietary colonies and the self-governing colonies .Lesson 17 History : American RevolutionThe French and Indian War was a war fought between the French and the English . As a result of the French and the Indian War , the French lost all land in North America . In the 18th century , people in Europe began to believe that natural laws guided the universe . John`s belief : Man`s knowledge is from observation and experiment , Man`s knowledge is from the reflection by the mind . Man`s knowledge is acquired from experience of live senses . Reason led Locke to condemn absolute government .Benjamin played an important role in exemplifying the Enlightenment in America to his countrymen . The Quartering act and the Stamp Act passed by British parliament in 1765 . Names given to an America revolutionary organization : sons of Liberty , committees of Correspondence and the stamp congress . The intolerable Acts do include : the Boston port Act , the Massachusetts government act and the Administration of Justice Act .The second continental congress was held in Philadelphia . Karl Marx called the Declaration of Independence the first declaration of the rights of the individual . The victory at Saratoga was a turning point of the America war of Independence . The constitutional convention was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 . James was known as the "Father of the the constitution ."After the French and Indian war , the English colonist in north America wanted more freedom in politics , trade and commerce ,while England wanted more taxes . The Enlightenment in America provided the colonist with a theoretical and philosophical weapon against the British rule . After the French and Indian war , the British government practiced the policy of mercantilist in the colonies . By practicing such a policy , the British ruling class tried to monopolize the markets and to hold back the development of manufacturing in the colonies . One of the Navigation acts provided that only British owned ships could carry colonial goods to British Possessions .The British government developed a system of external taxation after the failure of the program of internal taxation on the 13 colonies . The motto of the colonies was "NO taxation without representation . The Declaratory of act passed by the British government declared that the British government had the right to pass any economic laws it desired .The US purchased Louisiana territory from French in 1803 . In 1819 , the US "purchased " Florida from Spain after having occupied it for several years . The US annexed the the Mexican territory of Texas in 1845 . The US forced England to cede the Oregon region ( includes Washington , Idaho , Oregon ) in 1846 . In 1867 ,the US purchased the territory of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands from Czarist Russia . By the mid-19th century , the territory of the US had reached over 9 million quare kilometers , about 10 times the size of the total area of the original 13 states . By the late 19th century , the US had finished its territorial expansion in the continent .The American industrial revolution began in the year of 1807 with its textile industry . During the period of some 20 years before the outbreak of the Civil war , the industrial north needed free labor , while the south needed slave labor . The northerners wanted a high tariff , while the southerners wanted a low tariff . When the south found itself outnumbered in the house of representatives , the southerners tried to keep the number slave states equal to that of free states so that the southern senators could not be outvoted by the northern senators . So in this case slavery become a political issue .The novel Uncle Tom`s cabin was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe . The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 extended the idea of Popular sovereignty . In 1857 , the supreme court was ruled in the Dred Scott case that the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional .The republican Party was formed in the year of 1854 . In February 1861 , 6 of the slave states that had seceded from the Union formed the confederate State of America , and elected Jefferson Davis their president . The American Civil war began on April ,1861 when the rebels fired on Fort 12 , summer . On September 22, 1862 Lincoln issued the Emancipation proclamation . On April 9 , 1865 , after the fall of Richmond , General Lee of the south surrendered to General Grant of the north at Appomattox court house , and the war ended . The American civil war is also called the Second American Bourgeois revolution . At the end of the American Civil war , the black people were not emancipated at all .The means taken by the Lincoln Administration in 1862 to change the situation and win the civil war : the passage of the Homestead Act , the issuing of the Emancipation proclamation , the allowance of Negroes to join the union army .By the year of 1894 the US had become the world leading industrial country . The emergence o trusts suggested the shift of the US from competitive capitalism to monopoly capitalism . The Jungle