跨文化交际期末复习
跨文化交际期末复习
Unit1
Term interpretation
Economic globalization 经济全球化
The integration of national economics of national economics into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of the technology.
Barter System 物物交换
Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money
Global Village地球村
All the different parts of the world from one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.
Melting pot大熔炉
To assimilate the cultures of different backgrounds
Cultural Diversity文化多样性
Countries have been mixed instead of assimilate
Brief Answer
1.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?
1)convenient transportation systems
2)Innovative communication systems
3)Economic globalization
4)widespread migration
2.What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?(选择)
1)verbal difference; language, thought patterns
2)Non-verbal communication; body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage…
3)values; world views, beliefs, attitudes…
Unit 1 后半
Term interpretation
Culture
Culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture
Enculturation 文化习得
The process of learning one’s own culture
Acculturation文化适应
Adapt the cultures learning by the other cultures
Ps：文化习得，文化适应需要对比
Ethnocentrism 文化中心主义
Think your culture is superior to the others
Brief Answer
What are the three ingreduents of culture?
Products, behaviors, and ideas.
How to understand cultural iceberg?
Culture like an iceberg can be divided into two parts: culture above the waterline and culture below the waterline. Culture above the waterline is explicit, visible, tangible, easy to change with time, a tip of the iceberg. Culture below the waterline is implicit, invisible, intangible, hard to change with time, the majority
What are the characteristic of culture?
Culture is dynamic, shared, learned, ethnocentric(文化中心主义)
Unit 2
Term interpretation
Source发出信息的人
Person who send out information
Encoding 编码
The process of putting your thoughts into symbols
Message
Encoded thoughts
Channel渠道
The way the message is delivered
Decoding解码
Assign a meaning to the words
Receiver
Person who attends to the information
Context内容
The physical environment that surround us
Brief Answer
What are the three characteristics of communication?（简答/选择）Communication is transactional（互换性）, dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic and contextual.
What are the three basic aspects to communication? And on which aspect does the success of
interpretation communication greatly depend on?
Our individual personality, the culture we operate in, the physical environment that surrounds us.
Depend on the culture we operate in.
Unit2后半
Term interpretation
Verbal Intercultural Communication非言语行为
People from different cultural backgrounds communicate with other people through language
Pragmatics语言学
The study of the effect that language has on human perceptions（感知）and behavior
Short answer question
1. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?
In Chinese, the surname is put before the given name.
In American, vice versa, the name order.
In recent years, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time. But in Chinese, we tend to address each other with the full name.
Another common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title office, or profession
Therefore, one can conclude that the Chinese customs of addressing members with the kinship terms(亲戚关系) even not related by blood or marriage
2. Who should be introduced first in the west?
The senior, the female, the guest
3. How is Chinese hospitality different from American hospitality?
A: In China, a guest usually observes the principle of avoiding bringing trouble to the host.
In American,in contrast, it is the host who tries to avoid interfering in guests’
freedom of action by leaving room for the guests to make choices.
B: The Chinese host usually goes to trouble to make sure there is something left after the meal; the “wastefulness” of this practice has been criticized in American, and some advocate ordering more sensible quantities.
PS: 1.appropriate topics i .e Jim Smith—Uncle Jim
2. response to complaint
3. make apology
Unit3
Term interpretation
A cultural assumption 文化定式
A cultural assumption Is when we assume that a person has particular values and attitudes based on their cultural backgrounds.
Brief Answer
How would Americans misunderstand the Chinese responses to the compliments?
1.In the first case, the implication was that the praisor had poor judgement
2.The praisor was not sincere
3.The Chinese would be suspected of “fishing for compliments”
Why are the Chinese reluctant to pay a compliment?
1.The same compliment was given by a Chinese man to a Chinese woman, the compliment can be.taken as a kind of flirtation（调戏）
2..People are cautious about drawing a line between compliment and flattery.
3.A positive subtle form of request.
（重要）How is the Chinese different from Americans in expressing gratitude?
