中国矿业大学博士入学英语考试试题(2007)

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2007-模拟-上海交大考博英语真题

2007-模拟-上海交⼤考博英语真题上海交通⼤学2007年博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题Part One Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitabley complete sentence if inserted at the place marked . white your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. We sat down and tried to ______ a friendly conversation.A. commentB. commenceC. commerceD. compact2. Some people want only real flowers on their tables while others like to have______ ones.A. fashionableB. syntheticC. falseD. artificial3. The treasurer was ______ from the club for breaking the rules.A. repelledB. expelledC. excelledD. exploited4. The children's ______ natures were in sharp contrast to the even-tempered dispositions of their parents.A. mercurialB. blitheC. phlegmaticD. introverted5. If the government ______ a law, it ceases to be a law.A. replacesB. repelsC. repealsD. renders6.Because the high seriousness of their narratives resulted in part from their metaphysics, Southern writers were praised for their ______bent.A. technicalB. discursiveC. hedonisticD. philosophical7. A man’s ______ depends not upon his wealth or rank but upon his character.A. dignityB. privilegeC. indignationD. diligence8. I ______ the paper so that every student could have a copy.A. duplicatedB. enlargedC. upheldD. plagiarized9. My Russian is so rusty that I have to start learning it from ______.A. scratchB. scrapC. scrapeD. snatch10. Those who fear the influence of television deliberately______its persuasive power,hoping that they might keep knowledge of its potential to effect social change from being widely disseminated.A. promoteB. underplayC. excuseD. laud11 . When the fighting is over, we will ______ with the enemy’s sympathizer.A. coincideB. reckonC. reconcileD. segregate12. I ______ from reminding her of the money she owned me.A. refrainedB. restrainedC. refreshedD. resided13. There was a period of ______ prior to their divorce, during which she went for atrip around the world and he stayed at home.A.estrangementstrangeness B.C. transmigrationD. frivolity14. Before taking a standardized test, one should ___ himself or herself with all the items that constitute the test paper.A. acquaintB. fascinateC. acquitD. familiar15. This week ten top designers will _____ their autumn collections at the fashion fair.A .enhance B. lubricateC. hustleD. unveil16. Mr. Smith became very ______ when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.A. ingeniousB. empiricalC. objectiveD. indignant17. Jane tried to ______ at the swinging rope, but failed.A. clusterB. clutchC. collideD. cling18. Despite a string of dismal earnings reports, the two-year-old strategy to return the company to profitability is beginning to ______.A. falterB. disappointC. competeD. work19. The elderly Russians find it hard to live on their state ______.A. pensionsC. salariesD. donations20. There is supposed to be a safety ______ which makes it impossible for trains to collide.A. applianceB. accessoryC. machineD. mechanism21. The electricity failure ______ the production of the factory.A. corrodedB. lamedC. magnifiedD. crippled22. The _____ runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutesA. commonB. usualC. averageD. general23. If his father could not keep up the payments on the mortgage, his uncle might____ it for him.A. redeemB. amendsC: resemble D. appeal24. Although the meanings of words may necessarily be liable to change, it does notfollow that the lexicographer is therefore unable to render spelling, in a great measure, _____A. arbitraryB. superfluousC. interestingD. constant25. The needlelike leaves of the giant redwood tree are_____ each scarcely a quarterof an inch longA. tangibleB. diminutiveC. wiry26. The American dream is most _____ during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalismA. plausibleB. patrioticC. primitiveD. partial27. When traveling, you are advised to take travellers' checks, which provide a secure _______to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB.selectionC. preferenceD. alternative28. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a ________character.A.graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD.particular29. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this _______produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction30. The lover of democracy has an ________ towards total itarianism.A. empathy C. sympathyB. antipalthy D. symphony31. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully________.A. admitted C.absorbedB.acknowledged D.considered32. The world will be advancing with such great speed that our ___ will look back upon us and our time with a sense of superiority.A. antecedentsB. predecessorsC. descendantsD. contemporaries33. Depressed, overworked, and ______ by those people whom he owed money, he decided to put an end to his problems.A. bewitched B .bewilderedC .besmirchedD .beset34. The terrible accounting error was corrected just before the ledger was ______ .A. auditedB. overlookedC. endowedD. registered35. The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ./doc/ee59ac49e45c3b3567ec8b3c.html pelledB. posedC. pressedD. tempted36. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _____ and lack of unity in style.A. conflictB.confrontationC. disturbanceD.disharmony37. They were in a dreadful _____ when their money, tickets and passports were stolen while they were on holiday.A. conspiracyB. plightC. serenityD. custody38. Undoubtedly the flood could have been _____ if the local government had invested more money in greening the environment.A. put offB. turned offC. kept off D . written off39. The accountant _____ thousands of dollars from the charity while appearing to beits best fundraiser.A. donatedB. validatedC . embezzled D. certify40. After her marriage, the happy life ___ her appearance, making her look more beautiful than ever.A. transfiguredB. disfigureddisheveled D.transformedC.Part Two: Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions .For each of them are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should decideon the best choice and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.Text 1In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror —the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather expert’s prediction, the atmosphere will be 3℃ warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of earth’s chief food-growing zones.In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming, in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and “cold”spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or “colder” faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia of the earth’s climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat.41. It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ________.[A] prevent the sun’s rays from leeching the earth’s surface[B] mean a warming up in the Arctic[C] account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere[D] raise the temperature of the earth’s surface42. The article was written to explain ________.[A] the greenhouse effect[B] the solar effects on the earth[C] the models of solar-weather interactions[D] the causes affecting weather43. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. This is________.[A] mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising[B] possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting[C] exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth’s climate[D] partly due to variations in the output of solar energy44. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that ________.[A] the climate of the world should be becoming cooler[B] it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth’s climate to take effect[C] the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects[D] the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect45. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct, ________.[A] the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels[B] ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere[C] the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the eartheven more quickly[D] the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earthTest 2In early 2004 eight tiny sensors were dropped from a plane near a military base in California. After hitting the ground, the sensors—also known as smart dust sensors—organized themselves into a network and quickly detected a fleet of military vehicles on the ground. The determined the direction, speed and size of a series of military vehicles traveling along the road and later transmitted the data to a computer at a nearby base camp.Smart dust sensors are minicomputers—as small as a grain of rice in some cases—that can monitor and evaluate their physical environment and can relay the information via wireless communication. They can monitor elements such as temperature, moisture, humidity, pressure, energy use, vibration, light, motion, radiation, gas, and chemicals. These devices will soon have many applications, such as use in emergency rescue.Software has been developed to run these minicomputers. A key feature of the software is the ability of the sensors to automatically organize themselves into a communications network and talk to each other via wireless radio signals. If any one connection is interrupted, the sensors will self-correct and pass the information on to the next available sensor.Each sensor has a chip that does the computing work—recording things like temperature and motion at its location. Each sensor also has a tiny radio transmitterthat allows it to talk to other sensors within 100 feet or so. With a single network of 10,000 sensors—thought to be the biggestarray of sensors currently possible—you could cover 9 square miles and get information about each point along the way. The data finally works its way to a base station that can send the information to a computer or to a wireless network..The scientists who are working with this technology say smart dust sensors can be used to detect the location or movement of enemy troops in areas too dangerous or remote for soldiers to operate. Scattering hundreds of self-networking sensors from a manned or unmanned plane onto the battlefield, in theory, could produce critical information and lead to strategic advantage. Sensors could also be used to detect the presence of chemical weapons and could give troops the time needed to put on protective gear.46. Smart dust sensors can do all the following EXCEPT ______.[A] giving troops their protective gear[B] organizing themselves into a computer network[C] detecting the movement of military vehicles nearby[D] operating in remote and dangerous war zones47. By “physical environment” (Paragraph 2), the writer means such elements as ______.[A] the position of military troops[B] the presence of minicomputers[C] the strength of radio signals[D] the amount of water vapor in the air48. If connection between two sensors is blocked, the network will automatically ______.[A] replace the sensor involved[B] repair the sensor involved[C] ignore the sensor involved[D] destroy the sensor involved49. To cover an area of 3 square miles and get information about each point along the way, how many smart dust sensors are needed?[A] About 3,000 sensors.[B] About 3,300 sensors.[C] About 5,000 sensors.[D] About 6,600 sensors.50. The passage implies that the smart dust sensors are most likely to be_____.[A] emergency rescue[B] monitoring pollution[C] military operations[D] evaluating the environmentTest 3In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C. The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of eventsuncertain, but events included boy’s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A.D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing courtiers pay their own athletes’ expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun’s rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.51. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games ________.[A] were merely national athletic festivals[B] were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour[C] had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous position[D] were primarily national events with few foreign participants52. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games ________.[A] only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the games[B] all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take part[C] all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in Games[D] all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games53. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics ________.[A] has not definitely been established[B] varied according to the number of foreign competitors[C] was decided by Zeus, in whose honor the Games were held[D] was considered unimportant54. Modern athletes’ results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because ________.[A] the Greeks had no means of recording the results[B] they are much better[C] details such as the time were not recorded in the past[D] they are much worse55. Nowadays, the athletes’ expenses are paid for ________.[A] out of the prize money of the winners[B] out of the funds raised by the competing nations[C] by the athletes themselves[D] by contributionsTest 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for anyattempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”56. What is the meaning of “startle” in the first line ?[A] begin[B] shock[C] delight[D] uneasy57. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning58.The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being59.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law60.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledTest 5Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany afterWorld War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives - usually the richer - who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance.After all ,America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.61.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably_____.[A] stand still[B] jump aside[C] step forward[D] draw back62.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their _____.[A] cultural self-centeredness[B] casual manners[C] indifference towards foreign visitors[D] arrogance towards other cultures63.In countries other than their own most Americans, _____.[A] are isolated by the local people[B] are not well informed due to the language barrier[C] tend to get along well with the natives[D] need interpreters in hotels and restaurants64.According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will ___.[A] affect their image in the new era[B] cut themselves off from the outside world[C] limit their role in world affairs[D] weaken the position of the US dollar65.The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that _____.[A] it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends[B] it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs[C] it is necessary to use several languages in public places[D] it is time to get acquainted with other culturesTest 6The introduction of non-indigenous "exotic" species is now seen as a major threat to biodiversity. In 1825, a particularly vigorous female clone of itadori (called Japanese knotweed) was introduced into Holland and later distributed throughout Europe by the plant collector and nurseryman, von Seibold. British gardeners loved it and by 1886 it was even found growing on cinder tips in South Wales. By the turn of the century, the plant had colonized many other sites, and gardeners were advised against planting it in shrubberies. By 1994, it was almost everywhere — railways, riversides, hedgerows, cemeteries — swamping a wide range of habitats and displacing rare species. Botanists' fears that the plant is till spreading and may yet colonize other new habitats have generated recent attempts to eradicate it by mechanical and chemical methods, all in vain as yet.The evidence stacked against Japanese knotweed is damning. But there is a deep anxiety that behind the desire to correct human ecological cook-ups — often manifest as a passion to save endangered species and vulnerable ecosystems—is a thinly disguised xenophobia; that we are simply seeing yet another form of ecological imperialism which defines what is "natural" based on human preferences.But whatever our reaction to "problem" or alien species is, it must involve moral decisions. And who should make such decisions and to what degree they are accountable must also be up for review. The conclusions of scientists and other sections of society may differ vastly about what to do about the introduced animals and plants that have become a common feature of everyday life. For example, the scheme to control rabbits in Australia by deliberately spreading the disease myxomatosis was a success in that huge numbers of rabbits were wiped out for the greater good — the "health" of Australian ecosystems. But would inflicting such an horrifically slow agonizing death on sentient creatures win popular support if it were proposed today?Scientists of biodiversity are by their very nature concerned with the organization of species into systems and not necessarily with the interests and well-being of individual, particularly those that are seen as a threat to the maintenance of those systems. Yet there is a growing feeling for the democratization of decisions concerning nonhuman life. The movement towards environmental values must surely involve a movement away from imperialism and a search for a relationship with nature as it truly is, rather than as we would design it. Then, when our lawns have long disappeared, we may yet come to honor the humble dandelion.66. Botanists have generated attempts to remove the Japanese knotweed because _____.[A] it threatens the local biodiversity[B] it is regarded as exotic[C] it's so vigorous as to spread everywhere。

北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(附绝对权威答案)