was a story about themeat-packing plants in Chicago . On May 1, 1886 , works went on simultaneous strikes in Chicago and other large cities . The US states looked greedily at Asia Latin America after it completed its territorial expansion on the continent . The first Pan-America Conference was convened in the year of 1889 .In order to grab Cuba , the US went into war with Spain in 1898 . As a result of the war , Spain ceded Cuba ,Puerto Rico Guam and the Philippines to the US . In 1902 the US began to negotiate with Columbia for the site of the Panama Canal . In 1844 US imperialism invaded China and compelled the Qing Dynasty to sign the unequal Treaty of Wangxia . In 1858 US imperialism advocated an " Open door " policy , in an attempt to seek equal privileges in China along with other foreign powers .The US entered the first World War in April 1917 . The 14-point program proposed by president Wilson included freedom of the seas , disarmament and the establishment of the League of Nations . The Japanese attacked pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7 , 1941 . In the first two decades after WWII ,the US government adopted a policy of Cold War and " containment " in its relationship with the soviet Union . The policy was later replaced by the policy of contention for world hegemony . President Nixon visited China in February 1972 . In the year of 1979 the US established diplomatic relations with China . The US Imperialism was marked by highly developed industry , high concentration of capital and overseas territorial expansion . " Yellow dog " contrat was used to restrict the formation of workers`unions . TheSpain-American war strengthened the US interventions in the Far east . In the late half of the 19th century , China was the main objective of the US overseas expansion . Industrial boom , Organized gangsterism and smuggling of liquor . Were the characteristic of the " roaring 20`s " . The US foreign policy in the 1930`s may be termed " the policy of non-entanglement "Destroying crops , Adopting the " good neighbor policy " towards Latin American countries and launching public works were the measures of the New deal .Lesson 20 American EducationIn 1647 , Massachusetts passed a law required every town to provide children with schools and schoolmasters . The founding fathers of the US laid down principles and institutions of education which still flourish . In America , there is not one but 50 educational systems . Before the civil war , America often asserted that parents alone had the right and responsibility to determine the extent to which children needed formal schooling .On the state level , educational policy is generally the responsibility of a state board of citizens . Local control of education in the southern states is usually through countries . Most states have separate university boards for the administration of higher education . Most states boards are appointed by the state legislature or governor ,but a few are elected . States-run universities are financed at least 2/3 by state and federal grants with students paying the balance in the form of tuition and other fees . America education is mainly classified into elementary ,secondary and higher . Elementary and secondary education covers 12 years from age 6 through 18 . In spite of the shift in emphasis on the goal of a sense of responsibility to that of autonomous individuals , both teachers and students have before them the 4 sets of general goals , namely academic ,vocational ,social and personal . Secondary education in the US takes place in a variety of Junior and senior highschools .which can be distinguished as vocational , technical and academic high schools .It is the faculty of the colleges and the universities that decides who shall be taught and for how long , what shall be taught and how , and who shall have the right to teach . According to their year of study , undergraduate students are called freshmen , sophomores , juniors and seniors respectively . During the first two years of years of study , college students take surveycourses ,which are taken as introductory courses for more specialized courses . Midyear exams are given at the end of a term when the subject matter carries over to the next semester . The number of credits for a course depends on how many hours of a lectures . Class meetings , laboratory work , etc . , are offered each week .During the third and 4th years of college ,students concentrate most of their courses in one subject , which is known as a major . American education was rooted from the beginning in the old world experience . The letters set up Harvard college in 1636 . American education came into its own with the achievement of independence . Of the founding fathers , Thomas Jefferson contributed most to American educational philosophy and practice .。
英美文化总结英文版作文
