2014年MCMC题O奖论文who is the hidden champion in a net work(中文版翻译)
2014考研英语一真题及答案：阅读题
以下是为⼤家整理的《2014考研英语⼀真题及答案：阅读题》的⽂章，供⼤家参考阅读！ Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, D. Mark your choice on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Orbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable? More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits. Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job. But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” — invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU. 真题解析：⽂章概括：政府⼤⾂Grorge Osbome提出了⼀个项⽬帮助失业的⼈找⼯作。
2014年全国研究生数学建模
参赛密码（由组委会填写）第十一届华为杯全国研究生数学建模竞赛学校南京师范大学参赛队号队员姓名1.2.3.参赛密码（由组委会填写）第十一届华为杯全国研究生数学建模竞赛题目机动目标的跟踪与反跟踪摘要：目标跟踪是指根据传感器（如雷达等）所获得的对目标的测量信息，连续地对目标的运动状态进行估计，进而获取目标的运动态势及意图。
目标跟踪理论在军、民用领域都有重要的应用价值。
本文综合运用了数理统计、概率论方法和目标跟踪算法，在分析研究国内目标跟踪常用算法的基础上，对3组机动目标的测量数据进行预处理与分析，进行机动检测，构建机动目标跟踪模型，完成了给定的问题。
针对问题一，从数据处理出发，首先构建目标跟踪模型中的量测模型，指出本文用到的三种坐标系：空间极坐标、NED坐标系（传感器坐标系）和ECEF坐标系（地球坐标系）。
论述数据预处理技术中的野值剔除方法、坐标转换算法和数据压缩技术。
通过对已完成数据预处理的量测数据进行变维滤波（VD），检测跟踪目标的机动发生行为和状态信息。
建立当前统计模型对机动目标跟踪，通过不敏卡尔曼滤波算法（UKF），解决非线性系统的机动目标状态估计问题，最终得出融合三个传感器量测数据的单个机动目标航迹。
针对问题二，在分析研究目前国内外的数据关联技术的基础上，在标准最近邻域算法基础上提出了加权邻域数据关联算法，综合轨迹点间的距离大小和方向识别两个机动目标的航迹。
在一段时间内只有一个回波点迹的情况下，通过选取回波点迹时刻前后一定时间范围内点迹进行多项式拟合，插补丢失的航迹点，保证了航迹的完整性。
针对问题三，对Data3.txt的量测数据进行预处理的基础上，建立基于当前模型的加速度统计模型，分析加速度随时间变化的分布规律。
在跟踪变加速目标时，使用不同的分布模型，计算出的结果差别较大。
可以改变机动加速度等于零时的分布方法加以修正，以期望得到较为客观的结果。
针对问题四，本文提出了多项式预测模型对目标轨迹进行实时预测，在确保轨迹预测的准确度的情况下，减小系统的计算量，提高实时性。
2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)
2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)Part A: Reading Comprehension (共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分)Passage 1A: When Mangalyaan successfully entered the Mars orbit, India became the first country to achieve this on its first attempt. Scientists were thrilled with the success of the mission, which was proof of India's growing strength in space technology. Mangalyaan, or Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) as it's officially known, was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) on November 5, 2013 and entered Mars orbit on September 24, 2014.B: The journey to Mars was not an easy one. The spacecraft traveled 420 million miles over a span of 300 days to reach its final destination. Mangalyaan had to overcome various challenges, including exposure to extreme radiation and the risk of failure during the intricate process of entering Mars' orbit. However, the mission was completed successfully, and Mangalyaan is currently conducting experiments to gather data on Mars' atmosphere and climate.C: India's successful mission to Mars is a significant achievement in the field of space exploration. It showcases India's technological prowess and its ability to compete with established space agencies such as NASA. The mission also brings hope to many other countries that aspire to explorespace and conduct scientific research beyond Earth. Mangalyaan has inspired scientists, engineers, and students around the world and has fuelled an increased interest in space exploration.1. What did Mangalyaan achieve?A. It completed experiments on Mars' atmosphere and climate.B. It became the first spacecraft to reach Mars.C. It successfully entered Mars' orbit on its first attempt.D. It traveled 420 million miles to reach Mars.2. What was the challenge Mangalyaan faced during its journey?A. Exposure to extreme radiation.B. Competing with established space agencies.C. Conducting experiments on Mars' atmosphere.D. Traveling a long distance.3. How does India's mission to Mars inspire others?A. It showcases India's technological prowess.B. It fuels interest in space exploration.C. It provides hope for other countries' space missions.D. All of the above.Passage 2In the future, driverless cars may become a common sight on our roads. These autonomous vehicles are capable of sensing their environment and navigating without human input. They use advanced sensors, machine learning algorithms, and artificial intelligence to analyze and interpret data from their surroundings.One of the main advantages of driverless cars is increased safety. Human errors and distractions are often the cause of accidents on the road. With autonomous vehicles, the risk of accidents due to human error is greatly reduced. These cars can react faster than humans and are not affected by fatigue, alcohol, or other factors that can impair driving abilities.Driverless cars also have the potential to improve traffic flow. They can communicate with each other and with road infrastructure, such as traffic lights, to optimize their movements. By avoiding unnecessary stops and maintaining a constant speed, driverless cars can reduce congestion and make the overall driving experience more efficient.Additionally, driverless cars have the potential to increase accessibility for people who are unable to drive or do not have access to private transportation. These vehicles can be programmed to accommodate individuals with disabilities and can provide a reliable means of transportation for those who are unable to drive themselves.4. What technology do driverless cars use to navigate their surroundings?A. Advanced sensors.B. Machine learning algorithms.C. Artificial intelligence.D. All of the above.5. Why are driverless cars considered safer than human-driven cars?A. They can react faster than humans.B. They are not affected by distractions.C. They eliminate the risk of human errors.D. All of the above.6. How can driverless cars improve traffic flow?A. By communicating with each other and with road infrastructure.B. By optimizing their movements to avoid unnecessary stops.C. By maintaining a constant speed.D. All of the above.7. What is one potential benefit of driverless cars for individuals who are unable to drive?A. Increased safety on the roads.B. Improved accessibility to transportation.C. Reduced traffic congestion.D. optimized driving experience.Passage 3In recent years, there has been a growing interest in sustainability and environmentally friendly practices. Many individuals and businesses aremaking efforts to reduce their carbon footprint and minimize their impact on the environment. One area where these efforts are being seen is in the fashion industry.Fast fashion, the production of cheap and disposable clothing, has been a major contributor to environmental degradation. The industry consumes vast amounts of water, energy, and natural resources, and also produces a significant amount of waste and pollution. However, a shift towards sustainable fashion is slowly gaining momentum.Sustainable fashion refers to the production and design of clothing that prioritizes environmental responsibility and social equity. It promotes the use of eco-friendly materials, such as organic cotton and recycled fibers, and encourages practices such as recycling, upcycling, and fair trade. Sustainable fashion also emphasizes the importance of transparency and ethical supply chains.Despite the challenges, there are promising signs of progress in the fashion industry. Various brands are adopting sustainable practices and offering eco-friendly alternatives to fast fashion. Consumers are becoming more conscious of the environmental impact of their clothing choices and are demanding more sustainable options. By supporting sustainable fashion, individuals can contribute to a more sustainable future and help drive positive change in the fashion industry.8. What is one of the negative impacts of the fast fashion industry?A. Increased consumption of natural resources.B. Environmental degradation.C. Waste and pollution.D. All of the above.9. What is the goal of sustainable fashion?A. Prioritizing environmental responsibility and social equity.B. Using eco-friendly materials.C. Encouraging recycling and upcycling.D. All of the above.10. What are consumers increasingly demanding in the fashion industry?A. Sustainable and eco-friendly options.B. Fast and disposable clothing.C. Ethical supply chains.D. Transparent production processes.11. How can individuals contribute to a more sustainable fashion industry?A. By supporting sustainable fashion brands.B. By choosing eco-friendly materials.C. By demanding transparency and ethical practices.D. All of the above.Passage 4The concept of Universal Basic Income (UBI) has gained traction in recent years as a possible solution to economic inequality. UBI is a system in which all citizens receive a regular, unconditional sum of money from the government, regardless of their employment status or income level. Proponents argue that UBI can help alleviate poverty, provide financial security, and promote equal opportunity.One of the main advantages of UBI is that it ensures a minimum standard of living for all individuals. It provides a safety net that guarantees basic needs can be met, regardless of fluctuations in the job market or personal circumstances. This can help