1.Chinese people don't usually say "thank you" to those who are very close and who are in a lower position. Thank you is very common in American, so they tend to thank people all day long regardless of relationship
2.Traditional Chinese customs don't require people to express thanks for the small favors
The Americans would thank you all the way for very small and most ordinary things.
Unit4
Term interpretation
Semantics 语意学
The study of the meaning of words
Denotation 本义
The literal(字面意义) meaning or definition of a word-the explict, particular, defined meaning
Connotation 延伸义
Extended meaning of associated meanings, the suggestive（隐含）meaning. Taboo 禁忌语
Some words, objects or actions that you should avoid in a certain culture. Euphemism 委婉语
The act of substituting a mild, indirect or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive
Brief Answer
What are the 4 major verbal differences between Chinese and English ?
1.A term in one language doesn’t necessarily have a counterpart(对等的人事物) in the other language.
2.Words or terms in both languages appear to refer to the same object or concept only on the surface, but actually refer to quite different things
3.Things or concepts are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in the other language, for example, finer distinctions in the other language
4.Terms have more or less the same primary meaning, but have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each other.
PS：make some examples for the differences
The thought patterns of people around the world
The United States were more linear and direct
The Semitic individuals solved problems using a combination of tangential and semi-direct approaches,
Romance is circuitous(迂回) approach
Russians employed a combination of indirect and circuitous approaches
Unit5(选择为主)
Term interpretation
Chroxemics 时间学
Mono chronic time = M-time 单时性文化
Emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness(efficiency)and punctuality. It features one event at a time.
Polychronic time = P-time 多时性文化
practiced by most other peoples is less rigid and clock-bound. People from P-time cultures schedule several activities at the same time,and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered
Proxemics 空间学
the perception and use of space
Kinesics 身势学
more than just hand or arm gestures ;it refers to any little movement of any part of the body
Paralanguage 副语言
language lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words ,it means the set of nonphonemic properties of speech ,such as speaking tempo(节奏) ,vocal pitch（音高）and intonational contours （语音语调）
Brief Answer
Where are the different features of M-time and P-time ？
M-time :means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness(efficiency)and punctuality. It features one event at a time.
P-time: practiced by most other peoples is less rigid and clock-bound. People from P-time cultures schedule several activities at the same time ,and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered
PS: 1.touch/nontouch culture& long/short body distance
i.e Arab—touch/short
USA—nontouch/medium
2.seat—China: facing the door is distinguished
USA: acrossing the corner
Unit6
Brief Answer
What is the difference between sex and gender?
书P120表6.1
Sex(生理性别)：biological(生理的),permanent and with an individual property
Gender(社会性别)：socially-constructed, varied over time and across cultures and with a social and relational quality
In all, gender and sex are not synonymous.
What are the two primary influences on the socialization?
1..family communication, particularly between mother and children
2.recreational interaction among children
Unit7(以案例分析为主)
Brief Answer
Identify the contrast between high-context and low-context culture and then use it to interpret the difference between American and Japanese or Chinese negotiating style?
1.Negotiation atmosphere:
American: efficient, professionalism（职业精神）and compromise(妥协，让步) Japanese: socializing, trust
Chinese: socialization
2.Detail
American: the facts, written agreements or contrast
Japanese: fewer specific issues and less detail oriented, brief written agreements
Chinese: general written agreements
https://www.360docs.net/doc/f38992553.html,munication style
American: more interested in logical arguments than in the people they are dealing with dislike silence
Japanese: encourage covert, fragmented
Chinese: avoid openly confront conflict
4. Cultural variations in selecting negotiators:
American: technical expertise :younger negotiators are common; women are included; having full authority to make decisions
Japanese:(Chinese): Status, knowledge, age, seniority
5. Problem-solving Process
American:universal problem solvers; rational thinking and concrete data, utilize a factual inductive style of persuasion
Japanese: consensus-building
Chinese: high level authorities
6. Organizational Structure
American:task-related stage is the most important; negotiating outcomes
depend on events at the negotiation table
Japanese: pre-negotiation is slowly and cautiously; mediator is used Chinese: concession only comes at the end
Unit9
Brief Answer
What contrasting world views can be drawn from Buddhism and Christianity?
