论文文献翻译-广播电视新闻学外文翻译--对公共电视台新闻和商业电视台新闻的对比分析(节选)-中英文对照翻译
电视系统传播在交流中的社会和文化意义-外文文献翻译2篇
外文原稿之一TV-Institutional Communication as a Social and CulturalPoint in the Communication(based on German and Kazakh Talk Shows)Author: D.M. Koishigulova, D.A. Karagoishiyeva, A.M. Dosanova, A.K.AbdirkenovaNationality: HollandSource:< TV-Institutional Communication as a Social and Cultural Point in the Communication>, printed by Elsevier in Holland on ScienceDirect, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014, Vol.114Part of the thesis:TV programs are an important part of daily life of almost everyone. People watch TV to relax or get some new and relevant information. Comedy and drama TV series are more entertaining, while news and documentaries are of informational character. TV interviews and talk shows may be an intermediate form of these types of television programs, infotainment (Kazakova 2006). Talk shows are an essential part of modern colloquial culture, they have a social relevance, i.e. they have an impact on society.…MethodsThe basis of our methodological approach is conversional analysis that highlights the organized nature of the conversation and regulatory structures, which the speakers target at.…Since the object of our study are German and Kazakh television talk show, attention is drawn to one subclass of institutional interaction, namely, television-institutional interaction, which has its own characteristics that are not typical for either every day or for other institutional interaction.We are primarily interested in the fact that at the present time, when the contacts with foreign countries are becoming more intense and more frequent, and television is largely forms the presentation of the world, the urgent needfor a comprehensive study of linguistics is the linguistic discus within the institution of television, as well as samples of verbal and non-verbal behavior of the German and Kazakh society in a given communicative situation. It should be noted that the German talk show is also being actively studied from the point of view of journalism as the description analysis of the talk show structure as the most popular genre of German television.…Kazakhstani talk show appeared on television recently, and for that reason they could not get such popularity and widespread as in Germany. However, the development of the talk show genre on Kazakhstan TV has successfully launched and has a great future.Below, after the theoretical definitions analyzes will be presented, which were obtained in comparative studies of German and Kazakhstani talk shows. …we do not claim how to speak German and Kazakh correctly. We will not pay attention to the spelling mistakes or wrong accents in speech of communication participants. … From this point of view, the ro le of word, uttered on television, is extremely important in terms of the culture of speech in the broadest sense of the term. The fact that the person on the screen does not only report some information, but also performs, if we can express 'outwardly teaching' function, i.e. he is the image of acquisition of literary speech norms and demonstrates norms of literary language, including pronunciation. …Aim and tasksThe main objective of this work is the followings. First, it deals with the commonalities of television-institutional communication and compares its characteristics with the ordinary and other forms of institutional communication. Secondly, we are talking about conversational analysis of German and Kazakhstani talk shows to identify common traits and characteristics of a specific cultural character. Thirdly, attention is drawn to the role of the talk participants and definition of verbal and non-verbal categories. Fourth, the article discusses the thematic structure of German and Kazakh talk shows.Peculiarities of cultural nature of Kazakhstan and German talk showsNational and cultural peculiarities of behavior that has received increased attention became the object of observation and study of various scientific disciplines like linguistics, psycholinguistics, culturology, sociology,ethnology, cognitive science, intercultural communication, anthropology, etc. for the past two to three decades. This fact is not accidental because such studies can be conducted only on an interdisciplinary level, according to data of different human sciences. Researchers in different fields and areas of expertise of the person came to the conclusion that culture is reflected in people's minds, shapes their world view, and determines the specific behavior. Communicative behavior of people is part of their national culture, governed by national rules and traditions that have deep historical roots.…AnalysisNow let us consider the peculiarities of cultural character of Kazakhstani and German talk-show confessions. All speech acts produced by members of Kazakhstani and German talk show during discussing the topics were analyzed by us for the frequency of their expression (for each program).According to the results of our analysis more speech acts aimed at suppressing communication space interlocutor and urge him to certain speech acts take place in the argumentation style of German participants. So, for example, linguistic action "reproach" (11 times in the course of the German discussion, 1 time only in Kazakhstani discussion) encourage the other person to the speech act of "excuses", "protect oneself" or "explain", i.e. directly pressures on the party's image. Speech act "oppose"(to opinion, statement of interlocutor) is produced by the German participants 14 times, by Kazakhstani ones only 3 times. According to the classification of Polenz (1985), these speech acts belong to the class "directive", i.e. those speech acts that express the explicit requirements of the speaker to the listener: when "the speaker wants to be an action to be performed by his companion."In the Kazakhstani TV "debates" speech acts that are aimed at the interlocutors, but do not infringe or violate their communicative space are often produced. Speech acts "explain" (33 times in a Kazakhstani talk show, only 10 times in German talk show), and "inform" aim at providing the necessary knowledge and information to interlocutors. Speech act "ask"(29 times in aKazakhstani talk show, 19 in German talk show) is directed to obtaining the missing information from the communication partners. According to the classification Polenz (1985) "inform" and "explain" are "cognitive informing speech acts".Thus, the argumentative style of German participants is characterized by its rigidity and "aggressiveness" in relation to the interlocutors. There are also offensive language or nonverbal gestures:…K. Harprecht (1984, p. 46) notes that the Germans suppress not only the opposition, but also the possibility of its expression in comparing the German style of discussion with the U.S. one.In the German television debate several participants speak at the same time, they interrupt each other, as each of them strives to give his opinion on the subject of discussion, not yielding the right of speech to another participant, and in some cases even a presenter:…According to the results of the analysis we can conclude that the social distance between the German participants is much narrower than that of Kazakhstan.…The above discrepancy in speech acts, in argumentative style of the participants and the social distance present a picture of social relations in the German and Kazakhstani society: the participants are guided by different moral standards and follow cultural traditions and values established in their community.Statements both of German participants and the public are characterized by non-verbal gestures, commenting on the speech made by the action. Typically, these are torsion finger at one’s temple, facial expressions indicating disagreement with the panelist, very critical comments.In some cases, the non-verbal gestures are accompanied by the explicit verbal insults at the studio guest. If several participants are on the scene, a person asking a question points at the person the question addressed his index finger. At careful study of the video materials one can see that the German participants use non-verbal gesture to ask for the speech, and raisingthe index finger of their right hand (L. Weinrich 1992, p. 124) demonstrates that this gesture has culturally-specific character, as it plays the communicative situation within the institution of school/university. Each member of the German society knows that with the help of the non-verbal gestures in education one can signal the teacher about his eagerness to get the right for speech. In Kazakhstani cultural circle this gesture would correspond to a raised right (rarely left) hand, but this gesture is not used by Kazakhstani talk show participants. If the position or the response of one of the program participants is perceived negatively by the public, the public reaction is very aggressive in nature and is expressed both verbally and non-verbally. These are individual (offensive) remarks, stamping their feet, hum. It may be also noted that the public enjoys above named aggressive reaction to the participants. Facial expressions and general mood of the public indicate this fact. In this aspect it is necessary to point out the fact that in recent years, members of the German talk show, as well as the audience do not have higher education and adequate level of upbringing. These are the people who can afford offending expressions and gestures, even to the participants of an elderly age. Kazakhstani participants and the audience are mostly students and educated adults.In Kazakhstan the talk shows audience do not actively use non-verbal gestures, except applause or facial expression. Once again we would like to note that the fact that the dialogue is conducted in a TV studio has a huge impact on the natural communication of Kazakhstani participants, audience, and in some cases even a presenter.Despite the fact that Kazakhstan's talk show confessions, as well as in German, a television dialogue is based on personal experiences and the experiences of the participants in matters of love, which is one of the important features of this type of talk shows, intimate comments are omitted. The presenter’s direct question about the details of the sexual life cause great confusion in Kazakhstan program participants, as well as the viewers, while in the German talk show questions such as «Zwolf Jahre ohne Partner. Wie oft gehst du dich kalt duschen? <> Wir sind erwachsen. Wir haben ein gleiches Alter, deswegen bitte » (presenter’s question"Vera am Mittag ") (“Twentyyears without a man. How often do you have a cold shower? We are adults. We are the same age, that is why, do not be shy.”) are natural and habitual.…ConclusionIn conclusion, we note that Kazakhstan a balance between the international relations and traditional cultural values such as respect for the elderly, preserving clear social hierarchy, respect for other religions and cultural values, avoidance of inter-ethnic conflicts are maintained. Recent studies have shown that the Kazakhs avoid open conflicts, trying to compromise. During studying speech etiquette of Kazakhs, Baydurin (1991) indicates that the Kazakhs do not come into open conflict with someone, as they have the approval of paramount importance in the community, an expression of respect for the other person. In most cases, the Kazakhs, instead of openly expressing their disapproval when dealing with an opponent, resort to long pauses to reflect a more accurate answer, or try to change the subject. Perhaps because of this cultural feature of dialogue, Kazakhs often use phrases like "ұятболады, ыңғайсыз” or “елнедейді” (what a shame, it is inconvenient, what will people say?) in their speech.Ethnic forms of politeness of Kazakhs are deeply rooted, which related to the cultural traditions of the Kazakhs, named “Salt”. That tradition has a great influence on the behavior of people, their mentality and attitude to the social reality. The Kazakhs are very reserved in the manifestation of personal sensitivity in the implementation of the communicative act, exemplifying the many studies.中文译文之一电视系统传播在交流中的社会和文化意义（以德国和哈萨克斯坦的脱口秀节目为例）作者：D.M. Koishigulova, D.A. Karagoishiyeva, A.M. Dosanova, A.K.Abdirkenova国籍：荷兰出处：《电视系统传播在交流中的社会和文化意义（以德国和哈萨克的脱口秀节目为例）》，荷兰爱思唯尔多媒体出版集团出版，刊登于《社会能源与行为科学》，2014年第114期中文译文：电视节目已经成为每个人日常生活的重要组成部分。
