From precision medicine to stratified medicine current- Aviesan
Personalized Medicin双语 翻译
POLYMORPHISM多态性
A genetic variation that is observed at a frequency of >1% in a
population 在群体中以> 1％的频率观察到的遗传变异
Variability of genetic sequence takes a variety of forms, including insertions and deletions of nucleotides, but is most commonly found as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
million SNPs)单核苷酸多态性（SNP）：每1,000 bp约1个SNP（~3,000个
GAATTTAAG
GAATTCAAG
SNPs are distinguished from mutations based on their frequency of occurrence in the population; if the variation occurs in more than 1% of the population, it is described as a SNP, whereas a variation occurring in less 1% of the population is referred to as mutation.
人们不会以同样的方式回应药物 某些人可能会发生不良事件，而其他人则不会发生 剂量可以不同 功效可能会有所不同 已知在一些人群中对药物的可变反应发生 变量反应（特别罕见的不良事件）往往难以预测
Spear (2001) Trends Mol Medicine 7:201-206
大学英语2 第二套
[题型]单选题[章节] Test Yourself 1&2[类别]考试[题干] Whatever one has planned to do is ## to be altered(改变) in the process. [选项]A. prohibitedB. eagerC. embarrassedD. bond[答案] D[解析][难度]较易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节] Test Yourself 1&2[类别]考试[题干] Early in the morning, I was ## out of bed to repair a minor fault on the car. [选项]A. distractedB. draggedC. wakenedD. assigned[答案] B[解析][难度]较易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节] Test Yourself 1&2[类别]考试[题干] The boy ## turned the TV off as the clock struck ten, time for him to go to bed. [选项]A. reluctantlyB. disappointedlyC. fortunatelyD. undoubtedly[答案] A[解析][难度]较易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节] Test Yourself 1&2[类别]考试[题干] I slept fitfully(断断续续地) but well enough, ## only by the comings and goings of my companions.[选项]A. prolongedB. flutteredC. disturbedD. enclosed[答案] C[解析][难度]较易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节] Test Yourself 1&2[类别]考试[题干] I remember Chapman was ## when I told him we might make a million dollarsa year.[选项]A. amazedB. exclaimedC. shockedD. stunned[答案] A[解析][难度]较易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节] Test Yourself 1&2[类别]考试[题干] If you don’t read, then ## you will forget how to read.[选项]A. mysteriouslyB. unfortunatelyC. positivelyD. eventually[答案] D[解析][难度]较易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节] Test Yourself 1&2[类别]考试[题干] The report is ## with the relationship between politics and the laws.[选项]A. concernedB. absorbedC. sustainedD. scraped[答案] A[解析][难度]较易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节] Test Yourself 1&2[类别]考试[题干] He sat like a man ## by the sudden news of death.[选项]A. embarrassedB. stunnedC. stungD. bored[答案] B[解析][难度]较易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节] Test Yourself 1&2[类别]考试[题干] The fight lasted but few minutes, when the enemy soldiers ## before us for twelve miles.[选项]A. vanishedB. retreatedC. approachedD. proceeded[答案] B[解析][难度]较易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节] Test Yourself 1&2[类别]考试[题干] She pressed her lips together, trying to ## tears.[选项]A. give upB. burst intoC. hold backD. take back[答案] C[解析][难度]较易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节][类别]考试[题干] —I need to go to the library today. Do you know what time it closes? — ## [选项]A No, thanks.B I'm very busy now.C At about 5:30.D I don't need to go there.[答案] C[解析][难度]易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节][类别]考试[题干] —David injured his leg playing football yesterday. —Really? ## [选项]A. Who did that?B. What’s wrong with him?C. How did that happen?D. Why was he so careless?[答案] C[解析][难度]易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节][类别]考试[题干] —Madam, do all the buses go downtown? — ##.[选项]A. Wow, you got the ideaB. No, never mindC. pretty well, I guessD. Sorry, I’m new here[答案] D[解析][难度]易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节][类别]考试[题干] —You haven't paid for it yet. — ##[选项]A. Oh, I'm really very sorry.B. Thank you.C. Not at all.D. Of course, I know.[答案] A[解析][难度]易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节][类别]考试[题干] —Hey, Linda. You look so pale. What's the matter? — ##? [选项]A. Thank you.B. Are you OK?C. I'm just getting over the flu.D. I'm feeling well.[答案] C[解析][难度]易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节][类别]考试[题干] —Is it OK if I take this seat? —Sorry, ##. [选项]A. here you areB. take itC. it’s takenD. never mind[答案] C[解析][难度]易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节][类别]考试[题干] —Let’s go to the library this afternoon.— ##. [选项]A. Yes, that’s rightB. No, I can’tC. What about youD. That’s a good idea[答案] D[难度]易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节][类别]考试[题干] —Paul, ##? —Oh, that’s my father! And beside him, my mother. [选项]A. what is the person over thereB. who’s talking over thereC. what are they doingD. which is that[答案] B[解析][难度]易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节][类别]考试[题干] —Sorry, I couldn’t come to the party. I was sick that day. — ##. [选项]A.I don’t know thatB. That’s all rightC. Yes, we’ll have another partyD. No, the party wasn’t held[答案] B[解析][难度]易[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]单选题[章节][类别]考试[题干] —This is a challenging job. Who wants it? — ##.