2021年考研英语大纲解析：阅读理解完全攻略
21考研英语（一）真题及解析
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1How can Britain’s train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year’s rise an average of 2.7percent,maybe a fraction lower than last year’s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er (CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network.Should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincoln-shire have to subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the south East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poor infrastructure of the Mid lands and the North.However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the test wave of strikes rests on the wines.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement,so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should from part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services interrupted by regularchaos when time tables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.They threat of nationalization may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger fares.[A]has kept pace with inflation.[B]is a big surprise to commuters.[C]remains an unreasonable measure.[D]will ease train operators burden.22.The stockbroker in Paragraph2is used to stand for.[A]rail travelers.[B]car drivers.[C]local investors.[D]ordinary taxpayers.23.It is indicated in Paragraph3that train operators.[A]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.[B]have failed to provide an adequate service.[C]are offering compensation to commuters.[D]are trying to repair relations with the unions24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face.[A]the loss of investment.[B]the collapse of operations.[C]a reduction of revenue.[D]a change of ownership.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn't Work[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D]Ever-rising Fares Aren't SustainableText2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They are already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the programme has providedenough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But the CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in7,468forested villages across15provinces.“We see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,”Farrow says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Farrow suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty.Ferraro says,“the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs”26.According to the first paragraph,CCT programmes aim to____.[A]Facilitate health-care reform[B]help poor families get better off[C]Improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that____.[A]cattle raising has been a major livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers[D]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Farrow intends to find out____.[A]its acceptance level of CCTs[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[D]the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in that____.[A]it will benefit other Asian countries[B]it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can benefit grain production30.What is the text centred on?[A]The effects of a program.[B]The debates over a program.[C]The process of a study.[D]The transfer-ability of a study.Text3As a historian who’s always searching for the test or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?).I’ve found quite a few,and—since I started posting them on Twitter —they have been causing quite stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorian had fun and could, and did,laugh.They are nothing that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of'Smiling Victorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the1840s and1850s in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure ties were much quicker by the1880s and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today’s digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the1890s so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might must be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth.”ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular“pearly whites”wasa rare sight in Victorian society the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class:drunks,tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a heartly laugh,said that when it came photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According to paragraph1,the author’s posts on Twitter____.A.illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB.highlighted social media’s tole in Victorian studiesC.re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public imageD.changed people’s impression of the Victorians.32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A.They are rare among photograph of that ageB.They show effect of different exposure timesC.They mirror19th-century social conventionsD.They are in popular use among historians33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling pictures in the1890s?A.Their inherent social sensitivenessB.Their tension before the cameraC.Their unhealthy dental conditionD.Their distrust of new inventions34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was_____.A.a thought-provoking ideaB.a misguide attitudeC.a controversial viesD.a deep-rotted belief35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?A.Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B.When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently?C.What made photograph develop slowly in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm?Text4From the early days of broadband advocates for consumers and Web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals.That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providersfrom picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill-in part because of push-back from broadband providers anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court unchanged in again.Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution.It only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the dirtiness of Columbia Court was the latest take of the Federal Communications(FCC.)on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The publican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted.When it had a democratic majority in2015.But rejected the commission's authority.To require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.The Commission argue that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,such as a broadband-providing conglomerable like ATRT favors its own vide0-stressing service at the expense of Notfish and Appie TO caps on their rivals streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals court.Unanimously upheld the2017order deregulating broadband.provides citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulating more.But Judge.Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that“the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service”,and said Congress on the Supreme Court could intervene to avoid trapping Internet regulations in technological.In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules.On not neutrality,while preserving the Commission's power to prompt individual going on between the Justice Department and California when enacted a tough net neutrally laws in the world of the FCC’s abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband providers would.A.bring web-based firms under controlB.show partiality in treating clientsC.slow down the traffic on their networkD.intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules,the FCC.A.takes an anti-regulatory stanceB.sticks to an out-of-date orderC.has issued a special resolutionD.has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph3?A.It engages in anti-competitive practicesB.It protects against unfair competitionC.It is under the FCC’s investigationD.It is in pursuit of quality service39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision.A.focuses on trivialitiesB.conveys an ambiguous message.C.is out of touch with realityD.is at odds with its earlier rulings.40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?A.Broadband providers'rights should be protectedB.The FCC should be put under strict supervisionC.Rules need to be set to diversify online servicesD.Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence(AI)is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life.When it comes to AI in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions.“There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,”says Pedro Domingos,author of The Master Algorithm:How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington.In addition,“(41)”One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring processMore effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.(42)These are“tools that helppeople use data,not a replacement for people,”says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.Insurance companies,meanwhile,can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately assess risk.Domingos says,“(43)”Improved accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable,”says Winston.It"helps people make smarter decisions.”(44)Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use AI image processing technology toinspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they fail first and then you fix them,it’s very expensive,”says Domingos.“(45)”A.AI replaces the boring parts of your job.If you’re doing research,you can have AI go out and look for relevantsources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.B.There are also companies like Acquisio,which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels likeAdwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.C.One accounting firm,EY,uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.This process,along withemployees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.D.We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyondhuman scale.E.You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.F.AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.G.Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,or they would chargethem too little and then it would cost the company money.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)World WarⅡwas the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies.(46)Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising out of the successfulwar against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly(though unevenly)during the1970s and1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth:(48)in many counties of Western Europe,the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight,or10years by the middle of the1970s.Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example,a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration,and above all of socialization.When a faculty or department grows from,say,five to20members within three or four years,(49) and when the new staff predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study,they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty,And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy,West Germany,and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation;they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the 1960s and1970s,European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements,with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions：A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China.Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions：Write an essay of160-200words based on the picture below.In your essay,you shoulddescribe the picture briefly,explain its intended meaning andgive your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.（20points）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points).1.根据句意“It”指的是前文的“fluid intelligence”,“fluid intelligence”在人年轻的时候.....,后文第2空之后又说随着我们年龄增长开始慢慢下降，因此第1空应该是一个表示上升的词，比较选项，[A]pauses终止，[B]return归还；返回，[D]fades凋零；衰退，都不符合文意，只有[C]peaks达到巅峰，符合文意，故正确答案为C。