北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2006年3月17日招生专业：全校各专业研究方向：各研究方向Part One: Listening ComprehensionThere are 3 sections in this part.In sections A and B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then choose the correct answer for each question. Mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET.Section A: Conversations （5%）Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the conversation.1. What did Steve originally plan to do?[A] To do some work around the house. [B] To stay at home.[C] To see a new film. [D] To do some study.2. Maggie finally decided to go to see a film because ________.[A] the cinema was nearby [B] the weather wasn’t ideal for a walk[C] it would be easier to go to a cinema [D] Steve hadn’t seen the film yet3. Where did they plan to meet?[A] Outside the Town Hall. [B] Near the bank.[C] In Steve’s place. [D] At the cinema.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.4. The following details are true about the new device EXCEPT ________.[A] it has color [B] it has a moving image[C] it costs less money [D] it is not on the market5. Why didn’t Bill want one of them?[A] He wanted to buy one from Japan. [B] He wasn’t sure about its quality.[C] He thought it was for business use. [D] He thought it was expensive.6. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the woman?[A] She had never read the magazine herself.[B] She knew who usually read the magazine.[C] She was quite interested in the new device.[D] She agreed with Bill at the end of the conversation.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.7. What was the main focus of the survey?[A] Leisure sporting activities. [B] Average age of athletes.[C] Durability of sporting equipment. [D] Types of sports.8. Which sport was cited as the most popular?[A] Tennis. [B] Cycling. [C] Jogging. [D] Skiing.9. What is NOT among Jane’s marketing strategies?[A] Targeting the 18 to 26 age group. [B] Selling tennis rackets.[C] Selling more athletic shoes. [D] Working out a more appealing slogan.10. Why does Sam want to target the 46-55 age group?[A] They have more buying power. [B] They are very health-conscious.[C] They tend to enjoy sports more. [D] They have more time for sporting activities.Section B: Talks (5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several talks. Listen to the talks carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the talk.11. In the old days dogs were used for the following purposes EXCEPT ________.[A] hunting other animals [B] driving sheep[C] guarding chickens [D] keeping thieves away12. Which of the following is CORRECT?[A] Dogs are now treated as part of a family.[B] Dogs still perform all the duties they used to do.[C] People now keep dogs for the same reasons as before.[D] Only old people are seen walking their dogs.13. The talk is mainly about ________.[A] what dogs can do [B] how to keep dogs[C] dogs and their masters [D] reasons for keeping dogsQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.14. According to the talk, the working conditions in the new place are ________.[A] not yet clear [B] expected to be rather poor[C] just as adequate [D] the same as what the speaker is used to15. What is the speaker going to do in the new place?[A] Traveling. [B] Studying. [C] Settling down. [D] Teaching.16. The speaker expects ________.[A] fewer choices of food [B] many ways to do washing[C] modern lighting facilities [D] new types of drinking water17. From the talk we can learn that the speaker is ________.[A] unprepared for the new post [B] unclear about the conditions there[C] ready for all the difficulties there [D] eager to know more about the postQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.18. According to the talk, when are children first expected to study hard?[A] Before 6 years of age. [B] Between 6 and 10.[C] After 10 years of age. [D] After 12 years of age.19. Parents who abuse their children tend to have the following problems EXCEPT ________.[A] religious problems [B] emotional problems[C] financial problems [D] marriage problems20. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?[A] Boys and girls are equally energetic.[B] Parents have higher expectations for boys.[C] Some parents lack skills to deal with their kids.[D] Some parents are ill-educated and ill-tempered.Section C: Spot Dictation (10%)Directions: In this section you are going to hear a presentation about trends in the milk drink markets, given by the director of the Milk Market Board. As you listen, complete the following sentences by filling in the missing words. The presentation will be read Twice. There will be a One-Minute interval between the first and the second reading. You will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).C1. The total market has ________ __________ from 280 million liters to 440 million liters.C2. The actual sector share of the four main milk products has _________ __________.C3. The full milk sector has _________ __________ from 74% to just 42%.C4. The skimmed milk sector has ________ from only 12% to 35%.C5. The long life sector has ________ from 5% to 13%.C6. The milk drinks have ________ pretty _________, just increasing by 1%.C7. The full milk sector will decline more ________ to around 40% and then fall a further 2%.C8. The skimmed milk sector should continue to rise _______ to 40% and then _______ _______ around this figure.C9. We expect long life milk to continue rising __________ so that this sector will _________ a __________ 20%.C10. We _________ a fairly marked decline in the milk drink sector, and _________ an __________ fall to just 2%.(This is the end of listening comprehension.)Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21．_________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.[A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive[C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive22．_________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.[A] He would leave school [B] He left school[C] He had left school [D] He has left school23．Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________.[A] to be shown [B] to have been shown[C] to have shown [D] being shown24．__________ that should be given priority to.[A] It is the committee has decided[B] It is only the committee has decided[C] It is what the committee has decided[D] It is what has the committee decided25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a fewtalented people and allowing them to work.[A] less local free-spiritedness than[B] less local free-spiritedness than to[C] to less local free-spiritedness than to[D] less to local free-spiritedness than to26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—andat the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.[A] has treated spectators with [B] has treated spectator for[C] has treated spectators [D] has treated spectators to27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-classstudents devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.[A] as hardly culturally enriching as [B] as hardly enriching culture as[C] hardly as culturally enriching as [D] hardly as cultural enriching as28. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, __________, is money.[A] as is it across the country [B] as it is across the country[C] as it were across the country [D] as were it across the country29．Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually __________.[A] generate new seeds [B] new seeds generated[C] generates new seeds [D] new seeds are generated30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _________ leagues in virtually every sport.[A] were home to [B] was the home of [C] was home to [D] was home of31. Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores haveimproved only __________.[A] marginally [B] marvelously [C] martially [D] markably32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had __________ us accidentally on his wayout of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.[A] crashed on [B] bumped into [C] fallen against [D] puzzled about33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short __________, pigeons were kept by manyhouseholds as a source of food.[A] storage [B] reserve [C] supply [D] provision34. The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reid’s__________ about health problems.[A] allegiance [B] alliance [C] allegations [D] alliteration35. The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing “__________ evidence”that thosechildren are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.[A] comparing [B] completing [C] compelling [D] composing36. Since no one could __________ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him withanother columnist.[A] encode [B] decipher [C] clear [D] identify37．Many Fine Art graduates take __________ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] in38. The statement said the people of Srebrenica __________ to the presidents of the United Statesand France to help halt the offensive.[A] aroused [B] ascribed [C] acclaimed [D] appealed39. The professor stopped for a drink and then __________ with his lecture on the Indian culture.[A] proceeded [B] processed [C] preferred [D] presented40. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not __________ closeexamination.[A] put up with [B] keep up with [C] stand up to [D] look up toPart Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneIn science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really”are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.41. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is __________.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________.[A] there are self-evident principles[B] there are mysterious forces in the universe[C] man cannot discover what forces “really” are[D] we can discover why things behave as they do43. The expression “speculated on” (line 4) means __________ .[A] considered [B] suspected [C] expected [D] engaged in buying and sellingPassage TwoThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because __________.[A] it is essential to personal freedom in American society[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge[C] personal health choices help cure most illnesses[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health45. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because __________.[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions[C] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends[D] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on __________.[A] personal decisions [B] society’s laws [C] friends’ opinions [D] statistical evidencePassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?[A] The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.[B] The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.[C] The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.[D] Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means __________.[A] dependent [B] consecutive [C] determined [D] continual49. Which of the following statements is true?[A] The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.[B] The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.[C] Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of earlyexperiences on later development.[D] Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes inintelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that__________.[A] the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects[B] the former can be free from the influence of social changes[C] the latter can be free from the influence of social changes[D] the former costs less money and takes less timeII.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before. (55) A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded (56) __________ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good (57) __________, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers (58) __________ unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (59) __________ more than $2,200, from Microsoft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (60) __________ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (61) __________ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (62) __________ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (63) __________ bloggers soon objected – not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (64) __________ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (65) __________ gifts from companies they cover.Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes,ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (66) begun beganeg. 2 (67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre whenthe curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(67) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (68) not(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion—a 9.4 percent jump from 2005.(67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best. (68) Stanford's $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future.(69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends."(71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million.(72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education. (74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.(75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.Part Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular. The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country. Yet TCM is never short of opponents, including fierce opponents calling for its abolition. Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.Key-真题07Listening: (0.5 each)1-5 D B D C C 6-10 B A D B C11-15 D A D B D 16-20 A C B A BC1: grown substantiallyC2: changed radicallyC3: fallen dramaticallyC4: rocketedC5: risenC6: remained stableC7: graduallyC8: steadily level offC9: moderately represent significantC10: p roject forecast eventualStructure and Written Expression: (1 point each)21-25 D B A C D 26-30 D C B A C31-35 A B C C C 36-40 B B D A CReading: (1 point each)41-45 C C A D C 46-50 D C A A DParaphrasing: (3 points each)51. It is helpful for us to remember that history is very important to a country just as memory isvery important to a person. / If we remember that history is just as important to a country as memory is to a person, it will be very helpful to us.52. To know oneself very well is the necessary first step before one can control oneself. This istrue for both the nation and the individual.53. A nation that is fully aware of the twists and turns of history has the power to resist usingmilitary power, which will bring tragic results.54. History is never final but open to revision. People can always rewrite history.55. Not only people who study history should take a nation’s history as their guideand field of study, but the ordinary citizens should also do so.Cloze: (1 point each)56. with 57. will 58. of 59. for 60. company61. who 62. affected 63. other 64. same 65. expensiveProofreading: (1 point each)(66) recorded record (67) for as(68) rose raised (69) invest (in)(70) from (an) unbelievably (71) two second(72) national(ly) (73) account (for) about(74) small(er) (75) economics economyWriting: (15 points)。

攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及答案

攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及答案攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题APart I: Vocabulary (20 points)1. Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other .A. bruisesB. blundersC. handicapsD. drawbacks2. Some studies confirmed that this kind of eye disease was _ _ in tropic countries.A. prospectiveB. prevalentC. provocativeD. perpetual3. After several nuclear disasters, a has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.A. quarrelB. suspicionC. verdictD. controversy4. He is a(n) and well-behaved child, but his parents worry about him for he talks too little.A. obedientB. transientC. consciousD. passionate5. Mary once with another musician to compose a piece of pop music.A. mergedB. collaboratedC. coincidedD. constituted6. A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment7. Earl was balancing himself on top of the fence when he lost his and fell off.A. equilibriumB. equivalenceC. equivalentD. equation8. The of a society, club, etc, are the records of its doings, especially as published each year.A. proceduresB. processesC. proceedingsD. projects9. Keys should never be hidden around the house since thieves know where to look.A. virtuallyB. initiallyC. invariablyD. infinitely10. Outsiders have the success of Eastern Asia's economics with admiration, wonderment andsometimes hostility.A. gazedB. glancedC. contemplatedD. peered11. It took a lot of imagination to come up with such an plan.A. inherentB. ingeniousC. infectiousD. indulgent12. There are some between their two descriptions; we are puzzled which we should believe.A. discrepanciesB. distractionsC. diversionsD. discretion13. In many cultures people who were thought to have the ability to dreams were likely to behighly respected.A. interpretB. interveneC. inheritD. impact14. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainlyon .A. consciousnessB. impulseC. instinctD. response15. Equipment not official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.A. conforming toB. consistent withC. predominant overD. providing for16. According to a growing number of experts, it is already technically to construct a pioneeringspace colony, powered by solar energy.A. practicalB. flexibleC. feasibleD. beneficial17. Some researchers feel that certain people have nervous systems particularly _ _ to hot, dry winds.They are what we call weather-sensitive people.A. subjectiveB. subordinateC. liableD. vulnerable18. These areas rely on agriculture almost , having few mineral recourses and a minimum ofindustrial development.A. respectivelyB. extraordinarilyC. incrediblyD. exclusively19. There is no doubt that the of these goods to the others is easy to see.A. prestige 'B. superiorityC. priorityD. publicity20. Military orders are and cannot be disobeyed.A. defectiveB. conservativeC. alternativeD. imperative21. Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of grouping is advisable.A. homogenousB. instantaneousC. spontaneousD. anonymous22. All the people in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloonsslowly into the sky.A. ascendingB. elevatingC. escalatingD. lingering23. He obviously displayed a great for some of your poems.A. consentB. admirationC. respectD. pleasure24. The storm sweeping over this area now is sure to cause of vegetables in the coming days.A. rarityB. scarcityC. invalidityD. variety25. The continuous unrest was _____________ the nation’s economy.A. exaggeratingB. aggravatingC. amendingD. fastening26. With a wave of his hand, the magician made the duck .A. scatterB. vanishC. abandonD. fly away27. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this __________ producesartificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction28. They had planned to go outing this weekend, but they finally had to it because of the rainyweather.A. cancelB. eliminateC. delayD. prolong29. This dictionary is intended for American learners of Chinese.A. especiallyB. particularlyC. specificallyD. uniquely30. A UN official said that aid programs would be until there was adequate protection for reliefconvoy.A. dependedB. suspendedC. postponedD. expended31. The problem is that most local authorities lack the ____to deal sensibly in this market.A. anticipationB. perceptionC. prospectD. expertise32. Awards provide a(n)____for young people to improve their skills.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. fugitiveD. captive33. The physician had to visit his patient six ___________days before the patient could be considered in a faircondition.A. consequentB. consecutiveC. consistentD. conservative34. Oil is derived from the ____of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.A. layoutsB. remindersC. remainsD. 1eftovers35. Successful students sometimes become so ____with grades that they never enjoy their school years.A. passionateB. involvedC. immersedD. obsessed36. Apparently there were ____between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.A. distortionsB. discrepanciesC. disordersD. distractions37. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, ____at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden collapse intounconsciousness.A. convergingB. culminatingC. finalizingD. releasing38. The 12-year-old civil war had____1.5 million lives.A. declaredB. proclaimedC. claimedD. asserted。

2007年在职攻硕英语联考真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2007年在职攻硕英语联考真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Dialogue Communication 2. V ocabulary and Structure 3. Reading Comprehension 4. Cloze Test 5. Translation 6. WritingPart I Dialogue Communication (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1．Speaker A: I’d like to arrange a meeting to discuss our new plan. Are you free tomorrow?Speaker B: ______A．I couldn’t agree more.B．I’m quite sure of it.C．If only I hadn’t had a prior engagement.D．I’m afraid I’m not available until Friday.正确答案：D解析：A说：”我想安排一个会议来讨论一个我们的新计划。