广播电视新闻学外文翻译---客观性作为战略：新闻报道客观性概念的考察
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院（系）：设计艺术与传媒学院专业：广播电视新闻学姓名：学号： 0815540128外文出处：The American journal of sociology,Vol. 77,No. 4(Jan., 1972), pp.660-679附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文客观性作为战略：新闻报道客观性概念的考察（节选）二记者面对这些压力时，便会强调其新闻的客观性，他们认为其报道战略紧跟客观性原则可以减少危险性。
他们假设，如果所有的记者都毫无个人偏见的独立的遵守客观性原则，则可以顺利完成工作并避免受到诽谤。
虽然会受到好莱坞新闻工作给别人所留下的刻板印象的影响，他们解释说主要是犯了诽谤的判决的危险。
记者们认为大多数人都了解结束报道时机的重要性。
在谈到自己被控告诽谤的经历时，记者肯定其行为是客观的，但也犯了无可避免的错误。
简单来说，他们的评论应以事实作为胖短的依据和基础，但是有些事实，只要看起来像是真的，就会被立即接受。
比如下面所举出的一个鲁莽的例子：Alberto Ramirez和他名义上的妻子Elisa 在昨天下午举行了一个仪式纪念一个叫Longina的女人...”记者在诽谤和荒谬确定的“客观性”与“事实”之间，他们自己或其他记者观察或可核实。
验证假设使用或能够使像使用适当的程序，例如通过电话呼叫民事登记处的办公室，以验证是否Alberto 的确是Longina的丈夫。
如果验证是必要的，但它不能获得本身，记者可以采取其他的策略。
三此外，以验证“事实”，以下四个战略步骤，让记者来宣扬他们的客观性。
1.介绍冲突的可能性。
新闻记者必须能够识别的“事实”，甚至尽管他们中的一些真实的性格是不容易核查。
例如，一位美国参议员重申，美国苏联的背后去，在一个特定类型的导弹发展。
记者当然无法验证准时到达他的版本结束这样的肯定，它甚至有可能，他无法找到精确的值肯定是到什么程度，或者不是一个“事实”的信息。
广播电视学毕业论文文献综述
广播电视学毕业论文文献综述导言近年来，随着社会的快速发展和信息技术的飞速进步，广播电视行业变得日益重要。
广播电视既是一种媒介形式，也是重要的文化传播方式和社会影响力机构。
本文将从广播电视学的发展历程、重要理论、国内外研究现状等几个方面对广播电视学的研究进展进行综述，旨在为广播电视学的研究者提供参考和借鉴。
一、广播电视学发展历程广播电视学作为一门学科，其起源可追溯到上世纪20年代。
随着无线电技术的发展和广播电台的兴起，广播电视逐渐成为人们获取信息和娱乐的重要途径。
广播电视学在学术界的发展也日益受到重视。
20世纪40年代，美国学者拉祖斯（Lazarsfeld）提出了“双步流”和“多步流”传播模型，为广播电视学奠定了理论基础。
在此基础上，不断涌现出一批重要的广播电视学理论家和学者，如芒罗和贝尔肯斯坦等。
随着广播电视技术的不断升级和媒体环境的变革，广播电视学的研究对象和内容也不断发展和拓展。
二、广播电视学理论广播电视学的理论基础包括传播理论、社会学理论、心理学理论等多个学科的研究成果。
其中，传播理论是广播电视学研究的核心理论之一。
其中著名的传播理论有“媒介依附理论”、“差异理论”、“观众控制理论”等。
这些理论从不同角度研究了广播电视媒体的特点、影响力以及传播效果等。
此外，社会学理论和心理学理论也为广播电视学的研究提供了重要的思考框架和研究方法。
三、国内外研究现状在国内，广播电视学的研究领域涵盖了广泛的内容，包括广播电视媒体的运营管理、广播电视节目的制作和传播、广播电视对社会、文化和政治等方面的影响等。
当前，国内的广播电视学研究呈现出以下几个特点：首先，研究方法趋于多元化，既有定量研究，也有定性研究，如问卷调查、访谈、实地观察等。
其次，研究内容更加多样化和细化，涵盖了从传媒内容到传媒效果等多个层面。
此外，国内广播电视学研究也面临着一些挑战，如数据获取难、研究方法创新等。
在国外，广播电视学研究同样得到了广泛的关注和研究。
知识产权论文中英文对照外文翻译文献
知识产权论文中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献1外文参考文献译文the well-known trademarks and dilute anti-diluted First, well-known trademarks SummaryWell-known trademarks is a long-term use, in the market enjoy a high reputation, known for the relevant public and by certain procedures that the trademark. Since the "Paris Convention" was first introduced the concept of well-known trademarks, the well-known trademarks for special protection legislation has become the world trend.Paris Convention stipulates: all of the members were identified as the well-known trade marks, or registered First, the first to ban others, and the other is to prohibit the use of others with identical or similar logo. Trips further provides: 1, the Paris Convention for the special protection and extension of the services of well-known trademarks, 2, the scope of protection does not extend to prohibit similar goods or services with the well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo, 3, on how to That a well-known trademarks in principle a simple requirement.National legislation on the practice, the well-known trade marks that standards vary, often based on specific trade mark promotion of public awareness of related areas, logo merchandise sales and the scope of national interests, and o ther factors identified. From an international treaty to protect the well-known trademarks mind, that well-known trade marks and protection of well-known trade marks are closely linked.Second, the well-known trademarks protected modeOn the protection of the main trademarks of relative and absolute protectionism two models.The former refers to ban others with well-known trademarks identical or similar trademark with the trademark owner the same or similar industries in the registration or use of similar goods in non-use of the same or similar trademarks is permitted, "the Paris Convention "That is, relative to protectionism.While the latter refers to ban others in any industry, including the well-known trade mark goods with different or similar to those in the industry to register with the well-known trade marks and the use of the same or similar trademarks, TRIPS agreement that is taken by the expansion of the absolute protectionism.In simple economic form, as specified by the trade mark goods at a single, specific trade mark goods and the link between more closely. With, a valuable well-known trademarks have been more and more use of different types of commodities, which are among the types of goods on the property may be totally different, in a trademark associated with the commodity groups and the relative weakening of trade marks Commodity producers and the relative isolation. Not well-known trademarks such as cross-category protection and allow others to register, even if the goods obvious differences, the public will still be in the new goods and reputable well-known trademarks to establish a link between people that the goods may be well-known trademark, the new commodities , Or the well-known trademarks of goods and people between the existence of a legal, organizational or business association, thus leading to the misuse of consumers purchase. The rapid development of the commodity today, the relative protectionism has not improved the protection of the public and well-known trademark owner's interests.In view of this, in order to effectively prevent the reputation of well-known trademarks, and the identification of significant features and advertising value by the improper use of the damage, many countries on the implementation of a well-known trademarks is protectionism, which prohibits the use of any products on the same or with the well-known trademarks Similar to the trademark.TRIPS Agreement Article 16, paragraph 3 states: Paris Convention 1967 text, in principle, applicable to the well-known trademarks and logos of the commodities or services are not similar goods or services, if not similar goods or services on the use of the trademark will be Suggest that the goods or services with the well-known trademarks on a link exists, so that the interests of all well-known trademarks may be impaired.Third, the well-known trademarks dilutedThe protection of trademark rights, there are mainly two: one for the confusion theory, a theory for desalination.The main traditional trademark protection for trade marks the difference between functional design, and its theoretical basis for the theory of confusion. In summary, which is to ensure that the trademark can be identification, confirmation and different goods or services different from the significant features, to avoid confusion, deception and E Wu, the law gives first use of a person or persons registered with exclusive rights, which prohibits any Without the permission of the rights to use may cause confusion among consumers in the same or similar trademarks. Clearly, the traditional concept of trademark protection, to stop "the possibility of confusion" is the core of trademark protection.With the socio-economic development andcommercialization of the continuous improvement of the degree, well-known trademarks by the enormous implication for the growing commercial value have attracted the attention of people. Compared with ordinary marks, bearing well-known trademarks by the significance and meaning beyond the trademark rights to the general, and further symbol of product quality and credit, contains a more valuable business assets - goodwill. Well-known trade mark rights of people to use its excellent reputation of leading the way in the purchasing power, instead of the use of trademarks to distinguish between different products and producers.When the mark beyond the role of this feature to avoid confusion, then, this factor is obviously confused and can not cover everything, and other factors become as important as or more important. Thus, in theory confusion on the basis of further development of desalination theory.Trademark Dilution (dilution), also known as trademark dilution, is one of trademark infringement theory. "Watered down", according to the U.S. "anti-federal trademark law dilute" means "regardless of well-known trade mark rights and the others between the existence of competition, or existence of confusion, misunderstanding or the possibility of deception, reduce and weaken the well-known trademarks Its goods or services and the identification of significant capacity of the act. " In China, some scholars believe that "refers to dilute or weaken gradually weakened consumer or the public will be trademarks of the commercial sources with a specific link between the ability." Trademark faded and that the main theory is that many market operators have Using well-known trademarks of the desire of others, engage in well-known trademarks should be toprevent others from using its own unique identification of special protection.1927, Frank ? Si Kaite in the "Harvard Law reviews" wrote the first trademark dilute theory. He believes that people should not only be trademarks of others prohibit the use of the mark, he will compete in the commodity, and should prohibit the use of non-competitive goods on. He pointed out: the real role of trade marks, not distinguish between goods operators, but satisfied with the degree of difference between different commodities, so as to promote the continuous consumer purchase. From the basic function of trademarks, trade mark used in non-competitive goods, their satisfaction with regard to the distinction between the role of different commodities will be weakened and watered down. Trademarks of the more significant or unique, to the public the impression that the more deeply, that is, should be restricted to non-compete others in the use of goods or services.Since then, the Intellectual Property Rights Branch of the American Bar Association Chairman Thomas ? E ? Si Kaite Smith on the theory made a fu rther elaboration and development. He said: "If the courts allow or laissez-faire 'Rolls Royce' restaurants, 'Rolls-Royce' cafeteria, 'Rolls-Royce' pants, 'Rolls-Royce' the candy, then not 10 years, ' Rolls-Royce 'trademark owners will no longer have the world well-known trademarks. "Si Kaite in accordance with the theory of well-known trade marks have faded because of the effect of non-rights holders with well-known trademarks in the public mind the good image of well-known trademarks will be used in non-competitive goods, so as to