2021考研英语二阅读真题解析：难度适中
2021考研英语二阅读真题解析：难度适中今年的考研英语二考试终于画上了句号。
总体来讲，试卷难度上保持了历年考察的要点。
阅读部分，时事环境类的文章依旧是考察的重点，部分词汇专业性很强，如果同学们在平时多加练习问题就不大了。
阅读部分细节题也是分布最多的一项，按照平时老师交代的细节定位，整体上把握原文内容的话得分的可能性很大。
接下来，跨考教育英语教研室李冬蕾老师将对有关英语一阅读部分做详细剖析。
首先，从题材角度来分析今年的考题从文章角度上看，貌似读起来很拗口，不知所云，但其实只要认真读，没有那么难理解。
详细来说，第一篇文章讲到了一个当今很流行话题，压力下如何表达情绪，即When guilt is good，什么时候内疚是好的。
虽然这是英语二的考题，但与英语一2021年第一篇Women under stress中的内容有相同之处，以及2021年英语二新题型《如何表达情绪》中也有相应内容，这也是相似话题的重复命题考察。
所以，再次强调，真题很重要，复习好真题，并且多遍反复看真题是重中之重。
接下来，看看第二篇文章，Using Forests to Fight Climate Change，和第四篇文章Let’s stop pretending quitting straws will solve plastic pollution环境类话题，近年来来环境和新能源问题都是热门考点，出题人也会紧跟整个全球的发展。
比如，2021年第三篇，2021年英语二第二篇等都是围绕环境这个话题，当然还有很多很多。
出题人越来越关注环境话题。
英二第三篇文章涉及美国农业的话题，题为US Farms Can’t Compete Without Foreign Workers,美国农业问题对于2021年考生来说属于和时事有关的内容，英语二2021年第二篇文章，文章一上来就考察了Trump这个人物，是不是很时新，是不是很潮流，出题人也会紧跟整个全球的发展。
2021考研英语一真题及答案解析
2021考研英语一真题及答案解析在2021年的考研英语一试卷中，出现了一系列新的题型和题目形式，挑战了考生们的英语能力。
本文将对2021考研英语一真题进行解析，帮助考生们更好地理解和应对这些题目。
第一部分：阅读理解在2021年的考研英语一试卷中，阅读理解部分占据了较大的篇幅。
这部分主要考察考生们的阅读理解能力和分析推理能力。
下面，我们将对其中一道典型的阅读理解题目进行解析。
Passage 1题目：According to the passage, the phase from euphoria to panic in the recent market turmoil shows that________.[A] investors'psychology is the root of financial instability[B] government regulation is the solution to market volatility[C] market volatility is inevitable due to economic downturns[D] financial innovation is the main cause of market instability解析：本题要求考生根据文章内容判断最近市场动荡中，从狂喜到恐慌的转变表明了什么。
根据文章第一句话"In the autumn of 2008, the world finally learned that the US subprime mortgage crisis had delivered a lethalblow to the global financial system"，我们可以得知，这一转变表明金融市场的不稳定性与投资者的心理状态有关，所以选项[A]是正确的。
第二部分：翻译在2021年的考研英语一试卷中，翻译部分主要考察考生们的英汉互译能力和语言表达能力。
2021年考研英语7选5(填空式阅读)真题解析_1
2021年考研英语7选5(填空式阅读)真题解析2021年考研英语：7选5的命题分析与解题方法指导视频：辅导名师做客指导2021年考研各科目冲刺2021年考研英语7选5(填空式阅读)真题解析Directions:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs.41What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts-recommended the creation of a national drug agency.Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42But "national" doesn't have to mean that "National" could mean interprovincial-provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province-or a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-coordinating officefor Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.44Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs."45So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec's resistance to a national agency isprovincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: "The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies."[C] What does "notional" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with aninterprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self interest would lead them to deal with it.答案详解12答案详解41.【解析】[E]空白前的一段说：They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs(省长们都在抱怨医疗成本飞涨，其中涨得最快的就是药品的费用)。
2021年考研英语一参考答案及解析
2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试（英语一）参考答案及解析SectionⅠUse of English【1】C peaks解析：A pause暂停B return返回C peaks顶峰D fades衰退文中后面讲到decline，表明此时处于最高峰。
【2】D generally解析A alternatively两者选之一地B formally正式地C accidentally 偶然地D Generally总地来说文中第一二句内容是对第一句的顺接，带入唯有generally合适【3】A while解析：A while转折B since因果C once条件D until时间文中前肯后否，选择while.【4】C Consumption解析：A detection识别B accumulation积累C consumption消耗D separation区分;and前后语义一致，前面是loss后面就是consumption【5】A possibility解析：B decision决定C goal目标D requirement要求，后面出现了might,体现了内容的不确定性，因此答案是possibility.【6】A delay解析：B ensure确保C seek寻找D utilize利用ｏｒ前后结果一致，因此语义相近prevent与delay一致。
【7】C included解析：A modified改变B supported支持D predicted后面讲到４０００多男性和女性研究对象，所以只能是included【8】B Compared解析：前文讲到什么这些数据，因为是实验文章，所以是比对数据，进行分析。
【9】A with此处为伴随动作，所用介词为ｗｉｔｈ【10】C scored此处属于动词和名词的匹配关系，什么与measure进行搭配，表示获得什么标准。
【11】D went by解析：考固定搭配，as the years went by随着岁月的流逝，go by表示（时间）流逝。