你明天有空吗”?答案意思是”恐怕我星期五才有空”。

2007清华考博英语真题

清华大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题PartⅠListening Comprehension (15 points)（略）Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Sometimes, over a span of many years, a business will continue to grow, generating ever-increasing amounts of cash, repurchasing stock, paying increased dividends, reducing debt, opening new stores, expanding production facilities, moving into new markets, etc., while at the same time its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls).When this happens, the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range.Take, for example, Wal-Mart. Over the past five years, the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80%, profits by over 100%, and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed. An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security, deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today, however, the equation is completely different-despite the stock price, Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores, and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat, largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world’s largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy.Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago, in 1996, the stock traded between a range of $36.10 and $54.30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of $1.40 and paid a cash dividend of $0.50 per share. Corporate per share book value was $2.48. Last year, the stock traded within a range of $40.30 and $45.30 per share; squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet, despite the stagnant stock price, the 2006 estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around $2.16 (a rise of 54%), the cash dividend has more than doubled to $1.20, book value is expected to have grown to $7.40 per share (a gain of nearly 300%), and the total number of shares outstanding （未偿付的，未完成的）has actually decreased from 2.481 billion to an estimated 2.355 billion due to the company’s share repurchase program.16. This passage is probably a part of .A. Find Hidden Value in the MarketB. Become RicherC. Get Good BargainsD. Identify Good Companies17. The italicized word “stagnant” (line 4, Para. 1) can be best paraphrased as_____.A. prominentB. terribleC. unchangedD. progressing18. Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price because_____.A. it has stored a large quantity of goodsB. it has become financially more powerfulC. it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcy中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tD. it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19. All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT .A. The cash dividend has increased.B. The earning power has become stronger.C. Both businesses have continued to grow.D. The stock price has greatly decreased.20. According to the author, one had better .A. buy more shares when the stock price falls downB. sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC. do some research on the value of a business when its stock price falls downD. invest in the business when its stock price falls downQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Today’s college students are more narcissistic (自恋的) and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.“We need to stop endlessly repeating ‘You’re special’ and having children repeat that back”, said the study’s lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already”. “Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others”, he said. The study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors”. Twenge, the author of “Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before”, said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended today’s young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced (非常明显的) that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component”, he said. “A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for”. Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don’t necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. “We’re encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way”, Kader said. “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships”.Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. “People are worried about themselves—but in the sense of where are they’re going to find a place in the world”, she said. “People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn’t mean they’re not concerned about the rest of the world”.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tBesides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said. “It would be more depressing if people answered, ‘No, I’m not special’”.21. According to the passage, a narcissistic person may .A. hate criticismB. be dishonest to his/her partnerC. be unwilling to help othersD. All the above22. The italicized word “commended ” (line 1, Para. 3) means .A. praisedB. criticizedC. recommendedD. disfavored23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B. College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C. Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D. Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.24. It is implied that________.A. both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB. the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC. the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD. college students are pessimistic about their future25. It is proper to be ______when you hear someone say “I’m special”.A. objectiveB. pessimisticC. optimisticD. worriedQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries.The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “This isn’t about preventing increased unionization, it’s about protecting rights”, said the National Association of Manufacturer’s Jason Straczewski, of his organization’s opposition to bill. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion (强迫；胁迫) from unions.Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers. “Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren’t”, Samuel said. He cites the 31,358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005.Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby ， the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers. “On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day”, said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions (规定，条款) as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration (仲裁) when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e twould be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstitutional”. “I don’t see how it will benefit employees if they’re locked into a contract”, said Straczewski.The bill’s proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasn’t changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935. The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.26. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A. House bill aims to spur labor union growth.B. House bill aims to counter labor union growth.C. Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment.D. Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees’ income.27. According to its opponents, the bill .A. will protect employees’ rightsB. will benefit workers by binding contractsC. will empower unions too muchD. makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28. The word “it ” (line 5, Para. 5) refers to .A. the changeB. the legislationC. the AFL-CIOD. the difference29. People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT .A. the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industriesB. the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC. binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can’t be agreed on between a recently established union and a companyD. the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees30. It is implied that .A. fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB. workers’ coercion often comes from unionsC. the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD. punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society, changing many people’s views on race, history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals.Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learning to fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself. Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion, going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger (趾高气扬) outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in 1965, changing his name to Muhammad All and refusing to join the U.S. Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tParkinson’s disease, even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September 11 terrorist attacks.W.E.B. Du Bois Born William Edward Burghardt Du Bois in 1868, this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent, prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic, activist and historian, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), edited “The Crisis” magazine and wrote 17 books, four journals and many other scholarly articles. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk”, published in 1903, he predicted “the problem of 20th century [would be] the problem of the color-line”.Martin Luther King Jr . The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement. He spearheaded (带头；作先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches, sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans’ attitudes toward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in 1965. Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee’s 1992 movie “Malcolm X” was released.Jackie Robinson In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U.S. major leagues. After retirement from baseball in 1957, he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962, he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.31. Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A. He never served in the army.B. He learned to fight at an early age.C. His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing.D. He loves peace.32. The italicized word “prolific” (line 2, Para. 3) is synonymous to .A. smartB. skilledC. productiveD. pioneering33. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. W.E.B. Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people.B. Jackie Robinson was denied by U.S. major baseball leagues throughout his life.C. Martin Luther King Jr. was highly awarded for his contributions to the civi1 rights movements.D. Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death.34. What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A. Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized.B. Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn’t win recognition until death.C. All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.D. All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities.35. Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A. Life of famous African AmericansB. Influence of famous African AmericansC. Political pioneers: Icons and intellectualsD. Cultural pioneers: Icons and intellectuals中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tPart III Vocabulary (10%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 36. The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to the weight of the building.A. subsideB. idealizeC. initiateD. sustain 37. The actress was very at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference.A. extraterrestrialB. explicitC. indignantD. innovative 38. It is known to all that children in this region have strong to swimming in summer because of the hot weather.A. inclinationB. exposureC. fluxD. correlation39. The torch was by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting.A. implementB. deceiveC. exemplifyD. ignited40. These samples have to be in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.A. immersedB. crispedC. armoredD. arrayed41. Her talk at the seminar clearly from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.A. alternatedB. amplifiedC. designatedD. diverged42. Three years before he returned home from the United States.A. denotedB. destinedC. elapsedD. enveloped43. A plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.A. deliberateB. disincentiveC. functionalD. fantastic44. Sometimes in drawing and designing ，the sign X the unknown number.A. facilitatesB. fascinatesC. denotesD. jots45. The speaker was very much by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.A. JerkedB. incensedC. 1acedD. limped 46. The two countries have developed a relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.A. managerialB. lethalC. metricD. cordial47. The doctor’s was that she should go and see the specialist in this field.A. constraintB. counselC. coherenceD. consciousness48. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A. unanimousB. abstractC. autonomousD. almighty49. They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any ones in this area?A. evacuatedB. emptyC. vacantD. vacate中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t50. The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get quickly.A. decomposedB. denouncedC. detachedD. deduced51. The government decided to take a action to strengthen the market management.A. diverseB. durableC. epidemicD. drastic 52. The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to_____ it.A. disgraceB. disguiseC. defyD. distress53. They admitted that they shared the same on the matter.A. potentialityB. sentimentC. postscriptD. subscription54. We cannot be with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.A. peckedB. reconciledC. perturbedD. presumed55. Bad traveling conditions had seriously their progress to their destination in that region.A. tuggedB. demolishedC. hamperedD. destroyedPart IV Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. Most of the world’s great seaport cities would be __ 56__: New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countrie s—Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific —would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt, __57__ large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme __58__. Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, __59__ in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world. __60__ water quality may result as __61__ flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable, natural __62__ could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the __63__ plant and animal species living there. Food supplies and forests would be __64__ affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would __65__ grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds and the insects __66__ the crops. Human health would also be affected. Warming could __67__ tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful __68__ of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer __69__. There will be some __70__ from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will _ 71__ new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of today’s colder regions more __72__. But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems —both plant and animal —will be less able than man to cope and __73__. Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now __74__ will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions __75__ by global warming.56. A. ascended B. assaulted C. erased D. endangered57. A. which B. where C. when D. what58. A. dislocation. B. discontent C. distribution D. distinction59. A. rebuking B. rambling C. resulting D. rallying60. A. Increased B. Reduced C. Expanded D. Saddened61. A. inland B. coastal C. urban D. suburban62. A. dry-land B. mountain C. wetlands D. forest63. A. unique B. precious C. interesting D. exciting64. A. geologically B. adversely C. secretively D. serially65. A. shift B. generate C. grease D. fuse66. A. hiking B. hugging C. attacking D. activating67. A. endanger B. accommodate C. adhere D. enlarge68. A. profits B. values C. effects D. interests69. A. conditions B. accommodation C. surroundings D. evolution70. A. adjustments B. benefits C. adoptions D. profits71. A. alternate B. abuse C. advocate D. create72. A. accidental B. habitable C. anniversary D. ambient73. A. adapt B. alleviate C. agitate D. assert74. A. ascertained B. conformed C. consoled D. anticipated75. A. tutored B. relayed C. triggered D. reflectedPart V Translation from English into Chinese. (10%)Directions ：Translate the following passage into Chinese ，and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts-detract from well being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970’s, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status —energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.Part Ⅵ Writing (15%)Directions ：You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China . You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below. Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。

兰州大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

兰州大学2007年考博英语试题注意：答案请一律写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。

Part One Structure and Vocabulary(40%)Directions：In this part there are two sections In Section One,you are to choose from the four choices under each sentence the one which is similar in meaning to the underlined part of the sentence.And in Section Two,you are to choose the one that can beat complete the sentence in question.Section I1.An important function of early stone took was to extract highly nutritious food from large animal carcassesA.destroyB.identifyC.removepare2Regional planning deals with proposals concerning outlying communities and highways as well as with urban affairsA.outlandishB.remote C exempted D.exclusive3.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes,but for glass-orsoap-making cither would do.A.advantageousB.convenientC.identifiableD.equivalent4.With the dawn of space exploration,the notion that atmospheric conditions on Earth may be unique in the system was strengthenedA.continuationB.beginningC.expansionD.outcome5.When the glaciers thawed after the last ice age%the five Great Lakes of North America were formedA.meltedB.advanced C evaporated D.exploded6.New York is a shopper's paradise whether one wants to spend large sums of money in elegant department stores or rifle though goods displayed on street barrowsA.a fortuneB.a dimeC.muchD.quite lot7.During the rainy season the Mississippi River may carry away hundreds of acres of valuable topsoil from one area and arbitrarily deposit it in another.wfullyB.subsequentlyC.randomlyD.mercilessly8.Over six million citizens of the United States collect benefits from private pension plans each year.A.nongovernmentalB.unauthorizedC.confidentialD.nontransferable9.Of the thousands of known volcanoes in the world,the overwhelming majority are DormantA.unchartedB.unpredictableC.minorD.inactive10.The lymphatic system includes a network of tiny capillaries that lie adjacent to the fine blood vessels.A.independent ofB.nearC.obscured byD.within11.One of California's most acute problems is an inadequate water supply.A.criticalB.unusualC.persistentD.unexpected12.It is estimated that at one time there existed from one to two thousand American Indian languages and at least as many cultures,each different in some respect from all the others.A.prospectB.stagesC.aspectD.activity13.The eardrum,a taut membrane located at the end of the ear canal,separates the outer ear from the inner ear.A lightly tinted B.tightly stretched C.somewhat opaque D.delicately made14.It was commonly felt that the purchase of Alaska by the United State in1867 was foolish.A.requiringB.sendingC.buyingD.applying15.In the Pacific Northwest,as climate and topography vary,so do the species that prevail in the forests.A dominate B.rebuild C.invade D.tend16.In frogs and toads，the tongue is fixed to the front of the mouth in order to facilitate projecting it at some distance,greatly in aiding in capture of insects.A proscribing B.protruding C.provoking D.protracting17.Stare twinkle as a result of the turbulent stale of the air through which their light passes.A.in addition toB.in spite ofC.because ofD.with regard to18.Most meat-eating animals use their teeth to seize and kill prey.A.attackerB.nourishmentC.enemiesD.victims19.It is ridiculous to become angry about such an insignificant matter,A.absurdB.nourishmentC.tragicD.unpardonable20.How many people are aware that a dancer with New York City Ballet typically wears out a minimum of two hundred pairs of toe shoes per year?A.onlyB.at leastC.exactlyD.fewer thanSection II(20%)21.Not until the eighteenth century_____the complex chemistry of metallurgy.A.when scientists began to appreciateB.did scientists begin to appreciateC.scientists who were beginning to appreciateD.the appreciation of scientists began22.Pewte,____for eating and drinking utensils in colonial America,is about ninety percent tin with copper or bismuth added for hardness.A.widely used it C.which widely usedB.was widely used D.widely used23.Lyndon B.Johnson was the only United States President whose oath of office ____by a woman,Judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes.A.was administered C.was accomplishedB.being directedD.of administration was24.Protein digestion begins in the stomach_____ends in the small intestine.A.whenB.whileC.andD.because25.___fee growth of manufacturing and other industries,the economy of the state of Texas has remained heavily dependent on oil and gas.A.AsB.DespiteC.ThoughD.In case26.Probably at about the same time speech,____laughter originated too.A.increasedB.brought aboutC.evolvedD.resulted27.The United States Capitol building in Washington D.C,is____in a small park surrounded by a number of impressive government buildings.A.located B-secluded C formed D.spotted28.In earlier times there were more sheep in the South of New Zealand than in the North;now,____to cross-bred flocks,the reverse is the case.A.in increase attentionB.with increasing attentionC.with attention increasingD.in attention29.Researchers____that when people are mentally engaged biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively.A.have brought aboutB.had set up C have established D.had put up30.Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enables us to get along with one another and___where we in society.A.to determineB.determineC.to the determinationD.by determining31.If pollution continues to increase_____the present rate,formation of aerosols in the atmosphere will cause the onset of an ice age in about fifty years time.A.withB.inC.byD.at32.A few years ago a brand of bread was offered to dieters with____that there were fewer calories in every slice.A.messageB.the messageC.messagesrmation33.Americans view business_____based on the ideal of competition than other institutions in society.A.being as more firmlyB.as more firmlyC.as being more firmlyD.as is more firmly34.By1872the United States had70engineering colleges,____astonishing expansion credited largely to the Morrill Act of1862.A was B.because C.to which D.an35.When used as food additives,antioxidants prevent fats and oils____rancid when exposed to air,and thus extend their shelf life.A.from becomingB.becomingC.to becomeD.to becoming36.Parents should realize that‘‘example is better than____”A.statementB.lessonC.proverbD.precept37.Arabian camels are usually about7feet high and generally sandy-colored,_____sometimes they are white,various shades of brown or black.A but that B.though C.however D.therefore38.____they sometimes swim alone,dolphins usually congregate in large groups, often numbering in the hundreds.A.EvenB.WhyC.AlthoughD.Nevertheless39.___in the desert is mainly due to the limited supply of desert water.A Plants are widely spaced B.The wide spacing of plantsC.The spacing of plants is wideD.Plants to be spaced widely40.Faults in the Earth's crust are most evident in sedimentary formations,_____interrupt previously continuous layers.A.by whichB.which itC.where theyD.thus itPart Two TranslationSection I(From English into Chinese)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(20%)(1)Drr.Claude Shannon of Bell Telephone Laboratories,and his colleague,E.F. Moore,once built a machine to play the game known as Hex,using an analog computer working on electrical voltages.It beat them about70per cent of the time.“It frequently surprised its designers by selecting odd-looking moves which,on analysis,proved sound,"Shannon comments.(2)Each of these mechanical game-players is said to“learn”because it is so programmed that it follows the Boolean algebra pattern,discovering by sad experience that one thing or another doesn't work and profiting by mistake.One of Shannon's more fantastic triumphs is the magnetized‘"mouse”which,when placed in a complicated maze consisting of partitions,is supposed to find the one and the only path to the“cheese.”On the first try the mouse will stumble aimlessly around running into one wall after another.Eventually，by repeated try and error,it willlocate the cheese.If the mouse is given a second try,it will go straight to the cheese withouthitting a single blind alley.It will,do it from any part of the maze.(3)Moreover,ifits trainer changes the maze on it by relocating the partitions,the mouse blundersonly where the terrain has become unfamiliar.It can recognize at once positions thathave not been changed.Eventually the mouse learns enough to forget all former arrangements and remember only the latest,successful ones.(4)The mouse itself does not think,but it is difficult to argue against the thinkingdone by the electromagnet and computer that drive the mouse.The device does havethe ability to distinguish between right and wrong,and to revise its standards on thebasis of its own experience.Probably the clearest difference between man and machine is a quantitative one.The brain has roughly a million times as many parts as the best computer.On theother hand,the difference may lie in a spiritual factor,embraced by religion.(5)Atany rate,machine cannot exercise free will or originate anything—not ye t Whether itever will is still an open argumentSectionII(From Chinese into English)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into English.(20%)在中国的西北边陲，在新疆的天山南北，有一支拥有百万军垦战士，肩负“屯垦戍边”使命的接师，——新疆生产建设兵团。