reduce poverty and improve the overall well-being of society.UBI also has the potential to empower individuals to pursue their passions and take risks. With a guaranteed income, individuals may have more freedom to explore their interests, start businesses, or engage in creative endeavors without the fear of financial instability. This can lead to greater innovation and personal fulfillment.However, critics argue that UBI may disincentivize work or encourage dependency on the government. They suggest that providing unconditional income may reduce the motivation to seek employment or pursue educational and career opportunities. Additionally, implementing UBI on a large scale would require significant financial resources and could potentially lead to increased taxation.12. What is Universal Basic Income (UBI)?A. A system in which all citizens receive a regular sum of money from the government.B. A program to alleviate poverty.C. A method to promote equal opportunity.D. All of the above.13. How can UBI help reduce poverty?A. By ensuring a minimum standard of living for all individuals.B. By providing a safety net for basic needs.C. By improving the overall well-being of society.D. All of the above.14. What potential advantage does UBI offer to individuals?A. The freedom to pursue their passions and take risks.B. Financial stability.C. The ability to start businesses.D. All of the above.15. What is one criticism of UBI?A. It may discourage work.B. It could lead to increased taxation.C. It may create dependency on the government.D. All of the above.Part B: Non-Text Information (共6小题；每小题2分，满分12分)16.其中一段是2014年上海高考英语试题及答案。
2013~2014年考研英语一完型填空及其翻译汇总
2013~2014年考研英语一完型填空及其翻译汇总2013年Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)①People are,on the whole,poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.②At first glance this might seem like a strength that1the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by2factors.③But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.4,he theorised that a judge5of appearing too soft6crime might be more likely to send someone to prison7he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.①To8this idea,he turned to the university-admissions process.②In theory,the9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others10randomly for interview during the same day,but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was11.①He studied the results of9,323MBA interviews12by31admissions officers.②The interviewers had13applicants on a scale of one to five.③This scale14numerous factors into consideration.④The scores were15used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test,or GMAT,a standardised exam which is 16out of800points,to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.①Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was0.75points or more higher than that of the one17that,then the score for the next applicant would18by an average of0.075points.②This might sound small,but to19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need30more GMAT points than would otherwise have been20.1.[A]grants[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers2.[A]minor[B]external[C]crucial[D]objective3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]moment4.[A]Above all[B]On average[C]In principle[D]For example5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless6.[A]in[B]for[C]to[D]on7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless8.[A]test[B]emphasize[C]share[D]promote9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success10.[A]found[B]studied[C]chosen[D]identified11.[A]otherwise[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]exceptional12.[A]inspired[B]expressed[C]conducted[D]secured13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged14.[A]put[B]got[C]took[D]gave15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marked[D]introduced17.[A]below[B]after[C]above[D]before18.[A]jump[B]float[C]fluctuate[D]drop19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard20.[A]necessary[B]possible[C]promising[D]helpful翻译：总体而言，人们在做出单个决定时，并不擅长参考背景信息。
2014年考研英语一真题完整版答案解析
Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first “brain training program”designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___.The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5. [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10. [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11. [A] Therefore [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] However12. [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13. [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14. [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiarSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency” George Osborne, C hancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fort nightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the j obseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people st ay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first h earing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, co mplete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we we re to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, control ling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your h eart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is fina ncially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraord inarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work envir onment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed y ourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent depen dency if you can get it —supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can in sure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” —invented in 1996 —is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a bene fit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the clai mant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on active ly seeking a job; no entitle ment and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase, “to sign on” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met the ir actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where cli ents have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, temptin g ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fir m job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tor t system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. The re is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degre e in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools auth orized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. T his leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergrad uate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non -profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas ha ve been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as a n undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those wh o can sit it earlier should be allowed todo so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structur e of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any shar e of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for changefrom within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keepi ng outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather t han serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and imp rove services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ pr ofessional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countr ies, suc h as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American stat es?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly because it[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text, the author mainly discusses[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the onlyone of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’wealth.[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[C]an example of bankers’investments.[D]a handsome reward for researchers.32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the founders of the new awards.[C]the achievement-based system.[D]peer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]controversies over the recipients’status.[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34. According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are[A]acceptable despite the criticism.[B]harmful to the culture of research.[C]subject to undesirable changes.