1.Chiristans sees each one was born with sins and therefore we should salvage ourselves(自我拯救). The salvation of the individual is achieved through hard work and piety.
Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property.
2.Buddhists believes that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that the universes runs based on a dynamic balance.
They don’t attach themselves to the impermanent objects and the pursuit of material well-being. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise..
(重要)What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluekhohn and Strodthbeck?
1.Human nature(人生) is evil but perfectible (American)
Good but corruptible (Chinese)
2.Relation to the nature
Human beings can/should master/conquer with nature (American)
Live harmoniously with nature (Chinese)
3.Sense of time
Americans are future oriented.
Chinese are past oriented.
4.Attitudes toward work and human activity
As to Americans, doing leads to external/achievements
Chinese, being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace.
5.Social relationship
American: Self is more important than group (individualism)
Chinese: In cultures with group values, people make decisions by consemsus (重要)Identify the features of each of four Ho fstede’s cultural dimensions and apply it in the case study
辨别+分析+结合案例
1.individualism VS collectivism (个人/集体主义)
2.low power distance VS high power distance(远/近权力距离)
3.masculinity VS femulinity (男性/女性文化)
4.low uncertainty avoidance VS high uncertainty avoidance (不确定性)
5.high context culture VS low context culture
考试题型
1.T/F Exercise A Unit1-9原题
2.Choice (单选) Exercise E 1/3会变1/3 Unit5 细节题Smile—friendness (USA) —sharow (Korea)
The land of smile—Thailand
1/3 从简答题演变
3.Term matching (术语匹配) 26选10
4.英译中预言，习语Unit1-4 Exercise C P74-76(见下)
1.新官上任三把火。
A new broom sweeps clean.
2.人多好办事。
Many hands make light work
3.今日事，今日毕。
Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today
4.一箭双雕。
Kill two birds with one stone.
5.欲速则不达。
Haste makes waste.
6.无风不起浪。
Wher e there’s smoke, there’s fire.
7.这山望着那山高。
The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.
8.美貌是肤浅的
Beauty is only skin deep.
9.玉不琢不成器。
Spare the rod and spoil the child.
10.以其人之道还治其人之身。
Give a person a dose of his own medicine.
11.良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。
Frank’s advice is like good herbal medicine: hard to take but ultimately beneficial.
12.瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠
Neither adjust your shoe in a melon patch; nor your hat under a plum tree.
13.一人得道，鸡犬升天
Even the dog swaggers when his master wins favor.
14.越是不见越想念
Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
15.一天一苹果，医生远离我。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
16.莫惹是非。
Let sleeping dogs lie.
17.年逾花甲不堪教。
You can’t teach old dog new tricks.
18.鱼与熊掌不可兼得
You can’t have your cake and eat it too.
19.一个巴掌拍不响。
It takes two to make a quarrel.
20.锦上添花。
Gilding the lily.
21.喜出望外/晴天霹雳（褒义/贬义）
A bolt from the blue.