英美文化总结英文版作文1. The United States and the United Kingdom both have rich and diverse cultural traditions that have influenced the world in many ways.2. American culture is often seen as more informal and individualistic, with a focus on personal freedom and self-expression.3. British culture, on the other hand, is often associated with tradition, politeness, and a sense of reserve.4. In terms of language, American English and British English have some differences in spelling, vocabulary, and pronunciation.5. Both countries have a strong tradition of literature, music, and film, with many iconic works and artists coming from both sides of the Atlantic.6. When it comes to food, American cuisine is often seen as more diverse and influenced by different immigrant cultures, while British cuisine has its own traditional dishes and comfort foods.7. In terms of sports, the United States is known for its love of baseball, American football, and basketball, while the United Kingdom has a strong tradition of soccer, rugby, and cricket.8. Both countries have their own unique holidays and traditions, such as Thanksgiving in the United States and Bonfire Night in the United Kingdom.9. Despite their differences, both American and British culture have had a significant impact on the global stage and continue to shape the world in many ways.。
英美文化 3 ppt课件.ppt
Key changes in British education
Who was educated?
Medieval England-- boys from middle-
class families and the younger sons of the nobility Poor family couldn't afford for sending their children to school, and children learn skills by working alongside their parents. European was united under the Roman catholic church. Education was controlled and serviced for it.
more educational opportunities for the poor, the handicapped, and women.
Since 1980 ，education is becoming pays？
Medieval England – donors and parents
Eighteenth century
schools for girls Middle- and upper-class girls were taught
a few academic subjects and many social subjects.
Nineteenth century
Self-education More libraries, the opportunities for anyone to be educated, regardless of class, expanded.
culture英美文化
Los Angeles•Metro area population- about 17,000,000•City population- 3,695,820•Behind New York as the second biggest city in the US•47% Hispanic population (12% nationally)•13% Asian (4% nationally)•Unlike New York, most immigrants in Los Angeles came from Latin America and Asia •Los Angeles has more people of Hispanic heritage than people of European heritage•“Tehrangeles”- the largest Iranian population outside of Iran•The television and film capital of the US•Most US film and television companies are headquartered in Los Angeles•Los Angeles weather is some of the best in the world- the yearly average temperature doesn’t get below 9 or above 30•Very little humidity•One of the reasons why so many American choose to move to “The City of Angels”•What Is LA Famous For In The US•Angelinos are thought to be too worried about glamour and appearances- superficial•Great weather!•Movies, of course•Liberal mindset both politically and socially•Terrible traffic, some of the worst in the world•And…•Los Angeles sits near one of the most active fault lines in the world•Frequent mild earthquakes•Occasional serious ones•The reason why the city‟s subway system is small compared to the population•This explains why most Angelinos drive•Also the reason why there aren’t many tall buildings in LA•LA’s downtown is relatively small given the city’s size•January 7, 1994 6.7 magnitude Northridge earthquake•With so many different people from different parts of the world, race is sometime a serious issue in Los Angeles•Most recently, tensions surrounding the Latin American population•Historically, the African American population has been the focus•The 2005 movie Crash, winner of The Academy Award for Best Picture, is probably the best film exploration of race relations in Los Angeles•American History X• A very good movie, but not indicative of the complexities of racial relations in the United States•Stars Edward Norton•Watts was and is a primarily black area of Los Angeles•Begin April 11, 1965- last 5 days•34 people killed•Over 1000 injured•Almost 4000 arrested•Today Watts still has poverty and crime problems•1992 “Rodney King Riots”•Began after policeman accused of beating an African American are declared innocent in a Los Angeles courtroom•Rodney King’s quote aimed at ending the riots•More on Sports•The Los Angeles Lakers are the most famous internationally, but the Dodgers are just as famous in the US•Los Angeles Dodgers vs. San Diego Padres in Beijing in 2008•They used to be the Brooklyn Dodgers but moved to Los Angeles in the 1950‟s•Very upsetting to people in Brooklyn, but wildly popular to those living in Los Angeles •The NBA logo is modeled after Laker great Jerry West•Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim- baseball•Anaheim Ducks- Hockey•Anaheim is a suburb of Los Angeles•Los Angeles Clippers- basketball•Los Angeles Kings- hockey•Currently, no American football team plays in Los Angeles, but in the past the Raiders (now in Oakland, California) and the Rams (now in St. Louis, Missouri) called Los Angeles home•LA hosted the 1984 Summer Olympics•Boycotted by 16 nations in retaliation for around 60 nations boycotting the Moscow Games four years earlier•UCLA•The University of California, Los Angeles•Established in 1919•38,500 students with 27,000 as