2021年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案(海文版)
2021年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案（海文版）Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours , now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA)found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago’s O’Hare International .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to useexpeditedscreening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years toprocess their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to[A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports.[C] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks.[D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection.【答案】[C] explain Americans’tolerance of current security checks.22. which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travelers.[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.【答案】[C] An increase in the number of travelers.23.The word “expedited” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to[A] faster.[B] quieter.[C] wider.[D] cheaper.【答案】[A] faster.24. One problem with the PreCheck program is[A] A dramatic reduction of its scale.[B] Its wrongly-directed implementation.[C] The government’s reluctance to back it.[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment.【答案】[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Less Screening for More Safety[B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D] Underused PreCheck Lanes【答案】[B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution“2021年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案（海文版）”发布，更多2021考研答案、2021考研真题等信息，请关注本店铺或“2021年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案（海文版）”发布，更多2021考研答案、2021考研真题等信息，请关注本店铺或“2021年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案（海文版）”发布，更多2021考研答案、2021考研真题等信息，请关注本店铺或“2021年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案（海文版）”发布，更多2021考研答案、2021考研真题等信息，请关注本店铺或。
2021考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(28)
2021考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(28)为了帮助2021年考研学员更好的复习备考，本店铺特整理了“2021考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析”以供学员参考使用。
Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC)， which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights。
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise -making。
2021考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(12)
2021考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(12)模考：在线考试中心目录：题目名师解析难句解析全文翻译题目：If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses。
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shownaround by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that's God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor。
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2021年考研英语大纲解析：阅读理解完全攻略阅读总共三部分，占了整个试卷分值的60%。
第一部分阅读理解A部分本部分主要考查对英语词汇、短语、句型等习惯表达方式，尤其是对出现篇章中的语言知识和语言技能的掌握情况。
从另一个方面说，它也包含了对英语国家和世界其他国家的政治、经济、文化、历史、社会等背景以及科技发展动态、热门话题乃至西方人的思维、交流方式等非语言性知识和学习能力方面的考查。
因此，本部分是一个综合性很强的能力测试试题。
1、《大纲》对阅读理解A部分的评价目标：理解主旨要旨;理解文中的具体信息;理解文中的概念性含义;进行有关的判断、推理和引申;根据上下文推测生词的词义;理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;理解作者的意图、观点或态度;区分论点和论据。
2、阅读理解A部分命题的基本原则(1)试题应该严格按照考试大纲的要求进行命题，即按照考试大纲规定的评价目标和试卷结构进行命题。
(2)试题指向性必须清楚、准确、周密，易于理解，不出怪题、偏题。
试题应该无科学性错误和避免不健康的、带有各种偏见的语言材料。
答案要明确、合理、惟一。
(3)在命制阅读理解A部分试题时，应该特别注意以下四个方面：第一，必须以考查获得信息为目的，不以考查语法和词汇为目的;第二，应该避免出只根据一般常识而不用阅读文章就能得出答案的题目;第三，以考查文章提供的主信息为重点，考查考生挖掘文章中的信息能力为目的，命制考查多种层次、多种范畴信息的题目;第四，考查点对语言材料内容的覆盖面应该尽可能全面。
第二部分阅读理解B部分1、命题的基本指导思想根据2021年《英语考试大纲》修订部分的内容，阅读理解B部分现有三种备选题型(包括2021年加的选择搭配新题型)。
每次考试从这三种备选题型中选择一种进行考查(1)一篇总长度为500～600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6～7段文字。
要求考生根据文章内容从这6～7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中的5个空白处的5段。
(2)在一篇长度约500～600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。
要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(7～8个)重新排序，其中2～3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。
(3)在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6～7段文字或6～7个概括句或小标题。
