duty自恋型人格障碍英文简介
人格障碍
人格障碍人格障碍，或称人格疾患、人格异常、人格违常、人格异常疾患（英文：Personality Disorder）。
是精神疾病中的一种。
指对于一群特定拥有长期而僵化思想及行为病患的分类。
这类疾患常可因其人格和行为的问题而导致社会功能的障碍。
人格违常是据美国精神科医学会所定，这类疾患的表现是跨文化和国界的。
它们被定义成发病期至少要能追溯到成长期早期或更早。
要能符合人格违常诊断的最低标准是疾患本身必须已干扰到个人、社会、或职业功能。
严格意义的人格障碍，是变态心理学范围中一种介乎精神疾病及正常人格之间的行为特征。
人格障碍（personality disorders）是指人格特征显着偏离正常，使患者形成了特有的行为模式，对环境适应不良，常影响其社会功能，甚至与社会发生冲突，给自己或社会造成恶果。
人格障碍常开始于幼年，青年期定型。
持续至成年期或者终生。
人格障碍有时与精神疾病有相似之处或易于发生精神疾病，但其本身尚非病态。
严重躯体疾病，伤残，脑器质性疾病、精神疾病或灾难性生活体验之后发生的人格特征偏离，应列入相应疾病的人格改变。
儿童少年期的行为异常或成年后的人格特征篇离尚不影响其社会功能时，暂不诊断为人格障碍。
关于人格障碍流行学研究较少，一般认为某些机构如监袱、福利部门中的发病率高；Langer和Michael认为最低社会经济阶层的发生率较最高层大三倍；Leightons则认为社会秩序混乱地区的发生率较安全地区的总发生率大三倍。
人格障碍是由什么原因引起的？(一)发病原因人格是指由遗传决定，即个人先天素质及后天发育、习得，有机结合形成的总体精神活动(思维、情感和行为)模式。
人格特征可在社会活动、处理人际关系中表现出来，也可在社会生活实践中塑造和发展。
如脾气的温和或急躁、对事物反应敏捷或迟缓、对人诚实或虚假、热情或冷漠、信任或多疑、顺从或好斗、严厉或宽容、自尊或自卑、勤奋或懒惰、认真有责任感或马虎放任、保守或激进、务实或空谈、松弛或紧张、孤独或合群等。
16型人格英语
16型人格英语The 16 Personality Types: A Comprehensive ExplorationPersonality types have long been a subject of fascination and study in the field of psychology. One of the most widely recognized and comprehensive personality typing systems is the 16 personality types, developed by Isabel Briggs Myers and Katharine Cook Briggs, based on the work of Carl Jung. This system provides a detailed and insightful framework for understanding the unique traits, strengths, and preferences that shape an individual's personality and behavior.At the core of the 16 personality types are four dichotomies that represent different aspects of an individual's personality. These dichotomies are Extraversion (E) vs. Introversion (I), Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (N), Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F), and Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P). The combination of these four preferences results in 16 distinct personality types, each with its own set of characteristics and tendencies.The first dichotomy, Extraversion (E) vs. Introversion (I), reflects anindividual's orientation towards the external world or their inner world. Extraverted individuals tend to be more outgoing, energetic, and focused on the external environment, while introverted individuals are more introspective, reserved, and focused on their internal experiences.The second dichotomy, Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (N), refers to an individual's preferred method of gathering and processing information. Sensing types tend to be more practical, detail-oriented, and focused on the immediate, tangible aspects of reality, while intuitive types are more abstract, imaginative, and focused on patterns, possibilities, and the big picture.The third dichotomy, Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F), reflects an individual's preferred decision-making process. Thinking types tend to be more logical, analytical, and objective in their decision-making, while feeling types are more empathetic, values-driven, and subjective in their decision-making.The fourth and final dichotomy, Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P), relates to an individual's preferred approach to the outside world. Judging types tend to be more organized, structured, and goal-oriented, while perceiving types