gradually weaken or reduce the value of well-known trademarks, That is, by the well-known trademarks havecredibility. Trademark tag is more significant or unique characteristics, which in the public mind the impression that the more deep, more is the need for increased protection, to prevent the well-known trade marks and their specific goods was the link between the weakening or disappearance.In practice, trademarks diluted share a wide range of operating methods, such as:A well-known trademarks of others will still use as a trademark, not only in the use of the same, similar to the goods or services. For example, household appliances, "Siemens" trademark as its own production of the furniture's trademark.2. To other people's well-known trademarks as their corporate name of the component. Such as "Haier" trademark for the name of his restaurant.3. To the well-known trademarks of others as the use of domain names. For example, watches trademark "OMEGA" registered the domain name for themselves (/doc/cf12487433.html,).4. To the well-known trademarks of others as a commodity and decorating use.5. Will be others as well-known trade marks of goods or services using the common name. For example, "Kodak" interpreted as "film, is a camera with photographic material", or "film, also known as Kodak,……" This interpretation is also the mark of the water down. If the "Kodak" ignored the trademark owner, after a period of time, people will Kodak film is, the film is Kodak. In this way, the Kodak film-related goods has become the common name, it as a trademark by a significant, identifiable on limbo. The public well-known Jeep (Jeep), aspirin (Aspirin), freon (Freon), and so was the registration of foreign goods are due toimproper use and management and the protection of poor, evolved into similar products common name, Thus lost its trademark logo features.U.S. "anti-diluted Federal trademark law" before the implementation of the Federal Court of Appeal through the second from 1994 to 1996 case, identified thefollowing violations including the Trademark Dilution: (1) vague, non-means as others in similar goods not on Authorized the use of a trademark so that the sales of goods and reduce the value of trademarks or weakened (2) pale, that is because of violations related to the quality, or negative, to demonize the acts described a trademark goods may be caused to others The negative effects of the situation, (3) to belittle, or improperly changed, or derogatory way to describe a trade mark case.The majority of our scholars believe that the well-known trademarks diluted There are two main forms: watered down and defaced. The so-called dilute the people will have no right to use the same or similar trademark with the well-known trademarks used in different types of commodities, thus making the mark with the goods weakened ties between the specific acts the so-called defaced is that people will have no right to use the same Or similar marks for the well-known trade marks will have to belittle good reputation, tarnished the role of different types of goods on the act.Some scholars believe that the desalination also refers to the three aspects of well-known trademarks damage. First, in a certain way to demonize the relevant well-known trademarks; Second, some way related to well-known trademark dark; Third is the indirect way so that consumers will distort trade mark goods for the general misunderstanding of the name.In general, can be diluted in the form summarized as follows: 1, weakeningWeakening is a typical diluted form, also known as dark, is that others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, thereby weakening the mark with its original logo of goods or services The link between, weakening the mark was a significant and identifiable, thus bearing the trade mark by the damage caused by acts of goodwill. Weakening the mark of recognition of the significant damage is serious, it can be the recognition of trademark dilution, was significant, or even make it completely disappeared, then to the mark bycarrying the reputation of devastating combat.First, the weakening of the identification is the weakening and lower. Any unauthorized person, others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, will reduce its recognition of. But consumers were referred to the mark, it may no longer think of first is the original goods or services, not only is the original or goods or services, consumers simply will not even think of goods or services, but the Trademark Dilution of goods Or services. There is no doubt that this marks the recognition of, is a heavy blow.Weakening of the mark is significantly weakened and the lower. Mark is significantly different from other commercial trademark marked characteristics. A certain well-known trademarks, which in itself should be a very significant, very significant and can be quickly and other signs of its own separate. However, the Trademark Dilution of the same or similar trademarks used in different goods or services, so that was the trademark and other commercial marked difference in greatlyreduced, to the detriment of its significant.Of course, regardless of the weakening of the mark was a significant or identifiable, are the ultimate impact of the mark by the bearer of goodwill. Because the trade mark is the carrier of goodwill, the mark of any major damage, the final performance for all bearing the trade mark by the goodwill of the damage.2, tarnishedMeans others will have some well-known trademarks in the use of the good reputation of the trademark will have to belittle, defaced role of the goods or services on the act. Contaminate the trademarks of others, is a distortion of trade marks to others, the use of the damage, not only reduced the value of the mark, even on such values were defaced. As tarnished reputation is a trademark of damage, so tarnished included in the diluted acts, is also relatively accepted view. Moreover, in the field of trademark faded, tarnished than the weakening of the danger of even greater acts, the consequences are more serious.3, degradationDegradation is due to improper use of trademarks, trade mark goods for the evolution of the common name recognition and loss of function. Trademark Dilution degradation is the most serious kind. Degradation of the event, will completely lose their identification marks, no longer has the distinction function as the common name of the commodity.Fourth, protection against diluteBased on the well-known trademarks dilute the understanding, and accompanied by a serious weakening of well-known trademarks, all countries are gradually legislation to provide for the well-known trademarks to protect anti-diluted. There are specific models:1, the development of special anti-dilute the protection of well-known trademarksThe United States is taking this protection on behalf of the typical pattern.1995, in order to prevent lower dilute "the only representative of the public eye, the unique image of the trademark" to protect "the trademark value of advertising," the U.S. Congress passed the National reunification of the "anti-federal trademark law watered down", so as to the well-known trademarks All provide the unified and effective national anti-dilute the protection.U.S. anti-diluted in trademark protection has been added a new basis for litigation, which is different from the traditional basis of trademark infringement litigation. Trademark infringement of the criteria is confusing, the possibility of deception and misleading, and the Trademark Dilution criteria is unauthorized to others well-known trademarks of the public to reduce the use of the trademark instructions for goods and services only and in particular of Feelings. It is clear that the U.S. law is anti-diluted basis, "business reputation damage" and the possibility of well-known trade mark was a significant weakening of the possibility of providingrelief. Moreover, anti-faded law does not require the application of competitive relations or the existence of possible confusion, which is more conducive to the exercise of trademark right to appeal.2, through the Anti-Unfair Competition Law ProtectionSome countries apply anti-unfair competition law to protect famous trademarks from being watered down. Such as Greece, "Anti-Unfair Competition Law," the first one: "Prohibition of theUse of well-known trademarks in order to take advantage of different commodities on the well-known trademarks dilute its credibility was significant." Although some countries in the Anti-Unfair Competition Law does not explicitly prohibits trademark faded, but the Trademark Dilution proceedings, the application of unfair competition litigation.3, through or under well-known trademark protection within the scope of trademark protectionMost civil law countries is this way. 1991, "the French Intellectual Property Code," Di Qijuan trademark law section L.713-5 of the provisions that: not in similar goods or services on the use of well-known trade marks to the trademark owner or a loss caused by the improper use of trademarks , Against people should bear civil liability.Germany in 1995, "the protection of trademarks and other signs of" Article 14 also stipulates that: without the consent of the trademark rights of third parties should be banned in commercial activities, in and protected by the use of the trademark does not like similar goods or services , And the use of the trademark identical or similar to any signs.4, in the judicial precedents in the application of anti-dilute the protection ofIn some countries there are no clear legislative provisions of the anti-dilute well-known trademarks, but in judicial practice, they are generally applicable civil law on compensation for the infringement of the debt to protect the interests of all well-known trademarks, through judicial precedents to dilute the protection of applicable anti.China's well-known trademarks in the protection of the law did not "water down" the reference, but on the substance of therelevant legal provisions, protection of anti-diluted. 