undergraduates•One of the top 50 universities in the world•22% acceptance rate•#1 college athletic program in the US (124 national championships, 10 in basketball) •One of the best film schools in the world•The members of Linkin Park all attended UCLA•The Hollywood Bowl•The natural acoustics made the spot a popular location for musicians•It debuted as an open air, all year musical venue in 1922•Every major musical performer or band that goes through Los Angeles plays TheHollywood Bowl•The seating capacity is 17,000•American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences•The Academy Awards were first awarded in 1929•It is the oldest and most prestigious film award•It was the idea of legendary film producer Louis B. Mayer•The gold plated statue is based on a knight of the crusades standing on a reel of film •Critics believe the Academy Awards are more a promotion scheme than an honest recognition of achievement in film•The most famous movie theater in the US•Home to many Hollywood premiers•Also the location of the “Walk of Fame”•“Home of the rich and famous”Rodeo DriveChicago•City population- 2,900,000•Metro population of about 8,000,000•European heritage- 907,000, 31%•Hispanic heritage- 754,000, 26%•African heritage- 1,084,000, 37%•Asian heritage- 140,050, 5%•Mayor Richard M. Daley just retired•Rahm Emanuel won the most recent election, so Chicago will have a new mayor for the first time in 22 years•Emanuel was Obama’s Chief of Staff from 2008 to 2010•Of all American cities, Chicago has perhaps the most “colorful”history•Gang violence, political corruption•NYC-Chicago-LA•Chicago is geographically and atmospherically in-between NYC and LA•Not as fast-paced and aggressive as NYC but life moves faster in Chicago than it does in casual LA•Chicagoans aren’t as fiercely proud of their city as New Yorkers, but are more proud of Chicago than Angelinos are of LA•The unofficial “capital”of the Midwest•The largest, wealthiest city in the region•The industrial and economic center of the region•The cultural center of the Midwest- music, museums, sports, entertainment•Like New York it is a political and socially liberal city•The heartland’s center for agricultural commerce•The Chicago Board of Trade- the center for buying and selling commodities in the US •Illinois•The Land of Lincoln Honest Abe was from Springfield•My hometown, Dunlap, is right outside Peoria•Chicago, the Midwest, and Native Americans•Like “Chicago”and “Illinois,”many city and state names in the Midwest come from American Indian nations and words•Michigan, Missouri, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Ohio, Kentucky, Wisconsin, Detroit, Milwaukee are all examples•There are literally hundreds of other examples in the Midwest•“City Of The Big Shoulders”•From Carl Sandburg‟s poem “Chicago”•Chicago has a well founded reputation as a blue collar (working class) city•Even though Chicago has transformed itself into a modern economic center, citizens are still proud of the blue collar work ethic and still project a workmanlike attitude towards life•T he Golden Arches•McDonald’s was founded in San Diego, California•Is currently headquartered in the Chicago suburb of Oak Brook, Illinois•Skyscraper City•Although New York clearly has more skyscrapers, Chicago earned this reputation as an indirect consequence of the Chicago fire of 1871•Chicago was the first American city to focus on sky-scraper construction•After the destruction, Chicago rebuilt herself vertically•The Willis (Sears) Tower•The second highest observation platform in the world•Everyone in Chicago still calls it “The Sears Tower”•Tallest building in the US until 1 World Trade Center in New York is completed•“Magnificent Mile”•The biggest shopping district in the city•Is located on the east end of Michigan Avenue•Michigan Avenue used to overlook Lake Michigan•All the land between Lake Michigan and Michigan Avenue was reclaimed by using debris from the Chicago fire of 1871•The University of Chicago•Founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1891•Arguably the best place in the world to study economics•Of the 64 people who have won a Nobel Prize in Economics, 45 have been Americans and 25 have been connected with UC•Adjusted for inflation, Rockefeller is the richest person in history•Chinatown•Chicago has one of the largest Chinatowns in the US•About 68,000 Chinese live in Chicago•In the late 19th Century, many Chinese immigrants took the Transcontinental Railroad they helped build and settled in Chicago•Currently the Chicago Chinatown isn’t much to see, but the city has recently taken steps to increase it’s standing as a tourist attraction•Lake Shore Drive•Most famous street in Chicago•Runs the length of the city•As you go north, the city is on your left, Lake Michigan on your right•Early this past February Lake Shore Drive was closed after Chicago was hit by one of the worst blizzards in decades•Commuters were stranded•Chicago Blues Festival•Chicago is the unofficial blues capital of the world•There are hundreds of bars with live blues every night of the week•Every year in early June the Chicago Mayor’s Office sponsors three days and nights