5.简答+案例分析（详见Unit9）
三个值得回味的小故事
小孩的心 有一位单身女子刚搬了家，她发现隔壁住了一户穷人家，一个寡妇与两个小孩子。有天晚上，那一带忽然停了电，那位女子只好自己点起了蜡烛。没一会儿，忽然听到有人敲门。 原来是隔壁邻居的小孩子，只见他紧张地问：“阿姨，请问你家有蜡烛吗？”女子心想：“他们家竟穷到连蜡烛都没有吗？千万别借他们，免得被他们依赖了！”于是，对孩子吼了一声说：“没有！” 正当她准备关上门时，那穷小孩展开关爱的笑容说：“我就知道你家一定没有！”说完，竟从怀里拿出两根蜡烛，说：“妈妈和我怕你一个人住又没有蜡烛，所以我带两根来送你。”此刻女子自责、感动得热泪盈眶，将那小孩子紧紧地抱在怀里。 纯真的心 有一个小镇很久没有下雨了，令当地农作物损失惨重，于是牧师把大家集合起来，准备在教堂里开一个祈求降雨的祷告会。人群中有一个小女孩，因个子太小，几乎没有人看得到她，但她也来参加祈雨祷告会。 就在这时候，牧师注意到小女孩所带来的东西，激动地在台上指着她：“那位小妹妹很让我感动！”于是大家顺着他手指的方向看了过去。牧师接着说：“我们今天来祷告祈求上帝降雨，可是整个会堂中，只有她一个人今天带着雨伞！” 大家仔细一看，果然，她的座位旁挂了一把红色的小雨伞；这时大家沉静了一下，紧接而来的，是一阵掌声与泪水交织的美景。有时我们不得不说：小孩子其实一点都不小，他们其实很“大”！他们的爱心很大！他们的信心很大！ 我们只不方便三小时 那天跟老公幸运地订到了票回婆家，上车后却发现有位女士坐在我们的位子上，老公示意我先坐在她旁边的位子，却没有请这位女士让位。我仔细一看，发现她右脚有一点不方便，才了解老公为何不请她让出位子。 他就这样从嘉义一直站到台北，从头到尾都没向这位女士表示这个位子是他的，下了车之后，心疼老公的我跟他说：“让位是善行，但从嘉义到台北这么久，大可中途请她把位子还给你，换你坐一下。” 老公却说：“人家不方便一辈子，我们就不方便这三小时而已。”听到老公这么说，我相当感动，有这么一位善良又为善不欲人知的好老公，让我觉得世界都变得温柔许多。 心念一转，世界可能从此不同，人生中，每一件事情，都有转向的能力，就看我们怎么想，怎么转。我们不会在三分钟内成功，但也许只要花一分钟，生命从此不同。
适合三年级小学生读的经典寓言故事
适合三年级小学生读的经典寓言故事 (*) 药商竞富： 有三个从外地来的商人都在同一个集市上卖药材。第一位药材商专门从产地购进货真质优的上等药材，根据进价定售价，差价不大，从不谋取暴利。按理说，这种诚实商人应该先富起来，可他的生意萧条，铺面冷清，只有少数知根底的人来买他的药，只能勉强维持生计。 第二位药材商对质优质劣的药材都收购进来，售价随顾客的意愿而定，出价高就给优等品，出价低就给劣等货。因为选择余地较大，利润有大有小，所以生意总的说来还比较好，综合效益还比较可观。于是，两年以后，这位药商成了一名殷实的小财主。 第三位药材商则专门去大量收购价廉质劣的药材，然后略作加工，再换上精美的包装，俨然是一种精品的派头，可售价并不比另两家高多少，有时顾客还价或者添加一点的要求往往也能得到满足。因为“一个便宜三个爱”，外观也挺有档次，经营也灵活，所以许多人都争先恐后地来买药，生意总是特别兴隆，从不愁销路。不到两年，这位商人大发起来，成了远近闻名的一个大富翁。 这个故事说明不同的经营之道有不同的结果。第一位药商可贵，第二位药商可叹，第三位药商则可耻。不仅在市场，而且在其他方面都应当一要诚
实、二要灵活、三要不断改进。 (*) 黎丘老丈： 魏国都城大梁以北的黎丘乡，经常有爱装扮成乡人子侄兄弟的鬼怪出没。有一天，家住黎丘农村的一位老人在集市上喝了酒，醉醺醺地往家走，在半路上碰到了装做自己儿子模样的黎丘鬼怪。那鬼怪一边假惺惺地搀扶老人，一边左推右晃，让老人一路上受够了罪。老人回到家里以后，不脱鞋、合着衣，倒在床上就睡着了。 第二天，老人酒醒之后，想起自己醉酒回家时在路上吃的苦头，把儿子狠狠训斥了一顿。他气愤地对儿子说：“我是你的父亲，你有孝敬我的义务。可是昨天你在路上让我吃尽了苦头。