Session 11 - Payment Systems For Electronic Commerce
电子商务安全外国文献翻译
英文翻译*名：**学号：**********指导教师：***专业：电子商务（文）班级：电子商务0903班时间：2013年4月24日电子商务系电子商务系英文翻译评价表英文原文Issues of Security and Privacy in Electronic CommercePart I ---- Introduction & MotivationPeixian LIIntroductionSince the invention of the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989, Internet-based electronic commerce has been transformed from a mere idea into reality. Consumers browse through catalogues, searching for best offers, order goods, and pay them electronically. Information services can be subscribed online, and many newspapers and scientific journals are even readable via the Internet. Most financial institutions have some sort of online presence, allowing their customers to access and manage their accounts, make financial transactions, trade stocks, and so forth. Electronic mails are exchanged within and between enterprises, and often already replace fax copies. Soon there is arguably no enterprise left that has no Internet presence, if only for advertisement reasons. In early 1998 more than 2 million web servers were connected to the Internet, and more than 300 million host computers. And even if actual Internet business is still marginal: the expectations are high. For instance, Anderson consulting predicts Internet business to grow from $10 billion in 1998 to $500 billion in 2002.Thus, doing some electronic business on the Internet is already an easy task. As is cheating and snooping. Several reasons contribute to this insecurity: The Internet does not offer much security per-se. Eavesdropping and acting under false identity is simple. Stealing data is undetectable in most cases. Popular PC operating systems offer little or no security against virus or other malicious software, which means that users cannot even trust the information displayed on their own screens. At the same time, user awareness for security risks is threateningly low.A report from Goldman, Sachs & Conotes that while commercial properties such as Yahoo! and eBay receive a lot of attention from investors, business to business ECommerce is on the verge of exponential growth. The report predicts that ECommerce will be worth USD1.5 trillion by 2004. However, according to a survey by Net Effect Systems, while 94 percent of online consumers use the Internet to shop, just 10 percent say they prefer to buy things online. 74 percent of consumers cited security and privacy concerns.Therefore, if the security and privacy problems are addressed e-shoppers will be converted intoe-buyers, and the ECommerce will be pushed a big step forward.Non-technical Issues1. Security AwarenessMost opinion surveys list "insecurity of financial transactions" and "loss of privacy" among the major impediments to electronic commerce, but in fact most users have only ague ideas about the threats and risks, and a very limited understanding of the technical and legal options for minimizing their risk. As a result all kinds of misperceptions exist.For instance, the cardholder's risk in sending his or her credit card number over the Internet is typically overestimated. At least as of this writing payments over the Internet are treated like mail-order/telephone-order transactions, which means that the cardholder is not liable at all. All risk is with the merchant.On the other hand, the risks in sending sensitive data in an electronic mail are typically underestimated. Probably most users of email know the mere facts: neither confidentiality nor integrity nor availability is guaranteed. But nevertheless many users do not hesitate to send all kind of very personal and sensitive data to their friends or colleagues, unprotected.Unfortunately, developers of electronic commerce solutions are often as security unaware and ignorant as their prospective users. For instance, still many developers demand that security must be provided by "lower layers" in a "transparent" way. But, for instance, Secure Socket Layer (SSL) in an "opaque socket integration" does not make any sense in most case. Security has to be an integral part of the architecture, design, and implementation.2. Crypto RegulationsSeveral countries regulate the deployment of strong encryption technology by law. For instance, France controls the domestic use of encryption technology, in order to maintain the capability to eavesdrop on the communication of criminals. The USA prohibits the export of strong encryption products for the mass market, for the same reasons as it controls the export of munitions.Such regulations do not discriminate between “good” and “bad” applications, and limit the security of honest citizens and companies to at least the same extent as they limit the security of terrorists and organized crime. Therefore several governments, in particular the US administration, are willing to relax their crypto regulations, provided access to the encrypted information would still be possible on demand. The idea is to introduce new “Trusted Third Parties” where secret keys must either be escrowed in advance, or can be recovered afterwards.All these proposals are still heavily contested, for various technical and political reasons: The Trusted Third Parties would be “single points of failure” for everybody’s, i.e., new and extremelyattractive targets for attacks. It is questionable whether any regulation of encryption technology can be effective in fighting organized crime: tools for strong encryption are publicly available, and steganographic techniques can perfectly conceal the fact that cryptographic techniques are applied.Many types of commercial transactions require strong confidentiality, which cannot be satisfied in some countries, or across some borders. For instance, consider two large companies that prepare a merger. Clearly their negotiations require top confidentiality. Even the fact that they are preparing the merger, i.e., that they acre communicating intensively, will be extremely sensitive. This requires actually services for anonymous communication. Nevertheless using the appropriate cryptographic tools would be illegal in many countries.Political regulations are not subject to scientific research. But we clearly see the need for an international agreement on a more liberal and consistent regulation of cryptography. Electronic commerce demands strong confidentiality, which can be implemented only by strong encryption schemes.3. Legal IssuesSurveying the open legal problems in electronic commerce is beyond the scope of this article. The two most important security-related problems are the following:•Liability: The financial risk of a user in a specific transaction depends on his or her liability. In principle, if a user bears no liability, there is no risk.The main issue here is fairness: The liability of a user should correspond to the security of his or her technical equipment. For instance, if it is technically trivial to forge the digital signature of a user then this party should not be held liable for his or her signatures, in general.•Harmonization: The national laws that regulate electronic commerce over the Internet (like evidential value of digital signatures, consumer protection, copyright protection) are notharmonized, and are partially contradictory. One side result is that there is no mutual recognition between national PKIs, even where comparable laws exist.Technical Components of eCommerce SecurityThere are four components involved in ECommerce Security: client software, server software, the server operating system, and the network transport. Each component has its own set of issues and challenges associated with securing them:•Client software is becoming increasingly more security-focused, however single-user desktop operating systems historically have had no security features implemented. ECommerce software that relies on the security of the desktop operating system is easily compromised without theenforcement of strict physical controls.•Server software is constantly under test and attack by the user community. Although there have been cases of insecurities, a system administrator keeping up with the latest patches and vendor information can provide a high degree of confidence in the security of the server itself.•Operating systems used for hosting ECommerce servers are securable, but rarely shipped from the vendor in a default configuration that are secure. ECommerce servers must protect thedatabase of customer information accumulating on the server as well as provide security while the server is handling a transaction. If it is easier for a thief to compromise the server to obtain credit card numbers, why bother sniffing the network for individual credit card numbers?