这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。
要求考生根据文章内容，从这6～7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。
2、试题特点本部分试题主要考查考生对连贯性、一致性、逻辑性等语篇、语段整体性特征以及文章结构的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上把握文章的整体和微观结构。
考生既要理解和掌握文章总体结构和写作思路，又要弄清上下文之间的逻辑关系。
3、文章的结构特点(1)问题型：提出问题---分析问题---解决问题这类文章的基本模式是：文章通常以某种现象或话题开篇，该现象或者话题可能涉及社会生活、文化教育等各个领域。
接着针对此现象或话题展开讨论分析，找出其存在或产生的根源从而得到解决问题的办法。
解答这一类型的文章，考生关键要抓住发现问题---分析问题---解决问题这条主线。
(2)议论型：提出论点---列举论据---得出结论基本模式是：在文章开始，考生只要细心掌握哪些是论点，哪些是论据，结论又是什么即可。
(3)立论/驳论型：提出论点---表示赞同---论证观点提出观点---发表异议---驳斥观点---建立观点---论证观点文章的基本模式是：在文章开始提出一种时下比较流行的观点或者现象，接着作者阐述自己对此现象或者观点的看法(也可能会涉及到大众的舆论)。
在阐述自己看法的同时，作者会表明自己的态度，或赞成或反对。
(4)因果型：结果/现象---原因/成因这一类型的文章近于说明文。
文章多以一种现象或者一种结果开篇，然后进一步探讨导致这种现象或结果的原因或成因。
(文章大多围绕社会生活，文化教育等领域展开)所谓“得阅读者，得天下”，在研究生入学考试英语试题中更是如此。
第三部分阅读理解C部分1、英译汉部分的命题基本指导思想《大纲》规定：英译汉试题命题的基本原则是避免内容不健康的、带有各种偏见的语言材料;试题无科学性错误;侧重运用能力的考查。
英译汉部分的命题指导思想是适当降低英译汉文章的难度，以便要求考查考生对文章深层次理解的同时，掌握并运用最基本的英译汉技巧。
2、试题材料的选取通过对历年试题的分析可知，英译汉部分试题命制的材料主要来自社会生活、科普知识、人物传记这几个方面。
社会生活主要涉及：法律教育、欧洲电视媒体、人口爆炸、噪音、资料收集、儿童教育、大学生、城市生活、办公室、职业选择、标准化教育、心理测试、历史学家、行为科学和文化人类学。
科普方面有：对“知识分子”的定义、核辐射、太阳能、电的应用、矿物燃料、电视、能源危机、智商、建筑、技术和工具革新、科学研究取得进步的原因、天文科幻、未来世界等。
人物传记方面主要涉及爱因斯坦、珍妮。
马德逊等。
3、英译汉部分试题命制的特点(1)句子长且结构复杂、内容抽象;(2)文章摘自原版读物或刊物;(3)划线部分的理解与翻译对上下文的依赖性很强;(4)试题中的词汇一词多义现象比较多，要求考生根据句子内容确定词义后再对词义进行引申。
对于研究生入学考试英语考试的重要得分点，跨考英语辅导老师对其重点解题步骤做出如下分析：1、精读需做到：(1)选项分析(正确，错误选项都要分析);(2)单词---背会，熟悉掌握;(3)长句---摘取，背诵，翻译;(4)重点文章---背诵全文(每两天背一篇即可)。
2、读文步骤：(1)通读全文，抓住中心(不可先看题目)---着重看首段，及每段的段首段尾句，抓中心，如有核心概念找出核心概念，作者态度观点;(2)仔细审题，返回原文---由题干回原文关键词定位(注意大写字母，地名，时间，数字)---自然段定位(出题顺序与行文顺序大体一致);(3)原文与选项含义重叠，即为答案(如有需要，首段及段首段尾句重读，其他正常)。
英语学习是个循序渐进的过程，阅读能力的提升也非一日千里，跨考教育建议考生可根据自身情况制定本阶段符合自己的“阅读学习计划”：“两遍”阅读法：第一遍“略读”：严格按照考试要求，在规定时间内通读文章、完成题目。
以“大体了解文章中心思想和重点信息”为主旨，以解答题目作为目标。
切不可拘泥于个别的词、句等语言细节，应注重培养实战感觉，稳定阅读速度，提升对文章整体的逻辑理解力。
第二遍“精读”：所谓“精读”，即要从词、句、篇、题四个层面对文章进行细读和研读，充分汲取每一篇文章的营养，全方位夯实自己的语言实力。
具体而言，生词要理解记忆;难句要分析翻译;篇章结构也要梳理，提炼出每段的大意和篇章的主旨，进而理出文章的行文脉络;题目不要机械地对答案，要见木见林，做对的题要提炼思路，归纳方法，做错的题目要错误分析，汲取教训。
重点提醒阅读理解的重要性：复习是被很多考生做阅读时所遗忘的一个环节。
殊不知，每读完一篇文章，里面的“得”与“失”都是考生成长过程中难能可贵的养分。
所以，我们必须及时地、反复地复习，不断来摄取这些养料，知道考试前的最后一周。
切记“题海”战术，要相信四千道题做一遍的效果绝对比不上一千道题做四遍的效果;与其博览群书，不如精读一本。
阅读总共三部分，占了整个试卷分值的60%。
第一部分阅读理解A部分本部分主要考查对英语词汇、短语、句型等习惯表达方式，尤其是对出现篇章中的语言知识和语言技能的掌握情况。
从另一个方面说，它也包含了对英语国家和世界其他国家的政治、经济、文化、历史、社会等背景以及科技发展动态、热门话题乃至西方人的思维、交流方式等非语言性知识和学习能力方面的考查。
因此，本部分是一个综合性很强的能力测试试题。
1、《大纲》对阅读理解A部分的评价目标：理解主旨要旨;理解文中的具体信息;理解文中的概念性含义;进行有关的判断、推理和引申;根据上下文推测生词的词义;理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;理解作者的意图、观点或态度;区分论点和论据。
2、阅读理解A部分命题的基本原则(1)试题应该严格按照考试大纲的要求进行命题，即按照考试大纲规定的评价目标和试卷结构进行命题。
(2)试题指向性必须清楚、准确、周密，易于理解，不出怪题、偏题。
试题应该无科学性错误和避免不健康的、带有各种偏见的语言材料。
答案要明确、合理、惟一。
(3)在命制阅读理解A部分试题时，应该特别注意以下四个方面：第一，必须以考查获得信息为目的，不以考查语法和词汇为目的;第二，应该避免出只根据一般常识而不用阅读文章就能得出答案的题目;第三，以考查文章提供的主信息为重点，考查考生挖掘文章中的信息能力为目的，命制考查多种层次、多种范畴信息的题目;第四，考查点对语言材料内容的覆盖面应该尽可能全面。
第二部分阅读理解B部分1、命题的基本指导思想根据2021年《英语考试大纲》修订部分的内容，阅读理解B部分现有三种备选题型(包括2021年加的选择搭配新题型)。
每次考试从这三种备选题型中选择一种进行考查(1)一篇总长度为500～600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6～7段文字。
要求考生根据文章内容从这6～7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中的5个空白处的5段。
(2)在一篇长度约500～600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。
要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(7～8个)重新排序，其中2～3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。
(3)在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6～7段文字或6～7个概括句或小标题。
这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。
要求考生根据文章内容，从这6～7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。
2、试题特点本部分试题主要考查考生对连贯性、一致性、逻辑性等语篇、语段整体性特征以及文章结构的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上把握文章的整体和微观结构。
考生既要理解和掌握文章总体结构和写作思路，又要弄清上下文之间的逻辑关系。
3、文章的结构特点(1)问题型：提出问题---分析问题---解决问题这类文章的基本模式是：文章通常以某种现象或话题开篇，该现象或者话题可能涉及社会生活、文化教育等各个领域。
接着针对此现象或话题展开讨论分析，找出其存在或产生的根源从而得到解决问题的办法。
解答这一类型的文章，考生关键要抓住发现问题---分析问题---解决问题这条主线。
(2)议论型：提出论点---列举论据---得出结论基本模式是：在文章开始，考生只要细心掌握哪些是论点，哪些是论据，结论又是什么即可。
(3)立论/驳论型：提出论点---表示赞同---论证观点提出观点---发表异议---驳斥观点---建立观点---论证观点文章的基本模式是：在文章开始提出一种时下比较流行的观点或者现象，接着作者阐述自己对此现象或者观点的看法(也可能会涉及到大众的舆论)。