我问你，这究竟是因为我平日对你不够慈爱，还是因为你生了别的什么坏心？” 老人的儿子一听这话，像是在晴天里听见一声霹雳。这到底是哪来的事呢？老人的儿子感到十分委屈。他伤心地落着泪、磕着头，对父亲叹息地说：“这真是作孽呵！我哪能对您做这种不仁不义的事呢？昨天您出门不久，我就到东乡找人收债去了。您从集市走回家的那一阵子，我还在东乡办事。您如果不相信，可以到东乡去问一问。” 老人知道自己的儿子素来诚实、孝顺，因此相信了他的话。可是那个长得很像自己儿子的人到底是谁呢？老人想着想着，一转念记起了黎丘鬼怪。他恍然大悟地说：“对了，一定是人们常说的那个鬼怪作的孽！”说到这
跨文化交际期末试题[完整]
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
改变人生的两则哲理故事_哲理故事
改变人生的两则哲理故事 改变人生的两则哲理故事 一幅画让奥巴马当上总统 美国总统奥巴马，是美国历史上第一位黑人总统。他在《无畏的希望》一书中，曾深情地回忆了一幅画改变他命运的事。这幅深深打动他的画。就是19世纪英国艺术大师乔治-弗雷德里克·瓦兹创作的《希望》。画中，一位年轻女子坐在象征世界的地球上面，身体向前倾斜；低垂着头，眼睛被蒙上绷带，手里弹拨着仅剩下一根弦的古希腊七弦琴，并俯首倾听这根弦发出的微弱乐曲声。画家的意图是表现人类直到最后也不能丧失希望的主题。这幅画使奥巴马看后大受启发，他深情地回忆自己读画后的感受说：“虽然这名女子身有疼伤和血迹，穿着破烂不堪，竖琴也只剩下一根弦，但仍有希望；虽然世界被战争撕裂；虽然世界被仇恨摧残；虽然世界被猜疑蹂躏；虽然世界被疾病惩罚；虽然这个世界上充满了饥饿和贪婪；虽然她的竖琴被毁得只剩下一根琴弦，但这名女子仍有无畏的希望，在她那仅存的一根琴弦上，去弹奏音乐，去赞美世界。”奥巴马把这次看画的机遇当做他人生的转折点。就是在看了这幅画以后，他立志去竞选美国总统，以施展抱负，改变美国，改变自己的人生。经过了一番艰苦努力，他终于如愿以偿地当上了美国第44任总统。
一把椅子让菲利成为亿万富翁 一天午后，美国费城上空阴云密布，不一会儿就下起了倾盆大雨。这时，行人纷纷跑进附近的商店，一位浑身淋湿的老妇人也步履蹒跚地躲进费城的一家百货商店避雨。看着她那狼狈的模样和简朴的衣着，许多售货员都不理不睬，只有一位叫菲利的年轻售货员关心地问她说：“夫人，我能为您做点儿什么吗？”老妇人听了感激地一笑：“不用了，我在这儿躲会儿雨，过一会儿就离开。”随即老妇人便感到有些不安，心想不买东西光在人家屋子里避雨，这似乎有点儿不近情理。于是她便琢磨着该买点儿什么东西，以给在这里避雨找个正当理由。 正在她为难之时，那个年轻人又走过来说：“夫人，您不必为难，我给您搬了一把椅子。放在门口，您坐着休息好了。”这让老妇人更受感动。两个多小时后，雨过天晴。她向年轻人道了谢，又向他索要了一张名片，便匆匆离去。 几个月后，费城百货公司的总经理詹姆斯先生意外地收到一封来信，写信人要求将菲利派往苏格兰收取装潢一整座城堡的订单，并让他负责自己家族所属的几家大公司下一季度办公用品的采购任务。詹姆斯仔细一算，大为震惊，只这一封信带来的利益，就相当于
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰 和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在 发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充 满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去 理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我 们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的 安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture
看懂下面三个寓言故事的,都不是一般人