中科院博士英语考试入学试题

中科院博士英语考试入学试题中科院博士英语考试入学试题PAPER ONEPAPER ONEPART 1 VUCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 4.5 point each) 1. Reductions in overseas government expenditure took place, but ______and more gradually thannow seems desirable.A: reluctantlyB: unwittinglyC. impulsivelyD: anxiously2. In fear for their lives and in ______of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and childrenfled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War. A. WayB. viewC. visionD. pursuit3. If I could ensue a reasonably quick and comprehensive solution to the crisis inIraq, t would not have entitled my speech “the______ problem.”A. InstantB: InverseC. InsolubleD. Intact4. Some of the patients, especially the dying, wanted to ______ in the man and woman who hadeased their suffering.A. confideB. ponderC. wellD: reflect5. We all buy things on the ______ of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse “buy.A: urgeB. forceC. spurD. rush.6. Nothing has ever equaled the ______ and speed with which the human species is altering thephysical and chemical world.A. concernB. magnitudeC. volumeD. carelessness7. The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was ______called "hot" and later "swing."A. shortlyB. initiallyC. actuallyD. literally8. The depth of benefits of reading varies in ______ the depth ofone's one?s experienceA. tempo withB. time withC. place ofD. proportion to9. Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at thereprocessing plant, though, he wouldnever allow his personal feelings to ______ with an assignment.A. interruptB. botherC. interfereD. intervene10. His ______ with computers began six months ago. A. imaginationB. invocationC. observationD. obsession11. I like cats but unfortunately I am ______ to them. A. vulnerableB. allergicC. inclinedD. hostile12. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works havebecome______ and are no longer used in the present days. A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique13. One of the main ways to stay out of trouble with government agents is to keep a law______away from those situations wherein you call attention to yourself. A. mannerB. positionC. profileD. station14. With 1 million copies sold out within just 2 weeks, that book is indeed a ______ success.A. provisionalB. sensationalC. sentimentalD. potential15. As the core of the management hoard, he can always come up with______ ideas to promotethe corporation's marketing strategies.A. integralB. instinctiveC. intangibleD. ingeniousl6. They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an orchestra ______, or a painter of defective paint.A. in paceB. out of focusC. in stepD. out of tune17. Surely it doesn't matter where charities get their money from: what ______much is what they do with it.A. taunts forB. asks forC. consists ofD. approves ofl8. Any business needs ordinary insurance______ risks such as fire, flood and breakage. A. inB. againstC. raftD. of19. As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew the media______. A. to and froB. upside and downC. inside and outD. now and then20. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______, there was little to disprove it.PART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)There is a closer relationship between morals and architecture and interior decoration______21, we suspect. Huxley has pointed out that Western ladies did not take frequent baths ______22 they were afraid to see their own naked bodies, and this moral concept delayed the______23 of the modern white-enameled bathtub for centuries. One can understand, ______24 in the design of old Chinese furniture there was so little consideration for human______ 25 only when we realize the Confucian atmosphere in which people moved about. Chinese redwood Furniture was designed for people to sit______26 in, because that was the only posture approved by society.Even Chinese emperors had to sit on a (n) ______27 on which I would not think of______28 for more than five minutes, and for that matter the English kings were just as badly off. Cleopatra went about______29 on a couch carried by servants, because______30 she had never heard of Confucius. If Confucius should have seen her doing that, he would certainly have struck her shins with a stick, as he did______31 one of his old disciples, Yuan Jiang, when the latter was found sitting inan______32 posture. In the Confucian society in which we lived, gentlemen and ladies had to______33 themselves perfectly erect, at least on formal______34 , and any sign of putting one's leg up would be at once considered a sign of vulgarity and lack of______35.21. A. for B. than C. as D. that22. A. if B. when C. because D. though23. A. rise B. existence C. occurrence D. increase24. A. what B. where C. how D. why25. A. care B. choice C. concern D. comfort26. A. upright B. tight C. fast D. stiff27. A. armchair B. throne C. altar D. couch28. A. moving B. keeping C. remaining D. lasting29. A. traveling B. staying C. wandering D. reclining30. A. fortunately B. frankly C. accordingly D. apparently31. A. in B. on C. to D. at32. A. responsible B. incorrect C. immoral D. imperfect33. A. hold B. sit C. behave D. conduct34. A. conditions B. situations C. occasions D. instances35. A. culture B. confidence C. morality D. modestyPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneMost people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they handle things badly.But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way inwhich health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars-more than 10 percent of the U.S.budget-large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the I1 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services. Over than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up.Two-thirds of the populations are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill.The medical profession has as a result become America's new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor's surgery is as likely to be about the doctor's latest financial deal, as about whetherthe minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary.The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problem facing thecountry. In 1981 the country's health cost climbed 15.9 percent-about twice as fast as prices in general.36. In the U.S. patients can effect, in medical ______.A. occasional mistakes by careless doctorsB. a great deal of personal attentionC. low charge by doctors and hospitalsD. stacking nurses and bad services37. Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because ______. A. they fear to be sued by the patientsB. they care much about Their reputationC. they compete for getting more patentsD. they wish to join the private medical system38. What do most Americans think about health in the U.S.?A. It must be in total chaosB. It must be a free competition systemC. It should cover the unemployedD. It should involve private care.39. From Paragraph 3 we know that ______from the public health system.A. millions of jobless people get support.B. those with steady income do not seek help.C. some people are made ineligible to benefit.D. those with private health care are excluded.40. According to the author, what is the key factor in the rise of health cost in the US? A. The refusal of insurance companies to pay the billsB. The increase of the number of doctors and hospitalsC. the lack of government control over the medical pricesD. The merger of private health care with the public system.41. It is implied that American doctors often______.A. trade their professionalism for financial benefitsB. fails to recognize the paying power of the patientsC. discuss about how to make money during the surgeryD. gives the patients expensive but needless treatments.Passage twoAlmost every day the media discovers an African community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills. Garbage dumps, petrochemical plants, refineries, bus depots, and the list go on. For years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds.But citizens didn't remain silent for long. Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far back as 1968. More than three decades ago, the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental orcivil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under thecivil rights umbrella. Itshould not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968,seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid andwhose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions.In 1979 landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston. Followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention.In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered inWashington, D.C., to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low-income and minority communities Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice, protesting that Black, poor andworking-class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what "the environment" was understood to mean. It expanded the definition toinclude where we live, work, play, worship and go to school, as well as the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmentaljustice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide.Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed, the second National People of Color EnvironmentalLeadership Summit was convened in Washington, D.C., this past October.The second summit was planned for 500 delegates; but more than 1,400 people attended the four-day gathering."We are pleased that the Summit II was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers, government officials We proved to the world that our planners, policy analysts and movement is alive and well, and growing," says Beverly Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show environmental and health disparities between people of color and Whites.42. In Paragraph 1, the word “residents?? refers to ______inparticularA. ethnic groups in the U.SB. the American general publicC. a Africa AmericanD. the U.S. working-class43. More than three decades ago, environments justice was ______.A. controversial，among local activitiesB. First proposed by Martin Luther King Jr.C. fascinating to the civil rights groupsD. barely realized by many environmentalists44. In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis to help the garbage workers ______. A. get relieved of some of their basic dutiesB. know what environmental justice wasC. fight for better working conditionsD. recognize their dangerous surroundings45.. Paragraph 3 implies that, in 1979 ______.A. the environmental justice issues were first brought to court in HoustonB. environmental activists cooperated in defying the US governmentC. the government intervention helped promote environmental justiceD. environmental problems attracted the attention of the government46. the new breed of environmental activists differed from the previous activists in that______. A. they noticed environmental disparities between the rich and the poorB. they cried for government intervention in saving theenvironmentC. they knew what …the environment really meant to the White peopleD. they practiced environmentalism outside as well as within the US47. With respect to getting environmental justice, Summit II aimed for ______. A. showing the achieved successB. attracting national attentionC. identifying relevant issuesD. finding solutions to the problemsPassage ThreeAnyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spent only“tow minutes with“baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler stating to walk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several yearslater, around the start of middle or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often in separately tied to their children's success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.It's not quite that simple. "Kids can be given the opportunities,but they can't before，”saysJacquelyn Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who tried a study examining what motivated first-andseventh-graders in three school districts. Even so growing number of educators and psychosis?s do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students whodon't seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscienceto teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids' control, that their intelligence is malleable Some experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into disappearance of drive in some kids. Educators say it's important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. “The crux of the iss ue is that many students that man y studentsexperience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions …says Michael Nakkula, aHarvard education professor who runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers in touch with their aspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that Glasswork is irrelevant is not true, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run.48. The passage is mainly about ______.A. when in one's life ambition is most neededB. what to do to reform the education systemC. why parents of underachievers are ambitiousD. how to help school children develop their ambition49. According to the passage, most educators believe that many kids ______. A. show a lack of academic ambition at birthB. amaze their parents by acting like adultsC. become less ambitious as they grow upD. get increasingly afraid of failing in school50. Paragraph 1 mentions some parents who would see their kids' failure as______. A. naturalB. trivialC. intolerableD. understandable51. The word "malleable" in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.A. justifiableB. flexibleC. uncountableD. desirable52. Some experts suggest that many kids lose ambition in school because they are______. A. cut off from the outside worldB. exposed to school work onlyC. kept away from class competitionD. labeled as inferior to others53. The last paragraph implies______.A. the effectiveness of Project IFB. the significance of class workC. the importance of walking to runningD. the attainment of different life goalsPassage FourJan Hendrik Schon's success seemed too good to be true, and it was.In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laborites, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers--one every 16 days--dealing newdiscoveries in superconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers--which also happened to appear in the two mostprestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature-the jig was up. In October 2002 a Bell Labs investigation found that: Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist wasfinished .Scientific scandals, witch are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward.In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions are whether Nature and Science have become to too powerful as arbiters of what science reach to the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters;neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two majorjournals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. Asa result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the cropof new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in partto reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the acclaims from academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.Scientists tend to pay more attention to the big two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, they're more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor," a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the "Impact Factor" as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they're considering supporting.54. The achievements of Jan Hendrik Schon turned out to be______.A. surprisingB. inconceivableC. praiseworthyD. fraudulent55. To find why scientific scandals like Schon's occur, people have begun to raise doubt about the two top journals for_____.A. their academic prestigeB. their importance to career successC. their popularity with scientific circlesD. their reviewing system.56. They according to the passage, what makes Science and Nature powerful?A. They cover the best researches on a variety of subjectsB. They publish controversial papers that others won't.C. They prefer papers on highly specialized research.D. They have a special system of peer-review.57. The expression "the cream of the crop" in Paragraph 3 likely means _____. A. the most of allB. best of allC. the recently releasedD. the widely spread58. Scientists know that by reaching the journalists for Science and Nature they would get a better chance to _____.A. have more of their papers published in the journals in the futureB. have their names appear in many other renown publicationsC. have their research results understood by the general publicD. have their superiors give them monetary award for the publication59. Compared with other journals, Nature and Science would give the authors an extra benefitthat their papers _____.A. will be more likely to become influential and be citedB. will be more likely to be free from challenge by peers.C. will be reviewed with greaser care to ensure me authorityD. will reappear in their original in papers like New York Times.。