2001 "Trademark Law" amendment to increase the protection of well-known trademarks, in particular, it is important to the well-known trademarks have been registered to conduct cross-category protection. Article 13 stipulates: "The meeting is not the same as or similar to the trademark application for registration of goods is copied, Mofang, translation others have been registered in the well-known trademarks, misleading the public, the standard of the well-known trade mark registration may be the interests of the damage, no registration And can not be used. "But needs to be pointed out that this provision does not mean that China's laws for the well-known trademarks has provided an effective anti-dilute the protection. "Trademark Law" will prohibit only well-known trademarks and trademarks of the same or similar use, without the same or similar goods not on the behavior, but the well-known trade marks have faded in various forms, such as the well-known trademarks for names, domain names, such acts Detract from the same well-known trademarks destroyed the logo of the ability to make well-known trade mark registration of the interests of damage, this is not a legal norms.It must be pointed out that the trade mark that should be paying attention to downplay acts of the following:1, downplay acts are specifically for the well-known registered trade marks.Perpetrators diluted one of the main purpose is the free-rider, using the credibility of well-known trademarks to sell their products, and general use of trademarks do not have this value. That acts to dilute limited to well-known trademarks, can effectively protect the rights of trademark rights, have notexcessively restrict the freedom of choice of logo, is right to resolve the conflict right point of balance. "Trademark Law" will be divided into well-known trademarks have beenregistered and unregistered, and give different protection. Anti-has been watered down to protect only against the well-known trade marks registration, and for China not only well-known trade marks registered in the same or similar ban on the registration and use of goods. This reflects the "Trademark Law" the principle of protection of registered trademarks.2, faded in the different categories of goods and well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo.If this is the same or similar goods with well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar to the logo should be in accordance with the general treatment of trademark infringement. There is also a need to downplay the use of the tags are similar to a well-known trademarks and judgments.3, not all the non-use of similar products on the well-known trade marks and logos of the same or similar circumstances are all faded.When a trademark has not yet become well-known trademarks, perhaps there are some with the same or similar trademarks used in other types of goods on. In the well-known trademarks, the original has been in existence does not constitute a trademark of those who play down.4, acts that play down the perpetrator does not need to consider the subjective mental state.Regardless of their out of goodwill or malicious, intentional or fault, is not watered down the establishment. But the acts of subjective mental state will assume responsibility for its impact on the manner and scope. Generally speaking, if the perpetratoracts intentionally dilute the responsibility to shoulder much weight, in particular, bear a heavier responsibility for damages, if the fault is the commitment will be less responsibility. If there are no mistakes, just assume the responsibility to stop infringement.5, due to anti-faded to protect well-known trade marks with a specific goods orservices linked to well-known trademarks a long time widely used in a variety of goods, will inevitably lead to trademark the logo of a particular commodity producers play down the link, well-known trademarks A unique attraction to consumers will also be greatly reduced. So that should not be watered down to conduct a source of confusion for the conditions of goods, after all, not all the water down will cause consumers confusion. For example, a street shop's name is "Rolls-Royce fruit shop," people at this time there will be no confusion and that the shop and the famous Rolls-Royce trademark or producers of the contact. However, such acts can not be allowed, a large number of similar acts will dilute the Rolls-Royce trademark and its products linked to undermine the uniqueness of the trademark, if things continue this way when the mention of Rolls-Royce trademark, people may think of is not only Automobile, food, clothing, appliances, etc.. That faded as to cause confusion for the conditions, some will not dilute norms and suppression of acts, makes well-known trade marks are not well protected. Therefore, as long as it is a well-known trademark detract from the logo and unique ability to act on the behavior should be identified as diluted.1. Zheng Chengsi: "Intellectual property law", legal publishers 2003 version.2. Wu Handong editor: "Intellectual Property Law," China Politics and Law University Press 2002 edition.3. Susan. Sela De: "The United States Federal trademark law dilute the anti-legislation and practice," Zhang Jin Yi, contained in the "Law on Foreign Translation" 1998 No.4.4. Kong Xiangjun: "Anti-Unfair Competition AFP theory," People's Court Press, 2001 edition.5. Liu Ping, Qi Chang: "On the special protection of famous trademarks", in "law and commercial" 1998 No.6.6. Well-Tao, Lu Zhou Li: "On the well-known trademarks to protect the anti-diluted", in "Law" 1998 No. 5.2 外文参考文献原文浅谈驰名商标之淡化与反淡化一、驰名商标概述驰名商标是指经过长期使用，在市场上享有较高声誉，为相关公众所熟知，并经一定程序认定的商标。
2中英文2双语广播电视编导新闻传播专业毕业设计外文文献翻译成品：电视新闻纪录片的编辑策略
Editing Strategies in Television News DocumentariesAbstract:Richard J. SchaeferThis study describes the editing techniques used in four renowned television news documentaries that aired between 1954 and 1982. It is informed by Peirce5s theories of signs, and realist and symbolic film theory, as well as some of the understandings common to broadcast journalists. The analysis attempts to bridge subdisciplinary boundaries to advance an accessible vocabulary for discussing journalistic representational strategies. The prevalence of continuity and thematic editing styles, special transitional effects, audio track synchronization, and differing cutting rates was quantitatively analyzed and linked to classic film realism and montage strategies. The quantitative findings and a comparative case study analysis of the structural nuances of each documentary illustrate the variety of representational strategies used by network journalists. These findings are discussed in light of analysts5 assertions that televised reports have become increasingly journalist centered.Key Words:TV documentary,semiotics ,editing strategy,film theory,production techniquesFor decades, culturally oriented critics have studied the routine practices of print and broadcast journalists. Altheide and Snow (1979), Epstein (1973), Glasser and Ettema (1989), McManus (1994), and Tuchman (1972, 1978) examined journalism from the broader context of organizational and professional routines. Their studies provide a functionalist alternative to journalists5 understandings of news work. The researchers described determinations of news value, attempts to balance sources, and objective styles of representation as efforts to deflect criticism and legitimate news practices. By naturalizing their professional routines, network journalists were able to meet commercial imperatives by producing news and documentary reports more efficiently. In light of this ethnographic perspective and a belief in the media’s social responsibilities, other researchers have relied on an information transmission model to examine journalistic representations. Gans (1979), Gitlin (1980), the Glasgow University Media Group (1982), Graber (1988), Gunter (1987), and Robinson (1986) used content analyses and reception studies to support claims that standard journalistic practices often fail to meet their full potential for conveying information.Patterson (1993) turned to longitudinal content comparisons when considering press performance. He described recent political coverage asbecoming increasingly negative and journalist centered. This more negative style privileges journalists’voices over those of the politicians and others featured in news reports. Thus, even the journalistic practice of previous decades has been used as a basis for evaluating contemporary press practices.Peirce’s Semiotics and Film TheoryIn his semiotic work, Peirce (1940) distinguished between the iconic, indexical, and symbolic qualities of signs. Iconic signs bear a resemblance to and convey many of the details andcharacteristics of the objects they represent. Indeed, photographic signs are icons because they look like the objects they represent. Peirce wrote that photographic signs were also indexical, because the photo-graph is a by-product or trace of the thing it represents (much as a footprint communicates a step and a weathervane signifies wind direction). Signs can also have symbolic qualities that convey arbitrary and conventional meanings. Symbolic meaning is not derived from a sign’s relationship to actual events so much as its conventional usage and propositional appropriateness within a broader semiotic argument.According to Peirce (1940), the three different qualities of signs are not exclusive. A visual image may have a combination of iconic, indexical, and symbolic overtones. The iconic and indexical qualities of contemporary imaging technologies, including film and video, have enabled audiovisual signs to rival the written transcript and written description as the most accurate representations of events. This ''camera of record” approach is based on the detail evidentin film and video representations and journalistic guarantees that the images are authentic.This study examined four significant and well-distributed works from a single broadcast journalism genre. It utilized a case study approach reinforced by a quantitative analysis of four editing variables to reveal the programs5 varied editing strategies. Therefore, it explored a frequently overlooked structural aspect of broadcast journalism.The DocumentariesEach of the four documentary telecasts aired during different periods in a genre that scholars have labeled the prestige documentary (Bluem, 1965; Carroll, 1978; Freed, 1972; Rosenthal, 1988). The four programs were chosen, in part, because they achieved such notoriety that much has been written about them. The programs are still available for viewing in many public and university libraries. This makes it possible for readers to see the documentaries for themselves.CodingThe programs were coded on a shot-by-shot basis. This allowed four formalvariables to be tabulated for each visual transition in the documentaries. The following four variables were tabulated, because, when taken in combination, they provide insights into the prevalence of realist and montage editing strategies:(1) Shot length: The duration in seconds and tenths of seconds of each visual image. This variable indicates cutting rate, or how many visual edits were made per minute. High cutting rates suggest more overtly artificial and fragmented editing strategies. Low cutting rates suggest a less fragmented “camera of record” approach to representation.(2) Use of straight cuts or special effect edits: Whether visual transitions used cut edits or more elaborate special effects, such as dissolves or fades. Frequent use of the latter would typically convey a sense of artificiality and reduce classic continuity realism.(3) Style of visual edit: Whether the visual edit was a continuity edit, a montage edit, a jump cut or transitional edit, or an edit that had no apparent visual logic. Transitions between shots recorded at a single site and without any apparent breaks in action were characterizedas continuity edits. Montage edits reinforced traditional or avant-garde symbolic understandings. If a transition could have been characterized as both a continuity and montage edit, it was counted only as a continuity technique, because its use in the continuity sequence fostered a more iconic and indexical realistic interpretation. Jump cuts make viewers aware that an event has been condensed through editing. Thus, they destroy the illusion of continuity. Transitional edits are sometimes considered a particular type of continuity edit. They typically begin with an exterior shot of a building or outside detail, and then transition to a shot of a scene inside the building. Finally, some transitions between shots lacked a clear visual logic and were therefore labeled as such.