看懂下面三个寓言故事的，都不是一般人 能看懂下面三个寓言故事的，都不是一般人。 1、兔子和青蛙 森林里有一群兔子，它们特别胆小，害怕很多的动物， 兔子们很懊悔自己这么胆小，于是决定去悬崖边上纵身跳下，了结此生， 但他们快走到悬崖边上时，湖边的青蛙看到有一大群兔子赶来， 吓得纷纷跳进了水里，顿时水花四起，扑通扑通的， 兔子在悬崖上远远看见青蛙跳，突然醒悟说： 我们为什么要自杀呢，你看，那些青蛙比我们还要胆小，看到我们来了都吓跑了，于是他们，便决定要勇敢的活下来。 其实人也是如此，有时候觉得自己非常不如意，觉得很自卑，
但举目四望，发现还有比自己，活得更艰难的人，还有比自己更差的人，顿时有了一点点自信。 我们常常把别人的快乐当成了自己的痛苦，又常常把别人的不如当成了自己的优越。 其实有点这样子的阿Q精神也蛮好的，没心没肺，活着不累。 2、吃杂草的驴 有一只驴驮着一车的精美稻草和食物去田地里， 因为田地里有正在辛勤劳动的农民和耕地的牛。 稻草是给牛吃的，食物是给主人吃的。 卸了货以后，驴开始啃食树下的杂草， 这时，大黄狗走过来，朝小驴说：你驼拖了这么多好的食物，自己不吃，却在这里津津有味的吃杂草，丢不丢人。 驴子苦笑了两声说道：我最爱吃的就是杂草。
萝卜青菜各有所爱，没有说哪样固定是好的，哪样一定是差的，金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝， 金山银山不如够花， 合适自己的才是最好的，不用攀比，不要被世俗所限制和束缚。 3、家驴和野驴 有一只野驴，经过一家农民门前， 看到家驴躺在门口晒太阳，吃的饱饱的，毛发柔顺油光， 懒惰的野驴跟他打招呼：兄弟呀，你过得真好，真羡慕你啊。过了几天，这只懒惰的眼神又路过农民家门口， 看到家驴正在磨磨，主人还用皮鞭子驱赶它， 野驴叹了一口气：看来这种好日子是付出了这么高的代价。
跨文化交际期末
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of
跨文化交际案例分析答题技巧
汉硕案例分析答题技巧 最近很多人问关于汉语国际教育考试中的案例分析题该怎样答，我根据自己的粗浅经验，现总结如下： 1.答题思路：按照发现问题-- 分析问题-- 解决问题的思路。具体如下：（1）发现问题：也就是提出问题。在所给的案例中，某个出国教汉语的志愿者教师或来中国教外语的外教等，遇到了什么样的困难。遇到的困难可能是课堂教学时的，比如学生上课都不积极回答问题，不愿意参与老师精心设计的课堂活动，或者问老师一些可能涉及到“隐私”的问题；也可以是这位老师在生活上遇到的问题，比如无法与当地人沟通或交流（语言障碍，文化障碍），无法适应当地人的生活，或不理解当地人做某事时为什么会采取那样的方式，等等。注意：遇到的问题可能是多方面的，要从多角度分析，一般情况下，也不只是一个问题，所以，要按条来答。 （2）分析问题：要求你具体分析一下这位老师或某人遇到这种困难是什么原因引起的，主要是文化方面的原因，可能还涉及到一些他所采用的文化策略等。比如，他由于对对方国家文化不了解，对方国家可能很注重“隐私”，而在我们国家这不被看做是“隐私”。同时要求你分析出我们的母语文化具有什么样的特点，最主要的是和对方国家有什么不一样，哪里不一样，因此造成了他在文化方面的不适应，以至于教学和生活中都出现了问题或遇到了困难。关于他所使用的文化策略，主要就是他自身有没有做到尊重当地的文化，有没有试着去融入这种文化，接受这种文化，还是一味的采取排斥策略，认为自己的一切都好，别人的一切都不好。这就是分析问题了。 （3）解决问题：这是最关键的部分了。怎么解决他遇到的问题或困难？你自己提出个对策就行了，当然，要根据一些你所知道的文化常识和应对策略。比如首先尊重当地文化，多和当地人交流，努力让自己适应当地人的文化和生活方式，做到求同存异，等等。这里需要注意的就是，有些文化的知识是很灵活的，比如中国人的谦虚、中庸的思想等等，都是我们日常生活就知道的，就是稍微总结一下，理顺一下，就能答题了。