中国矿业大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

中国矿业大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One Cloze (15 points)Directions: Fill each of the blanks in the passage with one suitable word.Generally, a computer is any device that can perform numerical calculations. Currently, (1) ______, the term usually refers (2) ______ an electronic device that can (3) ______ a series of tasks according to a set of instructions.In 1953 there were only about 100 computers (4) ______ use in the world. Today hundreds of millions of computers are (5) ______ in homes, schools, businesses, government offices, and universities for almost every conceivable (6) Modern desktop (7) ______ computers, or PCs, are many times more powerful than the huge, million dollar (8) ______ computers of the 1960s and 1970s. Most PCs can perform from 400 million to several billion operations per second. These computers are used not (9) ______ for household management and personal entertainment, but also for most or the automate (10) ______ require by small business. The fastest desktop computers are called workstations, and they are generally used for scientific, engineering, or advanced business application.Part Two Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:The energy crisis, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earth's resources has brought the whole world to the brink of disaster. The over development of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near destruction of our cities. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis.Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which endangers the future of our country, our children, and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems.This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures of loss of morality and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral revival and for some devotion that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the devotion of all. In the past it has been only in a way in defense of their own country and their own ideals that any people have been able to devote themselves wholeheartedly.This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need to reassess our present course, to change that course and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a priceless opportunity.To grasp it we need a widespread understanding of nature if the crisis confronting us—and the world—is a crisis that is no passing inconvenience, no by-product of the ambitions of the oil producing countries, no environmentalists' mere fears, no by-product of any present system of government. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed life style. This new life style can flow directly from science and technology, but its acceptance depends on a sincere devotion to finding a higher quality of life for the world's children and future generation.1．Which condition does the author feel has nearly destroyed our cities?A．Lack of financial planning.B．The breakup of the family.C．Natural disasters in many regions.D．The excessive growth of motors.2．The author in the second paragraph states what we need in our present situation is ______.A．a continuation of our present serious stateB．worldwide resources exploitation and energy useC．a movement forward to a new norm to planet research workD．a state where long-range planning is essential to us3．According to the author, what is one example of our loss of morality?A．Disregard for law.B．Lack of devotion.C．Lack of cooperation.D．Exploitation of resources.4．By comparing past problems with present ones, the author draws attention to theA．significance of this crisisB．inadequacy of governmentsC．similarity of the past to the presentD．hopelessness of the situation5．According to the last paragraph, what contribution does the author feel people mustnow make?A．Search for new energy sources.B．Outlaw motor transportation.C．Accept a new life style.D．Adopt a new form of government.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:With human footprints on the moon, radio telescopes listening for messages from alien creatures (who may or may not exist), technicians looking for celestial and planetary sources of energy to support our civilization, orbiting telescopes' data hinting at planetary systems around other stars, and political groups trying to figure out how to save humanity from nuclear warfare that would damage life and eliminate on a planet wide scale, an astronomy book published today enters a world different from the one that greeted books a generation ago. Astronomy has broadened to involve our basic circumstances and our mysterious future in the universe. With eclipse and space missions broadcast live, and with NASA, Europe, and the USSR planning and building permanent space stations, astronomy offers adventure for all people, an outward exploratory thrust that may one day be seen as an alternative to mindless consumerism, ideological arguing, and wars to control dwindling resources on a closed, finite Earth.Today's astronomy students not only seek an up-to-date summary of astronomical facts, they ask, as people have asked for ages, about our basic relations to the rest of the universe. They may study astronomy partly to seek points of contact between science and other human endeavors: philosophy, history, politics, environmental action, even the arts and religion.Science fiction writers and special effect artists on recent films help today's students realize that unseen worlds of space are real places—not abstract concepts. Today's students are citizens of a more real, vaster cosmos than conceptualized by students of a decade ago.In designing this edition, the editors and I have tried to respond to these developments. Rather than jumping at the start into murky waters of cosmology, I have begun with the viewpoint of ancient people on Earth and worked outside across the universe. This method of organization automatically (if loosely) reflects the order of humanity's discoveries about astronomy and provides a unifying theme of increasing distance and scale.6．This passage is most probably taken from ______.A．an article of popular scienceB．the introduction of a book of astronomyC．a lecture given by the author to astronomy studentsD．the preface of a piece of science fiction7．The author's purpose in presenting the first paragraph is ______.A．to explain the background and new features of today's astronomyB．to discuss in detail the most recent achievements in space researchC．to introduce some newly established space stationsD．to illustrate that the world today is different in many aspects from that of a generations ago8．The author thinks that the growing interest in space exploration among people on Earth will probably lead to ______.A．all people having chances of traveling in spaceB．the realization of permanent settlement on other planetsC．more disturbance not only on Earth but also in outer spaceD．orders, harmony and peace on our planet Earth9．The author believes that today's astronomy students ______.A．are much brighter than students of a generation agoB．no longer care about astronomical factsC．are better informed about the unseen worlds of spaceD．may learn more about man and his research in various fields through the study of astronomy10．The word “murky” (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably means ______.A．dark or cloudy, hazyB．deep and blueC．dishonorableD．dark and unpleasantPassage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:The subject of my study is women who are initiating social change in a small region in Texas. The women are Mexican Americans who are, or were, migrant agricultural workers. There is more than one kind of innovation at work in the region, of course, but I have chosen to focus on three related patterns of family behavior.The pattern Ⅰlife style represents how migrant farm workers of all nationalities lived in the past and how many continue to live. I treat this pattern as a baseline with which to compare the changes represented by pattern Ⅱand Ⅲ. Families in pattern Ⅰwork and travel in extended kin units, with the eldest male occupying the position of authority. Families are large: eight or nine children are not unusual, and all members are economic contributors in this strategy of family migration. Families in pattern Ⅱ manifest some differences in behavior while still maintaining aspects of pattern Ⅰ. They continue to migrate but on a reduced scale, often modifying their schedules of migration to allow children to finish the school year. Parents in this pattern often find temporary local jobs as checkers to make up for lost farming income. Pattern Ⅱ families usually have fewer children than do pattern Ⅰ families.The greatest amount of change from pattern Ⅰ, however, is in pattern Ⅲ families, who no longer migrate at all. Both parents work full time in the area and have an average of three children. Children attend school for the entire year. In pattern Ⅲ, the women in particular create new roles for themselves for which no local models exist. They work full time and children study in fixed school. They also assume a greater responsibility in family decisions than do women in the otherpatterns. Although these women are in the minority among residents of the region, they serve as role models for others, causing moderate changes to spread in their communities. These women enjoyed their work and the companionship of fellow women workers. The steady, relatively high income allowed their families to stop migrating. And, as the benefits to these women became increasingly apparent, they and their families became even more willing to consider changes in their lives that they would not have considered before.11．Which of the following titles best reflects the main focus of the passage?A．A Survey of Three Mexican American Families at Work in Texas.B．Innovative Career Women：Effects on Family Unity.C．Changes in the life styles of Migrant Mexican American Families.D．Farming of Family: The Unavoidable Choice for Migrant Farm Workers.12．According to the passage, which of the following statements is mentioned as a life style in pattern Ⅰ ?A．Families are often small with few children.B．Women stay at home to take care of children.C．Children in such families often modify their schooling schedules according to their migration.D．All family members should support family migration economically.13．It can be seen from the passage that pattern Ⅱ children ______.A．can be allowed to finish their school year by modifying migration schedulesB．study in fixed schoolC．do not migrate any moreD．usually have seven or eight or more brothers or sisters14．According to the passage, women in pattern Ⅲ families ______.A．still can not earn a reliable and high incomeB．continue to work solely to meet the urgent needs of their familyC．do not like working with other womenD．can serve as models of behavior for others in the region15．The author's attitude towards the three patterns of behavior mentioned in the passage is best described as one of ______.A．great admirationB．unbiased objectivityC．dissatisfactionD．indifferencePassage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Time spent in a bookshop can be most enjoyable, whether you are a book lover or merely go there to buy a book as a present. You may even have entered the shop just to find shelter from a sudden shower. Whatever the reason, you can soon become totally unaware of your surroundings. The desire to pick up a book with an attractive dust jacket is irresistible, although this method of selection ought not to be followed, as you might end up with a rather dull book. You soon become engrossed in some book or other, and usually it is only much later that you realize you have spent too much time there and must dash off to keep some forgotten appointment—without buying a book, of course.This opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life is, I think, the main attraction of a bookshop. There are not many places where it is possible to do this. A music shop is very much like a bookshop. You can wander round such places to your heart's content. If it is a good shop, n o assistant will approach you with the inevitable greeting, “Can I help you,sir?” You needn't buy anything you don't want. In a bookshop an assistant should remain in the background until you have finished browsing. Then, and only then, are his services necessary. Of course, you may want to find out where a particular section is, but when he has led you there, the assistant should retire prudently and look as if he is not interested in selling a single book.You have to be careful not to be attracted by the variety of books in a bookshop. It is very easy to enter the shop looking for a book on, say, ancient coins and to come out carrying a copy of the latest best selling novel and perhaps a book about brass rubbing something which had only vaguely interested you up till then. This volume on the subject, however, happened to be so well illustrated and the part of the text you read proved so interesting that you just had to buy it. This sort of thing can be very dangerous. Apart from running up a hug account, you can waste a great deal of time wandering from section to section. Booksellers must be both long suffering and indulgent.16．You may spend too much time in a bookshop because ______.A．the dust jackets are very attractiveB．you start reading one of the booksC．it is raining outsideD．you have to make sure you can't buy a dull book as a present17．According to the second paragraph, in a good bookshop ______.A．nobody takes any notice of youB．the assistant greets you in a friendly wayC．you may feel satisfiedD．you can hear beautiful music18．An assistant in a bookshop should come up to help you ______.A．as soon as you have entered a shopB．just before you finish browsingC．only when you have finished browsingD．when he leads you to a particular section19．According to the passage, it's very possible to enter a bookshop and buy ______.A．a book on ancient coinsB．a best-selling novel on brass-rubbingC．a book that clearly interests youD．a book that unexpectedly interests you20．This passage is mainly concerned with ______.A．some advice on entering a bookshopB．how to select books in a bookshopC．assistants' service in a bookshopD．attractions of books in a bookshopPassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:By the 1980s, according to international but admittedly inconsistent definitions of literacy, about seven out of ten adults in the world were considered literate. The increase in literacy from ancient times to the present bas been a story of unbroken progress. The ability of people within a given society to read and write has been influenced by a number of factors, including economic well-being, the availability of material to read, the amount of education available, and the basic matter of the usefulness of reading.Of these factors, usefulness has probably been the most decisive. In ancient societies,as people settled into stable patterns of agriculture and trade, it became useful for some of them to read and write in order to keep records, to transact business, and to measure amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and to produce. The responsibilities of citizenship led to a fairly high level of literacy in ancient Greece and Rome, but in addition to that, there also grew an appreciation of good literature, poetry, drama, history, and philosophy.During the early Middle Ages, with the general breakdown of society in Europe and the decrease of commerce, literacy became largely confined to the church. But in the late Middle Ages, in the period of the Renaissance, the great expansion of commerce and banking led to a revival in literacy for the same reason that had caused it to increase in the ancient world: usefulness.With the invention of the printing press and inexpensive paper late in the 15th century there was for the first time a great availability of reading material for more people. Religious reformers were among the first to utilize the situation, quickly getting translations of the Bible and booklets into the hands of many people.The broadened religious enlightenment that resulted was followed in later centuries by a political one. Political theorists who favored doctrines promoting the natural rights of man called for an attack upon illiteracy. Political revolutions in some country helped inaugurate an era in which all classes were called upon to become informed on public policy for their own welfare. Against this political background there emerged the movement for universal popular education. Literacy came to be understood as a means whereby the individual could benefit and advance, and gradually whole societies began to acknowledge that universal literacy among their citizens was an avenue to greater economic well-being.21．From the first paragraph we know ______.A．it is fairly easy to determine literacyB．there is no illiteracy in a rich familyC．history sees an even progress towards literacyD．in history literacy suffers ups and downs22．According to the passage, the major driving force behind the progress toward more literacy is ______.A．the amount of educationB．the availability of reading materialsC．the economic developmentD．the necessity to read23．It can be inferred from this passage that ______.A．people's ability to read and write is decided by multi-factorsB．in ancient Greece and Rome people had a low level of literacyC．literacy became confined to the church in the late Middle AgesD．political reformers first made translations of the Bible available to many people24．Late in the 15th century, it was ______ that greatly expand literacy.A．the religious reformsB．the translation and popularization of the BibleC．the availability of printing technology ana cheap paperD．the renovations of the teaching methods25．The last paragraph is mainly about ______.A．the religious movements that promoted the literacy of the publicB．the new progress towards literacy initiated by democratic societyC．modern political movement towards a more democratic societyD．political movements at the end of the Middle Ages fighting illiteracyPassage SixShort Answer Question:A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on the project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers: The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other did. In 1869they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous church bells to honor the great achievement.The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.Questions:1．How many years did the constructions of the transcontinental railroad take?2．What did the major problem with American's railroad system in the mid 19th lie in?3．The building of the first transcontinental system brought about ______.4．What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?5．What would a suitable title for this passage be?Part Four Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best competes the sentence.1．He won by ______, because his opponent refused to play.A．defect B．default C．deficit D．refusal2．It ______ me to see him in such a bad health. He was such an energetic and strong young man only several months ago.A．depressed B．upset C．harmed D．grieved3．The waste pipe is blocked; try ______ it out with hot water, or just call the plumber to do it.A．blushing B．crushing C．brushing D．flushing4．Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who ______ turns out to be of high IO.A．eventually B．automatically C．decidedly D．inversely5．She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice me when I came in the room.A．suffocated B．dipped C．immersed D．submerged6．As a lawyer ______ for his good judgment and eloquence, he is often invited to those Brand banquets and meetsthose distinguished people from all circles.A．notorious B．notable C．nasty D．notified7．The ______ of electrical energy into thermal energy is a process that is easily carried out at 100% efficiency.A．conversion B．convention C．conversation D．version8．He hammered a ______ into the wall and hung a small picture from it.A．tack B．clip C．tablet D．chart9．They had to face up to innumerable ______ before they achieved their goal.A．slashes B．setbacks C．shutters D．slacks10．In many societies, the person who fails to ______ to conventional behavior is likely to be avoided by others.A．concede B．conform C．confine D．confer11．The snow ______ my plan to visit my aunt in the countryside.A．confused B．bewildered C．conversed D．hampered12．If You ______ someone, you feel great admiration and love for them.A．advocate B．adjoin C．adore D．addict13．The train came to a/an ______ stop, making many passengers fall off their seats.A．hasty B．incidental C．swift D．abrupt14．The reporters gathered around him and interviewed him, but he ______ their quests.A．dodged B．convert C．distracted D．distorted15．It is often difficult to ______ between a mere exaggeration and a deliberately.A．disguise B．cultivate C．originate D．discriminate16．He gave me his ______ that the job will be finished on time.A．acceptance B．diffidence C．assurance D．insurance17．Many stockholders got very nervous when the price went down and sold their stocks at once, while ______ investors held their stock until prices rose again.A．shabby B．restless C．shrewd D．naive18．You needn't worry about your lunch. At the party there will be food and drink in ______.A．number B．abundance C．quantity D．quality19．A/an ______ is a person who is not present at a crime but who helps another in doing something criminal.A．assessor B．access C．acquaintance D．accessory20．It is a ______ that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people.A．conflict B．premise C．ambivalence D．paradox21．Everyone has a legal ______ to provide the tax office with details of their earnings.A．refinement B．constriction C．obligation D．impulsion22．It goes without saying that people who refuse to ______ with the law will be punished.A．conceal B．consent C．abide D．comply23．The manager's promise of a bonus acted as a(n) ______ to greater effort.A．inducement B．incentive C．fascination D．inspiration24．It's a(n) ______ that our team will win the game this time, for we have confidence as well as the ability.A．confirmation B．affirmation C．assessment D．certainty25．The story ______ as the movie goes on and the audience were deeply immersed in it.A．disclosed B．extended C．released D．unfolded26．This diploma is important, which ______ that you have completed high school.A．amplifies B．certifies C．clarifies D．magnifies27．A group of scholars from several countries were holding a ______ on new trend of literature.A．fort B．foam C．forum D．summit28．Some birds ______ when they look for animals to kill on the ground.A．hosed B．rolled C．hover D．revolve29．Despite warnings from his parents and teacher, Stevenson is ______ to computer games.A．activated B．adhered C．addicted D．appealed30．When she entered the room, the smell of her perfume immediately ______ the room.A．distributed B．penetrated C．pervaded D．perishedPart Five Translation (20 points)Directions：Translate the following passage into Chinese.Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator car enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distance and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the 1890s, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six month of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the 1870s, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920s and 1930s.Directions: Translate the following passage into English.企业家之所以成为企业家，靠的是开创事业的强烈欲望，这种欲望同画家和作家的创作欲望并无二致。