(4) Audiovisual synchronization: Whether or not the primary audio track was edited with synch sound that appeared to have been recorded with the visual image. This synchronized sound would reinforce realistic interpretations. Sounds that appeared not to have been recorded on location with the visual image, and were presumably added during the editing stage, were categorized as asynchronous. The presence of such overlaid asynchronous sounds reinforces a more artificial and symbolically complex editing strategy.Production Techniques of the DocumentariesSubject matter and individual producer preferences influenced the construction of the four documentaries. The relatively slow pacing (3.4 cutting rate) of the 1954McCarthy broadcast could be partly attributable to the fact that Executive Producer Edward R. Murrow rejected the quick-paced editing style common to the newsreels of the 1940s and 1950s (Yeager, 1956, p. 202). Instead, Murrow adopted a more classic realist strategy that relied on the iconicityand indexicality of “camera of record” footage of McCarthy acting like a political bully.This classic realist approach was practical because, as a prominent newsmaker, Senator McCarthy left a trail of authentic film images in his wake.Murrow and Producer Fred Friendly were able to collect those images and select clips that showed McCarthy abusing his congressional powers. Although Murrow’s live lead-ins provided some critical context for the authenticated clips, the images of McCarthy were presented in a seemingly unmanipulated manner. This technique emphasized the indexicality of the images as traces of real events. Thus, rather than Murrow merely issuing a subjective attack on McCarthy, the senator’s own actions appeared to be presented for viewers to judge for themselves.ConclusionThe use of traditional montage and independently edited audio and visual tracks in the four documentaries appears to reinforce some press critics5 claims that there has been a noticeable rise in overtly subjective and journalist-centered reporting during the last few decades. However, it should be remembered that all these documentaries presented the strong editorial sentiments of their producers. Even the Report on Senator McCarthy, which was most obviously grounded in classic realism, conveyed the subjective editorial assertions of its producers. In fact, by emphasizing the indexical properties of the imagery, classic realist representations can present subjective arguments in a seemingly objective andnondiscursive manner—a manner that is even less self-evidently biased than montage strategies. Therefore, if classic realist representations are giving way to more montage-structured journalistic efforts, it would follow that observers would be more likely to notice journalists taking editorial stands in contemporary television reports.Despite the fact that each of the subsequent documentaries relied more heavily on synthetic montage techniques than the previous documentaries, this four documentary analysis does not prove that broadcast journalists are now turning to montage over classic realism. To make that claim, it would be necessary to conduct rigorous longitudinal analyses of larger representative samples of news, news magazines, and documentary reports.In this study I have attempted to bridge some of these subdisciplinary boundaries by integrating baseline concepts and vocabulary from film theory, Peircian semiotics, and the jargon of professional journalists. Just as manipulating editing techniques advances the art of television reporting, using a commonly accessible vocabulary for analyzing the techniques of nonfictional editing can advance the art of “reading” television journalism.ReferencesAdatto, K. (1990, May 28). The incredible shrinking sound bite. New Republic, pp. 20-23. Alexander, S. L. (1988). CBS News and subpoenas duces tecum, 1971-1987. Communica tions and the La w, 10(4), 3-16.Altheide, D. L., & Snow, R. P. (1979). Media logic. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Arnheim, R. (1967). Film a s a rt. Berkeley: University of California Press.Bazin, A. (1967). Wha t is cinema ? (H. Gray, Trans.). Berkeley: University of California Press. Bazin, A. (1971). Wha t is cinema ? Vol. II (H. Gray, Trans.). Berkeley: University of California Press.Benjamin, B. (1984). CBS Benja min Report: CBS Reports The Uncounted Enemy:A Vietna mdeception: An exa mina tion. Washington, DC: Media Institute. Benjamin, B. (1988). Fa ir pla y: CBS, Genera 1 Westmorela nd, a nd how a television documenta ry went wrong. New York: Harper & Row.Berkowitz, D. (1990). Refining the gatekeeping metaphor for local television news. Journa 1 of Broa dca sting & Electronic Media , 34, 55-68. Bluem, W. A. (1965). Documenta ry in America n television. New York: Hastings House.Carroll, R. L. (1978). Factual television in America: An analysis of network television documentaryprograms, 1948-1975 (Doctoral dissertation, University ofWisconsin—Madison, 1978). Disserta tion Abstra cts Interna tiona 1, 39(01), A5.Carter, H. (Economou, R., Producer). (1983, April 23). Uncounted enemy, unproven conspira cy.Inside edition. New York: Public Broadcasting Service.Compesi, R. J., & Sheriffs, R. E. (1985). Sma 11 forma t television production. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.G. Crile (Producer). (1982, Jan. 23). The uncounted enemy: A Vietnamdeception (M. Wallace, Correspondent, & I. W. Klein, Editor). New York: CBS.Curtin, M. (1993). Packaging reality: The influence of fictional forms on the early development oftelevision documentary. Journa lism Monogra phs, 137.Davis, P. (Producer) (1971, Feb. 23 and March 23). The selling of the Pentagon. (R. Mudd, Correspondent). CBS reports. New York: CBS. Deleuze, G. (1986). Cinema 1: The movement-ima ge (H. Tomlinson & B. Habberjam, Trans.).Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Deleuze, G. (1989). Cinema 2: The time-ima ge (H. Tomlinson & R. Galeta, Trans.). Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.Drew, D. G., & Caldwell, R. (1985). Some effects of video editing on perceptions of television news. Journa lism Qua rterly, 62, 828-831.Eisenstein, S. (1949). Film form: Essa ys in film theory (J. Leyda, Ed.& Trans.). New York: Harcourt,Brace.Epstein, E. J. (1973). News from nowhere. New York: Random House. Fallows, J. (1996, February). Why Americans hate the media. Atla ntic Monthly, 277(2), 45-64.Freed, F. (1972). The rise and fall of the television documentary. Television Qua rterly, 10(1), 55 62.Friendly, F. W. (Producer). (1954, March 9). Report on Senator McCarthy (Ed. R. Murrow, Correspondent & Executive Producer). See it now. New York:CBS.Friendly, F. W. (1967). Due to circumsta nces beyond our control. New York: Random House. Gans, H. J. (1979). Deciding wha t5s news: A study of CBS Evening News,NBC Nightly News,Newsweek a nd Time. New York: Vintage Books.Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is wa tching: Ma ss media in the ma king a nd unma king of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press. Glasgow University Media Group (1982). Rea lly ba d news. London: Writers& Readers.Glasser, T. L., & Ettema, J. S. (1989). Investigative journalism and the moral order. Critica 1 Studies in Mass Communica tion, 6, 1-20.译文：电视新闻纪录片的编辑策略Richard J. Schaefer摘要：在本文中，阐述了1954 年至1982 年间播出的四部著名电视新闻纪录片中使用的编辑技巧。
【精品文档】40全媒体时代中国电视媒体的转型中英文双语外文文献翻译成品
外文标题：On Transformation of China’s TV Media in Omn i-media Era 外文作者：Ning YAN, *, Ke SU文献出处:International Conference on Social Science,2016英文1293单词，7086字符，中文2189汉字。
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On Transformation of China’s TV Media in Omn i-media EraNing YAN1, *, Ke SU 2Keywords: Omni-media, Media convergence, Industry transformation.Abstract. The advert of omni-media era poses unprecedented challenges to traditional TV media. Transformation and integration become imperative for its susta inable development. The paper tries to discuss successful transformation of TV media in terms of thinking pattern change, program editing system, and Human Resource Integration: how to enhance internet awareness and reconstruct media-user relationship; how to establish the editing system of "one source, multiple channels, various forms", and how to update human resource structure, management system and integration mechanism. IntroductionOmni-media is the integral combination of communication technology and media product services. The interactive and individualized features of omni-media transmission are changing TV audience's role as passive recipients. TV media is entering the "internet +" age, in which "+" can be followed by any conventional media. So what can "internet + TV media" bring us? How do we redefine TV media and its relationship with the audience? These are questions facing current China's TV media transformation, to which we are trying to find the answers.Enhance Internet Awareness and Reconstruct Media-user Relationship Relationship between TV media and its audience is bearing the brunt of omni-media impact. Independence and options granted by internet-era new media are transforming the TV - audience relationship to a TV - users one. The entirety of the media, market, production, consumption and transmission, evolve around users. New media regards users' information as valuable resources. It collects information about users' reading habits and life styles before analyzing their needs and improving user-friendliness. Understanding of users' basic needs guarantees shared values, brand resonance and better individualized products.In the further reform of China's TV media, a significant standard of its successful transformation is the capability of self-renewal, which centers on user experience. Aware of the significance of integration with internet new media, some TV media enterprises have opened their own websites and micro-blogs. However, absence of "user-centric, open and sharing" concepts combined with lack of market, user and services awareness account for failure of the transformation to achieve fruitful results.How to center media convergence around users? First, we must adopt a new thinking mode: to make plans and carry them out, with internet in mind. New media is about equal communication and interactive transmission. Users are no longer the passive recipients of TV programs they used to be. Importance should be attached to user experience, so that various individual needs for information can be fulfilled. An analogy of cooking and dining may help here. The public used to consume whatever the TV media served, Now the TV media has to prepare what the public orders. It even has to anticipate their appetite and favorites to prepare in advance. For example, the personal list of news topics can be based on each individual user's reading habits. To expand its influence, TV media has to tap into and make the best of users' internet habits.Establish the Editing System of " One Source, Multiple Channels, Various Forms" With new technology, conventional TV media and new medias (internet and smart-phones are equipped to go out of their ways to engage