are more flexible, spontaneous, and adaptable.By combining these four dichotomies, the 16 personality typesemerge, each with its own unique blend of characteristics and preferences. These types include ISTJ (The Logistician), ISFJ (The Defender), INFJ (The Advocate), INTJ (The Architect), ISTP (The Virtuoso), ISFP (The Adventurer), INFP (The Healer), INTP (The Thinker), ESTP (The Entrepreneur), ESFP (The Entertainer), ENFP (The Campaigner), ENTP (The Debater), ESTJ (The Executive), ESFJ (The Caregiver), ENFJ (The Protagonist), and ENTJ (The Commander).Each of these 16 personality types has its own distinct set of strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. For example, ISTJs are known for their reliability, attention to detail, and practical problem-solving skills, while ENFPs are often characterized by their creativity, enthusiasm, and people-oriented nature.Understanding one's own personality type can be immensely valuable, as it can provide insights into our natural tendencies, preferences, and ways of interacting with the world. It can also help us to better understand and appreciate the unique perspectives and strengths of others, fostering more effective communication and collaboration.Moreover, the 16 personality types have practical applications in various areas of life, such as career development, relationship building, and personal growth. By recognizing our own personality type and those of others, we can better navigate the complexities ofwork, relationships, and personal challenges, and find ways to leverage our strengths and address our weaknesses.For instance, individuals with a Thinking (T) preference may excel in roles that require analytical and problem-solving skills, such as engineering or finance, while those with a Feeling (F) preference may thrive in roles that involve empathy, collaboration, and people-oriented tasks, such as counseling or human resources.Similarly, in relationships, understanding personality types can help individuals communicate more effectively, resolve conflicts, and build deeper connections. An Extravert (E) may appreciate the need for social interaction and excitement, while an Introvert (I) may value more quiet, introspective time.Ultimately, the 16 personality types offer a rich and nuanced understanding of human personality, providing a framework for self-discovery, personal growth, and more effective interactions with others. By embracing the diversity of personality types and recognizing the unique strengths and perspectives they bring, we can cultivate a richer, more fulfilling, and more harmonious world.。
自恋型人格障碍的识别与应对
自恋型人格障碍的识别与应对自恋型人格障碍是一种心理障碍，通常表现为对自己的过分自我看重，需要得到持续的赞美和肯定，缺乏同情他人的能力，以及与他人建立健康、平等的关系。
本文将从自恋型人格障碍的定义、症状特征、识别方法以及应对策略等方面进行探讨。
1. 自恋型人格障碍的定义自恋型人格障碍是一种心理学上的诊断分类，属于人格障碍范畴。
患有自恋型人格障碍的人常常认为自己是特殊的、与众不同的，并且对自己过于自负，不接受他人对自己的批评或指责。
他们经常渴望得到外界持续性的肯定和认可，虽然外表看似自信、充满魅力，但内心却存在着脆弱和自卑感。
2. 自恋型人格障碍的症状特征2.1 基本特征过度关注自我，认为自己具有特殊身份或特质；缺乏同情心，往往忽视他人感受和需要；强烈渴望赞美和肯定，但对批评反应过度敏感；没有足够的灵活性，坚持己见，并认为自己总是正确的。
2.2 行为特征常常谈论自己多于倾听他人；对他人成就缺乏真诚的祝贺或赞扬；在人际关系中表现出支配欲和优越感；难以建立相互尊重、平等的关系。
3. 自恋型人格障碍的识别方法要识别一个人是否患有自恋型人格障碍，并不是一件容易的事情。
因为许多人在某种程度上都具备某些自恋型人格障碍患者的特征。
然而，如果一个人同时表现出以下几点，则需要警惕可能存在自恋型人格障碍： - 过分追求成功和权力； - 对批评反应过度敏感； - 缺乏同情心，忽视他人感受。