of live blues in Grant Park next to Lake Michigan•The Chicago Blues Festival attracts musicians and blues lovers from all over the world•Chicago vs. New York•For a long time, Chicago was the second biggest city in the USA•New Yorkers began calling it “the 2nd city,”trying to put it down•Chicagoans embraced the name•This nickname became so popular in Chicago that a famous comedy club is named after it •Chicago sports fans still have a particular disliking for any New York teams•More Sports•The American football team the Chicago Bears are the most popular team in the city •The Chicago Cubs, baseball, are nearly as popular•The Cubs haven’t won a championship since 1909•The Chicago White Sox- baseball- 2005 champions•The Chicago Bulls- basketball- 6 championships•The Chicago Blackhawks- hockey- 2010 champions•The 2010 NHL champs with Chief Joseph on their jersey•Mayor Richard J. Daley and Corruption•Richard M. Daley was mayor from 1989-2010•His father, Richard J. Daley, was also mayor (1955-1976)•The senior Daley was unquestionably popular among voters although nearly everyone knew he was corrupt•The younger Daley was also quite popular•In 2007 he won the mayoral election getting 70% of the vote•He was not as corrupt as his dad though•Daley, Chicago, and the 1960 Presidential Election•JFK won what was one of the closest elections in US history in 1960 versus Richard Nixon•It was widely suspected that Daley “stuffed ballot boxes”in Chicago to support Kennedy•In other words, Daley probably created votes for Kennedy from voters that didn’t actually exist•In the present day, it is virtually assumed that Daley “helped”Kennedy win the election •1960 saw the first ever televised presidential debate; John Kennedy and Richard Nixon•Chicago and The Peak of Organized Crime•In 1920, the US Congress and President made alcohol illegal in the US•Known as the Prohibition Act•It was an almost total failure•It was repealed in 1933•In no city in the US did the Prohibition Act cause more problem than in Chicago•Alfonse Capone•Known simply as “Al”•Alcohol was illegal, but people still wanted to drink•Al Capone and his crime syndicate smuggled and illegally sold alcohol in Chicago•He didn’t like competition very much, often using violence to eliminate (kill) competitors •He bribed most city officials and high ranking police officers for protection•“The Windy City”•It is actually very windy in Chicago, but that is not how the city first earned its most famous nickname•During the Prohibition era, many Chicago politicians would often speak about their efforts to arrest and imprison Al Capone•However, everyone knew Capone was paying the city government and police so everyone knew that the politicians weren’t going to do anything about the crime problem •Newspapers began saying that the local politicians were “just making wind”when they said they were going to arrest Capone•Because so many politicians were saying this, Chicago was a very “windy city”•This nickname has stuck because it is, in fact, windy in Chicago•Eliot Ness and the Untouchables•It became clear that the city of Chicago couldn’t, or wouldn’t stop Al Capone’s violentcrime spree•Eventually, the national government had to step in to end the violence and corruption in Chicago•An agent of The Treasury Department, Eliot Ness, was assigned to go to Chicago and arrest Capone•He and his men began to be known as “The Untouchables”because they couldn’t be bribed or killed by Capone•They received virtually no support from the city police or government because they were being paid by Capone•They eventually arrested and imprisoned Capone on Income Tax evasion (not paying taxes), not murder or gangster activity•The Untouchables•Based on a true story and a popular 1940’s television show which was also called The Untouchables•Written by David Mamet- a Chicago playwright and film director•Filmed in Chicago•Starring Kevin Costner as Eliot Ness•Sean Connery won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor as an Irish American police officer•Robert Deniro as Al Capone•All the clothing was designed and provided by Giorgio Armani•New York City•The Big Apple•Metro Area Population- 22,000,000•City Population- 8,000,000•“Financial Capital” of The USA•Political Capital of The USA 1788-1790•Mayor- Michael Bloomberg ()•Divided into five sections (boroughs)- Manhattan, Brooklyn, The Bronx, Queens, Staten Island•Named after the English city of York•European heritage- 45%•African heritage- 27%•Hispanic heritage- 18%•Asian heritage-10%•36% are foreign born•More Information•Headquarters of The United Nations• A cultural center- theatre, music, art, publishing, television, film•Not the capital of New York State (Albany)• A politically liberal city- both Senators and many House members from NYC are Democrats•Has transformed itself from a dangerous city to one of the safest big cities in the world •World‟s largest subway system•Manhattan•The most famous borough of NYC•Is considered to be “the city” by many New Yorkers•Home to downtown NYC, Central Park, Wall Street, 9/11 site, Times Square, a number of museums, the most famous section of New York Harbor, and various