中央财经大学+考博真题+英语+2007-2013

中央财经大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Vocabulary (15%)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that completes best the sentence.1. The discovery of the Americas began ____ of adventure.A. a semesterB. a spellC. an epochD. a span2. All the ____ of the hotel were evacuated when the fire began.A. pioneersB. settlersC. inhabitantsD. residents3. The roses I left in the car yesterday started to ____ after a couple of hours in the heat.A. wiltB. blossomC. budD. bloom4. The two runners crossed the line ____.A. s ometimesB. simultaneouslyC. f r equentlyD. henceforth5. She was not crying but her eyes were ____.A. a ridB. m oistC. s oakedD. dr y6. Some sportsmen ____ to relax before a contest.A. meditateB. predictC. conceiveD. assume7. When there are so many important things to be done, why does she insist on so many ____ distractions?A. drasticB. crucialC. v italD. petty8. A ____ businessman is one who destroys his competitors.A. ge nerousB. s pitefulC. r u thlessD. humane9. The price of housing has remained ____ for six months.A. a gileB. dynamicC. s tationaryD. i n ert10. With a ____ effort he won a million dollars.A. m inimalB. di m inutiveC. m icroscopeD. d warfSection BDirections:In this section there are 20 sentences. Each sentence has one underlined word or phrase. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should identify one of the four choices which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.11. The breadfruit is a round fruit with a rough rind, and a soft pulpy inside.A. s kinB. hus kC. s hellD. bl o om12. Frederick E. Taylor was the pioneer of scientific management.A. immigrantB. inventorC. f o eD. a lly13. The almond, native to the Mediterranean, grows abundantly in California.A. r e lativeB. pi o neerC. originalD. i m migrant14. Freshwater turtles can survive in frigid waters for three months without oxygen.A. balmyB. sultryC. freezingD. sweltering15. The parched landscape of salt flats is often used to break world land speed records.A. dr i edB. s oakedC. s ultryD. c hilly16. The fruit does well in hot and humid climates.A. a ridB. dampC. s oakedD. de siccated17. Sedatives calm a person without actually inducing sleep.A. pr o longingB. s ubsidingC. gettingD. c ausing18. F. D. Roosevelt was the only man to have been elected president of the United States four successive times.A. s ignificantB. consecutiveC. not a bleD. s ymmetrical19. Aqueducts built during the Roman Empire may still be seen in many parts of Europe.A. B athsB. Water c analsC. RoadsD. Air pi p es20. Guam, as island in the West Pacific, was ceded to the United States.A. gi v en ov er t oB. a ttacked byC. r u led byD. i n fluenced by21. Hypertension is one of the most widespread and potentially dangerous diseases.A. c olossalB. popularC. c ommonD. s cattered22. Jazz appeared as a unique form of American music in the 1920s.A. obs cureB. s carceC. v italD. s ingular23. Gregor Mendel conceived of the laws of heredity from observing the growth of peas.A. a ssumedB. r e minisced ofC. t h ought ofD. m editated a bout24. Harriet Beecher Stowe was an obscure writer until the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.A. a nonymousB. eminentC. i n famousD. unknown25. After years of work and contemplation, the Native American Sequoyah single-handedly invented a written language for his people.A. worryB. sicknessC. deep thoughtD. l o neliness26. The profuse tropical forests of the Amazon are inhabited by different kinds of animals.A. wildB. distantC. abundantD. immersed27. Although Langston Hughes is better known for his poetry, he also wrote a two-volume autobiography.A. book about someone else’s l i feB. book a bout hi s ow n l i feC. book about many people’s l i vesD. bo ok a bout t h e l i fe of a nimals28. Paul Revere daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists.A. be nevolentlyB. c ourageouslyC. apprehensivelyD. mercilessly29. Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fish and shellfish in the 17th century.A. insipidB. f l avoredC. blandD. s our30. Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donations of its citizens.A. ki n dheartedB. unw antedC. s elfishD. m eaninglessPart II Cloze (10%)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet.The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of _31_.The 32 of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few cries that serve 33 signals, 34 even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, 35 with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently 36 for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we mustsuppose that he 37 the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day 38 he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that 39 picture language preceded oral language. A man 40 a picture on the wall of his cave to show 41 direction he had gone, or 42 prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language 43 the most important single factor in the development of man.Two important stages came not 44 before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was 45 in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable 46 our own machine age. Agriculture made possible 47 immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 48 were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil 49 each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end 50 the physical comforts it provided.Part IV Reading Comprehension (50%)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The ideal companion machine – the computer – would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machine would appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversational style would make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that people obtain from interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in interesting conservation that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.51. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?A. Active i n c ommunication.B. Attractive i n pe rsonality.C. Enjoyable i n pe rformance.D. Unpredictable i n be havior.52. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a(n) ________ way.A. qui c kB. un predictableC. pr o ductiveD. i n conspicuous53. Which of the following aspects is NOT mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?A. Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.B. Being sensitive to earlier contract.C. Being ready to learn about the person’s life.D. Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.54. Throughout the passage, the author is ________ in his attitude toward the computer.A. favourableB. criticalC. vagueD. hesitant55. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?A. Artificial relationships.B. How to form intimate relationships.C. The affectionate m achine.D. Humans a nd c omputers.Passage 2The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as the 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa the most eloquent spokesman of Japan’s “Enlightenment”, claimed “The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere.” Fukuzawa’s great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he was not able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another interlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially students: but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life: yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Values are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles, emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old order remain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions such as political parties, large corporations, and university faculties is the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. A party leader, supervisor, or professor, in return for loyalty, protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes evenextends to arranging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even within the same profession.56. The author is mainly concerned withA. explaining the influence of Confucianism on modern JapanB. analyzing the reasons for Japan’s postwar economic successC. discussing some important determinants of Japanese valuesD. describing managerial practices in Japanese industry57. Which of the following is most like the relationship of the oyabun-kobun described in the passage?A. A political candidate and the voting public.B. A gifted scientist and his studentC. Two brothers who are partners in a businessD. A judge presiding at the trial of a criminal defendant58. According to the passage, Japanese attitudes are influenced by the following factors except ________.A. democratic ideals.B. elements of modern Western culture.C. remnants of an earlier social structure.D. prewar economic success.59. It can be inferred that the Imperial Rescript of 1890A. was a protest by liberals against the lack of individual liberty in Japan.B. marked a return in government policies to conservative valuesC. implemented the ideals set forth in the Education Code of 1872.D. was influenced by the Leninist ideology of the Bolshevik Revolution.60. The tone of the passage can best be described asA. neutral and objectiveB. critical and demandingC. enthusiastic a nd s upportiveD. s keptical a nd que stioningPassage 3A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most – people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes – he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of priceincreases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices, “In a few months,” she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk; we’ll have less to spend on other things.” Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer’s resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just don’t pay these prices; they are too high.”The investigations mentioned above were carried on in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conducive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.61. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way consumers will spend their money, he should ________.A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spendingB. try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend moneyC. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain data on consumers’ incomes andmoney spending motivesD. do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory62. According to paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that ____.A. price increases always stimulate people to hasten to buy thingsB. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of certain thingsC. women are more sensitive to the rising in prices than menD. the expectations of price increases often make buyers feel angry63. The results of the investigations on consumer psychology carried out in America were ____ those of the investigations made at the same time in Great Britain.A. somewhat different fromB. exactly the same asC. m uch be tter t h anD. not a s good a s64. From the results of the surveys, the writer of this article ____.A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great Britain are better than those inAmericaB. concludes that the consumers always expect prices to remain stableC. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct business policyD. does not draw any conclusion65. Which of the following statements is always true according to the surveys mentioned in the passage?A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect prices to increase.C. The price condition has an influence on consumer behavior.D. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are reliable.Passage 4Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal – or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned.Ideas about social class – whether a person is “working-class” or “middle-class” – are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers’ jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was – and still is – inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve job-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about “tomorrow”. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in precious generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather than the old conflicts will reappear, but between different groups.66. Which of the following is seen as the causes of class differences in the past?A. L ife s tyle a nd oc cupation.B. Attitude a nd i n come.C. Income and job security.D. Job security a nd hobbi e s.67. The writer seems to suggest that the description of ____ is closer to truth.A. middle-class w ays of s pending m oneyB. working-class ways of spending the weekendC. working-class drinking habitsD. middle-class attitudes68. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a typical feature of the middle-class?A. D esiring f o r s ecurity.B. M aking l o ng-term plans.C. Having priorities in life.D. Saving money.69. Working-class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following factors EXCEPT ________.A. be tter s ocial s ecurityB. m ore j o b oppor t unitiesC. higher l i ving s tandardD. better legal protection70. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?A. Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British society.B. The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C. Differences in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D. Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working-class people.Passage 5There have been a great many explanations, some of them very complicated, of the great demand for college education in America, and they are probably all true in some measure. An oversimplified explanation is that over the last fifty years, three generations of the parents of growing children have realized that better education meant better living and, as individuals, and through group action, have pushed and urged that facilities be made available. Happily the nation has been able to provide the colleges, and the students have been admitted to them in ever-increasing numbers. And the consumers of the products of education – government, business in all its forms, and labor – all welcomed the expansion of opportunity because it simplified their problems of employing new workers, and training and placing them.Forty years ago, when the parents of today’s high-school seniors were themselves in school, a high-school education was enough to get ready for most occupations, and, for those occupations, job training took place either in the high school or on the job. A college degree was necessary only for those who wanted to be ministers, doctors, or lawyers, high school teachers, scientists, or scholars. Today most jobs that offer opportunity for growth and advancement are open only to college graduates, for colleges have assumed the task of offering the specific preparation that is needed. There is very little job training in high schools today. Instead they concentrate on preparing students for college.What has happened is that, as business, industry, government, and the professions have expanded, they have developed a need for many varieties of specialists. Colleges and universities, responding to these developments, have organized new programs of study to train these specialists, and in turn these new programs draw students who would not have gone to college forty years ago.For example, almost all of the college programs in business and commerce have developed and the more advanced programs in agriculture and home economics. And there is a long list of other offerings that were not available except in a few experimental programs. Accounting, social science, various forms of administration, public hospital and public health medical technology, and advanced nurses training have been developed in higher education within those same forty years. And as evidence that the process is still continuing, we can see the emergence of atomic technology, unclear engineering, computer technology, and, most recently, international administration.71. In Paragraph 1, the word “consumers” most probably refers to ____.A. high-school graduatesB. college graduatesC. those who employ college graduatesD. those who consume commercial goods72. According to paragraph 2, the parents of today’s high-school students ____.A. did not receive enough high-school educationB. received a level of education which is almost equivalent to that of today’s collegeC. received a level of education high enough for most occupations 40 years agoD. who received only high-school education are not qualified for such professional work as ministers, doctors or lawyers73. Which of the following does not seem to be an explanation of the great demand for collegeeducation in America?A. The parents have realized that higher education means a higher standard of living.B. A high-school education is not “high” enough for most occupations.C. A great need has been developed for many varieties of specialists.D. High schools concentrate mainly on preparing students for colleges.74. Which of the following specialties and programs was the least possibly available in America colleges and universities 40 years ago?A. I n ternational a dministration.B. Computer s cience a nd t e chnology.C. Nuclear engineering.D. Advanced nur s e t r aining.75. What is the theme of the passage?A. A general survey of American colleges and universities.B. The main causes for the development of American higher education.C. The historical development of American colleges and universities.D. The higher education, the better living condition.Part V Translation (10%)Section ADirections:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your translation on Answer Sheet.If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thing because it was hard or inconvenient. If we want light, we must conquer darkness. Perseverance can sometimes equal genius in its result. “There are only two creatures,” says a proverb, “who can surmount the pyramids – the eagle and the snail.” If I were a boy again, I would school myself into a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I would remember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directions at once. The habit of attention becomes part of our life, if we begin early enough.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.完善国家计划和财政政策、货币政策等相互配合的宏观调控体系，发挥经济杠杆的调节作用。