•Session transport between the client and server uses network protocols that may have little or no built-in security. In addition, networking protocols such as TCP/IP were not designed to haveconfidentiality or authentication capabilities.Why No Unified Standard MethodThe methods and models of securing ECommerce transactions are as diverse as the transactions themselves. ECommerce transactions are performed with varying levels of security, from sending requests in the clear, to encrypted password protection, to using digital certificates.So why not simplify things by implementing one standard method for securing ECommerce transactions? The problem with creating one standard solution is that there are different and sometimes conflicting goals in securing a transaction. The objectives of the merchant may not be the same as those of the user or bank. The merchant, for example, requires a valid transaction, liability coverage, and payment for goods and services. The user would like to purchase a product, protect privacy (name, address, and payment information), and pay for only the products they have agreed to purchase. The institutions providing payment would like to detect and prevent fraud. Many security solutions address one or more of these security goals—but where one solution may focus on providing privacy, another may focus only on transaction validation.In addition to the differences in security goals, vendors and governments introduce complications into selecting security standards for ECommerce. Vendors disagree on implementations and try to push their own products into standards. National governments try to limit and control use of encryption to secure ECommerce transactions. One of the benefits of ECommerce is that it allows a small company to distribute and sell products globally. But national laws and regulations can dilute the standards to the lowest common denominator.Issues of Security and Privacy in Electronic CommercePart II ---- State-of-the-art ReportPeixian LICryptography & Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)1. The need for cryptography in electronic communicationsCryptography has been around for centuries; as long as there has been communication, there has been the need for privacy and safe, secure methods of transmission. Although many types of difficult problems can be classified as cryptography problems, what we are mostly concerned with today is the ability to keep transmissions private through the use of data encryption techniques. This has become an even greater issue due to the changing nature of communications since the information revolution. More and more people rely on electronic communications for the transmission of sensitive or personal data; e-mail, e-commerce, FTP, and HTML are all examples of technology that have already filtered into the social consciousness as primary ways for disseminating and gathering information and for exchanging goods and services. While this technological shift has made communication faster, easier, and better in many ways, it has also brought along with it a whole host of difficult problems and social policy issues.The main problem that comes with electronic communications is the ease with which transmissions can be eavesdropped or impersonated. Paper communications obviously have security problems as well: documents can be stolen, steamed open, have forged signatures or changed contents. However, if someone is trying to catch a specific transmission (or type of communication), it is much easier when dealing with an electronic medium. It is a trivial matter for people to set up programs that systematically scan e-mail for keywords, or that sniff packets in a Telnet session for passwords, whereas randomly steaming open mass quantities of paper mail looking for a certain document is clearly infeasible. Also, since there can be (and often are) multiple copies of any given electronic transmission, it is difficult to know if someone has stolen a copy or somehow altered the original.Secondly, there is an access control problem. Many electronic transmissions are made in a broadcast manner, as seen with cable or satellite television and wireless phones. People can install devices to intercept these transmissions, and senders usually have no way to either monitor or stop this. In order to prevent unwanted people from making free use of their services, senders must encrypt their outgoing transmissions. To their paying customers, they can give special devices to decrypt the information.Finally, there is the problem of authentication: electronic communications are impersonal, and can be easily forged by impersonating IP addresses, changing "sender fields" in e-mail, "cloning" cellular phone numbers, and so forth. In order for people to want to - and, indeed, be able to - use electronic communication in the coming years, it is essential that these problems be resolved. Right now, advances in cryptography are the best way to address these issues. Data encryption not only provides privacy and access control by rendering communications illegible to unauthorized parties; it can provide effective authentication as well through the use of digital signatures and timestamps.2. The primary forms of cryptographyThere are two main forms of cryptography: secret-key (or symmetric) and public-key (or asymmetric).Secret-key cryptographySecret-key cryptography is the more traditional form, and has been used for all kinds of communications throughout the ages. In this method, one "key" is used to both encrypt and decrypt the data. A key can be anything from a secret-decoder ring found in a cereal box to a highly complex mathematical algorithm; keys really only differ in the ease with which they can be broken by third parties. In secret-key cryptography, the sender and receiver must have the same key in order for the transmission to work correctly.Secret-key cryptography suffers from two overwhelming problems. First, any two people that want to communicate with each other must first agree on the key to use. This makes it more difficult to send information to people that you do not already know, and large-scale communication becomes much more difficult. The second, more fundamental, problem is that of "key management", which is the system for transmission and storage of keys. In order to agree on a key, there must first be some sort of communication that occurs, and this communication itself can be eavesdropped. If some third party catches the key that is being used, then all further communications between the two parties are no longer secure and private. Also, the third party could easily impersonate communications because it is believed that no one else knows the key. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that the initial parties might have no way of knowing that the key was stolen. This key management issue causes a "repudiation problem": later on, either of the parties could repudiate messages that had been sent with secret-key encryption, claiming that the key had been stolen and that the messages were compromised or faked. Thus, there is always an inherent lack of security and trust in a purely secret-key environment.Public-key cryptographyThe key management problem inherent to secret-key cryptography needed to be addressed in order for large-scale, secure use of data encryption techniques. In 1976, Whitfield Diffie, a cryptographer and privacy advocate, and Martin Hellman, an electrical engineer, working together discovered the concept of public-key encryption. Instead of having one key shared among both users of an encrypted transmission, each user has his or her own public/private key pair. A user makes the public key open and available to anyone (by publishing it on-line or registering it with a public key server), and keeps the private key hidden away where (hopefully) no one can get at it. The private key is mathematicallyderived from the public key, and thus the two are linked together. In order to send someone a message, the sender encrypts the transmission with the receiver's public key. This can then only be decrypted by the receiver's private key. Thus, anyone can encrypt a message with someone else's public key, but only that person would ever be able to read it.This method solves the problems of secret-key cryptography. Because the only key information that needs to be shared is made public, there is no worry about some third party intercepting and possessing the key. This makes the users of the encryption surer that their transmissions are secure and private. It also solves the repudiation problem, because there is no third party that