在识别时，建议寻求专业心理医生或心理咨询师的帮助，进行全面评估和诊断。
4. 自恋型人格障碍的应对策略4.1 个体心理治疗通过个体心理治疗，如认知行为疗法、精神分析等方式来帮助患者认识到自己过度追求肯定和优越感的问题，并逐步调整这种不健康的心态。
4.2 家庭治疗家庭治疗可以帮助患者与家庭成员建立更健康、和谐的关系模式，减少患者对赞美和肯定的依赖，并提高其与他人沟通交流的能力。
4.3 社会支持鼓励患者加入社会团体或群体活动，增加社交机会和社会支持体系，建立更全面、积极健康的社交网络。
人格障碍
九种人格障碍及其典型案例人格障碍（Personality Disorder ），常见的有以下九种：1．反社会型人格障碍( Antisocial Personality Disorder )：冷酷无情；违法乱纪；撒谎成性；缺少焦虑感和羞耻感。
男性多见。
2．边缘型人格障碍( Borderline Personality Disorder; BPD )：情绪波动大；易冲动；自虐、自杀性行为；强烈的空虚感。
3．回避型人格障碍( Avoidant Personality Disorder )：惧怕交际；羞怯，自卑。
4．依赖型人格障碍( Dependent Personality Disorder )：惧怕独立行动；不能独立下决定，乐意把自己置于从属地位；很少拒绝他人；喜欢推卸责任；强烈的无助感。
女性多见。
5．表演型人格障碍( Histrionic Personality Disorder )：又称癔症型人格障碍（Hysterical Personality Disorder）：极端自我中心，喜欢当焦点；热情洋溢。
言语、动作夸张、做作，喜欢调情、放纵，追求刺激；经常诋毁他人，搬弄是非；情感肤浅、易变、脆弱；暗示性高，易受影响。
女性多见。
6．自恋型人格障碍( Narcissistic Personality Disorder )：喜欢直接或间接地夸奖自己；自认为独一无二，渴望被崇拜，喜欢指使他人；对成功、爱情、美丽抱有非分的幻想；自尊心脆弱，对批评非常敏感。
7．强迫型人格障碍( Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder )：严谨、刻板、固执，缺少生活情趣；完美主义，追求细节，而又缺乏自信，经常反复核对，优柔寡断，忽略全局。
8．偏执型人格障碍( Paranoid Personality Disorder )：敏感多疑，经常把好意当成恶意，敌对性强；非理性，对客观证据视而不见；自负，心胸狭窄，对批评耿耿于怀。
Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder——边缘性人格障碍英文范例
Case Study 1: Borderline Personality Disorder: Toni Abbott Part 1Toni Abbott is an 18 year old woman who lives at home with her mother and step-father. Toni recently surprised everyone by completing her Year 12 schooling - just. She is now enrolled in her first semester at the Canberra Institute of Technology (CIT), where she is studying a Certificate III in Childcare.Toni’s parents split up when she was 3yrs old, and she hasn't seen her father since. Hermother remarried, and she has two younger step sisters aged 13yrs and 11yrs. Toni has been healthy all her life, with no long term medical problems. She broke her arm during a scrag fight when she was in Yr 10, but that has been her only trip to hospital. She is tall and thin, with a body mass index of about 20. Her mother and sisters have no health problems, but her step-father has a dodgy back after a motorbike accident six years ago.Casey is Toni's partner, and is also aged 18 yrs. The pair met in Year 9 at Lake Serenity High School. They have had an on-again off again relationship ever since. Other than Casey, Toni doesn't really have any friends. Casey lives close by, and spends much time at Toni's place.Finances are quite tight in the Abbott household. Toni's mother is the manager of the nearby Diamonds Jewellery Store, and her step-father is a casual afternoon truck driver with ‘Post it Australia’. They have a mortgage on their home, but despite the tight finances they manage to pay for private health insurance. Toni is not eligible to receive a government benefit as her parents earn over the maximum income for her to receive a NewStart Allowance. This is irritating to Toni, who subsequently expects her family to financially support her until she gets a job. Toni earns $75 per week from her mother, in lieu of caring for her sisters each school afternoon.For some years now, Toni has been self harming by cutting her wrists with a razor. She cannot quite recall when this started, but probably it was some time after she refused to go to Toowoomba for the school