[D]unworthy of public attention.Text 4“The Heart of the Matter,”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and socialsciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others”to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communica te effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been re placed by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative[C] Contemptuous[D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals’rights to education38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are[A] supportive of free markets[B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy[D] biased against classical liberal ideas40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are r equired to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly place d Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stoneh enge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been disc overed by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a bu tterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B]In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest h uman settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornat e ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common peo ple lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (mak e test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding th e larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, ma ny researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located h undreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and b y making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and d ensity of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey method s and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as dif ferent types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fiel ds.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years be fore he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved se als attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpre tations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Mino an palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be su ccessful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for bur ied materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried r emains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal de tectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around si tes. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41 --- A --- 42. ---F ---43---G --- 44---D --- 45---BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chin ese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sen sual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with th e soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is pure ly and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate ou r reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。
徽章问题--数学建模
2014数学建模竞赛承诺书我们仔细阅读了河西学院大学生数学建模竞赛的竞赛规则.我们完全明白，在竞赛开始后参赛队员不能以任何方式（包括电话、电子邮件、网上咨询等）与队外的任何人（包括指导教师）研究、讨论与赛题有关的问题.我们知道，抄袭别人的成果是违反竞赛规则的, 如果引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料（包括网上查到的资料），必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参考文献中明确列出.我们郑重承诺，严格遵守竞赛规则，以保证竞赛的公正、公平性.如有违反竞赛规则的行为，我们将受到严肃处理.我们参赛选择的题号是（从A/B/C/D中选择一项填写）： B参赛队员(打印并签名) ：序号姓名(打印) 所在学院签名123指导教师或指导教师组负责人(打印并签名)：日期：年月日评阅编号（由竞赛组委会评阅前进行编号）：2014年数学建模竞赛评阅专用页评阅编号（由竞赛组委会评阅前进行编号）：评阅记录（供竞赛组委会评阅时使用）：评阅人评分备注评阅结果：获奖等级：徽章问题摘要: 在此次会议中，代表们收到不同标记的徽章，与他们的名字有关，所以按照一定的原理，我们建立模型，首先，我们将286名代表按照所收到的徽章标记“+”和“-”进行分类，把收到“+”标记徽章的代表们的名字记作向量ijk X ,把收到“-”标记徽章的代表们的名字记作向量ijk Y ，其中)9,2,1,,( =k j i .再利用编程VC++程序，对对向量ijk X 和向量ijk Y (),,0,,9i j k =中的第)7,6,5,4,3,2,1(=m m 个分量分别进行观察、对比，得出向量ijk X 和向量ijk Y (),,0,,9i j k =中的第()1,3,4,5,6,7n n =个分量都分别有交叉项，则排除以这些分量的特性为分类依据的方法，但是ijk X 和向量ijkY (),,0,,9i j k =中第2个分量没有交叉量，且第二个分量都属于()01,05,09,15,21即(),,,,a e i o u .因此，对于猜想徽章标记于第二个分量有关，进而得出了对徽章的分类给出了方法，即代表们的名字的第二个字母在(),,,,a e i o u 内是，徽章标记为“+”，反之，徽章标记为“-”.对于第二题，我们根据问题一的解答，如果名字的第二个字母为大写时，直接给与”-”标记，则准确率为100%，则错误率为0;如如果名字的第二个字母为大写时，仍然按照问题一的分类方法，则正确率为99.49%，则错误率为0.51%.对于问题三，我们按照以上得出的分类方法，通过编写程序利用VC++程序，对未参加会议的14名代表进行了分类，最后只有Attilio Giordana 的徽章为“-”，其它代表的徽章都为“+”.最后，我们对这个模型评价，本题的优点是数据量有限，有利于建模的假设与解答;不足之处是，这个模型虽然检验结果与实际的相当吻合，但该模型存在着随机性，如果参加会议的代表人数曾多，这个模型还会继续有效吗？因此，我们提出改进，加强分类的指标和条件，例如以前2个字母，前3个字母等其他方法进行分析、讨论，尝试分类，使得分得的两组的人数在理论上相等.关键字：字母；分量；排序;分类一 问题重述在1994年的“机器学习与计算学习理论”的国际会议上，参加会议的280名代表都收到会议组织者发给的一枚徽章，徽章的标记为“＋”或“－”（参加会议的名单及得到的徽章见附表）.会议组织者声明：每位代表得到徽章“＋”或“－”的标记只与他们的姓名有关，并希望代表们能够找出徽章“＋”与“－”的分类方法.问题如下：1．如何对参加会议的代表所得的的徽章找出合理的规律进行分类.2．对自己的分类方法进行分析，如分类的理由、分类的规律、分类的正确率与错误率等.3、由于客观原因，有14名代表（见附表）没能参加此次会议.按照以上找出的方法，如果他们参加会议，他们将得到什么类型的徽章？二 模型假设首先，我们将286名代表按照所收到的徽章标记“+”和“-”进行分类，假设得到徽章只与代表的名字有关系.把收到“+”标记徽章的代表们的名字记作向量ijk X ，其中)9,2,1,,( =k j i ，把收到“-”标记徽章的代表们的名字记作向量ijk Y ，其中)9,2,1,,( =k j i ，把代表们名字中的字母按在名字中的排序分别作为这个向量的第一个分量，第二个分量， ，第七个分量（因为代表们名字中最短的名字只要七个字母，Ken Lang ）,同时在把代表们的名字记为向量时，给26个字母（按字母表的顺序）分别赋值为01,02， ，26.例如第一个收到“+”的代表Naoki Abe 的名字用向量表示为)05,02,01,09,11,15,01,14(001=X ，第一个收到“-”的代表Myrian Abramson 的名字用向量表示为)01,13,01,09,18,25,13(001=Y .然后利用VC++编程，对向量ijk X 和向量ijkY (),,0,,9i j k =中的第)7,6,5,4,3,2,1(=m m 个分量分别进行观察、对比.(1)题中所给的人名是英文名字，由英语知识可知，外国人的姓名顺序与中国人相反，即名在前，姓在后.因此我们猜想，徽章的标记跟向量X i j k 和向量ijkY ()9,,1,0,, =k j i 中的第)7,,1( =l l 个分量有关的概率相对较大.(2)一旦得出的徽章分类方法的正确率较高时（不妨为90%以上），那就采取这种分类方法.三 模型建立模型1利用VC++编程，对向量ijkX和向量ijkY()9,,1,0,, =k j i 中的第)7,6,5,4,3,2,1(=m m 个分量分别进行观察、对比，（程序见附件1）结果如下：由以上结果得到：向量ijk X 和向量ijk Y ()9,,1,0,, =k j i 中的第)7,6,5,4,3,1(=n n 个分量都分别有交叉项，则排除以这些分量的特性为分类依据的方法，但是向量ijk X 和向量ijk Y ()9,,1,0,, =k j i 中第2个分量没有交叉量，且向量ijk X 的第二个分量都属于)21,15,09,05,01(即第二个字母属于()u o i e a ,,,,.因此，我们猜想徽章标记与第二个分量有关.模型2我们在先向量ijk X 后向量ijk Y ()9,,1,0,, =k j i 排序基础上再按向量ijk X 和向量ijkY ()9,,1,0,, =k j i 中的第二个分量的顺序)21,15,09,05,01(进行排序,如下：徽章 符号 向量中的第二个分量 名字中的 第二个字母代表们的名字 代表们的姓氏+ 01 a Javed Aslam + 01 a DavidW. Aha+ 01 a + 05 e Peter Bartlett + 05 e GeorgeBerg+ 05 e + 09 i Timothy P. Barber + 09 i MichaelW. Barley+ 09 i + 15 o Tom Bylander + 15 o JohnCase+ 15 o+ 21 u Susan L. Epstein + 21 u JudyA. Franklin+ 21 u - 02 b R. Bharat Rao - 03 c Scott E. Decatur - 04 dOdedMaron-01至26中除去除a 、e 、i 、o 、u01,05,09,15,21 字母外表（1）由上述表格可以看出：（1）当代表们名字的第二个字母为元音（a、e、i、o、u）并且为小写字母时，他们得到的徽章标记均为“+”号，否则为“-”号.（2）当名字的第二个字母为大写时，则他们得到的徽章均为“-”号，例如：R. Andrew McCallum L. Thorne McCarty 等等.四模型求解（1）徽章的分类方法：参加会议的代表们的名字中的第二个字母为元音字母并且为小写时，他们均得到带“+”号标记的徽章；否则均得到带“-”号标记的徽章. （2）分类的理由：由于代表们所收到的徽章的标记只与他们的名字有关，所以先以徽章标记“+”和“-”分析，得出猜想，再以名字中的第二个字母进行排序、比较、分析，最后得出分类方法，见模型2.分类的正确与错误率：参加会议的代表们的总人数为286，我们根据(1)题的分类方法，如果名字的第二个字母为大写时，直接给”-”标记，则准确率为100%，见表(1),从而错误率为0;如果名字的第二个字母为大写时，仍然按照(1)题的分类方法，则正确率为99.49%，则错误率为0.51%.（3）根据我们的假设(若正确率达到90%，则此方法可行)及题(1)得出的分类方法，于是通过编写程序利用VC++软件，对未参加会议的14名代表进行了分类，程序见（附件2），结果如下：由上边结果知：只有Attilio Giordana的徽章为“-”，其它代表的徽章都为“+”.五模型评价及改进本题的优点是数据量有限，有利于建模的假设与解答;不足之处是，这个模型虽然检验结果与本次会议中给出的数据实际的相当吻合，但该模型存在着随机性，如果参加会议的代表人数曾多，这个模型还会继续有效吗？并且在这些代表中收到”+”号标记的人数为196人，收到”-”号标记的人数为90人，这种分类方法是不好的，因为在做决策，裁定时，这种分类方法使解决问题变的不公平、不平等.因此，我们提出改进，加强分类的指标和条件，例如以前2个字母，前3个字母等其他方法进行分析、讨论，尝试分类，使得分得的两组的人数在理论上相等.参考文献[1] 姜启源,叶俊等.《数学模型》第三版.高等教育出版社，北京，2004[2] 康博创作室.《VC++6.0高级编程》.清华大学出版社，北京，1999[3] 谭浩强著.《C程序设计》(第四版).北京：清华大学出版社，2010.6[4] 袁震东，洪渊，林武忠，蒋鲁敏编著.《数学建模》.华东师范大学出版社，1995.5[5] 高隆昌，杨元著.《数学建模基础理论》.北京：科学出版社，2007附件1#include<iostream>using namespace std;int main(){char letter[30]=" ";int count=0,flag=0;char name[280][30]={"+Naoki Abe", "-Myriam Abramson","+David W. Aha","+Kamal M. Ali ","-Eric Allender ", "+Dana Angluin","-Chidanand Apte","+Minoru Asad","+Lars Asker","+Javed Aslam","+Haralabos Athanassiou","+Jose L. Balcazar","+Timothy P. Barber","+Michael W. Barley","-Cristina Baroglio","+Peter Bartlett","-Eric Baum","+Welton Becket","-Shai Ben-David", "+George Berg","+Neil Berkman","+Malini Bhandaru","+Bir Bhanu","+Reinhard Blasig","-Avrim Blum","-Anselm Blumer ","+Justin Boyan","+Carla E. Brodley","+Nader Bshouty","-Wray Buntine","-Andrey Burago","+Tom Bylander","+Bill Byrne","-Claire Cardie","+Richard A. Caruana","+John Case","+Jason Catlett","+Nicolo Cesa-Bianchi","-Philip Chan","+Mark Changizi ","+Pang-Chieh Chen ","-Zhixiang Chen","+Wan P. Chiang","-Steve A. Chien","+Jeffery Clouse","+William Cohen","+David Cohn ","-Clare Bates Congdon","-Antoine Cornuejols","+Mark W. Craven","+Robert P. Daley","+Lindley Darden","-Chris Darken","-Bhaskar Dasgupta","-Brian D. Davidson","+Michael de la Maza","-Olivier De Vel","-Scott E. Decatur","+Gerald F. DeJong","+Kan Deng","-Thomas G. Dietterich","+Michael J. Donahue","+George A. Drastal","+Harris Drucker","-Chris Drummond","+Hal Duncan","-Thomas Ellman","+Tapio Elomaa","+Susan L. Epstein","+Bob Evans" ,"-Claudio Facchinetti","+Tom Fawcett","-Usama Fayyad","+Aaron Feigelson","+Nicolas Fiechter","+David Finton" ,"+John Fischer","+Paul Fischer","+Seth Flanders","+Lance Fortnow","-Ameur Foued","+Judy A. Franklin","+Yoav Freund","+Johannes Furnkranz","+LeslieGrate","+William A. Greene","+Russell Greiner","+Marko Grobelnik","+Tal Grossman" , "+Margo Guertin","+Tom Hancock","+Earl S. Harris Jr.","+David Haussler","+Matthias Heger", "+Lisa Hellerstein","+David Helmbold","+Daniel Hennessy","+Haym Hirsh","+Jonathan Hodgson","+Robert C. Holte","+Jiarong Hong","-Chun-Nan Hsu","+Kazushi Ikeda","+Masayuki Inaba","-Drago Indjic","+Nitin Indurkhya","+Jeff Jackson","+Sanjay Jain","+Wolfgang Janko","-Klaus P. Jantke","+Nathalie Japkowicz","+George H. John","+Randolph Jones","+Michael I. Jordan","+Leslie Pack Kaelbling","+Bala