could ever be blamed - each individual is responsible for safeguarding his or her own private key.The inherent weakness of the public-key method is that the two keys are linked together mathematically. If a third party figures out the exact way that an individual's private key is derived from his or her public key, the whole security of the system will be lost. The only way around this liability (so far) has been to make the derivation so incredibly complex that a brute force attempt to crack it would take a prohibitively long amount of time. As Phil Zimmerman, author of the Pretty Good Policy (PGP) public-key encryption package says of his software: "if they [the NSA] are just having to use methods that are not too much shorter than what we know in published academic literature, then it could be from now until the next ice age before they can break it." It is easy to see that the quality of the method used to create keys is essential to the success of any public-key system.Digital signaturesPublic-key also provides a mechanism for authenticating messages that secret-key techniques do not: digital signatures. The sender of a message completes a calculation (performed by a hash function) involving the actual file structure to be transmitted, and his or her private key, and the result of this (the digital signature itself) is appended to the end of the transmission. The receiver can then perform a calculation involving the received message and the sender's public key, and if everything is valid, the sender's identity will have been verified. A benefit of this signature method is that it not only verifies the sender's identity; it also verifies that the original contents of the transmission have not been alteredin anyway. Because the signature is derived from both the key and the data itself, changing the data later on will cause the receiver's verification to fail. This provides authentication that is even better than a signature on a paper document: a signature can be forged, or the contents of the document could somehow be secretly altered, but with public-key authentication, this cannot be done.Comparison of cryptography methodsClearly, public-key systems have the advantage in terms of security and privacy, due to a key management strategy that is inherently more secure. They are also more convenient because there is no extra step necessary to decide on a common key, and the sender does not have to communicate with the receiver prior to the actual transmission. This is an advantage when people who do not actually know each other want to communicate, and when an individual wants to disseminate information on a large scale. Furthermore, public-key systems provide an extra layer of authentication, via the digitalsignatures, that is missing in secret-key systems; this property of non-repudiation is essential, especially when dealing with transmissions of a critical nature.The primary disadvantage of public-key systems is the fact that they are slower, due to the extra steps involved in the encryption/decryption process. One way around this is to use a "digital envelope", which is a combination of the best features of public- and secret-key systems. A message is encrypted with secret-key cryptography, and the encrypted message and the secret key itself are transmitted via public-key cryptography to the receiver. This allows the actual messages to be sent using the speed of secret-key cryptography, but using the public-key method to prevent the secret-key from being intercepted. The two parties could then continue to use their secret key for as long as they deemed appropriate, because they have already paid the one-time overhead cost of sending the secret key.Because of the different natures of these two cryptography schemes, there is no one method that is always best for every given situation. Secret-key cryptography can be best taken advantage of when there is already a closed, secure environment (such as a well-protected LAN) or single-user environment (such as a user encrypting files on a non-networked PC). Public-key cryptography is usually preferable when there is an open, unsecured, multi-user environment (such as the Internet), and there is no safe, reliable way to transmit private key information.3. What is Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) and Why is it popularPretty Good Privacy (PGP) was developed by Phil Zimmerman in 1991, as a response to a controversial measure in Senate Bill 266 that would have required all encryption techniques to include a back door for law enforcement. PGP is software that combined several high-quality, existing public-key encryption algorithms and protocols into one package for secure, reliable electronic mail and file transfer. PGP provides not only encryption of data, but digital signatures, data compression, and smooth compatibility with e-mail systems. It is able to run on multiple platforms, and it is freely available for download in the US. Due to the usage of RSA, IDEA, Diffie-Hellman, 3DES, and CAST algorithms, PGP falls under the export restrictions of the ITAR, and may not be legally exported.For sending digital signatures, PGP uses an efficient algorithm that generates a hash code from the user's name and other information about the data to be transmitted. This hash code is then encrypted with the sender's private key. The receiver uses the sender's public key to decrypt the hash code. If it matches the hash code sent as the digital signature for the message, then the receiver is sure that the message has arrived securely from the stated sender.PGP is pretty popular now, especially in the email system, because of its advantages:•The software is available - for personal use - for free worldwide, in versions that run on a variety of platforms, including DOS, Windows, Unix, and Macintosh.•PGP is based on algorithms that have survived extensive public review and are considered extremely secure (such as RSA, IDEA, MD5, and Diffie-Hellman).•PGP has a wide range of applicability. It can be used by corporations that want to enforce a standardized scheme for encrypting files and messages, by individuals who wish tocommunicate securely over the Internet and other networks, by political groups actively resisting the government in totalitarian countries, and so on.•It was not developed by, nor is it controlled by, any governmental or standards organization. For the many people with an instinctive distrust of "the establishment" or Big Brother, this makesPGP attractive.4. What is PGP’s limitationThe main weakness in a public system is this: How do I know that the public key really belongs to my correspondent?The most trivial case is the one where the correspondents have had an opportunity to meet, and they've handed over a copy of their keys on floppy disk. They can each be sure that the keys belong to the other person. Obviously, if it is possible to do this then it is surely a good method of knowing that a key may be trusted, however, it is not always practical - otherwise why use Public Key? What if the correspondents never met? This is where key signatures come in.If you have personally verified that a given key belongs to a given person, then it is common practice to sign that key. The signature is made with your private key - so only you can make the signature - your signature may be verified by anybody, comparing the signature with your public key.Now suppose Alice and Bob have a mutual friend, David. David has signed both Alice's key and Bob's key, and both Alice and Bob have a verified copy of David's key.When Bob examines Alice's key he observes that her key was signed by David, Bob trusts that David is reliable when it comes to signing other people's keys. Therefore Bob can be fairly certain that the key belongs to Alice.The thing with PGP in particular is that YOU decide who is trustworthy when it comes to key signing. For instance, it could be that David signs any old key without really verifying the key (as described above) - or it could be that David's private key doesn't belong to David at all. In these cases you'd mark David's key as being "untrustworthy" and his signature would carry no weight.In this way, by verifying and signing keys wherever possible a "web of trust" may be built up. With trusted keys vouching for new keys. Of course, the weak point is now that person who signs a key without justification - this is why PGP is configurable to allow the user to say how much they trust a key's owner to sign other keys, how many valid signatures are required for a valid key, etc.Protocols for Securing ECommerce TransactionThe security of ECommerce transactions depends both on the network protocols and the payment framework used to perform the transaction.Network Transport SecurityModels such as SET, CAFÉ, DigiCash, First Virtual, and Millicent provide a secure payment method. However, the transaction still depends on the privacy and authentication of the data stream. BasicTCP/IP networking protocols do not include encryption and strong authentication. Higher level protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and Telnet do little to provide advanced security measures beyond userid and password authentication. All information sent using these protocols is unencrypted, so the data stream lacks confidentiality.Traditional networking protocols and applications are unable to enforce strong security measures for performing ECommerce transactions securely. This lack of security led to the design and implementation of many new security protocols that strive to reach different security goals. There are some secure transport protocols that provide confidentiality and authentication between systems and applications by using encryption. The following section describes some of the more popular secure transport protocols.