中国社科院2007年博士研究生入学考试试题

中国社科院2007年博士研究生入学考试试题PART I VocabularySection A (10 point)Directions：Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word．1．The public might well sanction a wider range of programming than would strictly be implied by the”gap-filling”approach，but this is not certain．A．view B．approve C．coerce D．insist2．Petrazzini's main concern is not so much cultural homogenization associated with the spread of the Internet，but an exacerbation of the gap between young and old and between spread of the Internet．A．uniformity B．discrepancy C．convention D．distinction．3．The history helps explain the vexing dispute between the European Union and the United States over the greatest threat to privacy yet conceived：the hundreds of millions of personal dossiers in computerized and networked databases．A．troublesome B．astonishing C．everlasting D．conflicting4．There were not personal goals，no desire to get ahead or to leave something behind．There were only God's decrees to be faithfully carried out．A．orders B．petitions C．prophets D．queries5．Lee Ford and Dan Brooks，a London-based creative and development team，came up with an”edgy”V olkswagen spot for a demo：a terrorist tries to detonate a car bomb outside a crowded caf．A．ignite B．stain C．impede D．ascribe6．The music indicates the way in which Mozart was developing his ideas in 1773 as he attempted to shake off his reputation as a child prodigy and be taken seriously as a composer．A．bedlamite B．betrayer C．genius D．jailor7．Kelly fought depression，her sister struggled against violent tendencies，and their only physical touches they'd ever known from their parents were abusive．A．cordial B．fastidious C．sadistic D．absurd8．Browse one of the websites that hosts them，like You Tube or Google Vides，and you'll see drunken karaoke，babies being born，plane crashes，freakish sports accidents and far，far stranger things．A．elegant B．fraternal C．frantic D．bizarre9．There were still a few surprises，as a squeal here and there in the dark announced，but we did learn to “see with our feet”—lessons in trail Braille．A．divergence B．scream C．gradation D．strand10．He hasn't analyzed why he tips so generously，but I think the proclivity stems from his high school years，when he worked as a busboy．A．predilection B．prosperityC．premeditation D．preambleSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．11．In a competitive and fast-paced modern society，busy business executives are so __________ their work that they hardly know what the word leisure means．A．engrossed in B．exempt from C．skeptical of D．extraneous to 12．But the depth of a novel and the value of its artistic and ideological feature do not depend on the theme-either __________ or significant．A．versatile B．trivial C．preliminary D．alternate13．It is always __________ in some ways，because if it were performed as a primitive fending-off or covering-up action，it would obviously be too transparent．A．scrupulous B．clamorous C．intrinsic D．camouflaged 14．She often remains coldly remote from him；probably his badly scarred face produced an involuntary feeling of __________ in his neighbor．A．discordance B．deliberation C．perversity D．repulsion15．For us it is a big and dark secret；to __________ it would be to jeopardize our future，confessed an avi-aphobe who is currently undergoing therapy．A．divulge B．recall C．retain D．duplicate16．The charitable acts of their boss used to be greatly praised by the people．However，ruthless company downsizing drives and continued layoffs，coupled with rising pay for top managers，have made him look a good deal less __________．A．discourteous B．prudent C．benevolent D．obstinate17．Most of us go through life adding __________ to knowledge，polishing a concept here or there，doing an experiment，contributing a few leaves—or，if we are lucky，a twig—to the tree of knowledge．A．impartially B．impassably C．incrementally D．melodiously 18．The only way he could do it-and by “it” he means achieving the level of fame enjoyed by Martin，who is so famous that his infant daughter，Apple，is better known than the rest of Coldplay combined--is by getting into some kind of trouble，and it could only be infamy，which is of course，__________．A．preposterous B．preludial C．precise D．preponderant 19．So the most __________ scientist alive at that time who symbolized the height of human intellect adopted what became his last message-this manifesto，which implored governments and the public not to allow our civilization to be destroyed by human folly．A．fastidious B．eminent C．anonymous D．waggish20．The novel will be read a long time for its minute and almost uncanny insight into army life，its __________ dialogue，its sheer narrative pull，its portrayal of the tenderness that sometimes is found beneath the crudest animal drives，its absence of mock heroics，its comic absurdities and irony and，above all else，its revelation of the perversity of human nature in the face of evil．A．pungent B．notorious C．anticlimactic D．shakyⅡPART GrammarSection A (10 mints)Directions：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．21．The police kept asking me to repeat the story of how I found the scroll，and they kepttelling me that I was changing it and tripping me __________．A．for B．on C．up D．in22．The budget crunch has put extra pressure on nearly everyone at this storied campus--besieged administrators __________ to lure minority applicants，students frantically __________ money to cover fee hikes，department heads trying to staunch a faculty brain drain and office staffers worried that a stalemate in Sacramento means no money for the mortgage at home．A．to struggle，to seek B．struggled，soughtC．struggle，seek D．struggling，seeking23．If you're a regular reader of blogs，or indeed of any kind of news website，you've probably been frustrated from time to time by information overload：the blogosphere creates __________ material for any human being to comfortably __________．A．too much，digest B．not much，digestC．too little，be digested D．not much，be digested24．When deposits are federally insured，people no longer rush to withdraw their money if they __________ the financial condition of their bank．A．become concerned about B．become concerned withC．become concerned in D．concern25．Over and over in War of the Worlds，he evokes the sensation，more familiar from dreams than movies，__________ an otherworldly entity，glimpsed from a great distance，__________ suddenly，violently clawing its way into your personal space．A．that，is B．is，which C．that，being D．which，being26．As the generations progress，feather length will increase because females do not prefer a specific length tail，but a longer-than-average tall．Eventually tail length will increase to the point __________ the liability survival is matched by the sexual attractiveness of the trait and an equilibrium will be established．A．that B．where C．which D．／27．Never far from positions of influence，wealthier from his broadcasting activities __________ the biggest moguls，he is in many ways on the edge of things．A．than all but B．as all but C．but than all D．but as all28．__________ a rigid，unidirectional mode of demystification which saw all such other modes as subsidiary and peripheral，it began to see all alternatives to its mode of demystification as conspiracies against human good．A．Modern science not only gradually developsB．Not only did modem science gradually developC．Now that modem science gradually developedD．Only did modem science develop29．One theory is that too much vitamin E __________ bleeding risk，which would __________ the risk of a type of Stroke，while another theory suggests that at high doses vitamin E stops working like an antioxidant，removing harmful molecules in the body，and instead becomes a pro-oxidant，actually promoting the production of harmful molecules．A．decreases，decrease B． increases，increaseC．decreases，increase D．increases，decrease30．Nor，indeed，do all these guardians of tradition have to exert much pressure on the principal players，since the expectations of their social world have long ago been built into their own projections of the future--they want precisely __________ society expects of them．A．that which B．that C．which D．what thatSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence．31．The repetitions that concern Domhoff pertains largely to repetitions within an individual'sAdream history．But there is a sense in which all dreamers dream each other's dreams in the form ofB Cso-called universal dreams，which are the equivalent of literary archetypes．D32．The Nature commentary says scientists working on aging now have to take into accountAthe prospect that “drug-related approaches to interfere with this process may come at a price--theB Cdisruption of our natural mechanism for keeping cancer to bay．”D33．The work confirms hints that had already been emerging in the scientific literature inArecent years that p53 and related proteins might play an important role in life，but the new paper is far more detailed--and,scientists say,more compelling--that anything published previously．B C D34．For all the fretting about outsourcing and trade deficits in the United States，MTV offers a highly-end case study in how to export what seems，at first glance，to be a uniquely American brand．35．The trend to empty a library is being driven，academicians and librarians say，by theA Bdwindling need for undergraduate libraries，many of them were built when leading researchC Dlibraries were reserved for graduate students and faculty．36．Dr．ElBaradei said his hope is that the Nobel Peace Prize will serve to help theA internationalcommnunity，and to achieve the goal of developing a functional system of global security that does not derive from a nuclear weap ons deterrent，would rather based on addressingB C Dthe security concerns of all people．37．DDT，the most powerful pesticide the world has ever known，exposed nature'sAvulnera-bility．Unlike most pesticides，whose effectiveness is limited to destroy one or two types ofB Cinsects，DDT is capable of killing hundreds of different kinds at once．D38．For it is “everybody”，a whole society，which，has identified being feminine with caringA B C about how one looks．Given these stereotypes，it is no wonder that beauty enjoys，at best，a ratherDmixed reputation．39．The research also raises the possibility that younger people treat successfully for cancerAwith chemotherapy may be subject to premature aging later in life，a possibility that has never beenB C D rigorously examined．40．We peer out beyond our world to glimpse objects that lie at the very edge of the universe，Astars teetering tantalizingly on the beginning of time．We peer inward to our own genome，Bswiftly unraveling the puzzle of what tiny bit of chemical code manifests themselves as appearance，C Dten-dency，advantage and liability in the marvelous human creature．PART Reading comprehensionⅢ：(30 points)Directions：Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below．Passage 1I have observed that the Americans show a less decided taste for general ideas than the French．This is especially true in politics．Although the Americans infuse into their legislation far more general ideas than the English，and although they strive more than the latter to adjust the practice of affairs to theory，no political bodies in the United States have ever shown so much love for general ideas as the Constituent Assembly and the Convention in France．At no time has the American people laid hold on ideas of this kind with the passionate energy of the French people in the eighteenth century，or displayed the same blind confidence in the value and absolute truth of any theory．This difference between the Americans and the French originates in several causes，but principally in the following one．The Americans are a democratic people who have always directed public affairs themselves．The French are a democratic people who for a long time could only speculate on the best manner of conducting them．The social condition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government，while their political constitution prevented them from correcting those ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency；whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other．It may seem at first sight that this is very much opposed to what I have said before，that democratic nations derive their love of theory from the very excitement of their active life．A moreattentive-examination will show that there is nothing contradictory in the proposition．Men living in democratic countries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but little leisure and because these ideas spare them the trouble of studying particulars．This is true，but it is only to be understood of those matters which are not the necessary and habitual subjects of their thoughts．Mercantile men will take up very eagerly，and without any close scrutiny，all the general ideas on philosophy，politics，science，or the arts which may be presented to them；but for such as relate to commerce，they will not receive them without inquiry or adopt them without reserve．The same thing applies to statesman with regard to general ideas in politics．If，then，there is a subject upon which a democratic people is peculiarly liable to abandon itself，blindly and extravagantly，to general ideas，the best corrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their daily practical occupation．They will then be compelled to enter into details，and the details will teach them the weak points of the theory．This remedy may frequently be a painful one，but its effect is certain．Thus it happens that the democratic institutions which compel every citizen to take a practical part in the government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in polities which the principle of equality suggests．Comprehension questions41．According to the writer，what kinds of ideas have been favored by the French people?A．Political ideas that can be adjusted to the practice of government．B．Concrete ideas that they believe to be truthful．C．General ideas in political affairs．D．Eighteenth century ideas．42．Why do the Americans show less enthusiasm for general ideas than the French?A．The French constitution did not allow for experiment．B．In America，the constitution provides checks and balances．C．The social conditions in France led to different ideas．D．The Americans have always been in charge of their own public affairs．43．Some people in democratic countries prefer general ideas because __________．A．in politics it is easier to study general ideasB．general ideas on different subjects are more interestingC．mercantile men prefer general ideas on philosophy，politics，science and the artsD．they do not have time to address details44．What does the writer think would inhibit people's preference for general ideas?A．Teaching them the weak points of the theory．B．Encouraging them to take a practical part in democratic institutions．C．Trying to make them abandon those ideas．D．Compelling them to study details．45．The writer's conclusion is that __________．A．the principle of equality must be paramountB．general theories in politics should be the most important part of democracyC．citizens should be forced to take part in democratic institutionsD．people'ｓ taste for general ideas can be diminished through taking part in democratic institutionsPassage 2Of the great variety of opinions concerning “marriage for money”，the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money．Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development，but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all．The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection-so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives-does not exist in simpler cultures．The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons．For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive)，in so far as society does not insist upon the couple，s equal social status-a condition，however，that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests．In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom，irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring．This is because where the constitutions，state of health，temperament，internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group，the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society．It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection．Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare．The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due，in part，to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves．Yet we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction．But，happiness is a purely personal matter，decided upon entirely by the couple themselves，and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading--particularly in the higher strata，whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts--no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results，it remains true that，with reference to procreation，love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection．In fact，in this respect，it is the only fight and proper thing．Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia--the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities--a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species．In the case of marriage for money，the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness--just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together--and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important．This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individualrelationships．Comprehension questions46．According to the text，what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and stability in simpler cultures?A．Personal dignity．B．Economic decline．C．Monetary considerations．D．Financial growth．47．Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are more likely not to be camouflaged in what strata of society?A．Upper middle．B．Middle middle．C．Lower middle．D．Lower lower．48．The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because __________．A．we demand too much of our partnersB．partners don't give complimentsC．people are too differentiated sociallyD．the economic disparity in many regions is growing49．How is the question of race in relation to marriage similar to the question of money?A．They fuel mutual instinctual attraction．B．They inspire individual responsibilities．C．They deflect superficial relationships．D．They prohibit suitable marriages．50．Panmixia is said to __________．A．aid the selection process B．complement individualizationC．inspire positive results D．set up biological declinePassage 3But probably the fullest statement of the doctrine of the rule of law occurs in the work of William Paley，the “great codifier of thought in an age of codification．”It deserved quoting at some length：”The first maxim of a free state，”he writes，is，that the laws be made by one set of men，and administered by another；in other words，that the legislative and the judicial character be kept separate．When these offices are unified in the same person or assembly，particular laws are made for particular cases，springing often times from partial motives，and directed to private ends：whilst they are kept separate，general laws are made by one body of men，without foreseeing whom they may affect；and，when made，must be applied by the other，let them affect whom they will…When the parties and interests to be affected by the laws were known，the inclination of the law makers would inevitably attach to one side or the other；and where there were neither any fixed rules to regulate their determinations，nor any superior power to control their proceedings，these inclinations would interfere with the integrity of public justice．The consequence of which must be，that the subjects of such a constitution would live either without constant laws，that is，without anyknown pre-established rules of adjudication whatever；or under laws made for particular persons，and partaking of the contradictions and iniquity of the motives to which they owed their origin．“Which dangers，by the division of the legislative and judicial functions，are in this country effectually provided against．Parliament knows not the individuals upon whom its acts will operate；it has no ease or parties before it；no private designs to serve：consequently，its resolutions will be suggested by the considerations of universal effects and tendencies，which always produce impartial and commonly advantageous regulations．”With the end of the eighteenth century，England's major contributions to the development ofthe principles of freedom came to a close．Though Macaulay did once more for the nineteenth century what Hume had done for the eighteenth，and though the Whig intelligentsia of the Edinburgh Review and economists in the Smithian tradition，like J．R．MacCulloch and N．W Senior，continued to think of liberty in classical terms，there was little further develop- ment．The new liberalism that gradually displaced Whiggism came more and more under the influence of the rationalist tendencies of the philosophical radicals and the French tradition．Bentham and his Utilitarians did much to destroy the beliefs that England had in part preserved from the Middle Ages，by their scornful treatment of most of what until then had been the most admired features of the British constitution．And they introduced into Britain what had so far been entirely absent--the desire to remake the whole of her law and institutions on rational principles．The lack of understanding of the traditional principles of English liberty on the part of the men guided by the ideals of the French Revolution is clearly illustrated by one of the early apostles of that revolution in England，Dr．Richard Price．As early as 1778 he argued：”Liberty is too imperfectly defined when it is said to be a Government of LAWS and not by MEN．If the laws are made by one man，or a junto of men in a state，and not by common CONSENT，a government by them is not different from slavery．”Eight years later he was able to display a commendatory letter from Turgot：”How comes it that you are almost the first of the writers of your country，who has given a just idea of liberty，and shown the falsity of the notion so frequently repeated by almost all Republican Writers．‘that liberty consists in being subject only to the laws?'“From then onward，the essentially French concept of political liberty was indeed progressively to displace the English ideal of individual liberty，until it could be said that”in Great Britain，which，little more than a century ago，repudiated the ideas on which the French Revolution was based，and led the resistance to Napoleon，those ideas have triumphed．”Though in Britain most of the achievements of the seventeenth century were preserved beyond the nineteenth，we must look elsewhere for the further development of the ideals underlying them．Comprehension Questions51．Concerning William Paley's main vision of the rule of law，which of the following is NOT true?A．The purpose of an independent counsel is to eliminate potential conflicts of interests．B．Paley's political strategy illustrates the concept of checks and balances．C．The absence of separation of powers would inevitably result in injustice and inequity．D．The rule of law and the separation of powers could be deemed unconstitutional principles．52．According to Paley，what would happen to a person living in a country where the judiciary and legislative powers aren't kept separate?A．The inviolability of the legal apparatus would be guaranteed．B．Laws could be manipulated to serve particular interests．C．Lawmakers would have to mitigate conflicts of interest．D．Lawmakers would have adjudication powers．53．Complete the following sentence：”The Whig intelligentsia __________．”A．supported traditional tendencies B．supported reformist tendenciesC．supported Manichean tendencies D．supported aesthetical tendencies54．Which of the following best expresses the author's opinion of the Utilitarians?A．Unbiased．B．Neutral．C．Critical．D．Sympathetic．55．Which of the following is true?A．The author favors the principles of English freedom as opposed to the ideals of the French revolution．B．The author favors the principles of the French revolutions as opposed to the principles of English freedom．C．The author is deeply attached to the status quo between the principles of English freedom and the ideals of the French revolution．D．The author shows that the principle of political alienation in a capitalist society has an economic base．Passage 4There are，two opinions as to the production of light．Augustine seems to say that Moses could not have fittingly passed over the production of the spiritual creature，and therefore when we read．In the beginning God created heaven and earth，a spiritual nature as yet formless is to be understood by the word heaven，and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth．And spiritual nature was formed first，as being of higher dignity than corporeal The forming，therefore，of this spiritual nature is signified by the production of light. That is to say，the light inquestion is a spiritual light．For a spiritual nature receives its formation by the illumination whereby it is led to adhere to the Word of God．Other writers think that the production of spiritual creatures was purposely omitted by Moses，and give various reasons．Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things；but that the spiritual or angelic creation is passed over，as having been created beforehand．Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people，to whom material things alone appealed，and whom he was endeavoring to draw away from the worship of idols．It would have been to them a pretext for idolatry if he had spoken to them of natures spiritual in substance and nobler than all corporeal creatures；for they would have paid them divine worship，since they were prone to worship as gods even the sun，moon，and stars，which was forbidden them (Deut．iv．19)But Scripture also mentioned several kinds of formlessness，in regard to the corporeal creature (Gen．i．2)．One is where we read that the earth was void and empty，and another where it is said that darkness was upon the face of the deep．Now it was necessary，for two reasons，that the informity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light．In the first place because light is a quality of the first body，as was stated，and thus it was fitting that the world should be first formed according to light．The second reason is because light is a common quality．For light is common to terrestrial and celestial bodies．But just as in knowledge we proceed from general principles，so do we in work of every kind．For the living thing is generated before the animal，and the animal before man，as is shown in De Gener Anim．It was fitting，then，as an evidence of the divine wisdom，that among the works of distinction the production of light should take first place，since light is a form of the primary body，and because it is a more common quality．Basil，furthermore，adds a third reason：that all other things are made manifest by light．And。