neighborhoods •Also home to some of the most expensive property in the world•The Empire State Building•Currently the tallest building in New York•It was completed in 1931•It was the tallest building in the world until the World Trade Towers were completed in 1971•It is one of the most famous examples of Art Deco architecture in the US and the world •The observation deck on the 102nd floor is one of the most visited sites in New York •Lines to get in can be lengthy•Enormous gorillas climbing the Empire State building has been a persistent problem for80 years•Central Park- 280 Hectres•The Brooklyn Bridge•Connects Manhattan with Brooklyn•Opened in 1883•Can be driven or walked across•An example of Gothic architecture•9/11•The Future•Construction on the new building‟s foundation began in April of 2006•Will be 1,776 feet high (541 meters)•At night, the spire will shoot a beam of light straight up to the sky•Was originally to be called Freedom Tower•Changed to 1 World Trade Center•To be completed by 2013•Julliard School•Recognized as one of the world‟s finest performing arts schools•Has a 5% acceptance rate•In 2005- 2,534 applied and 137 were accepted•Usually around 800 under and postgraduates•Columbia University•Established in 1754• A member of The Ivy League•24,000 students, 7000 of which are undergrads•Barack Obama, Franklin Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt all attended Columbia•All Columbia degrees are world class, but law degrees are particularly sought after •Harlem•Located in Manhattan•Most famous for the explosion of African-American culture in the 1920‟s and 30‟s- “Harlem Renaissance”•Jazz musicians and writers of the area began a “cultural revolution” transforming minority culture in the US•Currently home to many New Yorkers of Puerto Rican heritage•Former president Bill Clinton‟s office is located in Harlem•Harlem Renaissance People and Places•Duke Ellington- jazz musician•Cab Calloway- jazz singer•W.E.B. Dubois- writer, social activist•Langston Hughes- poet, essayist, author•Cotton Club- Harlem‟s most famous spot during the Renaissance•“The Grey Lady” was founded in 1851•“All The News That‟s Fit To Print”•Publisher Arthur Sulzberger Jr.‟s family has controlled The Times since 1896•The Times has won 98 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any American newspaper•2008 Nobel Laureate of Economics Paul Krugman has a weekly column for The Times •, a free site, is one of the most visited news sites in the US•New York Sports•New York Yankees- baseball•Yankee Stadium is located in The Bronx•The most successful baseball team in the US•An international symbol for The USA•New York Metropolitans, “Mets”- baseball•New York Giants- American football•New York Jets- American football•Both New York football teams actually play in New Jersey•The Yankees are the soul of the city•More sports•New York Knickerbockers, “Knicks”- NBA•Play in the famous Madison Square Garden•New York Rangers- Ice Hockey•Also play in Madison Square Garden•New York Islanders- Ice Hockey•The New Jersey Nets (NBA) are expected to move to Brooklyn within the next year or two- will become either the “Brooklyn Nets” or “The New York Nets”•Broadway•The theatrical capital of the US•The street is home to dozens of theatres•Offers both musical and dramatic plays•The success of any new play ofte n measured by how long it played “on Broadway”•“On Broadway production” “off Broadway production”•Broadway is also home to the headquarters for DC Comics•Madison Avenue•Famous for being expensive, among other things•Named after the fourth US President James Madison•High class shopping•Along with 5th Avenue, Madison is one of two streets that host the twice a year New York Fashion Week•Museum district• 5 star dining•Exceptionally expensive residential section•The street location of Madison Square Garden•New Yorkers•One of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world•International economics, politics, and immigration•They are known for their civic pride (“the capital of the world”)•New Yorkers are famous for being loud•Their own brand of friendliness- New Yorkers have the reputation of being rude, but they are just actually very open•Citizens of each borough like to think of themselves as “different” than citizens of the other boroughs and the rest of the US•New Yorkers often think of themselves as New Yorkers first and Americans second The United States of America Washington D.C•The Stars and Stripes•“Old Glory”•50 stars- one for each of the fifty states•1960- Hawaii achieved statehood and became the fiftieth star on the flag•Seven red stripes•Six white stripes•The combined 13 stripes represent the original 13 states that grew out of the 13 British colonies•The first American flag had 13 stripes and 13 stars arranged in a circle•Symbols and Slogans•The bald eagle is the national bird of the country and is on the national seal•Official motto- In God We Trust•Traditional motto- E Pluribus Unum•Latin for “Out of Many, One”•Both mottos can be found on US currency•“The Star Spangled Banner” is the name of the national anthem•“My Country, …Tis of Thee” was the ear ly national anthem and was also quoted by Martin Luther King in his “I Have A Dream” speech•American Population•The diversity of the American population is a direct result of the US‟s status as an immigrant nation•About 310,000,000 people- the most recent census was held in 2010•European heritage- 66%•Hispanic heritage- 15%•African heritage- 13%•Asian heritage- 4.5%•The fastest growing segment is the Hispanic ethnic group•An estimated 11 million illegal immigrants•National Language?