•Virtual Private Networking (VPN)The Internet’s lack of security may leave you leery. What can you do if you just want to give company insiders and a few select business partners and customers easy and relatively secure remote access to company data via the Internet? You can set up a virtual private network.Virtual Private Networking technology provides the medium to use the public Internet backbone as an appropriate channel for private data communication. With encryption and encapsulation technology, a VPN essentially carves out a private passageway through the Internet. VPNs will allow remote offices, company road warriors, and even business partners or customers to use the Internet, rather than pricey private lines, to reach company networks. So the companies can save a lot of money.You can also use VPNs to link remote LANs together or give traveling staffers, work-at-home employees, and business partners a simple way to reach past company firewalls and tap into company resources. Virtual private networks are flexible. They are point-to-multipoint connections, rather than point-to-point links. They can be set up or closed down at the network administrator's will, making them ideal for short-term projects.VPN has many advantages: It is much cheaper for connecting WANs than 800 numbers or dedicated T1 lines. It provides encryption and authentication services for a fairly good measure of privacy. Maintenance of the WAN-to-WAN connection is left to Internet Service Providers. It is highly flexible, and can be set up and taken down very easily.Virtual private networks may be new, but the tunneling technology they're based on is well established. Tunneling is a way to transfer data between two similar networks over an intermediate。
电子商务英语词汇大全掌握电子商务领域的重要英语词汇把握商机
电子商务英语词汇大全掌握电子商务领域的重要英语词汇把握商机电子商务英语词汇大全：掌握电子商务领域的重要英语词汇，把握商机在如今数字化和全球化的时代，电子商务已经成为商业运营中不可忽视的一部分。
无论是为了拓展市场，还是为了与国际客户交流，掌握电子商务领域的英语词汇变得至关重要。
本文将为您提供一份电子商务英语词汇大全，助您更好地理解和应用电子商务。
1. E-commerce - 电子商务- Definition: The buying and selling of goods and services conducted over electronic systems such as the internet.- Sentence: With the rise of e-commerce, many traditional retailers have started to develop their online presence.2. Online marketplace - 网上市场- Definition: A website or platform where buyers and sellers engage in transactions.- Sentence: Amazon and Alibaba are two famous online marketplaces that provide a wide range of products.3. Digital marketing - 数字营销- Definition: Promoting products or services through digital channels, such as social media, search engines, and email marketing.- Sentence: Digital marketing has become an essential strategy for businesses to reach their target audience.4. B2B (Business-to-Business) - 企业对企业- Definition: The exchange of goods or services between businesses.- Sentence: Many manufacturers rely on B2B platforms to connect with suppliers and distributors.5. B2C (Business-to-Consumer) - 企业对消费者- Definition: The exchange of goods or services from businesses to consumers.- Sentence: Online retailers are focused on enhancing the B2C shopping experience to attract more customers.6. Dropshipping - 代发货- Definition: A retail fulfillment method where the seller does not keep products in stock, but instead transfers customer orders and shipment details to a manufacturer or supplier who directly ships the products to the customer.- Sentence: Dropshipping has gained popularity among entrepreneurs due to its low startup costs and ease of operation.7. Payment gateway - 支付网关- Definition: A platform that authorizes payments for e-commerce transactions.- Sentence: Integrating a secure payment gateway is crucial for online businesses to facilitate smooth and secure transactions.8. CRM (Customer Relationship Management) - 客户关系管理- Definition: A system or strategy for managing and analyzing customer interactions and data to improve business relationships.- Sentence: Many companies use CRM software to keep track of customer preferences and provide personalized services.9. SEO (Search Engine Optimization) - 搜索引擎优化- Definition: The practice of optimizing websites to rank higher in search engine results pages.- Sentence: By implementing effective SEO strategies, businesses can increase their visibility online and attract organic traffic.10. Data analytics - 数据分析- Definition: The process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to gain insights and make informed business decisions.- Sentence: Data analytics helps businesses identify market trends and customer behavior to develop effective marketing strategies.11. Mobile commerce - 移动商务- Definition: Conducting commercial transactions through mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets.- Sentence: The rise of mobile commerce has transformed the way consumers shop and interact with businesses.12. Cross-border e-commerce - 跨境电子商务- Definition: The online sale of goods or services between businesses and consumers in different countries.- Sentence: Cross-border e-commerce has opened up new opportunities for businesses to access global markets.在电子商务领域成功运营，不仅需要了解上述关键英语词汇，还需要不断学习和掌握行业的最新趋势和技术。
电商专业术语缩写英文
电商专业术语缩写英文E-commerce Terminology and Abbreviations.E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, has revolutionized the way businesses and consumers interact, leading to the emergence of a unique language filled with abbreviations and terminologies. Understanding these termsis crucial for anyone looking to navigate the world ofonline trading. Here's a comprehensive list of common e-commerce abbreviations and terminologies, explained in detail.1. SKU (Stock Keeping Unit)。
SKU stands for Stock Keeping Unit, a unique code usedto identify a specific product within a business's inventory. It typically includes information like the brand, product line, and unique characteristics that distinguish one item from another.2. ASO (App Store Optimization)。
ASO refers to optimizing a mobile app to rank higher in app store search results. This involves techniques like keyword optimization, improving app ratings and reviews, and enhancing app metadata.3. B2B (Business-to-Business)。
介绍中国移动支付的英语
介绍中国移动支付的英语China has witnessed a remarkable transformation in the realm of payments, thanks to the widespread adoption of mobile payment systems. These systems, led by Alipay and WeChat Pay, have revolutionized the way people conduct financial transactions, reshaping the economic landscape and societal norms.The rise of mobile payments in China can be traced back to the early 2000s, when the country's tech giants started exploring innovative ways to leverage the growingpopularity of smartphones. By leveraging advanced technologies like big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence, these companies created mobile payment platforms that were not just convenient but also secure and efficient.One of the key factors driving the adoption of mobile payments in China is the widespread ownership of smartphones. Almost every individual in the country owns a smartphone, which has enabled the rapid spread of these payment systems. Furthermore, the integration of mobile payments into daily life has been seamless, with merchants,government agencies, and even street vendors accepting mobile payments.Another significant factor is the trust that consumers have placed in these mobile payment platforms. Through years of reliable service and严格 compliance with data privacy regulations, Alipay and WeChat Pay have earned the trust of millions of users. This trust has been further strengthened by the introduction