关于这个，如果时间还来得及，就看一下程裕祯的《中国文化要略》，看一下中国文化的特点等，很多东西是很细致的，自己要稍加总结。如果时间不是很充分了，就把刘珣的《对外汉语教育学引论》上的关于“跨文化交际”的那个章节仔细看一下，我觉得应对这道题应该够用了。 2.答题方法：其实思路清晰了就很好弄了，老师会看你的逻辑分析能力。强烈建议大家一定要分条论述，千万别想到哪说到哪，写出一大片，阅卷老师还得自己去给你找点，这样，老师会很疲劳的，老师最不喜欢的就是这种思维混乱的。所以说，大家答题时我觉得可以按两种方法来写： 第一种：按发现问题---分析问题---解决问题来写，一共三条，然后在每条的下边分几个小点，因为发现的问题肯定不止一个，相应的分析问题和解决问题也会不止一条。 第二种：按一共出现了几个问题分条，第一条，问题1：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题2：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题3--以此类推。 总结一下，以上两种方法都各有利弊，因为有时不同的问题是由同一个原因产生的，或者需要同一种解决策略。所以，大家可以根据自己的喜好来选择其中一种。按以上的问题全部分析完以后，最好再来个综述，大致总结一下，字数不用太多，就是有个小结尾。 最后，要跟大家说的是，字数和字迹的问题。这个案例分析要求是1000字以上
关于换位思考的三个小故事
关于换位思考的三个小故事 生活中很多矛盾，都是没有换位思考所造成的，最常见的例子就是，丈夫觉得自己一天在外挣钱很累，而妻子在家带娃做家务、不用挣钱没压力很轻松，而妻子就觉得自己日复一日在家做家务带娃很枯燥很累，而出去上班挣钱打拼自己挣钱自己花才不受气，才活得有意思。其实真要换过来，都会发现对方的不容易。所以生活中多些换位思考，多些理解，人与人之间就多些幸福快乐。 今天为大家分享三个换位思考的小故事，让大家从此与人为善。 故事一
一头猪、一只绵羊和一头奶牛，被牧人关在同一个畜栏里。有一天，牧人将猪从畜栏里捉了出去，只听猪大声号叫，强烈地反抗。 绵羊和奶牛讨厌它的号叫，于是抱怨道：“我们经常被牧人捉去，都没像你这样大呼小叫的。” 猪听了回应道： “捉你们和捉我完全是两回事，他捉你们，只是分你们的毛和乳汁，但是捉住我，却是要我的命啊！” 人生在世，各有各的生活，也各有各的苦难。立场不同，所处的环境也不同，所以很难做到感同身受。
生活本来就不容易。当你觉得容易的时候，肯定是有人在替你承担着那份不容易，生活经常换位思考，珍惜才配拥有。 《了不起的盖茨比》里有一句话说得很好：“在你想要评判别人之前，要 知道很多人的处境并不如你。” 因此，对于他人的失意、挫折和伤痛，要将心比心，以一颗宽容的心去了解和关心，才是作为人，最适当的活法。 故事二： 一人请一个瞎子朋友吃饭，吃得很晚，瞎子说：很晚了我要回去了。 主人就给他点了一个灯笼，他就很生气地说：“我本来就看不见，你还给我一个灯笼，这不是嘲笑我吗？”
主人说：因为我在乎你才给你点个灯笼，你看不见，别人看得见，这样你走在黑夜里就不怕别人撞到你了。瞎子很感动！ 每一件事，用不同的角度去看，就会有不同的见解。见解不同，结果自然也会不一样。 尝试着理解别人的想法 把视野放宽一些，把烦心事抛得远一些。试着换位思考，多替别人着想。 理解别人的无奈，感恩自己的幸运，可能你才会觉得豁然开朗：世界原来如此美丽！ 换个思路，换种活法，人生或许会有不一样的风景 生老病死乃是人间常事。在生命存在的过程中，不如意、不顺心常有，心情也容易郁闷和惆怅。 一旦遇到不开心的事，不妨调整自己的心态，换个角度，才能看见不一样的风景。 故事三： 有这么一个故事：
三个经典寓言故事道理