Kalyanasundaram","-Thomas E. Kammeyer","-Grigoris Karakoulas","+Michael Kearns","+Neela Khan","+Roni Khardon","+Dennis F. Kibler ","+Jorg-Uwe Kietz","-Efim Kinber","-Jyrki Kivinen","-Emanuel Knill","-Craig Knoblock","+Ron Kohavi","+Pascal Koiran","+Moshe Koppel","+Daniel Kortenkamp","+Matevz Kovacic","-Stefan Kramer","+Martinch Krikis","+Martin Kummer","-Eyal Kushilevitz","-Stephen Kwek" ,"+Wai Lam","+Ken Lang","-Steffen Lange", "+Pat Langley","+Mary Soon Lee","+Wee Sun Lee","+Moshe Leshno","+Long-Ji Lin", "-Charles X. Ling", "+Michael Littman","+David Loewenstern","-Phil Long","+Wolfgang Maass","-Bruce A. MacDonald","+Rich Maclin","-Sridhar Mahadevan","-J.Jeffrey Mahoney","+Yishay Mansour","+Mario Marchand","-Shaul Markovitch","-Oded Maron","+Maja Mataric","+David Mathias","+Toshiyasu Matsushima","-Stan Matwin","-Eddy Mayoraz ","-R. Andrew McCallum","-L.Thorne McCarty","-Alexander M. Meystel","+Michael A. Meystel ","-Steven Minton","+Nina Mishra","+Tom M. Mitchell","+Dunja Mladenic","+David Montgomery","-Andrew W. Moore","+Johanne Morin","+Hiroshi Motoda","-Stephen Muggleton ","+Patrick M. Murphy","-Sreerama K. Murthy","+Filippo Neri","-Craig Nevill-Manning","-Andrew Y. Ng","+Nikolay Nikolaev","-Steven W. Norton","+Joseph O'Sullivan","+Dan Oblinger","+Jong-Hoon Oh","-Arlindo Oliveira","+David W. Opitz", "+Sandra Panizza","+Barak A. Pearlmutter","-Ed Pednault","+Jing Peng","+Fernando Pereira","+Aurora Perez","+Bernhard Pfahringer","+David Pierce","-Krishnan Pillaipakkamnatt","+Roberto Piola","+Leonard Pitt","+Lorien Y. Pratt","-Armand Prieditis","+Foster J. Provost","-J. R. Quinlan","+John Rachlin","+Vijay Raghavan","-R. Bharat Rao","-PriscillaRasmussen","+Joel Ratsaby","+Michael Redmond","+Patricia J. Riddle","+Lance Riley","+Ronald L. Rivest","+Huw Roberts","+Dana Ron","+Robert S. Roos","+Justinian Rosca","+John R. Rose","+Dan Roth","+James S. Royer","+Ronitt Rubinfeld","-Stuart Russell","+Lorenza Saitta","+Yoshifumi Sakai","+William Sakas","+Marcos Salganicoff","-Steven Salzberg","-Claude Sammut","+Cullen Schaffer","+Robert Schapire","+Mark Schwabacher","+Michele Sebag","+Gary M. Selzer", "+Sebastian Seung","-Arun Sharma","+Jude Shavlik v ","+Daniel L. Silver","-Glenn Silverstein","+Yoram Singer","+Mona Singh","+Satinder Pal Singh","+Kimmen Sjolander","+David B. Skalak","+Sean Slattery","+Robert Sloan","+Donna Slonim","+Carl H. Smith","+Sonya Snedecor","+Von-Wun Soo","-Thomas G. Spalthoff","+Mark Staley","-Frank Stephan","+Mandayam T. Suraj","+Richard S. Sutton","+Joe Suzuki","-Prasad Tadepalli","+Hiroshi Tanaka","-Irina Tchoumatchenko","-Brian Tester","-Chen K. Tham","+Tatsuo Unemi","-Lyle H. Ungar","+Paul Utgoff","+Karsten Verbeurgt ","+Paul Vitanyi","+Xuemei Wang","+Manfred Warmuth","+Gary Weiss","-Sholom Weiss","-Thomas Wengerek","-Bradley L. Whitehall","-Alma Whitten","+Robert Williamson","+Janusz Wnek","+Kenji Yamanishi","+Takefumi Yamazaki","+Holly Yanco","+John M. Zelle" ,"-Thomas Zeugmann","+Jean-Daniel Zucker","+Darko Zupanic"};for(int m=1;m<8;m++){for(int i=0;i<280;i++){if(name[i][0]=='+'){if(count==0){letter[count]=name[i][m];count++;continue;}//判断读取的字母是否已存入letter数组for(int j=0;j<count;j++){if(name[i][m]==letter[j]){flag++;//如果已存入则给flag加1}}//如果flag等于0，则该字母还未被存入if(flag==0){letter[count]=name[i][m];//存入count++;}flag=0;//初始化flag}}cout<<"发“+”徽章的人名字的第"<<m<<"个字符：";for(int k=0;k<count;k++){if((int)letter[k]>64&&(int)letter[k]<74)cout<<'0'<<(int)letter[k]-64<<" ";else if((int)letter[k]>73&&(int)letter[k]<91) cout<<(int)letter[k]-64<<" ";else if((int)letter[k]>96&&(int)letter[k]<106) cout<<'0'<<(int)letter[k]-96<<" ";else if((int)letter[k]>105&&(int)letter[k]<123) cout<<(int)letter[k]-96<<" ";}for(int l=0;l<30;l++){letter[l]=NULL;}cout<<endl;}/*for(int n=1;n<8;n++){for(int i=0;i<280;i++){if(name[i][0]=='-'){if(count==0){letter[count]=name[i][n];count++;continue;}//判断读取的字母是否已存入letter数组for(int j=0;j<count;j++){if(name[i][n]==letter[j]){flag++;//如果已存入则给flag加1}}//如果flag等于0，则该字母还未被存入if(flag==0){letter[count]=name[i][n];//存入count++;}flag=0;//初始化flag}}cout<<"发“-”徽章的人名字的第"<<n<<"个字符：";for(int k=0;k<count;k++){if((int)letter[k]>64&&(int)letter[k]<74)cout<<'0'<<(int)letter[k]-64<<" ";else if((int)letter[k]>73&&(int)letter[k]<91) cout<<(int)letter[k]-64<<" ";else if((int)letter[k]>96&&(int)letter[k]<106)cout<<'0'<<(int)letter[k]-96<<" ";else if((int)letter[k]>105&&(int)letter[k]<123)cout<<(int)letter[k]-96<<" ";}for(int l=0;l<30;l++){letter[l]=NULL;}cout<<endl;}*/return 0;}附件2#include<iostream>using namespace std;int main(){char name[30];bool flag=true;while(flag){cout<<"Please input Name：";cin>>name;//如果名字的第二个字母是aoeiu里的一个，则给他+徽章，否则给他-徽章if(name[1]=='a'||name[1]=='o'||name[1]=='e'||name[1]=='i'||name[1]=='u')cout<<"Give a '+' Badge!"<<endl;elsecout<<"Give a '-' Badge!"<<endl;cout<<"intput '#' to exit!"<<endl;if(name[0]=='#')flag=false;}return 0;}。
2014年考研英语一真题
2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and nark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)①As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. ②We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of a n old band we used to love.③As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” ④ 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .①Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. ②It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . ③Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. ④To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ⑤11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.①Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first “brain training pro gram” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental14 .①The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. ②The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. ③Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing—much like a (n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. [A] why [B] when [C] that [D] where2. [A] improves [B] fades [C] collapses [D] recovers3. [A] While [B] Unless [C] Once [D] If4. [A] uneven [B] limited [C] damaging [D] obscure5. [A] relationship [B] environment [C] wellbeing [D] outlook6. [A] turns [B] finds [C] points [D] figures7. [A] responses [B] roundabouts [C] workouts [D] associations8. [A] genre [B] criterion [C] circumstances [D] functions9. [A] channel [B] process [C] sequence [D] condition10. [A] excel [B] feature [C] persist [D] believe11. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] Therefore12. [A] instead of [B] regardless of [C] apart from [D] according to13. [A] back [B] further [C] aside [D] around14. [A] framework [B] stability [C] sharpness [D] flexibility15. [A] hurries [B] reminds [C] forces [D] allows16. [A] order [B] track [C] hold [D] pace17. [A] to [B] on [C] for [D] with18. [A] constantly [B] habitually [C] irregularly [D] unusually19. [A] carry [B] put [C] build [D] take20. [A] risky [B] familiar [C] idle [D] effectiveSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text1①In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. ①Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. ①What could be more reasonable?①More apparent reasonableness followed. ①There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance.①“Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on,” he claimed. ①“We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” ①Help?①Really? ①On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. ①What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.①Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. ①It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. ①You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. ①Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. ①Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.①But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. ①It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. ①The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. ①Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.①Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[B] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[C] encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.[D] guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase “to sign on” (Para. 2) most probably means[A] to register for an allowance from the government.[B] to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[D] to attend a governmental job-training program.23. What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A] A desire to secure a better life for all.[B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel[A] insulted.[B] uneasy.[C] enraged.[D] guilty.25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A] Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.[B] The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[C] The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D] Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.Text2①All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. ①But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.