of innovative featureslike QR code payments, in-app payments, and peer-to-peer transfers.The impact of mobile payments in China has been profound. It has not only made financial transactionsfaster and easier but has also led to a significant reduction in the use of cash. This has had a ripple effect on various industries, including retail, transportation, and healthcare. Mobile payments have also fostered the growth of e-commerce and digital services, propelling China to the forefront of the global digital economy.Moreover, mobile payments have had a significant impact on financial inclusion. By providing access to financial services to those who were previously excluded, mobilepayments have empowered millions of individuals, especially in rural and underserved areas. This has led to increased economic activity and social well-being, further strengthening the position of China as a global leader in mobile payments.In conclusion, the mobile payment revolution in China has transformed the way people live and conduct business.It has not only made financial transactions more convenient but has also fostered innovation, economic growth, and financial inclusion. As the world increasingly moves towards a digital economy, the experiences and lessons learned from China's mobile payment revolution provide valuable insights for other nations to emulate and adapt to their own contexts.**中国移动支付的革命**中国移动支付的普及和广泛应用，推动了这个国家在支付领域发生了显著的变化。
电商专业英语题库11
1 单选1、What is the World Wide Web?（）CA、a computer gameB、a software programC、the part of the Internet that enables information-sharing via interconnected pagesD、another name for the InternetB 2、( )are financial institutions that provides a customer with a payment card.A、Credit card associationsB、Issuing banksC、Payment processing servicesD、Acquiring banksA 3、Company XYZ sells products to individuals. What EC classification do they fit?A、B2CB、B2BC、C2CD、B2GC4、( )function creates a message digest out of a message.A、encryptionB、decryptionC、hashD、none of the aboveD 5、Which of the following is a platform free language? A、Fortran B、Assembly C、C D、JavaB 6、A ( ) is a database of resources that can be searched by keywords.A、directoryB、search engineC、CRLD、serverD7、All the following are types of e-commerce except( ). A、B2B B、G2B C、B2C D、D2CC8、A computer on the Internet that hosts data, that can be accessed by web browsers using HTTP is known as( ).A、Web RackB、Web SpaceC、Web ServerD、Web ComputerB9、( )founded .A、Alan KayB、Jeff BezosC、Bill GatesD、Andy GroveC10、( ) is a technique used by criminals to convert money that they have obtained illegally into cash that they can spend without having it identified as the proceeds of an illegal activity.A、Money issuingB、Money exchangingC、Money launderingD、Double spendingA11、To download is to( ).A、bring information from the Internet to your computerB、both send and receiving files on the InternetC、send a file to another computer on the InternetD、do none of the aboveC12、UDP works at which layer of the TCP/IP model?A、physical layerB、network layerC、transport layerD、application layerB13、( ) is the protocol suite used to create and transport information packets across the internet.A、ftpB、TCP/IPC、httpD、wwwB14、When Wal-Mart uses the Internet to purchase inventory items from a vendor company, it is using the( )e-commerce model.A、C2CB、B2BC、B2ED、B2CD15、The three types online payment cards are Credit cards, Charge cards, and( ).A、greeting cardsB、smart cardsC、loyalty cardsD、debit cardsA16、What is a digital signature?A、An electronic signature based on public-key encryptionB、A password-protected emailC、Handwriting recognition technologyD、The way you sign your emailsC17、A word that looks underlined on a web page is usually what?A、an important wordB、the web addressC、a hyperlink to another web pageD、a mistakeB18、Modem stands for( ).A、Memory DemagnetizationB、Modulator DemodulatorC、Monetary Devaluation Exchange MechanismD、Monetary DemarkationC19、Businesses that conduct their transactions from a physical location are called( ).A、brick-and-click companiesB、e-retailersC、brick-and-mortar companiesD、virtual merchantsB20、The program used to access and view Web pages is called a( ).A、Web siteB、Web browserC、Web serverD、Web linkC21、This is the format of the URL:A、protocol://path/host/filenameB、protocol://host//path//filenameC、protocol://host/path/filenameD、protocol://path//host//filenameC22、The system that allows banks to transfer money electronically is( ).A、a value-added networkB、EDIC、EFTD、Web hosting23、In terms of dollar volume and number of transactions,( D )is much greater than B2C electronic commerce.A、C2CB、B2GC、C2GD、B2B24、A ( A )is the computer program you use to retrieve and view web pages.A、web browserB、web trafficC、web logD、web site25、Which one of the following is a search engine?( B )A、mosaicB、GoogleC、javaD、windows26、( B ) is known as buying and selling of goods over the InternetA、E-governanceB、E-commerceC、E-businessD、E-learning27、The first widely used graphical browser for the World Wide Web was called(A).A、Netscape NavigatorB、America OnlineC、Internet ExplorerD、Mosaic28、The addresses of the Web resources are known as( C ).A、linksB、protocolC、URLD、sites29、What is the name of the language you use to write a web page?( D )A、HTTPB、FTPC、URLD、HTML30、Internet-based companies are often referred to as( D ).A、CRMsB、brick-and-mortar companiesC、Fortune 100 companiesD、dot coms31、The World Wide Web was developed in the(D ).A、1960sB、1970sC、1980sD、1990s32、Who invented the World Wide Web?( C )A、Vinton CerfB、Marc AndersonC、Tim Berners LeeD、None of the above33、Which of the following is a benefit of EC?( B )A、Insufficient telecommunications bandwidthB、Individuals can telecommute more easilyC、Customers may be unsure of EC securityD、EC theory and practice is constantly evolving34、The Internet was originally developed by whom?( B )A、computer hackersB、a corporationC、the U.S. Department of DefenseD、the University of MichiganC 35、Many smaller firms were unable to afford to participate in EDI because of( ).A、lack of customersB、EDI's standard formatsC、EDI's high cost of implementationD、security concern36、Business A provides a system of credits that allows other businesses to make online purchases. What role is business A performing?A、issuerB、payerC、payeeD、customer37、Which of the following terms is a browser? AA、NetscapeB、World Wide WebC、TelnetD、E-mailD38、( )is an Internet standard for transferring files.A、IPB、TelnetC、HTTPD、FTP39、The information to be communicated in a data communications system is the( ).A、MediumB、ProtocolC、MessageD、Transmission40、Value Added Networks are used for what purpose?A、Improving a business processB、Exchanging business documentsC、Allows secure exchange of electronic documentsD、Allows trading partners to communicate with each otherD41、Message( ) means that the data must arrive at the receiver exactly as sent.A、confidentialityB、integrityC、authenticationD、none of the aboveB42、IBM defines( ):the transformation of key business processes through the use of Internet technologies.A、electronic commerceB、electronic businessC、the webD、dot-comD43、What can you do with the Internet?A、Exchange information with friends and colleaguesB、Access pictures, sounds, video clips and other media elementsC、Find diverse perspective on issues from a global audienceD、All of the aboveB44、Which of the following is a limitation of EC?A、Ability to operate 24 hours a dayB、Integration of distributor and supplier IT systemsC、Special network and hardware requirementsD、Increased market areaB45、( )is a data communication system within a building, plant, or campus, or between nearby buildings.A、MANB、LANC、WAND、none of the aboveA46、With a ( ), one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.A、web browserB、web serverC、web siteD、web hostC47、HTML is used to( ).A、Plot complicated graphsB、Solve equationsC、Author webpagesD、Translate one language into anotherA48、Message ( ) means that the sender and the receiver expect privacy.A、confidentialityB、integrityC、authenticationD、none of the aboveD49、The lowest layer of TCP/IP protocol is( ).A、applicationB、transportC、InternetD、hardwareB50、Being connected to the Internet is known as ( ).A、EconnectB、linkedC、onlineD、onwire51、(B ) are the rules for exchanging data between computers.A、connectivityB、methodsC、protocolsD、proceduresD52、( ) means that a sender must not be able to deny sending a message that he sent.A、ConfidentialityB、IntegrityC、AuthenticationD、NonrepudiationA53、The most widely used Web protocol is( ).A、http://B、URLC、HTMLD、ISPA54、Linux is( ).A、An Operating SystemB、A Web BrowserC、An non-profit organizationD、A Web ServerC55、Many smaller firms were unable to afford to participate in EDI because of( ).A、lack