•English is not the official language of the US•About 20% of Americans speak a language other than English while at home•32 million native Spanish speaking Americans•There are approximately 2.3 million Americans who speak one Chinese dialect or another at home•English is the de facto national language- which means it is not officially designated but arises from common usage•English fluency is required to gain citizenshipMajor Bodies of Water•The Mississippi in St. Louis•Washington District of Columbia•Capital of The USA December 1, 1800- present•John Adams- first US President to live there•“The District”•Population- 572,059•Motto- Justitia Omnibus (Justice to All)•In-between the states of Virginia and Maryland•Located on The Potomac River•Interesting Facts•Was an “invented” city- similar to Shen Zhen•Was chosen for it‟s location among the original 13 states- the geographic center•The only US city to not be a part of a state•USA- 50 states and 1 district•Partially named after Christopher Columbus•DC is almost exactly in the middle•Life in DC•Was not designed to be and never has been a successful economic center•US Government is the largest employer•Particularly in the 1980‟s, was known for high crime rates•The city was intentionally designed to be difficult and confusing to travel around•The Washington Post- one of the most famous US newspapers•Georgetown University- one of the better universities in the US, particularly it‟s law school•Georgetown University•Established in 1789•The undergraduate university of Bill Clinton•Was founded by the Roman-Catholic Jesuits•Enrollment- 14,148 and 6,583 undergraduates•Nationally renowned majors in international relations, government, law, medicine, and business•Incredibly expensive- around $25,000 every year•The White House•Residential and West Wing•1600 Pennsylvania Avenue•Divided into two sections•The Residence, where the President and family live•The President and staff work in The West Wing•The Oval Office•The National Mall•United States Capitol•Often times referred to as the “Capitol Building”or “the Hill”•On the eastern end of the National Mall•The meeting place of the U.S. Congress•The room on the left is for the House of Representatives and the one on the right is for the Senate•House of Representatives•Senate•Lincoln Memorial•On the western end of the National Mall, three km away from the Capitol Building• A popular spot for tourists because it is totally open and Lincoln is widely admired in the U.S.•Locals also enjoy taking lunch breaks on the steps during Spring, Summer, and Fall months•Washington Monument•Washington Monument•It is near the center of the national mall•The single pillar (“obelisk”) is meant to symbolize Washington‟s singular importance to the country•The simplicity of the structure is meant to symbolize Washington‟s simple and straightforward nature•It is the tallest structure in Washington D.C. and because of various laws regulating the size of buildings in the D.C. it always will be•US Supreme Court•Court Chamber•The Pentagon•Jefferson Memorial•Library of Congress•The Smithsonian• D.C. Sports•The Washington Redskins- NFL•Most successful D.C. team•The Washington Wizards- NBA•The Washington Capitals- NHL•The Washington Nationals- Major League Baseball ••••••••。
英美文化差异PPT课件
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2.FOOD CULTURE
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OCCASION:
In Britain, going out for a meal is almost always done to mark an occasion: a birthday, a reunion, an anniversary.
But in America, it can be done just because you haven’t yet tried Chili’s new Awesome Avocado Bacon Milkshake Sugar Burger!
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Tipping
This is probably the biggest and most obvious difference. First-time British visitors to America never fail to be completely flummoxed by the custom of tipping. They feel cheated by it. But what they don’t realize is that a lot of American wait staff don’t get paid an hourly wage and are reliant solely on tips for income. Problems arise in the U.S. if the service happens to be below par; Brits feel like they shouldn’t leave any gratuity for poor service, but really they’re just being cheap so they can spend their dollars on cheap Levi’s.
英美文化毕业论文范文
英美文化毕业论文范文美国是由英国在北美大陆的殖民地发展而来的，因而美国文化与英国文化在许多方面基本一致。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英美文化毕业论文范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!英美文化毕业论文范文篇1浅析英美文化差异对英美文学评论的影响摘要：文化是一个国家存在与发展的灵魂，它对一个国家的文学评论能够产生广泛的影响。
本文在分析英美文学的发展与英美文学评价的基础上，从英美两国文化发展载体的差异、文化内涵的差异、文化历史的差异这三个主要方面分析了文化差异对英美文学评论的影响，以期更深入地为大家学习、欣赏英美文学作品提供一些有益的参考。
关键词：文化差异英美文学文学评论文化伴随着人类历史的产生而产生，广泛而深刻影响着人类社会的历史生活，并在长期的历史发展中表现出了民族文化的差异性，促成了世界文化多元的发展。