in close interaction and cooperation with each other. Further integration of them and upgrade in management system maximize social influence and social profits. At present, flaws in TV media system are detrimental to its transformation. To promote integrated development of TV media and new medias, we have to observe their respective rules. Various routes lead to the same destination: convergence or omni-media: one source processed and conveyed with multiple medias.The concept of omni-media has emerged after notions of new media, trans-media and multi-media. In a narrow sense, omni-media is the integration of conventional media with information-age media using new technology to upgrade their production, channels, transmission, marketing and management. In a broad sense, it is integrated utilization of media forms in brand-new ways of information production and transmission.Instead of partial and biased dependence on any single one of them, omni-media is the balanced and harmonious integration of content, channels, technology, management and production. To that end, editing process needs to be reconstructed and updated to establish a unified collecting and editing multimedia platform and to achieve the objective of "one source, multiple channels, various forms". Many TV media enterprises are making addition by setting up relevant new media departments. Compared with transformation, making addition is more convenient and involves less risk, for it does not change the status quo and vested interests, while increasing employment. However, simply adding an apartment does not give substantial boost to the convergence or coordination among different medias. We should go beyond the experimental phase of addition and go for transformation to real convergence by establishing omni-mediaplatforms.Omni-media presentations of the same information source can be various and vivid. For instance, a 5-minute video clip "How are Leads Made" went viral online, which presented in the form of cartoon how a politician in China climbs up the ladder to become a leader. Its success proves how the comprehensive application of scripts, pictures, graphs, cartoons, videos and audios can fulfill varied user experience with its dynamic and multidimensional demonstration.In light of Omni-Media Concept, update Human Resource Structure, Management System and Integration MechanismAnother breakthrough point in pushing TV media convergence is reform of talent system. Talent is a catalyst to accelerate media convergence and serves as a bridge between theory and technology. All relevant personnel are integrated into one department on the omni-media digital platform, so that the barriers between newspapers, radio, television and internet are broken by the convergence on human resource level. To adjust to the transformation, TV media needs all-around media talents, who are knowledgeable in arts, science, economy, finance, and management, as well as skillful in technology.An army of specialized and versatile talents not just helps media convergence, but effectively reduces the cost. Converting the same source into products for different medias saves a huge amount of labor, resources and funds, thus big profits gained. According to American psychologist Frederick Irving Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene theory, motivational factors can be responsible for increasing motivation. These factors could involve job recognition, potential for promotion or even the work in itself. On the other hand, lack of hygiene factors can lower motivation. These factors could be anything from clean toilets and comfortable chairs, to a reasonable level of pay and job security. To build a competent omni-media team integrating journalists, screenwriters and directors, we have to supplement training with new recruitment, try to motivate and guarantee talents' development, and create favorable environment for them to give full play to their potentials.Establishment of medical care system is a reflection of humanized management to extend the enterprise's concern from its personnel's performance in work to their mental and psychological well-being. Harmonious environment in media enterprises help tap into their most precious resources—talents.References[1] Hu Yong, Fan Haiyan, Internet: the King Who Rules, Hainan Publishing House, Haikou,1997.[2] Mark Levy, Journalism and Communication: Towards Cyberspace Era, Journalism&Communication, No. 1 (1997).[3] Wilbur Schramm, William E. Porter, (translated by Li Qi), Men, Women, Messages,and Media: Understanding Human Communication, Xin Hua Press, Beijin, 1984.[4] Cheng Zhongliang, Change of Journalist Profession in Omni-media Era, Youth Journalist, No. 18 (2010).全媒体时代中国电视媒体的转型Ning YAN1, *, Ke SU 2关键词：全媒体，媒体融合，产业转型摘要：全媒体时代背景下的广告业对传统电视媒体提出了前所未有的挑战。
广播电视新闻学中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:Communicating uncertainty - how Australian television reported H1N1 risk in 2009:a content analysis Abstract1.Background: Health officials face particular challenges in communicating with the public about emerging infectious diseases of unknown severity such as the 2009 H1N1(swine …flu) pandemic (pH1N1). Statements intended to create awareness and convey the seriousness of infectious disease threats can draw accusations of scaremongering, while officials can be accused of complacency if such statements are not made. In these communication contexts, news journalists, often reliant on official sources to understand issues are pivotal in selecting and emphasising aspects of official discourse deemed sufficiently newsworthy to present to the public. This paper presents a case-study of news communication regarding the emergence of pH1N1.2.Methods: We conducted a content analysis of all television news items aboutpH1N1. We examined news and current affairs items broadcast on 5 free-to-air Sydney television channels between April 25 2009 (the first report) and October 9 (prior to the vaccine release) for statements about the seriousness of the disease how the public could minimise contagion government responses to emerging information.3.Results: pH1N1 was the leading health story for eight of 24 weeks and was in the top 5 for 20 weeks. 353 news items were identified, yielding 3086 statements for analysis, with 63.4% related to the seriousness of the situation, 12.9% providing advice for viewers and 23.6% involving assurances from government. Coverage focused on infection/mortality rates, the spread of the virus, the need for public calm, the vulnerability of particular groups, direct and indirect advice for viewers, and government reassurances about effective management.4.Conclusions: Overall, the reporting of 2009 pH1N1 in Sydney, Australia was generally non-alarmist, while conveying that pH1N1 was potentially serious. Daily infection rate tallies and commentary on changes in the pandemic alert level were seldom contextualised to assist viewers in understanding personal relevance. Suggestions are made about how future reporting of emerging infectious diseases could be enhanced.BackgroundIn recent years , Australians have been exposed to a range of large – scale news coverage and health promotion campaigns about communicable disease. These have included seasonal influenza advisories; campaigns promoting immunisation for vaccine-preventable diseases; traveller vaccination messages; sexually transmitted disease prevention campaigns, including human papilloma virus vaccine to prevent cervical cancer ; HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B and C prevention. With the exception of HIV/AIDS and sexually-transmitted diseases, each of these has a vaccine and clear directives about how to avoid infection, forming the central communicative focus of such campaigns.The WHO-declared global pH1N1 (swine …flu) pandemic of 2009 has attractedresearch attention from virologists and infectious disease specialists, but less from communication scholars. From the first reports of Mexican cases in late April 2009, what would become sustained Australian reportage rapidly turned to the likelihood of Australian cases involving perhaps epidemic and high mortality numbers. Australians were exposed to daily news featuring the country‟s senior health officials and an array of infectious disease experts, who unavoidably, had to deal with the uncertain and complex trajectories and virulence of the disease in the context of news production cultures characterized by seven second sound-bites and an appetite for unambiguous , easily understood information.MethodsSince May 2005, the Australian Health News Research Collaboration has recorded and categorised all news, current af fairs and …infotainment‟ programmes related to health and medicine on Sydney free-to-air television stations . We searched the AHNRC database and included all items tagged with …H1N1‟ or …swine flu‟ in the period April 25, 2009 (the first mention) until October 9 2009. All stories were video clips which were used for the content analysis reported here. Using a list of content categories that emerged progressively from the content as the pH1N1 story evolved, two authors (AF and MI) compared coding on a set of 15 random clips that each watched and coded individually. After resolving any coding differences and agreeing upon how particular items should be handled, they coded the remainder of the items. These categories related to statements made regarding [1] the seriousness of H1N1, [2] recommended actions viewers were advised to take about avoiding contracting or spreading pH1N1, and [3] reassurances that the government was handling the situation. A statement was any direct (X said “Y”) or attributed ("X said that...”) quote by the journalists or news actors featured in each item. A test of inter-coder reliability produced a Kappa statistic of 0.63, indicating a good level of agreement.The role of the Internet as a platform for delivering public health interventions to specific patient groups and to the general public is constantly increasing, due in particular to its disseminating potential: the worldwide penetration of the Internet isincreasing and the use of this medium for seeking health information is frequent . Moreover, the Internet potential for individual tailoring and interactivity is superior to that of other high reach-delivery channels .ResultsA total of 353 news stories were identified, containing 3,086 statements related to the three key areas of inquiry. During the 24 weeks reported here, pH1N1 was the leading health story for eight weeks and for 20weeks remained in the top five most frequently reported health stories. We also note that the virus was rarely referred to by the name pH1N1 during the coverage and instead, was routinely termed swine …flu . When reporting exact quotes we have therefore retained the term swine …flu.（1）Seriousness Of pH1N1Of all statements , 63. 4% (n = 1, 958 /3 ,0 86 ) related to the seriousness of pH1N1 . This was communicated via four recurring stories : (i) daily tallies of infection and mortality ; ( ii ) des- criptions of spread of the virus; (iii) the need for calm responses; and (iv) the vulnerability of particular groups. We briefly summarise other statements which did not comprise significant proportions of the coverage, but may have been important to those who incidentally saw some news stories. This included similarities between pH1N1 and other viruses, government management plans, and the need for systems covering diagnosis and the anticipated vaccine roll out.（2）Advice And Recommended Actions For ViewersIn more than one third of stories (n = 131/353 - 37%) direct or indirect advice was given on what viewers could do to prevent spreading infection . However, these statements accounted for just 12.9% (n =399/3,086) of all statements. Just over a quarter (27.8%,n = 111/399) focused on basic personal hygiene, another quarter related to preventing infection by being mindful of issues of proximity (27.8%, n = 111/399) and a fifth advised seeing a doctor and seeking further information (20.6%, n = 82/399).（3）Reassurance That Government Was Handling The SituationOf all statements recorded , 23.6 % ( n = 7 2 9 / 3 , 0 8 6 )assured viewers that the government was handling the situation by elaborating on its current and proposed actions.About a third of these statements ( 2 9 . 8 % , n = 2 1 7 /7 2 9 ) referred to the immediate need for the Government to develop, test and then distribute a vaccine starting with priority groups.A quarter of these statements ( 2 5 . 9 % , n = 1 8 9 / 7 2 9 )reassured the public that the government was putting significant effort into border control measures designed to prevent pH1N1 entering Australia, and following up and containing detected infection. These statements generally concerned quarantine measures , the use of thermal imaging at airports or statements about new measures and ongoing monitoring of the situation。