of customersB、EDI's standard formatsC、EDI's high cost of implementationD、security concernC56、What is a URL?A、a computer software programB、a type of UFOC、the address of a document or page on the World Wide WebD、an acronym for Unlimited Resources for LearningA57、( ) can be used to preserve the integrity of a document or a message.A、message digestB、message summaryC、encrypted messageD、none of the aboveA58、Mechanism to protect private networks from outside attack is( ).A、FirewallB、AntivirusC、Digital signatureD、FormattingC59、HTML is used to( ).A、Plot complicated graphsB、Solve equationsC、Author webpagesD、Translate one language into anotherA60、The most widely used Web protocol is( ).A、http://B、URLC、HTMLD、ISPD61、Some researchers also define a category of electronic commerce called( );this category includes business transaction with government agencies, such as paying taxes.A、B2BB、B2CC、C2CD、B2GA62、With a ( ), one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.A、web browserB、web serverC、web siteD、web hostC63、( )are the HTML codes that control the appearance of the document contents.A、SlashesB、TagsC、HyperlinksD、BracketsC64、The information to be communicated in a data communications system is the( ).A、MediumB、ProtocolC、MessageD、TransmissionC65、( )are the HTML codes that control the appearance of the document contents.A、SlashesB、TagsC、HyperlinksD、BracketsB66、In html pages, the page title is inside the( ) tag. A、Body B、Head C、Division D、TableB67、When Internet was launched in 1969 it was known as ( ).A、ITNETB、ARPANETC、CERND、CONNECTC68、What does EDI stand for?A、Electronic Data InterfaceB、E-Commerce Data InterfaceC、Electronic Data InterchangeD、Electronic Document Interaction2 多选1、(BDFAE ) are examples of EFT.A、paperless tradeB、withdraw or deposit money from ATMC、B2BD、using your debit card in a store to pay for goodsE、B2CF、EC waves2、(AE )are example of transport layer protocols.A、TCPB、EthernetC、X.25D、IPE、UDPF、SMTP3、The types of payment systems include(ABCDE ).A、cashB、checking transferC、credit cardD、stored valueE、accumulating balanceF、URL4、Benefits of EDI include（ACDEF）A、Low costB、reduce administrative expensesC、time savingD、improve internal managementE、improve trading relationshipsF、A competitive advantage over non-EDI users5、One important way that the Web is helping people work more effectively is by enabling employees of many different kinds of companies to work at home or other locations. In this arrangement, called (AF ).A、telecommutingB、telecommunicationC、teleworkD、telegraphE、C2CF、online office6、Companies that operate only online are often called( D) businesses to distinguish them from companies that operate in physical locations.A、clicks and mortarB、bricks and mortarC、dot-comD、pure dot-comE、mallF、physical shops7、( CE)are example of application layer protocols.A、IPB、TelnetC、FTPD、TCPE、HTTPF、UDP8、Categories of electronic commerce include(ABCD).A、B2CB、B2BC、C2CD、B2GE、business processes that support buying and selling activitiesF、G2G9、The purposes of computer network are (ABCDF ).A、sharing hardwareB、chatting with friendsC、sharing softwareD、sharing files, data and informationE、seeing a movieF、facilitating communications10、( CE) are examples of B2C.A、 sells industrial supplies to businesses through its Web site.B、Consumers and businesses trade with each other in the online marketplace.C、 sells merchandise to consumers through its web site.D、HP company sells computers to individuals through web site.E、delivery of goods.F、 procurement site allows businesses to sell online to the state of California.11、( BCEF)are well suited to a combination of electronic and traditional commerce strategies.A、online bankingB、online shipment trackingC、custom-designed jewelryD、roommate-matching servicesE、sale/purchase of impulse items for immediate useF、sale/purchase of travel services12、What are the major participants in processing credit cards online?ABEA、consumerB、merchantC、clearinghouseD、acquiring bankE、issuing bankF、VAN13、Select the web browsers from the following:ABA、FirefoxB、internet explorerC、windows2000D、PowerPointE、accessF、html14、Basic concepts about EDI:(ACDEF).A、trading partnerB、translatorC、business documentsD、standardsE、data warehousingF、mapping3 判断F1、When a certificate's expiration date has passed it is still safe to use the site as long as the domain names match.T2、An intranet is a private network that uses Internet protocols.F3、Electronic Data Interchange allows businesses to accept credit-card payment online.T4、A digital signature authenticates the message sender's identity.5T、Hypertext server used on the Web today are usually called Web serversF6、Unencrypted data sent over the Internet cannot be read by anyone along the way.7T、Most HTML tags have an opening tags and a closing tags. 8F、The Internet and the Web are the same.F9、HTML tags are always in pairs.T10、Home page is the first page you see on a website.T11、A website is all the web pages that reside at the same domain address.F12、In order to connect to a Web site, the browser must know only the site's domain name.T13、Cryptography transforms data by using a key—a string of digits that acts as a password—to make the data incomprehensible to everyone except the sender and the intended receivers.F14、The EDI is the original B2C.15、 Music and movies are not well suited to Electronic commerce.F16、Download means to copy a file from your computer to another. F17、In public key cryptography, the public key is always used to decrypt a message and the private key is always used to encrypt it.T18、 WWW is a part of Internet.F19、There are three fundamental requirements of a successful, secure transaction: integrity, privacy and non-repudiation. F20、It's not a good idea to disclose my Website address on my business cards, stationery and advertising.T21、Encrypted data is called ciphertext.F22、The B2B e-commerce segment is relatively small compared to the B2C e-commerce segment.T23、24/7 means all days and all times.T24、Although EDI systems improve efficiency and promote better accounting practices, they can be costly to operate.F25、A value-added network is an independent firm that offers connection and transaction-forwarding services to buyers and sellers.T26、Many click-and-mortar businesses allow customers to purchase products online and pick them up at thebrick-and-mortar store.T2711、People are reluctant to buy high-fashion clothing items through a Web site.F28、Authorization verifies that the person is, in fact, who they say they are.F29、In HTML, hyperlinks are created using the HTML anchor tag. F30、ATM and ACH refer to the same thing.T31、Message integrity signifies that a message has not been altered in transmission.F32、Traditional EDI, as opposed to Internet-based EDI, uses a value-added network, or VAN.F33、All electronic commerce initiatives have the goal of providing revenue.T34、No global control exists over the network.T35、A browser works as an HTTP client because it sends requests to an HTTP server which is called Web server.F36、Debit cards access savings, checking and other accounts. F37、An internet and Internet have the same meaning.F38、E-Business only refers to selling goods and services. T39、The URL can be a local or remote computer.F40、E-commerce Web sites exist solely to sell products online. F41、Many people do not use credit cards for online purchases because online credit card payment is usually complex.F42、E-mail is short for electric mail.T43、 Banking and financial services are suited to a combination of electronic and traditional commerce strategies.F44、Most people enjoy pop-up or pop-under ads.T45、The rightmost part of a domain name is called a top-level domain（TLD）.T46、E-business involves exchanges among customers, business partners and the vendor.F47、Network is a group of computers set up to communicate with one another.F48、 Low-value transactions are well suited to electronic commerce.F49、Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems help businesses manage their supply chains.F50、Browser is a software program for getting information fromthe WWW.T51、E-mail is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients.F52、Authentication verifies that the money is available to make the transaction.T53、An intranet is a private network that uses Internet protocols.F54、A hyperlink is a reference to a document that the reader can directly follow, or that is followed automatically.T55、Credit-card fraud is a significant problem for manye-businesses.T56、E-commerce is commerce, but it is commerce accelerated and enhanced by IT, in particular the Internet.F57、Secret-key cryptography uses the same symmetric key to encrypt and decrypt a message.T58、EDI is the transfer of structured data.F59、The current standard