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Entrance Examination in English for Ph.D Candidates at CUMTB （November ,2007）提示：请将所有答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效。 Part One: Cloze (15 points) If you were to begin a new job tomorrow, you would bring with you some basic strengths and weaknesses. Success or （1） in your work would depend, to （2） great extent,（3） your ability to use your strengths and weaknesses to the best advantage.（4） the utmost importance is your attitude. A person （5） begins a job convinced that he isn't going to like it or is （6） that he is going to ail is exhibiting a weakness which can only hinder his success. On the other hand, a person who is secure（7） his belief that he is probably as capable （8） doing the work as anyone else and who is willing to make a cheerful attempt near it possesses a certain strength of purpose. The（9） are that he will do well. （10） the prerequisite skills for a particular job is strength. Lacking those skills is obviously a weakness. A bookkeeper who can't add or a carpenter who can't cut a straight line with a saw is hopeless cases. This book has been designed to （11） you capitalize on the strength and overcome the （12） that you bring to the job of learning. But in groups to measure your development, you must first take stock of somewhere you stand now.（13） we get further along in the book, we'll be dialing in some detail with specific processes for developing and strengthening （14） skills. However, to begin with, you should pause to examine your present strengths and weaknesses in three areas that are critical to your success or failure in school: your（15） , your reading and communication skills, and your study habits.

Part Two: Reading Comprehension (40 points) Passage One Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. Many of the most damaging and life threatening types of weather torrential rains, severe thunderstorms, and tornadoes - begin quickly, strike suddenly, and disappear rapidly, destroying small regions while leaving neighbouring areas untouched. Such event as a tornado struck the northeastern section of Edmonton, Alberta, in July 1987. Total damages from the tornado exceeded $250 million, the highest ever for any Canadian storm. Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting short lived local storms like the Edmonton tornado, because the available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers to study carefully the subtle atmospheric changes that come before these storms. In most nations, for example, weather-balloon observations are taken just once every twelve hours at locations typically separated by hundreds of miles. With such limited data, conventional forecasting models do a much better job predicting general weather conditions over large regions than they do forecasting specific local events. Until recently, the observation intensive approach needed for accurate, very short-range forecasts, or "Nowcasts," was not feasible. The cost of equipping and operating many thousands of conventional weather stations was extremely high, and the difficulties involved in rapidly collecting and processing the raw weather data from such a network were hard to overcome. Fortunately, scientific and technological advances have overcome most of these problems. Radar systems, automated weather instruments, and satellites are all capable of making detailed, nearly continuous observation over large regions at a relatively low cost. Communications satellites can transmit data around the world cheaply and instantaneously, and modern computers can quickly compile and analyze this large volume of weather information. Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to design computer programs and video equipment capable of transforming raw weather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly. As meteorologists have begun using these new technologies in weather forecasting offices, Nowcasting is becoming a reality. 1.The word "exceeded" in paragraph 1 most probably means ____. [A] added up to [B] were more than  [C] were about [D] were less than  2.Conventional computer models of the atmosphere fails to predict such a short-lived tornado because____. [A] the computer is not used to forecast specific local events [B] the computers are not advanced enough to predict it [C] the weather data people collect are often wrong [D] weather conditions in some small regions are not available  3.According to the passage, the word "Nowcast" (paragraph 3) means ____. [A] a way of collecting raw weather data [B] a forecast which can predict the weather conditions in the small area in an accurate way [C] a network to collect instant weather data [D] a more advanced system of weather observation 4.According to the passage, ____ is the key factor to making "Nowcasts" a reality.[A] scientific and technological advances such as radar, or satellites [B] computer scientist [C] meteorologists  [D] advanced computer programs 5.According to the author, the passage mainly deals with ____. [A] a tornado in Edmonton, Alberta [B] what's a "Nowcast" [C] the disadvantage of conventional computer models of the weather forecast [D] a breakthrough in weather forecast Passage Two Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. Paradise Lost is Milton's masterpiece. Its story is taken from the Bible, about "the fall of man", that is, how Adam and Eve are tempted by Satan to disobey God by eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, and how they are punished by God and driven out of Paradise. In Milton's words, the purpose of writing the epic is to "justify the ways of God to men", but apparently, Milton is uttering his intense hatred of cruelness of the ruler in the poem. By depicting Satan and his followers as well as their fiery utterance and brave actions, Milton is showing a Puritan's revolt against the dictator and against the established Catholics and the Anglican Church. In the poem God is no better than a cruel and selfish ruler, seated on a throne with a group of angels about him singing songs to praise him. His long speeches are not pleasing at all. He is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan. His angels are stupid. But Satan is by far the most striking character in the poem, who rises against God and, though defeated, still persists in his fighting. Adam and Eve shows Milton's belief in the power of man. God denies them a chance to pursue for