①During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. ①The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.①But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. ①Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.①There are many reasons for this. ①One is the excessive costs of a legal education. ①There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. ①This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. ①Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.①Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. ①Sensible ideas have been around fora long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.①One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. ①Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. ①If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. ①Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.①The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.①Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. ①This keeps fees high and innovation slow. ①There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.①In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. ①After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. ①America should follow.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A] the growing demand from clients.[B] the increasing pressure of inflation.[C] the prospect of working in big firms.[D] the attraction of financial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[C] Admissions approval from the bar association.[D] Receiving training by professional associations.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A] non-professionals’ sharp criticism.[B] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[C] the rigid bodies governing the profession.[D] the stern exam for would-be lawyers.29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it[A] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.[B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.30. In this text, the author mainly discusses[A] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text3①The US $3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. ①And it is far from the only one of its type. ①As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.①Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. ①These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.①What’s not to like? ①Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. ①You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. ①The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. ①They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. ①They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. ①They do not fund peer-reviewed research. ①They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.①The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. ①Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.①As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. ①The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentativeview of what the life sciences include. ①But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. ①The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. ①Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.①As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. ①First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. ①Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. ①It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. ①It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as[A] a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth.[B] a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[C] a handsome reward for researchers.[D] an example of bankers’ investments.32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A] the profit-oriented scientists.[B] the founders of the awards.[C] the achievement-based system.[D] peer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A] the joint effort of modern researchers.[B] controversies over the recipients’ status.[C] the demonstration of research findings.[D] legitimate concerns over the new prizes.34. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A] History has never cast doubt on them.[B] They are the most representative honor.[C] Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[D] Their endurance has done justice to them.35. The author believes that the new awards are[A] harmful to the culture of research.[B] acceptable despite the criticism.[C] subject to undesirable changes.[D] unworthy of public attention.Text4①“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. ②Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.①In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” ②In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.③Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and businessexecutives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.①The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. ②Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. ③To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. ①The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.①Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. ②The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. ③Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.①Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas —such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.①The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. ②Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical. [B] Appreciative.[C] Contemptuous. [D] Tolerant.37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] safeguard individuals’ rights to education.[B] define the government’s role in education.[C] retain people’s interest in liberal education.[D] keep a leading position in liberal education.38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests[A] an exclusive study of American history.[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects.[C] the application of emerging technologies.[D] funding for the study of foreign languages.39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are[A] supportive of free markets.[B] biased against classical liberal ideas.[C] cautious about intellectual investigation.[D] conservative about public policy.40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[B] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[C] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece;the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists RenéMillion and George Cowgill spent years systematically mappingthe entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surfaceof the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working aroundthe ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Suchsearches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosós), on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveysinvolve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two- and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41. _______ →A →42. _______ →E →43. _______ →44. _______ →45. _______Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section Ⅱ WritingPart B51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。
第五届挑战杯数学建模网络挑战赛获奖论文
二、定义与符号说明
2.1 定义 有效粉丝：关注后会知道该含有企业广告的新闻，并且不会删粉的粉丝； 广告新闻：该条含有企业广告的奥运会新闻； 2.2 符号说明 ������ :从宣传之日起进行的天数，题中t = 0 … 100，t = 100表示开幕式当天； λ1 :每天每个专业推广者粉丝都会新增粉丝数，λ1 = 500； λ2 : 每天每个普通用户都会新增粉丝数，λ2 = 20； λ3 : 每天每个兼职宣传者都会新增粉丝数，λ3 = 35； ������: 新增粉丝中看到并且会转发该广告新闻的人数占新增粉丝总人数的比例； ������ t : 宣传开始 t 天时看到该条广告新闻的人数，������(0)表示开始宣传时看到该广 告新闻的人数； γ : 平均一个用户的粉丝数； ������ :专业社交网络推广者的人数；
第五届数学中国数学建模网络挑战赛
参赛队号#2165
第五届“认证杯”数学中国 数学建模网络挑战赛 承诺书
我们仔细阅读了第五届“认证杯”数学中国数学建模网络挑战赛的竞赛规则。 我们完全明白，在竞赛开始后参赛队员不能以任何方式（包括电话、电子邮件、网 上咨询等）与队外的任何人（包括指导教师）研究、讨论与赛题有关的问题。 我们知道，抄袭别人的成果是违反竞赛规则的, 如果引用别人的成果或其他公开的 资料（包括网上查到的资料） ，必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参 考文献中明确列出。 我们郑重承诺，严格遵守竞赛规则，以保证竞赛的公正、公平性。如有违反竞赛规 则的行为，我们将受到严肃处理。 我们允许数学中国网站()公布论文，以供网友之间学习交流，数学中 国网站以非商业目的的论文交流不需要提前取得我们的同意。 我们的参赛队号为：2165 参赛队员 (签名络挑战赛
参赛队号#2165 一、问题重述
2014年考研英语一真题完整版答案解析
Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a (n) ___4___ impact on our professional, social, and personal ___5___.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___ out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___ mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first “brain training program”designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___14___.The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1. [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5. [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10. [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11. [A] Therefore [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] However12. [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13. [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14. [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiarSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency” George Osborne, C hancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fort nightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the j obseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people st ay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first h earing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, co mplete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we we re to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, control ling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your h eart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is fina ncially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraord inarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work envir onment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed y ourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent depen dency if you can get it —supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can in sure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” —invented in 1996 —is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a bene fit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the clai mant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on active ly seeking a job; no entitle ment and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase, “to sign on” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met the ir actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where cli ents have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, temptin g ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-fir m job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tor t system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. The re is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degre e in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools auth orized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. T his leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergrad uate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non -profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas ha ve been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as a n undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those wh o can sit it earlier should be allowed todo so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structur e of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any shar e of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for changefrom within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keepi ng outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather t han serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and imp rove services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ pr ofessional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, suc h as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American stat es?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resista nce.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly because it[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text, the author mainly discusses[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the onlyone of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’wealth.[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[C]an example of bankers’investments.[D]a handsome reward for researchers.32. The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the founders of the new awards.[C]the achievement-based system.[D]peer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]controversies over the recipients’status.[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34. According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are[A]acceptable despite the criticism.[B]harmful to the culture of research.[C]subject to undesirable changes.[D]unworthy of public attention.Text 4“The Heart of the Matter,”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and socialsciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal educatio n may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others”to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communica te effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2½years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been re placed by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative[C] Contemptuous[D] Tolerant37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education[B] define the government’s role in education[C] keep a leading position in liberal education[D] safeguard individuals’rights to education38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages39. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are[A] supportive of free markets[B] cautious about intellectual investigation[C] conservative about public policy[D] biased against classical liberal ideas40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are r equired to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly place d Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stoneh enge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been disc overed by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a bu tterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B]In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest h uman settlements in the w orld. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornat e ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common peo ple lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (mak e test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding th e larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, ma ny researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located h undreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and b y making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and d ensity of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey method s and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as dif ferent types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fiel ds.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years be fore he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved se als attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Mino an palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be su ccessful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for bur ied materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried r emains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal de tectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around si tes. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41 C--- A --- 42. ---F ---43---G --- 44---D --- 45---BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chin ese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sen sual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with th e soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is pure ly and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate ou r reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。
2014年考研英语一真题完整版答案解析
Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)As many people hit middle age,they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be.We suddenly can’t remember ___1___we put the keys just a moment ago,or an old acquaintance’s name,or the name of an old band we used to love.As the brain___2___,we refer to these occurrences as“senior moments.”___3___seemingly innocent,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n)___4___impact on our professional,social,and personal___5___.Neuroscientists,experts who study the nervous system,are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done.It___6___out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do,and the right mental ___7___can significantly improve our basic cognitive___8___.Thinking is essentially a___9___of making connections in the brain.To a certain extent,our ability to___10___in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___,because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate___12___mental effort.Now,a new Web-based company has taken it a step___13___and developed the first“brain training program”designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental___14___.The Web-based program___15___you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills.The program keeps___16___of your progress and provides detailed feedback___17___your performance and improvement.Most importantly, it___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to___19___on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n)___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However12.