holidays when she was in Yr 8. Toni had spent many school holidays in Queensland with her maternal grandparents, and it was something that she had previously enjoyed. However, her younger sisters still go there for school holidays.The cutting was fairly minor and well hidden, until about twelve months or so ago, when Toni became the victim of cyber-bullying. Like most teenagers, Toni has a facebook account that she accesses on a daily basis via her iPhone Facebook app. A very small number of previous school peers were always writing horrid things about Toni, and sometimes Casey as well. Toni describes this information as “nasty and bitchy”, and she also admits that she finds negative facebook comments incredibly difficult to manage. To overcome this, Toni has started connecting with a few of her CIT peers on social media.边缘性人格障碍 (Borderline personality disorder，简称BPD)。
npd人是不是过得很快乐啊？
NPD人是不是过得很快乐啊？这是一个备受争议的话题。
NPD，即自恋性人格障碍，是一种心理疾病，患者通常表现出自大、自私、缺乏同情心等特点。
对于这些患者来说，他们是否真的过得很快乐呢？我们需要明确一点：NPD并不是一种让人羡慕的状态。
虽然患者可能会表现出自信、自尊的特点，但这种自信往往是建立在对他人的轻视和忽视之上的。
NPD患者往往缺乏真正的自我认知和内心的满足感，他们需要不断地通过外界的认可来维持自己的自尊心。
这种依赖性和脆弱性使得他们很难真正地感到快乐和满足。
NPD患者往往会面临着许多问题和挑战。
他们往往会因为缺乏同情心和理解能力而难以建立和维持良好的人际关系，这会导致他们感到孤独和失落。
NPD患者往往会对自己的表现和成就过度关注，这会导致他们对自己的要求过高，从而产生焦虑和压力。
这些问题和挑战使得NPD患者很难真正地感到快乐和满足。
我们也不能忽视NPD患者的积极面。
他们往往具有强烈的自我驱动力和目标感，这使得他们在事业上往往表现出色。
NPD患者往往具有高度的自信和决断力，这使得他们在面对挑战和困难时能够保持镇定和自信。
这些积极面让NPD患者在某些领域中表现出色，但也不能掩盖他们内心的不安和不满。
NPD人并不一定过得很快乐。
虽然他们往往具有积极的特点和表现出色，但他们也面临着许多问题和挑战，很难真正地感到快乐和满足。
我们需要更加理解和关注这些患者，帮助他们建立健康的自我认知和人际关系，从而让他们过上更加幸福的生活。
NPD人并不一定过得很快乐。
虽然他们往往具有积极的特点和表现出色，但他们也面临着许多问题和挑战，很难真正地感到快乐和满足。
我们需要更加理解和关注这些患者，帮助他们建立健康的自我认知和人际关系，从而让他们过上更加幸福的生活。
我就是我——自恋型人格如是说
我就是我——自恋型人格如是说作者：Little2来源：《科学Fans》2016年第11期不知道同学们身边有没有这种人，他们总是表现出一种以自我为中心的思考方式，把自己当成了童话故事或者言情小说中的主角，以为全世界都要围绕着他们运转，稍有不顺心就无理取闹，想要得到他人的迁就与配合……这种现象被贴切地形容为“没有公主的命，却有公主的病”，也就是网络上常说的“公主病”或“王子病”。
当这些所谓的“公主”或“王子”们过度地以自我为中心时，就可能是心理学上所说的自恋人格在作祟。
顾影自怜的水仙花——自恋人格自恋人格的英文名称是Narcissism，源于希腊语narkissos，意为水仙花。
用这个词指代自恋实际上出自一个希腊的神话故事：河神刻菲索斯与水泽神女利里俄珀生下了一个儿子，取名那喀索斯（Narcissus）。
在那喀索斯16岁时，他已经成长为一个人见人爱的美男子。
然而，他却看不上他的那些追求者，反而爱上了自己在水中的倒影，每天对着自己的影子茶饭不思，最终憔悴而死。
他死后倒下的地方，长出了他的化身——水仙花，继续着他生前的事业，生长在水边，顾影自怜。
心理学家们借用这个故事，形象地描绘出自恋人格的一个核心特质，即高度的自我优越感。
高度自恋者将本该投入到外在对象的心理能量，全部集中到了自我之中。
儿童在早年经历过人际关系的挫折，比如父母的虐待、冷漠拒绝，父母离异长期分居，或者父母的溺爱，会让他们产生对外在对象（也就是客体）的不信任。
因此，他们就会将注意力退缩回自己身上，认为只有自己爱自己才是安全和理所当然的，进而构建出了一个不正常的、夸大的自我。
当然，后来的社会学习理论研究者对于自恋人格给出了更为直接而简洁的解释，他们认为自恋人格来源于儿童成长环境中对他们的过度赞誉。
换句话说，在早年经历中缺乏挫折和父母的一味溺爱才是自恋人格生长的温床，儿童在这种环境中认为他们是完美的或与众不同的，形成了对自己不切实际的夸张幻想。
自恋及自恋障碍
用于自我及养育自己的女人。这被他称之为原始的自恋。氟氏同时认为， 这首次的爱是种自体性欲的性满足，它是被当作一种活命的功能来体验的， 其目的在于自我保护，原始的自恋被他假定为见于每一个人。在原始自恋 里，孩子爱养育自己的女人是将其当作自己的一体来爱的，孩子尚没有能 力将养育自己的女人独立开来，但这也为以后爱一个独立于自己的个体打 下了基础。
? 1967年，Joffe和Sandler率先明确指出了自恋和自恋障碍的研究 方向，他们认为“临床上认识自恋和自恋障碍必须要考虑到社 会文化对其的影响，情感、态度、价值和理想是后现代心理学 很重要的部分，因而研究自恋必须考虑上述因素，而不单单是 内驱力或假设力比多的问题。
? Pulve（ 1968）认为自恋是“一种广阔的，非特殊的概念，描 述了许多现象，所有这些现象归因于对自我的评价。”
以這幅《 Narcissus 》舉例來說， 卡拉瓦喬所使用的光並不是自然光， 而是一束來自上方的光。他擅長運 用強光與黑影來突出畫面的主體， 對比強烈，不作繁瑣的細節描繪。 人物完全沉 於黑暗之中，好像置於 深遂的地窖裡一樣，然後用集中的 光源，把主要的部分給突顯出來， 明確而深刻。
自恋的艺术性表达
? 2、性本能至上 ：后世对 Freud最强烈的反抗在于他的自 恋理论是内驱力理论的一部分，自我有许多复杂源泉和 许多防御和适应能力，这些不能单独由内驱力理论解释。
? 3、对精神病性障碍的不全解释 ：认为自恋是精神病性障 碍的基础，后世认为精神病性障碍的病因学是个复杂的 混合体，它涉及到遗传，社会文化环境，自我功能等因 素，不能单用自恋来解释。
? 继发性自恋 ? Freud认为，人首先将爱的力必多投向自己，随后健康发展，将其投向客