通信外文翻译外文文献英文文献及译文
通信外文翻译外文文献英文文献及译文Communication SystemA generalized communication system has the following components:(a) Information Source. This produces a message which may be written or spoken words, or some form of data.(b) Transmitter. The transmitter converts the message into a signal, the form of which is suitable for transmission over the communication channel.(c) Communication Channel. The communication channel is the medium used transmit the signal, from the transmitter to the receiver. The channel may be a radio link or a direct wire connection.(d) Receiver. The receiver can be thought of as the inverse of the transmitter. Itchanges the received signal back into a message and passes the message on to its destination which may be a loudspeaker，teleprinter or computer data bank.An unfortunate characteristic of all communication channels is that noise is added to the signal. This unwanted noise may cause distorionsof sound in a telephone, or errors in a telegraph message or data.Frequency Diversion MultiplexingFrequency Diversion Multiplexing(FDM) is a one of analog technologies. A speech signal is 0~3 kHz, single sideband amplitude (SSB) modulation can be used to transfer speech signal to new frequency bands,four similar signals, for example, moved by SSB modulation to share the band from 5 to 20 kHz. The gaps between channels are known as guard spaces and these allow for errors in frequency, inadequate filtering, etc in the engineered system.Once this new baseband signal, a "group" of 4 chEmnels, has been foimed it ismoved around the Lrunk network as a single unit. A hierarchy can be set up withseveral channels fonning a "group". several groups a "supergroup" and several"supergraup" eicher a "nmsrergroup" or "hypergroup".Groups or supergroups are moved around as single units by the communicationsequipment and it is not necessary for the radios to know how many channels are involved. A radio can handle a supergroup provided sufficient bandwidth is available. The size of the groups is a compromise as treating each channel individually involves far more equipment because separate filters, modulators and oscillators are required for every channel rather than for each group. However the failure of one module will lose all of the channels associated with a group.Time Diversion MultiplexingIt is possible, with pulse modulation systems, to use the between samples to transmit signals from other circuits. The technique is knownas time diversion multiplexing (TDM). To do this, it is necessary to employ synchronized switches at eachend of the communication links to enable samples to be transmittedin turn, from each of several circuits. Thus several subscribers appear to use the link simultaneously. Although each user only has periodic short time slots, the original analog signalsbetween samples can be reconstituted at the receiver.Pulse Code ModulationIn analog modulation, the signal was used to modulate the amplitude or frequency of a carrier, directly. However, in digital modulation a stream of pulse, representing the original，is created. This stream is then used to modulate a carrier or alternatively is transmitted directly over a cable. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is one of the two techniques commonly used.All pulse systems depend on the analog waveform being sampled at regular intervals. The signal created by sampling our analog speech input is known as pulse amplitude modulation. It is not very useful in practice but is used as an intermediate stage towards forming a PCM signal. It will be seen later that most of the advantages of digital modulation come from the transmitted pulses having two levels only, this being known as a binary system. In PCM the height of each sample is converted into a binary number. There are three step in the process of PCM: sampling, quantizing and coding.Optical Fiber CommunicationsCommunication may be broadly defined as the transfer of information from one point to another. When the information is to be conveyed over any distance acommunication system is usually required. Within a communication system the information transfer is frequently achieved by superimposing or modulating the information on to an electromagnetic wave which acts as a carrier for the informationsignal. This modulated carrier is then transmitted to the required destination where it is received and the original information signal is obtained by demodulation. Sophisticated techniques have been developed for this process by using electromagnetic carrier wavesoperating at radio frequencies as well as microwave and millimeter wave frequencies. However，拻 communication?may also be achieved by using an electromagneticcarrier which is selected from the optical range of frequencies.In this case the information source provides an electrical signal to a transmitter comprising an electrical stage which drives an optical source to give modulation of the light-wave carrier. The optical source which provides the electrical-optical conversionmay be either a semiconductor laser or light emitting diode (LED). The transmission medium consists of an optical fiber cable and the receiver consists of an optical detector which drives a further electrical stage and hence provides demodulation optical carrier. Photodiodes (P-N, P-I-N or avalanche) and , in some instances,phototransistor and photoconductors are utilized for the detection of the optical signal and the electrical-optical conversion. Thus there is a requirement for electrical interfacing at either end of the optical link and at present the signal processing is usually performed electrically.The optical carrier may be modulated by using either an analog or digital information signal. Analog modulation involves the variation of the light emitted from the optical source in a continuous manner. With digital modulation, however, discrete changes in the light intensity are obtained (i.e. on-off pulses). Although often simpler to implement, analog modulation with an optical fiber communication system is lessefficient, requiring a far higher signal to noise ratio at the receiver than digital modulation. Also, the linearity needed for analog modulation is not always provided by semiconductor optical source, especially at high modulation frequencies. For thesereasons，analog optical fiber communications link are generally limited to shorter distances and lower bandwidths than digital links.Initially, the input digital signal from the information source is suitably encoded for optical transmission. The laser drive circuit directly modulates the intensity of the semiconductor laser with the encoded digital signal. Hence a digital optical signal is launched into the optical fiber cable. The avalanche photodiode detector (APD) is followed by a fronted-end amplifier and equalizer orfilter to provide gain as well as linear signal processing and noise bandwidth reduction. Finally, the signal obtained isdecoded to give the original digital information.Mobile CommunicationCordless Telephone SystemsCordless telephone system are full duplex communication systems that use radio to connect a portable handset to a dedicated base station，which is then connected to adedicated telephone line with a specific telephone number on the public switched telephone network (PSTN) .In first generation cordless telephone systems5(manufactured in the 1980s), the portable unit communications only to the dedicatedbase unit and only over distances of a few tens of meters.Early cordless telephones operate solely as extension telephones to a transceiver connected to a subscriber line on the PSTN and are primarily for in-home use.Second generation cordless telephones have recently been introduced which allowsubscribers to use their handsets at many outdoor locations within urban centers such as London or Hong Kong. Modern cordless telephones are sometimes combined with paging receivers so that a subscriber may first be paged and then respond to the pageusing the cordless telephone. Cordless telephone systems provide the user with limited range and mobility, as it is usually not possible to maintain a call if the user travels outside the range of the base station. Typical second generation base stations provide coverage ranges up to a few hundred meters.Cellular Telephone SystemA cellular telephone system provides a wireless connection to the PSTN for any user location within the radio range of the system.Cellular systems accommodate alarge number of users over a large geographic area, within a limited frequency spectrum. Cellular radio systems provide high quality service that is often comparable to that of the landline telephone systems. High capacity is achieved by limiting the coverage of each base station transmitter to a small geographic area called a cell so that the same radio channels may be reused by another base station located some distance away. A sophisticated switching technique called a handoff enables a call to proceeduninterrupted when the user moves from one cell to another.A basic cellular system consists of mobile station, base stations and a mobile switching center (MSC). The Mobile Switching Center is sometimes called a mobiletelephone switching office (MTSO), since it is responsible for connecting all mobiles to the PSTN in a cellular system. Each mobilecommunicates via radio with one of the base stations and may be handed-off to any number of base stations throughout the duration of a call. The mobile station contains a transceiver, an antenna, and control circuitry，and may be mounted in a vehicle or used as a portable hand-held unit. Thebase stations consists of several transmitters and receivers which simultaneously handlefull duplex