of symmetric encryption is DES.4 填空1、Digital certificates are verified using a( chain) of trust.2、( )is the method by which the identity of the message source is verified.3、A ( )set refers to a type of electronic document.4、Because EDI transactions are business contracts and often involve large amounts of money, the issue of ( secure) is significant.5、One major difference between stored value cards and debit cards is that debit cards are usually issued in the name of individual account holders, while stored value cards are usually（anonymous）.6、The term (float )refers to the period of time between a purchase and actual payment for the purchase.7、( credit )cards are dominant form of online payment.8、The public and private keys are( mathematically) related.9、About 43% of payments were made by some form of(card) .10、An important innovation introduced in SET protocol is the( dual)signature.11、A uniform resource locator, abbreviated URL, also known as web ( address), is a specific character string that constitutes a reference to a resource.12、Many people use these terms interchangeably but they are quite different. In fact, ecommerce is really just a (subset) of e-business.13、The problem with symmetric key encryption is key management and key( distribution).14、In order to facilitate the exchange of business communication between enterprises, the EDI(standards)was created.15、Many certificate authorities have their(root ) certificates embedded in the web browsers, so that your web browser automatically trust them.16、The true strength of EDI lies in its power to( integrate) business processes.17、The term for a Web site that provides site personalization, web directory services, searching, and online E-mail is a ( ).18、Web client computers run software called web client software or web ( ) software.19、A Certificate Authority is also responsible for( revoking) certificates that have been compromised.20、Value Added Networks are electronic ( ） for data.5 翻译1、电子商务使得商品有可能以低廉，高效，简便方式进行全球化销售。
电子商务英语试题及答案
电子商务英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What does "B2B" stand for in the context of e-commerce?A. Business to BusinessB. Business to ConsumerC. Consumer to ConsumerD. Business to Government答案：A2. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of online shopping?A. ConvenienceB. Cost-effectivenessC. Limited product selectionD. Time-saving答案：C3. The term "e-wallet" refers to:A. An electronic device used for making paymentsB. A physical wallet for carrying cashC. A software application for managing digital currenciesD. A secure online account for storing payment information答案：D4. What is the primary function of a shopping cart on an e-commerce website?A. To store products for future purchaseB. To display advertisementsC. To allow customers to add and remove items before checkoutD. To provide customer support答案：C5. Which of the following is a type of digital marketing strategy?A. Direct mailB. Social media marketingC. Print advertisingD. Radio commercials答案：B6. What does "SEO" stand for?A. Social Engine OptimizationB. Search Engine OptimizationC. Secure Electronic OrderingD. Systematic Electronic Organization答案：B7. In e-commerce, what is the purpose of a "cookie"?A. To store user preferences and track browsing behaviorB. To enhance the website's securityC. To provide customer service through chatbotsD. To encrypt sensitive data答案：A8. Which of the following is a common e-commerce payment gateway?A. PayPalB. FedExC. UPSD. DHL答案：A9. What is the acronym "API" used for in the context of e-commerce?A. Application Programming InterfaceB. Advanced Payment InterfaceC. Automated Product IntegrationD. Advanced Product Application答案：A10. What is the meaning of "EDI" in e-commerce?A. Electronic Data InterchangeB. Electronic Document InterfaceC. Electronic Device InterfaceD. Electronic Display Interface答案：A二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）11. The process of transferring funds from a buyer's bankaccount to a seller's bank account is known as ___________.答案：funds transfer12. A(n) ___________ is a document that provides proof of a transaction between a buyer and a seller.答案：invoice13. The term ___________ refers to the practice of collecting and analyzing data to understand and predict user behavior.答案：analytics14. When a customer places an order online, the process is often referred to as ___________.答案：checkout15. In e-commerce, ___________ is the process of verifying the identity of a user or system.答案：authentication16. ___________ is a method of payment that involves transferring money from a buyer's bank account directly to the seller's bank account.答案：Direct Debit17. The acronym "SSL" stands for ___________.答案：Secure Sockets Layer18. A(n) ___________ is a type of software that helps businesses manage their customer relationships.答案：CRM (Customer Relationship Management)19. ___________ is a type of e-commerce fraud where a customer provides false information to obtain goods or services.答案：chargeback20. The process of returning a product to a seller is known as ___________.答案：returns processing三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）21. What are the key components of an effective e-commerce website?答案：An effective e-commerce website typically includes user-friendly navigation, a clear and concise layout, secure payment options, a responsive design for mobile devices, product descriptions and images, customer reviews, and a reliable customer service system.22. Describe the role of customer service in e-commerce.答案：Customer service plays a crucial role in e-commerce by addressing customer inquiries, resolving issues, and providing support throughout the purchasing process. It helps build trust, improve customer satisfaction, and can influence repeat business and customer loyalty.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）23. Discuss the importance of security in e-commerce and the measures that can be taken to protect customer data.答案：Security is paramount in e-commerce as it safeguards sensitive customer information and financial data. Measures to protect customer data include using encryptionfor data transmission, implementing secure payment gateways, employing firewalls and intrusion。
电子商务英语词汇
电子商务英语词汇1、电子商务 Electronic Commerce (E-commerce)2、电子邮件 E-mail3、电子数据交换 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)4、电子公告板 Electronic Bulletin Board5、电子金融 Electronic Commerce, Electronic Finance6、电子咨询 Electronic Consulting7、电子签名 Electronic Signature8、电子安全 Electronic Security9、电子支付 Electronic Payment10、电子商务市场 E-commerce Marketplace11、网络营销 Online Marketing12、网络调查 Web Survey13、网络广告 Web Advertising14、网络贸易 Web Trading15、网络银行 Internet Banking16、网上商店 Online Store/Shop17、网络消费者 Web Consumer18、网络采购 Web Procurement19、网络数据 Web Data20、网络服务 Web Service商务英语的词汇特征商务英语，作为一种专门用途英语，与日常英语在词汇使用上有显著区别。
本文将详细探讨商务英语的词汇特征。
一、专业术语的使用商务英语中大量使用专业术语，这些术语具有高度的精确性和专业性。
例如，“国际贸易”（International Trade）、“股票市场”（Stock Market）、“供应链管理”（Supply Chain Management）等，这些词汇在其他类型的英语中可能较少使用或含义完全不同。
二、缩写和简写词的使用在商务英语中，常常使用缩写和简写词以提高沟通效率。
例如，“GDP”（国内生产总值）、“CEO”（首席执行官）、“FYI”（供参考）等。
中国新四大发明与变化的英语作文
中国新四大发明与变化的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1China has a long history of innovation and inventiveness, and in recent years, the country has made significant strides in a variety of fields. One of the most notable achievements has been the emergence of the "China's new four great inventions".These new four great inventions, which include high-speed trains, mobile payment systems, bike-sharing and online shopping, have not only transformed the way people live and work in China, but have also had a profound impact on the global economy.The high-speed trains in China are some of the fastest and most advanced in the world, with speeds reaching up to 350 kilometers per hour. These trains have made travel more convenient and efficient, and have helped to stimulate economic growth in the regions they serve.Mobile payment systems, such as Alipay and WeChat Pay, have revolutionized the way people in China make transactions. These systems allow people to pay for goods and services usingtheir smartphones, eliminating the need for cash or cards. This has made shopping more convenient and accessible, and has helped to drive the growth of e-commerce in China.Bike-sharing has also become a popular mode of transportation in China, with millions of bikes available for rent in cities across the country. This has helped to reduce traffic congestion and pollution, and has encouraged more people to use bikes as a sustainable form of transportation.Online shopping has exploded in popularity in China, with platforms like Alibaba and dominating the market. These platforms offer a wide range of products at competitive prices, and have made it easy for people in China to shop online and have goods delivered to their doorstep. This has transformed the retail industry in China and has had a significant impact on traditional brick-and-mortar stores.Overall, the new four great inventions in China have transformed the way people live and work in the country, and have had a profound impact on the global economy. These inventions are a testament to China's spirit of innovation and creativity, and serve as a reminder of the country's potential to drive progress and change in the world.