在多元文化发展的这一社会大背景下，对于英美文学评论的影响因素很多，其中文化差异的因素对英美文学评论所产生的影响最为广泛和深远。
一、英美文学的发展与英美文学评论英美文学与英美文学评论是相伴产生的，英美文学作品是将英美文化艺术性地展现，而英美文学评论则是通过英美文学这一手段重新审视与剖析英美社会文化生活。
两者之间的联系是紧密的，也是必然的。
因而，探讨文化差异对英美文学的评论影响，有必要对英美文学的发展历史作出梳理。
1 、英美文学发展英美文学作品是英美两国人民智慧的结晶，同时也是英美文化的表现形式。
英美文学不单单是英美语言的艺术性体现，同时也是对英美人民现实生活的艺术性展现，是世界人民认识英美文化的一个窗口。
英语作为一种交流的工具，在英美文学作品中，被用来表达英美人的思想、情感。
英国的文学发展史可谓是源远流长，英国文学先后经历了盎格鲁·撒克逊阶段、文艺复兴阶段、新古典主义阶段、浪漫主义阶段、现实主义阶段以及现代主义阶段。
纵观英国文学的发展阶段，我们不难发现，其每一个阶段在文学成就上都具有独特的文学艺术魅力。
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如何打招呼v 在美国和加拿大这种英语国家，对陌生人不称“Comrade”或“Master”.见男人即称“Sir”,见妇女即称“Madam”或“Miss”也不一定都合适。
这要根据场合和情况而定。
你要引起对方的注意最好说“Excuse me” (借光，对不起)，这句话不论性别、年龄全都可以用，这样你就可以不至于把人家称呼错了。
提问题的时候尽量不要反复问。
如果没有听清楚，你可以把听到的关键词如“three blocks”(三个街区)重复一下，这样对方就知道自己说得太快了，也许他会再慢点对你说一遍。
Hello的来历英语中恐怕就数“Hello”用得最多了。
那么这个词是怎么产生的呢？有一说法说的是：它是由法语的“ho”或“la”一起形成——“Ho, there!”“Ho, there”慢慢地演变为听起来象“Hallow”的称呼了，随着时间的流逝，Hallow演变成“halloo”和“halloa”,后又演绎为“hullo”。
直到美国著名发明家爱迪生，在发明了电话不久，被人们认为他是第一个在十九世纪末期使用“hello”的人。
起初，人们在电话中相互使用“Are you there?” (喂，你在听话吗？)来打招呼。
然而，爱迪生是一个寡言的人，他非常珍惜时间。
当他第一次拿起电话筒时，他根本不问是否有人在听话，而是简单地说了声“hello!”从那时起，“hello”就变成了我们今天常听到的“hello”了。
英美人交往大忌一、忌问年龄。
西方人都希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻。
对自己得实际年龄讳莫如深，妇女更是如此。
她们过了二十四岁之后就再也不会告诉他人自己地年龄了。
二、忌问婚姻。
西方人认为婚姻纯属个人隐私，向他人询问是不礼貌的。
若是向异性打听婚姻，则有对人关心过甚之嫌。
三、忌问收入。
西方人将这视为个人脸面，因为它与个人的能力和地位有关。
不仅收入不宜谈论，住宅财产、服饰等体现个人收入状况的问题也应回避。
四、忌问住处。
西方人认为，留给他人自己的地址，就该邀其上门做客，而他们通常是不喜欢随便请人去家里做客的。
五、忌问经历。
西方人视个人的经历为自己的底牌，是不会轻易让别人摸去的。
六、忌问工作。
中国人爱问别人“你正忙什么呢？”“到哪儿去？”其实这只是一种问候，回答与否并不重要。
而在外国人看来，问这类问题，不是闲得无聊，就是有意窥探他人隐私。
七、忌问信仰。
政治信仰和政治见解在西方人看来非常严肃，所以不能信口开河。
美国：穿衣着装亦非寻常事当很偶尔地听到我说起我在美国要每天换一件衣服时，母亲在越洋电话中即刻展开怒吼，她说：“你千万不要忘了自己是什么人的后代。
”可是在美国，这种每天换衣的形态其实的确是一项最普通不过的“社会规范”，与做作和奢侈全无关系。
美国女人的衣服，尤其是在办公室内工作的美国女人的衣服必定是要每天一换的，不然的话，上司首先会觉得你生活邋遢；同事其次会认为你形迹可疑，前一个晚上可能没有回家过夜。
美国女人因此每人都有很多件衣服，挂在衣橱中。
美国通常每间房子中都会有衣橱，稍微讲究一点的还会有“WALKIN”衣橱（就是那种类似于小房间，人可以走进去的四壁衣橱）。
曾听母亲写信来讲院子里和我一起长大的某女朋友被她母亲起了个别致的外号叫做“美不够”，原因只是因为她已经有了两件千把元一件的外套却还要去买第三件。
我想这种事情就最是扯不清的了。
因为，现在我们中国人在衣着方面的一个瓶颈难题是衣价太贵，与收入太不成比例，因此，“第三件外套”竟也会成为一个稀奇话柄了。
比如说，在中国，几百元月薪的人为数不少，与此同时，国内市场上几百元一件的衣服实在也是相当稀松的价格了，不算是奇货。
但是以美国来说，如果将人均定在蓝领的高薪，白领的中等薪水2000美元之间，若是标价2000美元的衣服则一定已经是世界极的超绝名牌玩艺儿了。
说到服装，我有一事如鲠在喉。
在美国街头，尤其是近年来，常常看到一队又一队亚裔面孔的“西装人马”，一望便知是从中国国内奔赴而来参观考察的“同志”。
这类“西装人马”着装架构之统一，无与伦比，在迪斯尼公园，在各种名胜之间猛然撞到这样的一队又一队人马出现在美国的T恤、短裤之中，造型之乏味、形象之刻板，实在让人啼笑皆非。
我因此在此很想做出一个不知是否妥当甚至不知是否“合乎国情”的呼吁：我们的人如果再出国时，有关领导能否在一水的西装之外，考虑一下再为行将外出的人员添些休闲服装，比如夹克、比如短裤之类？须知，在目下来自国内的考察团纷纷出国的新形势之下，中国人的气势就全要拜托这些无处不在的考察人员来予以展现了。
餐具缘何不同？日本一设计师趣作解说为什么东方人吃饭用筷子，而西方人用刀叉？日本设计师斋滕敏树经过一番研究认为，人类进食使用不同的工具，是对动物进食模仿的结果，东方民族模仿比较温和的鸟类，而西方人则模仿肉食性的兽类。
他认为，鸟类以五谷杂粮为生，用喙食；东方人用的筷子类似鸟喙，准确地夹起各种粮食、豆类。
西方人用的刀叉形状和功能酷似狮子、老虎的爪牙，是动物爪牙的延伸，用以撕裂食物，较多用于肉食。
为什么说英语？美国和英语隔着大西洋，两国相距遥远，可是美国人为什么也讲英语呢？这得从美国的历史谈起。
原来，很早以前，在北美洲生活着印第安人。
1492年，意大利的哥伦布偶然发现了美洲这块大陆。
从此，西班牙人，荷兰人，法国人和英国人远渡大西洋，陆续来到北美洲。
在对北美的殖民侵略中，以西班牙为最早，而英国是后来居上，英国殖民者通过夺取、诱骗等手段，驱逐等手段，驱逐了印第安人，在大西洋沿岸先后建立起十三个大大小小的殖民地。
这十三个殖民地后来就构成了美国独立时的十三个洲。
实际上英国在北美的殖民地并不限于这十三个。
经过十八世纪中期的英法七年战争，英国击败了法国。
法国被迫把加拿大以及密西西比河与阿巴拉契亚山脉之间的广大殖民地割让给英国。
这样一来，英国成为北美的最大殖民地。
英语已成为当地人民共同的语言，一个新的民族——美利坚民族终于形成。
1776年7月4日美国《独立宣言》发表，正式向全世界宣告美国脱离英国而独立。
美国虽然脱离了英国，然而英语作为美国人民自己的语言，仍在北美大陆使用和流行。
这就是为什么美国人也讲英语的历史原因了。
加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和南非在历史上都曾经是英国的殖民地，所以这些国家也都讲英语。
.英国忌讳的数字和日子不同国家都有不同的数字被认为是忌讳数字，人们不爱提到它，甚至避免使用它。
在英国，“13”这个数字就被认为是不吉利的。
重要活动日不安排在13日，约定时间不安排在13点，请客避免宾主13人入席，饭店的房间号没有13号等等。
追其根源，主要来自基督教，耶稣受难被钉在十字架的前夜，和12个门徒共进晚餐，师徒13人中出了一个叛徒犹大。
因此，基督教和信基督教的民族都认为“13”是个不祥的数字。
英国人把“星期五”也看成不吉祥之日。
如果星期五这天凑巧又是13号，那么这天就认为是事事不宜，行为必须慎之又慎，传说耶稣受难日是星期五。
还有《圣经》记载，人类祖先亚当和夏娃偷食禁果，被驱逐出天堂乐园的那天也是星期五。
所以星期五常被说成是“黑色的星期五”，被认为是主凶日。
什么都敢“姓”的美国人美国人的名字很简单，虽号称3500多个，但实际常用的，女性不过500个，男性约800个。
美国父母为孩子取名，一般照着《圣经》选一个满意的就行了。
相比之下，倒是美国人的“姓”极其复杂，稀奇古怪，五花八门，居全球之冠。
例如有人姓Apple(苹果)、Orange (橘子)，有人姓Rice (米)、Wheat (小麦),还有人姓Ham (火腿)、Wolf (狼)、Poison (毒药)、Cock (公鸡)、Bird (鸟)。
虽然中国人中不乏姓牛姓马的，但称呼“鸟先生”、“鸟太太”在中国人听来，总有几分滑稽。
有人姓Armstrong (胳膊粗壮)，有人姓Coward (棺材)，甚至姓Broomstick (扫帚把)，还有人姓Death (死)、姓Hell (地狱)。
这就有些晦气了。
坟墓、死人都是大不吉利之词，在美国亦敢姓之，其余可想而知。
有些人明明是白人，却偏偏姓Black (黑)；不少碧眼金发的“白雪公主”，别人却叫她Blackman (黑男人)。
有的教授学富五车、满腹经纶，其姓竟是Farmer (农夫)，而识字不多的农夫，其姓可能是Wiseman (聪明人)。
在中国，“屠夫”是骂人的脏话，很不中听，但在美国却是堂堂正姓。
别人姓姓到也无妨，偏偏有些医生也姓这吓人的姓。
你到医院去看病，若碰到Slaughter (刽子手) 大夫，Dr. Killman(杀人博士)，相信定会心胆俱裂；病人若知道由Butcher (屠夫)医生或Bonecrusher (碎骨) 大夫给他主刀做手术，一定会吓得浑身发抖。
美国姓氏大致有四种来源：1．取自父（或祖父）的名字，演变而来。
如Johnson 是John 的儿子。
2．姓以地形、地势而得，例如Wood(森林)。
这一类姓氏最多。
3．由诨名而成。
祖上有人有某些生理特征，家族由此而得姓。
例如Brown, White.4．由祖先职业而来。
例如Smith(铁匠)、Baker (面包师)等。
16．英国人的姓名他们的姓名是名列前，姓居后。
名又分为教名（Christian/ given/ first name）和中间名（middle/ second name）。
全名的写法是：1.教名; 2. 中间名; 3. 姓(family name/ surname)。
但一般情况下教名和中间名均可缩写，如Robert Thomas Brown 可写作R. T. Brown。
英国人的姓名是经过了一番演化过程后才形成现在的样子。
在古时代，英国人只有名字而无姓。
诺曼人入侵英伦三岛后，才开始增添姓氏；而中间名的使用更晚，普遍应用是从十九世纪开始的。
现代英国人的名字有相当数量是诺曼人入侵后才开始用的。
有些来源于《圣经》的人名：Andrew, James, Thomas 等。
有的是由一个名字分化出许多其它名字。
如：John 分化出Jones, Johnson, Johns 等。
姓名的产生是一个有趣的现象。
它们的来源纷纭复杂。
其中一部分姓氏产生于职业名称。
铁匠姓Smith,屠夫姓Butcher, 裁缝姓Taylor, 木匠姓Carpenter, 磨坊主姓Miller, 面包师的姓就是Baker。
现在我们还可以从英国人的姓氏上探究出他们的祖辈是干什么职业的。
在威尔士Wales, 绝大多数人姓Jones.所以很难弄清哪一位Jones, 因此往往有Jones the butcher, Jones the tailor, Jones the baker 等等。
有的姓名是以地名而取的。
住在贝福德郡的人姓Bedford, 家在肯特郡的姓Kent等。
有的则是以住地的地理特点取姓的，如：Bridge, Field, Lake, Hill, River, Wood等。