communications and generally have towers which support several transmitting and receiving antennas. The base station serves as a bridge between all mobile users in the cell and connects the simultaneous mobile calls via telephone linesor microwave links to the MSC. The MSC coordinates the activities of all the base stations and connects the entire cellular system to the PSTN. A typical MSC handles 100000 cellular subscribers and 5000 simultaneous conversations at a time, andaccommodates all billing and system maintenance functions, as well. In large cities, several MSCs are used by a single carrier.Broadband CommunicationAs can be inferred from the examples of video phone and HDTV, the evolution offuture communications will be via broadband communication centered around video signals. The associated services make up a diverse set of high-speed and broadbandservices ranging from video services such as video phone，video conferencing，videosurveillance, cable television (CATV) distribution, and HDTV distribution to the high-speed data services such as high-resolution image transmission, high-speed datatransmission, and color facsimile. The means of standardizing these various broadbandcommunication services so that they can be provided in an integrated manner is no other than the broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN). Simple put, therefore,the future communications network can be said to be a broadband telecommunicationsystem based on the B-ISDN.For realization of the B-ISDN, the role of several broadband communicationtechnologies is crucial. Fortunately, the remarkable advances in the field of electronics and fiber optics have led to the maturation of broadband communication technologies.As the B-ISDN becomes possible on the optical communication foundation, the relevant manufacturing technologies for light-source and passive devices and for optical fiberhave advanced to considerable levels. Advances in high-speed device and integratedcircuit technologies for broadband signal processing are also worthy of close attention. There has also been notable progress in software, signal processing, and video equipment technologies. Hence, from the technological standpoint, the B-ISDN hasfinally reached a realizable state.On the other, standardization activities associated with broadband communication have been progressing. The Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) standardization centered around the T1 committee eventually bore fmit in the form of the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) standards of the International Consultative Committee in Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT), paving the way for synchronous digital transmission based on optical communication. The standardization activities of the 5integrated services digital network (ISDN), which commenced in early 1980s with the objective of integrating narrowband services, expanded in scope with the inclusion of broadband services, leading to the standardization of the B-ISDN in late1980抯 and establishing the concept of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)communication in process. In addition, standardization of various video signals is becoming finalized through the cooperation among such organizations as CCITT, the International Radio-communications Consultative Committee (CCIR), and theInternational Standards Organization (ISO), and reference protocols for high-speedpacket communication are being standardized through ISO, CCITT, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE).Various factors such as these have made broadband communication realizable.5Therefore, the 1990s is the decade in which matured broadband communicationtechnologies will be used in conjunction with broadband standards to realize broadband communication networks. In the broadband communication network, the fiber opticnetwork will represent the physical medium for implementing broadband communication, while synchronous transmission will make possible the transmission of broadband service signals over the optical medium. Also, the B-ISDN will be essentialas the broadband telecommunication network established on the basis of optical medium and synchronous transmission and ATM is the communication means that enables the realization of the B-ISDN. The most important of the broadband services to be providedthrough the B-ISDN are high-speed data communication services and videocommunication services.Image AcquisitionA TV camera is usually used to take instantaneous images and transform them into electrical signals, which will be further translated into binary numbers for the computer to handle. The TV camera scans oneline at a time. Each line is further divided into hundreds of pixels. The whole frame is divided into hundreds (for example, 625) of lines.The brightness of a pixel can be represented by a binary number with certain bits, for example, 8 bits. The value of the binary number varies from 0 to 255, a range great enough to accommodate all possible contrast levels of images taken from real scene.These binary numbers are sorted in an RAM (it must have a great capacity) ready for processing by the computer.Image ProcessingImage processing is for improving the quality of the images obtained. First, it is necessary to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Here noise refers to any interference flaw or aberation that obscure the objects on the image. Second, it is possible to improve contrast, enhance sharpness of edges between images through various computational means.Image AnalysisIt is for outlining all possible objects that are included in the scene. A computer program checks through the binary visual informationin store for it and identifies specific feature and characteristics of those objects. Edges or boundaries are identifiablebecause of the different brightness levels on either side of them. Usingcertain algorithms, the computer program can outline all possible boundaries of the objects in the scene. Image analysis also looks for textures and shadings between lines.Image ComprehensionImage Comprehension means understanding what is in a scene. Matching the prestored binary visual information with certain templates which represent specific objects in a binary form is technique borrowed from artificial intelligence, commonly referred to as "templeite matching"emplate matching? One by one,the templates are checked against the binary information representing the scene. Once a match occurs, an object is identified. The template matching process continues until all possible objects in the scene have been identified, otherwise it fails.通信系统一般的通信系统由下列部分组成:信源。
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中文4867字3085单词干预监管对重塑新闻议程的影响——对公共电视台新闻和商业电视台新闻的对比分析Stephen Cushion ，Justin Lewis ，Gordon Neil Ramsay简介近几年，很多政治家、政策决策者和媒体专家已经逐渐的认识到传播媒体的监管是一个既繁琐又官僚的工作，而且会妨碍创作的自由和创新（弗里德曼，2008；麦克切斯尼，2008；惠勒，2004）。
虽然这个观点已经在美国广泛传播了一段时间，但是在欧洲，尤其是英国，这个“自由市场”式的媒介决策观念更加流行（见巴赛特，2010）。
当然这并不能表明有效的监管架构失去了作用，也不能说明“自由市场”式的传播系统已经完全取代了公共服务的传播系统。
在这方面，许多欧盟国家维持了一个强有力的公共媒介服务和一个稳健的媒体监管框架。
特别是欧盟，已经开始寻求重新规范媒体市场，并防止不受约束的媒体统治市场。
虽然许多国家的政府对媒体努力进行重新监管，但是对近几年的媒介政治辩论持续的分析却显示，大多数国家强加给传播者的监管更少了而不是更多了（Freedman，2008；McChesney，2008；Puppis，2008年）。
媒体学者们对放松媒体监管的全球影响既有赞同又有批判（见Bennett，2004）。
由于放松监管使更多的商业市场蓬勃发展，Norris（2000）认为信息化的社会环境由此得到了更大范围的可用媒体来源。
在这种情况下，商业电视新闻的兴起与更多民主选择的供应结合在了一起，相比较那种公共服务所提供的居高临下、曲高和寡的新闻，观众们可以根据他们的需要挑选更具娱乐性的节目（Baum，2003；Zaller，2003）。
然而，许多学者质疑这种新的商业化节目的民主意义。
Hallin在20世纪80年代写关于放松监管所造成的结果的文章时，表示日益扩大的有线新闻所造成的竞争意味着美国新闻已赫然成为频道之间的战争。
Hallin（1994）认为美国新闻的特征已经改变，因为新闻主要是用来娱乐而不是把世界上的消息传递给受众。
十多年后，Thussu（2007）认为这些观念随着公共电视的逐渐卖出和新闻流派由于市场竞争的重塑传播到了全世界。
换句话说，信息环境正随着媒体的私有化而逐渐消失。
虽然很多学者对放松监管的媒体文化表示批判，但是还仅有很少的人去关注对媒体的再监管如何能够提高而不是降低新闻的质量。
这是片面的，因为很难去证明——用超出一般意义上的支持方式——媒体监管如何能够通过“轻微改变”系统所不能的方式提高媒体内涵。
当然，有分析指出媒介监管存在国家的和不断增长的超国家的变化(Freedman, 2008: 13–15; McChesney, 2000, 2008; Wheeler, 2004)，还有分析进行了关于转换监管模式的一般性讨论，这些监管模式模式包括放松监管、再监管还有存在于关键利益相关者之间的更加灵活的共同监管和独立监管。
例如，在欧洲范围内，Bardoel和D’Haenens（2008：348）肯定地表示：“……从保护机制到推动竞争的变化；政治上的任务和具体运作上的任务的分离（如独立的监管机构）；从垂直监管（具体部门的监管）到水平监管的转变；从国家监管到超国家和国际间的监管的位移；还有从国家的监管到个人和合作的监管的变化，这种个人和合作的监管是独立个人和社会团体更加积极参与监管的体现。
”这种辩论往往围绕具体立法上的话题，分析一般性的情况或带有微小细节的行为或指令(Bardoel 和D’Haenens, 2008; Harvey, 2006; Livingstone et al., 2007; Wheeler, 2004)。
然而，媒体和新闻研究鲜为人所理解的是在媒体行业被放松监管或再监管之后的不同种类新闻报道监管框架带来的可衡量和对比的影响。
在这项研究中，我们进行了一个全面的内容分析来探索一个案例，这个案例是关于一个媒体监管者——英国广播公司信托基金——如何试图重塑BBC新闻的议程框架，从而使节目更加准确的反映英国国家与其新兴的政治机关的情况。
英国的电视新闻传播者不得不去适应并能对过去十年当主要权利从威斯敏斯特转到苏格兰威尔士和北爱尔兰，政治系统从集中权力到权力下放的时的深刻转变。
简言之，我们的研究就是用实证探索一系列具体的监管指导是否对英国和分权政策的电视报道在数量和性质上有任何可量化的影响。
国家对商业和公共服务广播新闻的干预对媒体内容的公共干预，更具体的说是广播新闻很大程度上受到国家如何平衡商业和公共服务的优先级的影响。
Moe和Syvertsen (2009)确定了三种公共服务传播模式（PSB）：与北欧一些国家相类似的广泛干预措施；一些通常仅用于保护民族文化市场的公共服务干预措施，特别是在法国、加拿大和澳大利亚；以及极少的干预措施，在这中情况下公共传播模式并没有被很好的创建和支持，且被认为是“商业补充资源”，而不是“作为国家广播公司” (2009:398 - 399)。
虽然我们能够说出传播系统在国家级别的特点，但是仍然存在国家间的特殊变化，这些特殊变化因公共服务和商业渠道受到不同程度的监管而存在两种体系。
跨国媒体的增长和商业渠道的扩展更加剧了这一点，使公共服务传播系统生态受到削弱(Tracey, 1998)。
在大多数干预主义国家，国家授权的媒体垄断了媒体行业，直到二十世纪80年代。
在1980年代，新技术的出现为带来了新的机会，新的跨国媒体市场首先开发出了第一条电缆，随之又发展了卫星传播技术(Chalaby, 2009)。
许多国家政府受到丰厚财政收入前景的驱动，开始了放松对媒体管制的过程，精简可能阻碍经济增长和自由媒体所有权的立法法案。
二十世纪80年代，当有线电视和卫星传播进入市场时，广播政策随着更广泛的去国有化工业的政治经济变化，接纳了全球化的力量。
这些情况主要发生在欧洲，传播政策在欧洲最初是在有充足公共资金支持的环境下发展起来的。
但是当广播新闻的监管仍在大多数欧洲国家被当作健康的民主文化时（Bardoel 和D’Haenens, 2008; Cushion, 2012），很多其他国家已经允许商业传播的发展受到较少的监管要求。
近几十年以来，无线电和电视广播领域的基础设施迅速发展，商业广播公司不了避免地背负上了公共服务领域的负担，比如被要求制作上乘的地方新闻节目，而这些花费都很大。
在由此产生的资金压力下，商业广播公司认为其公共服务义务使自身在竞争中处于劣势地位，这也为大多数人所接受。
比如，英国四大广播公司之一的独立电视公司长久以来一直承担着最繁重的社会服务项目，当前其高层却在深思熟虑要在2014年其公共服务执照过期之后减少甚至完全放弃其当地新闻广播项目。
（布朗，2011）保守党派的杰里米亨特是新当选的文化，奥林匹克运动，媒体和体育部长，一直以来大力主张简历商业性质的本地新闻广播电台，在此之前他搁置了工党当政时的IFNCs项目，即独立投资新闻联合社，此项目旨在促进本地新闻传播领域公私合作，以保证其正常运作。
虽然这些以市场为导向的雄伟计划都在不同程度上被缩减了规模，（部分委托报告质疑其商业可行性，比如2010年的Shott），这两个项目都反映出了对于解决商业团体退出地方新闻广播领域问题的需求。
另外，英国广播公司也面临着又一项压力，要求其负责向除英格兰以外的地区传播地方新闻热点。
现在我们注意力转移到一个案例研究，那就是公共服务广播公司BBC是如何试图在英国权力下放的大背景下管理其新闻报道工作的，并且对比一下其电视新闻报道和商业广播的异同，后者是在“轻微的”监管框架下运作的。
衡量干预产生的影响作为其职权范围的一部分，BBC广播公司信托机构于2007年委托加的夫新闻媒体文化学校进行一项量化和质化相结合的分析，课题就是BBC及其他商业电视新闻报道和权力下放体制。
（Lewis 等2008）。
进行这项调查的原因是有人认为BBC在进行新闻报道时对待联合王国的四个组成部分，即英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰没有做到一视同仁。
说的更具体一些，BBC没有准确地对英国的政治现实做客观的报道。
英国的国家权力已不再像以前一样集中在伦敦，而是被下放到在苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰建立的新政府（1999年建立）手中。
这些机构现在手握很大的权力，各自在关键领域，比如健康和教育等指定的政策也越来越多样化。
每个机构手中都握有不同程度的立法职责，在过去大约十年之中，这些权力进一步扩大，预计将来在财政和政策制定方面权力还将进一步下放。
由于商业和政府服务系统都依旧运作着覆盖整个英国的电视新闻节目，权力下方体制使得政治问题的报道变得更具挑战性。
这一问题在我们的第一项广播报道审查（Lewis 等 2008）中已经得到体。
这份报告经广泛分析后得出结论，公共和商业广播公司必须增大其在除英格兰以外英国地区的新闻报道以确保更加准确属实地反映苏格兰。
威尔士和北爱尔兰现在享有的权力。
由于此项研究是BBC广播公司信托机构委托的，其他商业广播公司没有义务对其劝告和建议进行回应。
然而，此项报告中得出的结论却引发了人们对广播公司的讨论，并且被主流和专业媒体大篇幅报道（例如 Gibson，2008）。
其他商业广播公司虽然没有BBC的公信力和社会责任，但由于这项报告的结论具有普遍意义，仍应该利用这次机会反思自身。
但就像我们在结论中讨论过的那样，Ofcom（英国电信管理机构）那种缺少干预的态度和做法或许会限制其能力，使其不能更加积极地鼓励和支持商业广播公司对其新闻报道方式进行改革。
我们对2007年和10月和11月共八个星期和2009年（大约两年后）BBC和商业电视新闻节目的实质内容进行了两项全面的分析（在BBC信托机构的干预之前）。
对于BBC电视节目的分析包括1点的新闻，6点的新闻，10点的新闻，4点的新闻和BBC新闻频道的每天新闻一小时节目（星期一到星期五下午五点到六点，星期六和星期天下午六点到七点）对于商业电视新闻节目的分析囊括了第四频道的新闻（包括星期六和星期天），独立电视公司10点的新闻以及其星期六和星期天的新闻，每天一小时的天气新闻（星期一到星期五下午五点到六点，星期六和星期天下午六点到七点），一共五项，两项分析一共研究了4794 条新闻。
研究者建立起一套标准体系来衡量新闻报道的公正性和准确性，检验对英国四个组成地区的报道是否平衡、准确，是否有利于人们了解新型的权力下放政府的运作。
为了衡量整个英国不同地区和宗教群体的新闻报道范围，每一条新闻的报道者和报道地点都被量化处理。
同时，每条新闻都被分类，以确定哪种题材的新闻占据主导地位，并且，更多处于比较的目的，衡量英国的权力下放政治体制的地位和发展情况。
我们的研究议题很具挑战性。
由于其他三个地区很多权力与英国政府的权力重叠，权力下放的本质有时理解起来很复杂，这要求我们在解读新闻报道时要采取更加复杂的方式，或许能使我们理解在多大程度上新闻中国这能理解和维护权力下放政治体制。