篇2The Four Great Inventions of ancient China, namely papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass, arewell-known contributions that have greatly impacted the world. However, in recent years, China has made remarkable advancements in technology and innovation, leading to the emergence of the "New Four Great Inventions" that are shaping the future in various industries. These new inventions include high-speed rail, electronic payment systems, e-commerce, and shared bike services.First and foremost, high-speed rail has revolutionized transportation in China and set a new standard for railway systems worldwide. The country boasts the largest high-speed rail network in the world, connecting major cities and regions with trains that can reach speeds of up to 350 km/h. This innovation has not only made travel more convenient and efficient but has also contributed to the growth of the economy and infrastructure development.In addition to high-speed rail, electronic payment systems have transformed the way people conduct financial transactions in China. Mobile payment platforms such as Alipay and WeChat Pay have become ubiquitous in everyday life, allowing users tomake purchases, transfer money, pay bills, and even hail a taxi with just a few taps on their smartphones. This cashless revolution has significantly reduced the need for physical currency and has made transactions faster, more secure, and more convenient for consumers and businesses alike.Furthermore, e-commerce platforms such as Alibaba and have revolutionized the retail industry and changed the way people shop in China. With a massive online market and convenient delivery services, consumers can now easily browse and purchase a wide range of products from the comfort of their own homes. This shift towards online shopping has not only boosted the country's economy but has also created new opportunities for businesses and entrepreneurs to reach a larger customer base both domestically and internationally.Lastly, shared bike services have become a popular and environmentally friendly mode of transportation in China's urban areas. Companies like Mobike and Ofo have deployed millions of bicycles across cities, allowing users to rent and return bikes using a mobile app. This convenient and affordable transportation option has helped reduce traffic congestion, promote physical activity, and improve air quality in densely populated areas.Overall, the "New Four Great Inventions" of China demonstrate the country's commitment to innovation, technology, and progress. These advancements have not only transformed the way people live, work, and travel but have also positioned China as a global leader in the on-going digital revolution. As these inventions continue to evolve and expand, they will undoubtedly lead to further changes and improvements in various industries, further solidifying China's position as a powerhouse of innovation and creativity in the world.篇3The Four Great Inventions of ancient China are well-known worldwide as significant contributions to human civilization. These include papermaking, printing, the compass, and gunpowder. However, in recent years, China has made strides in innovation and technology that have led to the emergence of the "New Four Great Inventions", which are changing the world in unprecedented ways. These new inventions are high-speed rail, mobile payment, e-commerce, and bike-sharing. In this essay, I will discuss how these new inventions are shaping China and the rest of the world.High-speed rail, also known as bullet trains, has revolutionized transportation in China. With speeds of up to 300km/h, these trains have connected major cities across the country and reduced travel time significantly. This has stimulated economic growth by facilitating trade and tourism. High-speed rail has also alleviated traffic congestion and reduced carbon emissions, making it a more sustainable mode of transportation.Mobile payment systems, such as Alipay and WeChat Pay, have transformed the way people conduct financial transactions in China. These platforms allow users to pay for goods and services with their smartphones, eliminating the need for cash or credit cards. Mobile payment has become so ubiquitous in China that even street vendors and beggars accept digital payments. This innovation has not only made transactions more convenient but has also facilitated financial inclusion by providing access to banking services for millions of unbanked individuals.E-commerce giants like Alibaba and have revolutionized retail in China and globally. These platforms offer a wide range of products at competitive prices, making shopping more convenient for consumers. With the rise of e-commerce, traditional brick-and-mortar stores have been forced to adapt or face extinction. The convenience of online shopping has also spurred the growth of the logistics industry, creating jobs and boosting economic growth.Bike-sharing programs, such as Mobike and Ofo, have made urban transportation more sustainable and convenient. Users can rent bicycles through mobile apps and return them at designated locations, reducing the need for private car ownership and decreasing traffic congestion. Bike-sharing has also promoted healthy living by encouraging more people to cycle, reducing air pollution and improving public health.Overall, the New Four Great Inventions of China are driving innovation and transforming society in profound ways. These inventions have not only improved the quality of life for millions of people but have also positioned China as a global leader in technology and innovation. As these inventions continue to evolve and expand, they will undoubtedly have a lasting impact on the world for generations to come.。
No3-ITS构成
先进的公共交通系统APTS
(Advanced Public Transportation Systems) 商用车辆运营系统CVOS
(Commercial Vehicle Operation Systems)
自动高速公路系统 (Automatic Highway Systems)
3
ITS系统基本构成
Incident Management Systems
Surveillance & Detection Mobilization & Response
车辆检测 图像视频 AVL/CAD
无线电
紧急电话 热线电话
Response Routing
Motorist Assistance Patrols
交 通 运 输
通 信
材 料
汽 车
机 械
电 子
环 保
…...
旅 游
2
ITS系统基本构成
先进的交通信息系统ATIS
(Advanced Travelers Information Systems) 先进的交通管理系统ATMS
(Advanced Traffic Management systems)
先进的车辆控制系统AVCS (Advanced Vehicle Control Systems)
Ramp Comtrol
匝道检测 匝道关闭 优先权控制
Freeway Management Systems
Lane Management
车流方向控制 车道控制
Special Event Transp. Magmt.
可变限速指示
紧急疏散
偶发性事件
电子商务专业术语
电子商务专业术语1、Advertorial (软文)广告的一种, 即付费文章, 故意设计成像一篇普通的文章.2、Banner Ad (横幅广告)出现在网页上的广告, 就是通常在页面的顶部, 底部,或侧边的广告. 为了让用户点击获取更多信息。
3、Click (点击量/点击次数)即Click Through, 用户点击网络广告的次数, 是评估广告效果的指标之一.4、Click Rate (点击率/点进率)即Click-Through Rate, 简称CTR. 网络广告被点击的次数与访问次数的比例, 即Clicks/ Impressions. 如果这个页面被访问了100次, 而页面上的广告被点击了20次, 那么CTR为20%. CTR是评估广告效果的指标之一.5、CPC (点击成本)即Cost Per Click, 广告为每个用户点击所付的费用; CPC是评估广告效果的指标之一.6、CPM (千人成本)即Cost Per Thousand Impression, 广告主为它的广告显示1000次所付的费用; 如果一个Banner广告单价是￥10/CPM，意味着每被1000人次看到就收￥10; 如此类推, 每10000人次看到就是￥100, CPM是评估广告效果的指标之一.7、E-Commerce (电子商务)通过网络等数字媒体销售产品或者服务. 分为:B2B: Business to Business (企业对企业), 比如阿里巴巴;B2C: Business to Custom/Consumer (企业对消费者), 比如, 卓越;C2C: Custom to Custom/Consumer (消费者对消费者), 比如eBay, 淘宝, 拍拍.三种模式.8、Online Marketing (线上营销)线上营销, 和Internet Marketing基本一个概念. 叫法不同9、Page View (浏览量/访问量)简称PV. 网页被浏览的总次数. 一个用户有可能创造十几个甚至更多的PV, 用户每次刷新即被计算一次(因此现在虚假刷PV的网站很多); 是目前判断网站访问流量最常用的计算方式之一, 也是反映一个网站受欢迎程度的重要指标之一. 另外还有两个重要指标:UV (独立访客): 即Unique Visitor/User, 访问您网站的一台电脑客户端为一个访客,00:00-24:00内相同的客户端只被计算一次.IP (独立IP): 即Internet Protocol, 指独立IP数. 00:00-24:00内相同IP地址之被计算一次.１、Rich Media (富媒体)富媒体指的是一种应用, 这种应用采取了所有适合的最先进技术, 以最好的传达广告主的信息, 甚至与用户进行互动! 目前通过2D或3D的Flash、Video、Audio、Java等技术产生的网络广告形式较之前的Gif Banner而言, 信息承载量大, 表现丰富, 形式多样!２、SEO (搜索引擎优化)即Search Engine Optimization. 通过总结搜索引擎的排名规律对网站进行合理优化, 使你的网站在各搜索引擎(如百度,Google)的排名提高, 让搜索引擎给你带来客户!３、SEM (搜索引擎营销)即Search Engine Marketing. SEM就是企业利用搜索引擎来进行网络营销和推广. 搜索引擎排名营销是一个非常管用的网络营销途径, 就拿Google来说, 每天在Google的搜索达数亿人. 如果你的网站能在搜索结果中排名第一页或第一名的话, 想想会给你带来多少生意~４、Spam (垃圾信息)你并不想要收到的电子邮件(垃圾邮件), 网站、论坛、博客留言甚至是IM信息等等都可以叫Spam!５、Backlinks (Inbound Links) 导入链接导入链接是由别的网站指向你的网站的一个链接，和导出链接(outbound links)相反。