三个经典寓言故事道理 我们都知道许多生动有趣的故事中其实蕴含着许多丰富的人生哲理，小学生正处于人生观价值观树立的阶段，多阅读些经典寓言故事是有益的。下面是小编为大家准备的3个经典寓言故事道理，希望大家喜欢! 3个经典寓言故事道理篇一 一个年轻人找到智者：老师，我觉得自己什么事也干不好。没有人看重我，我该怎么办? 智者说：我很同情你的遭遇，但不能帮你，因为我必须先处理好自己的问题。如果你愿意帮我，我就可以很快处理好自己的问题，然后也许就能帮你了。年轻人犹豫着答应了。 于是智者将一枚戒指交给年轻人，吩咐道：你到集市上把这枚戒指卖了，因为我需要钱还债。换回的钱越多越好，无论如何不能少于1个金币。年轻人到了集市，当他说戒指的最低价不能少于1个金币时，集市上的人有的哈哈大笑，有的说年轻人头脑发昏，只有一位慈祥的老太太告诉年轻人他要价太高了。年轻人穿过集市，到处兜售戒指，但没人肯出1个金币。 年轻人垂头丧气地回来了，智者笑了笑道：你再去一趟珠宝店，跟珠宝商说我要把戒指卖掉，问他能出多少钱，但不要真卖戒指，问完价格后你再带戒指回来。
珠宝商仔细看了看戒指后说：告诉你老师，如果他想卖戒指，我最多可以给他58个金币。58个金币!年轻人惊呼。珠宝商说：如果不着急的话，我可以出70个金币，可是如果你着急脱手 年轻人兴奋地跑回去，将发生的一切告诉智者。智者将戒指套回手指上，笑道：你就像这枚戒指，珍贵、独一无二，只有专家才能真正判定你的价值。你怎能期望生活中随便一个人就能发现你真正的价值呢? 的确，我们常常会像那位年轻人一样，迫不及待地向我们遇到的任何人求证自己的价值，迫不及待地以他们的价值为判定自己的依据，可是，事实上，并不是所有的人都能发现我们的价值。 3个经典寓言故事道理篇二 德行之力，十倍于身体之力。 一个穷苦的小孩，13岁时父亲就去世了，于是他到一家银行当工友，靠微薄的收入过日子。 有一天，银行派他到客户家中取300法郎，当他收到款项后回到银行仔细一算，却发现多了300法郎，他立即跑回客户那里，将多出的钱还给这个客户。这个客户是当时有名的数学家高斯先生，高斯收下钱后对他说：你真是一个诚实不贪的人啊!欢迎你有空时常来和我聊天，我想和你做个永久的朋友。 此后他便经常去高斯家中，向高斯请教有关数学及电报方面的知识。不久之后，他辞去了银行的工作，高斯便出资让他到柏林经营书店。经历了许多艰难险阻，他建立了欧陆通讯网，甚至于扩展到了全
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view o f history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a pers istent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by sp ace, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about m any of human civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as globa l. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as w ell as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from si mple name-calling to isolationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it i mperative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understan d people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with p eople who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only i n our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peac e. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from