[A]according to[B]regardless of[C]apart from[D]instead of13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiarSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1In order to“change lives for the better”and reduce“dependency”George Osborne,C hancellor of the Exchequer,introduced the“upfront work search”scheme.Only if the jobl ess arrive at the jobcentre with a CV,register for online job search,and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fort nightly.What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be a seven-day wait for the j obseeker’s allowance.“Those first few days should be spent looking for work,not looking to sign on.”he claimed.“We’re doing these things because we know they help people st ay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.”Help?Really?On first h earing,this was the socially concerned chancellor,trying to change lives for the better,co mplete with“reforms”to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work,and subsidises laziness.What motivated him,we we re to understand,was his zeal for“fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer,control ling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting:you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your h eart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is fina ncially terrifying,psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you support is minimal and extraord inarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you are now excluded from the work envir onment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse,the crucial income to feed y ourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always:a job.But in Osborneland,your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent depen dency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though20years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administra tion system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can in sure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase“jobseeker’s allowance”—invented in1996—is about redefining the unemployed as a“jobseeker”who had no mandatory right to a bene fit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead,the clai mant receives a time-limited“allowance,”conditional on actively seeking a job;no entitle ment and no insurance,at£71.70a week,one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers’active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers’legitimate right to benefits.22.The phrase,“to sign on”(Line3,Para.2)most probably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph3,being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text2All around the world,lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where cli ents have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis,spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,temptin g ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-fir m job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tor t system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.The re is just one path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-year undergraduate degre e in some unrelated subject,then a three-year law degree at one of200law schools auth orized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.T his leaves today’s average law-school graduate with$100,000of debt on top of undergrad uate w-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non -profit work,and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas ha ve been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.One idea is to allow people to study law as a n undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer,those wh o can sit it earlier should be allowed todo so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structur e of the business.Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may not own any shar e of a law firm.This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession,but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keepi ng outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather t han serve clients ethically.In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and imp rove services to customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ pr ofessional managers to focus on improving firms’efficiency.After all,other countries,suc h as Australia and Britain,have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American stat es?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A]lawyers’and clients’strong resistance.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered“restrictive”partly because it[A]bans outsiders’involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text,the author mainly discusses[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment,as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March.And it is far from the only one of its type.As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.Many,like the Fundamental Physics Prize,are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields,they say,and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like?Quite a lot,according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You cannot buy class,as the old saying goes,and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels,The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research.They do not fund peer-reviewed research.They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want to shock,others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed.The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences,launched this year,takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize,each of whom must still be living,has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.The Nobels were,of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.Time, rather than intention,has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards,two things seem clear.First,most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.Second,it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere,It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research,after all—but it is the prize-givers’money to do with as they please.It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’wealth.[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[C]an example of bankers’investments.[D]a handsome reward for researchers.32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the founders of the new awards.[C]the achievement-based system.[D]peer-review-led research.33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]controversies over the recipients’status.[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34.According to Paragraph4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are[A]acceptable despite the criticism.[B]harmful to the culture of research.[C]subject to undesirable changes.[D]unworthy of public attention.Text4“The Heart of the Matter,”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS),deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettably,however,the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In2010,leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal,state and local governments,universities,foundations,educators,individual benefactors and others”to“maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”In response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.Among the commission’s51 members are top-tier-university presidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,and business executives,as well as prominent figures from diplomacy,filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry,the report supports full literacy;stresses the study of history and government,particularly American history and American government;and encourages the use of new digital technologies.To encourage innovation and competition,the report calls for increased investment in research,the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the21st century,increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately,despite2½years in the making,"The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter:the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly,the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,”or left-liberal propaganda.Today,professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education.Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36.According to Paragraph1,what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A]Critical[B]Appreciative[C]Contemptuous[D]Tolerant37.Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A]retain people’s interest in liberal education[B]define the government’s role in education[C]keep a leading position in liberal education[D]safeguard individuals’rights to education38.According to Paragraph3,the report suggests[A]an exclusive study of American history[B]a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C]the application of emerging technologies[D]funding for the study of foreign languages39.The author implies in Paragraph5that professors are[A]supportive of free markets[B]cautious about intellectual investigation[C]conservative about public policy[D]biased against classical liberal ideas40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Ways to Grasp“The Heart of the Matter”[B]Illiberal Education and“The Heart of the Matter”[C]The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D]Progressive Policy vs.Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are r equired to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs A and E have been correctly place d Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET(10points)[A]Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example,the Parthenon in Athens,Greece,the pyramids of Giza in Egypt;and the megaliths of Stoneh enge in southern England.But these sites are exceptions to the norm.Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching,while many others have been disc overed by accident.Olduvai Gorge,an early hominid site in Tanzania,was found by a bu tterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the1970s.[B]In another case,American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City.At its peak around AD600,this city was one of the largest h uman settlements in the world.The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornat e ceremonial areas,but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common peo ple lived.[C]How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground?Typically,they survey and sample(mak e test excavations on)large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield usef ul information.Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding th e larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D]Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.In one case,ma ny researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan,Honduras,have located h undreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and b y making surveys on foot.The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and d ensity of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500and 850,when Copan collapsed.[E]To find their sites,archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey method s and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques.Airborne technologies,such as dif ferent types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft,allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging.Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features,such as ancient buildings or fiel ds.[F]Most archaeological sites,however,are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them.Such searches can take years.British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites.Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years be fore he located the tomb in1922.In the late1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’stores in Athens,Greece.He was searching for tiny engraved se als attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the1400s to 1200s BC.Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Mino an palace at Knossos(Knossós)on the island of Crete,in1900.[G]Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be su ccessful.Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking,looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery.They often include a certain amount of digging to test for bur ied materials at selected points across a landscape.Archaeologists also may locate buried r emains by using such technologies as ground radar,magnetic-field recording,and metal de tectors.Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around si tes.Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations,illustrating how sites look,and presenting the results of archaeological research.41---A---42.---F---43---G---44---D---45---BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chin ese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life.It might be poetic,philosophical,sen sual,or mathematical,but in any case it must,in my view,have something to do with th e soul of the human being.Hence it is metaphysical;but the means of expression is pure ly and exclusively physical:sound.I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.(46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we can do is articulate ou r reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reas on。
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谁才是网络中那个隐藏起来的优胜者？ 摘录 网络科学在许多民用和军事应用上已经很基础，正是由于其对于以网络结构为基础的复杂系统的巨大帮助。由于合著者的关系和引用（这篇文章）的关系，在研究领域构建了一个网络结构，网络科学可以在这个网络中做一些数据挖掘工作。例如寻找有影响力的研究人员和重要的研究论文。 在本文中，我们从给定的大型数据中提取有用的数据，并建立所需的合著及引文网络。为了所构建网络的视觉清晰度（就是为了让人一目了然），我们提出并实施了物理学中基于最小能量原理的应力优化算法，它提供了一种用于复杂网络的合理二维布局。然后我们建立了四种不同的变量（平均和，加权和，区域位置的统治力和信息的统治力），（1个变量）有向图和（3个变量）无向图，这样有参数和无参数的方法都包括了。此外，我们还提出了几个将有向图转变为无向图的方法。对于不管是最具影响力合著者还是最具影响力论文，这些方法测量得出了一致的结果。 然后，我们的模型从研究领域延伸到社会的其他领域，例如流行歌手，作曲家和电影明星；也得到了同样令人信服的结果（甚至使用二部图时）。此外，我们得出这样的结论：对于通过网络科技来解决问题的粗略标准就是——在网络中，有一个网络结构和一些需要通过网络传播的东西。而所有的实际实验符合这一说法。此外，从理论上和数据验证上得出，我们的参数方法保证了它的收敛性，因此对参数的要求是松散的。 总的来说，我们的模型在处理现实中基于网络上的问题上，是实际可靠地。但还是存在一些问题，比如计算复杂，缺乏自适应性，这些问题让模型不能便捷的运用。并且，对于某些问题，比如信息阶流，是超出模型的处理能力的。
介绍 近年来，网络科学在现实中涌现出了大量的网络结构，这对数据挖掘、动态系统等都有很大的帮助。在学术领域，我们可以对引文和合著的关系建立相应的网络结构，然后在这些网络中的数据挖掘工作就有了极大的意义。这里就有了一些简单的问题：如何衡量一个研究者的影响，或者说如何度量一篇研究论文的重要性？ 要回答这个问题，有一些基于网络的评估工具，使用合著（量）和被引用（量）的数据，以确定研究人员，期刊，出版物的影响因素，如：科学引文索引（SCI）、H因子、影响因子、特征因子，等。 我们的目标是设计高效率的度量方法，去分析网络研究中的影响力。并将其推广到其他社会领域内。具体而言，我们将在下文中做以下的事情： ① 用给定的数据建立一个合著者网络（系统），并将其绘制在二维平面上，然后提出若干措施，以确定谁是最有影响力的研究人员。 ② 通过合著者和被引（量）数据去估计该篇文献的重要性。 ③ 将模型扩展到其他社会上的领域或是在研究中的其他方面，然后测试和分析其性能。 ④ 从这个模型中获得启发，并讨论个人如何在实际中通过这个模型学习。 ⑤ 实施敏感性测试，分析其优缺点，以及潜在的研究方向。
任务1：如何建立Erdos1的合著者网络 首先，我们从问题所给的数据中建立Erdos1的合著网络。因为一对合著关系是对称的（相互的），所以我们用图论，去描述这个关系。在这里，我们建立一个简单无向图，把研究人员视为顶点，并把合著关系视为边。我们使用邻接矩阵存储这一关系，当N=511时，研究人员与Erdos有了合著关系。aij的元素就是是否有关系的指标。
研究人员i和j有合著关系时为1 其他为0
特别的，因为这个图是无向图，所以邻接矩阵A是对称的。 观察到数据是巨大的（有511个研究人员和超过18000条原始边），我们用程序来提取数据。具体的来说，就是用一个通过Ruby代码来实现的字符串匹配算法，就可以输出对应的邻接矩阵（包涵Erdos），以便于进一步使用。 一旦得到邻接矩阵A，它的一些简单性质（如，传递比率）就如下所列：
由于 平均 度6.70远小于511（顶点数量），所以这个图是稀疏的。此外，根据传递性比率，得出合著关系是温和地传递的。这些结果满足我们的直觉，就是说研究人员经常与那些熟悉的人合著，但在这种成对合作中，也有一些限制，比如时间限制。为了把这个图剖析的更深一些，我们做了如下的表二。
如表中所示，大多数的顶点，度比较小，而一小部分（16%）比较出名的作者，与许多作者共同写过论文（多个超过10）。这一事实通过由网络绘制的二维平面说明。由于需要设计一个可见的，适当的图像，这是非常困难的。在这里，如何定义“可见的”，是很复杂的。但很直观的来看，将两个连接的顶点放在一起让他们更接近，将两个没有边连接的顶点放的更远一些，这是更好地。
使用上述的研究方法，Gansner等人[ 1 ]开发了一个图形绘制方法称为应力优化stress majorization。假设在每一对顶点之间存在最佳距离（这些距离是根据某一标准设立的，比如上文已经讨论出的一个）。然后我们可以通过适当的设置顶点来接近这个最佳状态。我们提出一个指标来衡量这种“接近”。如下所示：
是顶点i的二维平面的位置 dij, wij分别是最佳距离和对应权重。II·II是欧氏距离。（引论[ 1 ]） i. dij是连接i和j的最短路径的总长度（通过 弗洛依德最短路径算法[ 2 ]计算），并且每一条边（i,j）都有一个长度。
ii． wij= dij-2 是对应的权重。 我们可以想象一下，在每一对顶点中间有一个机械弹簧 其平衡长度为dij， 刚度系数为wij 然后自然力将引导这个系统变成一个初始状态下的最小能量。这就促使我们使用了迭代方法，每次迭代都是一次优化步骤。
（trace：MATLAB函数，用于求二维方阵的迹，即该方阵对角线上元素之和） （L：拉普拉斯系数） 在这其中
然后，利用柯西不等式，我们可以得到，F（X,Y）≥Stress（X） （当且仅当X=Y时，取等号） 另外，我们有
在（6）中，L†是L的伪逆矩阵；因此，考虑下面的算法： i． 任取X¹
ii． 做的迭代，直到：
ε预定阈值 iii． 返回X(k)作为定点的最后位置
然后根据（5）到（6） 我们有
因此，在迭代过程中，能量是不增加的。此外，Xk会以一个接近于一的收敛速度接近一种最小能量状态[3]。因此，这种算法保证了[2]的最小化。
我们完成了这个算法并用Matlab2011a运行。设置ε=10^-5 (在上式的（7）中) 得出图1 其中红色空心三角形表示顶点，蓝线表示边。 如图所示，有42个联通的部分。其中最大的一个联通部分包含466个顶点。 虽然还有待改进，但它比起毫无章法的绘图，看起来清晰明了很多。例如，小度顶点的分布就很清楚。此外，大度数的顶点显示的不清晰，是因为二维图本身的问题，即，它本质上就很难画出。举个例子来说明，当n很大时，想要清晰的画出有n个顶点的完整图像总是很困难的。因此，忽略图1的缺陷来看，这个图像还是一个很好的对于合著关系的特性描述。
任务2 中心性（Centrality） 既然我们已经知道了合著者网络的一个结构，那么我们希望开发出一系列的措施，可以来获取在网络拓扑中，重要的东西。在社会科学领域中，有几种方法可以来分析在这个网络中，顶点的影响。我们选择了四个（我们认为）有效的措施来确定顶点的重要性。 ① 度中心性（Degree Centrality） 度中心性是最简单的中心性测量方式。其中，把一个顶点的中心性定义为 等于它的度 即，这个顶点连接的边的条数。在某种程度上，对于个人来讲，与其他人有更多关系的人会有更大的影响力，更高的声誉，或更多的信息来源；这看起来是很有道理的。因为共同合著一份底稿，通常意味着在作者之间是有很强的联系。 在合著者网络中，一个研究人员，其作为一个个体，他的合著者数量给了我们一个粗略的衡量，这个研究人员是否是有影响力的。基于这个想法，我们可以计算所有顶点的“中心性”，以降序排列，这里的“中心性”就完全是指的它的度了。这里，我们计算了每一个顶点的度，并且列举了前十位有影响力的作者，在表三中。 ② 特征向量中心性(Eigenvector Centrality) 特征向量中心性，由Bonacich 1987 [ 4 ]提出的，是一个自然延伸的程度中心性。在之前的方法中，我们为一个顶点所拥有的每个临接点授予一个“中心点”。但实际上，不同的临接点是不等价的。在许多情况下，一个有影响力的研究者，对他的合著者的影响是溢出的。基于这些想法，在特征向量中心性中，每个顶点的中心性，成比例于它的临接点的中心性的总和。即，
请注意，我们从动态的角度得到一个数列，{Wn}，其中Wn≠0且所有元素是非负的，随机抽取的。根据电源法的本质[ 5 ]，在某些规律性条件下，我们有
通过“特征向量中心性”的定义，我们可知λ1是A的唯一的主特征值，x1是对应的特征向量。这里，我们省略了一些简单的步骤，并在表4中列出了前十位（有影响力的）作家。
③ 紧密中心性（Closeness Centrality） 紧密中心性概念提供了一个完全不同的方法，其中一个顶点的重要性取决于这个顶点到其他顶点的平均距离。基于理论上所测得的路径，我们可以计算出两个顶点的距离，这是所测路径（最短路径）的长度。对于顶点i，平均距离定义如下： 其中dij是i到j的最短路径长度，同样的，沿着这条路径的边是最少的，n是顶点的数量。 直观的说，一个小的li表明顶点i与其他顶点是紧密的，从而有更多的信息获取。此外，紧密的顶点更容易相互交流，传达他们的想法，这就导致他们有更大的直接影响力。不像之前测量的度中心性和特征向量中心性，平均距离反而 因此，我们计算li的倒数，这就是我们定义的紧密中心性。
这里，我们以紧密中心性排列的方式列出了前十位有影响力的作者。
④ 介数中心性（Betweenness Centrality） 介数中心性提供了一个不同的概念。它测量的是一个顶点位于多少条其他顶点的路径上。具体而言，我们先假设有某种东西，通过网络从一个人流动到另一个人。例如，信息，新闻在社会网络中从一个人传递到另一个人，而合著者网络就是一个特殊的例子。然后我们做一下假设： I． 每单位时间，每一对连接的顶点从图中被挑选出的概率是相等的。然后这一对顶点交换信息。 II． 信息总是沿着（图中）测量的路径传递，如果同时有几个最短路径，则随机选择一个。 在一段适当的长时间内，信息沿路径传递的概率是相等的。因此，我们可以得出这样的结论：通过一个顶点传递的信息的数量与这个顶点所处路径的数量是成比例的。所
以，我们定义一个顶点i的介数中心性xi形如：