[选项]A. I'll take it.B. It's a good idea.C. You bet!D. No sweat![答案] A[解析][难度]易[分数]2[子题][子题型][题干][选项][答案][解析][分数][题型]阅读理解[章节][类别]考试[题干] Drug-taking is widespread. It is apparently very easy for sportsmen and sportswomen to get dugs. The strangest thing about the use of drugs in sports is the fact that there is no real evidence to show that they improve athletic performance. And they can cause liver cancer, and have led to the death of two world-class athletes（运动员）.Now taking urine samples (尿样)of athletes is practiced worldwide, yet drug-taking remains a serious problem. To combat in the Sports Council in Britain has started in-and-out –of –competition drug test program. Before, competitors were tested at random, which means a few people were selected without knowing beforehand. This was mostly dome during matches. Now, athletes can be tested when they train as well. This way the authorities will be able to catch more drug-takers,who will never know beforehand when they have to take a drug test.Many people think of drugs as something only found in chemicals. But even cough medicine, alcohol and caffeine, which are found in coffee, are considered drugs if a test show an athlete has taken too much. Of course, an athlete is allowed to drink coffee. For some drugs, a certain amount is permitted. For other drugs, such as steroids（类固醇）, any amount in urine samples leads to a ban.[选项][答案][解析][难度]难[分数]15[子题][子题型][题干] 16. What conclusion can we drew from the first paragraph?[选项]A. Drug-taking is a worldwide problem.B. Sportsmen can easily be suspected as drug-takes.C. Drug-taking will lead to poor performance in sports field.D. Both A and C.[答案]A[解析][分数]3[子题型][题干] What’s new about the drug testing program as compared with the previous practice?[选项]A. Urine samples of athletes are taken and tested.B. Athletes are tested during and after the competition.C. More and more athletes are selected to be tested during matches.D. Athletes are tested in training as well as during competition for testing.[答案]D[解析][分数]3[子题型][题干] To pass the drug-testing, sportsmen must, before taking a test ##.[选项]A. avoid being selected for testingB. not take medicineC. give up drinkingD. limit intake of liquids that are also considered to be drugs[答案]D[解析][分数]3[子题型][题干] What happens when steroids is found in urine samples?[选项]A. Athletes are driven from participating in the games.B. Athletes are driven off from their teams.C. Drinks containing the drugs are removed from the market.D. Drinks containing the drugs are destroyed.[答案]A[解析][分数]3[子题型][题干] According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?[选项]A. Both sportsmen and sportswomen are easily getting the habit of taking drugs.B. Drug-taking can improve the sportsmen’s performance.C. Most of the competitors have to take in-and-out-of-competition drug testing program.D. Sportsmen lose in competition as a result of drug-taking.[答案] C[解析][分数]3[题型]阅读理解[章节][类别]考试[题干] There are two things I can count on my dad asking every time he calls me: “Is there anything I can do for you?” and “How’s the car?” I guess he asks what he can do for me beca use his dad (an air force officer) was never really there for him, and he’s determined to provide me with the support he lacked. During my youth he never missed a school play or softball game. In fact, he was so supportive that I sometimes longed for one of those dads who dressed better and cared less. But my dad would forever be the guy wearing shorts with dress shoes and black socks, cheering me on, expecting greatness.His other standard question—how’s the car? -- used to strike me as a waste of long-distance dollars from a man who once suggested making a list of what you want to talk about before calling someone out of state. What I now realize is that “How’s the car?” is not about the car. It’s a father’s way of asking his adult daughter how she is doi ng. The advantage is that if there’s something wrong with the car, he knows what to do about it and how much it will cost, whereas if you’re having problems about marriage or doubting a career choice, he might have to put Mom on the line.At age 30 I finally took the plunge(突然一跳) into adulthood by leasing(租) a car without my dad’s help or advice. I’m sure my dad was hurt rather than proud. Though a daughter’s independence is evidence（证据）of a job well done, it still implies the job’s done, and many fathers are unwilling to retire. Even when my dad was overworked, he’d happily jump on a plane if I said I needed help. His frequentquestion “Is there anything I can do for you?” underlines the fact that he wishes there was still something he coul d provide. It’s interesting: Even though we’re tied by blood and I love him no matter what, he still seems to need a concrete function -- suggesting stocks, finding the cheapest plane fare -- to feel he has a role in my life.[选项][答案][解析][难度]难[分数]15[子题][子题型][题干] Judging from the first paragraph, the author has a very ##.[选项]A. supportive fatherB. rich fatherC. capable fatherD. careful father[答案] C[解析][分数]3[答案][分数]3[子题型][题干] The author now realizes that by asking “How is the car?” her father is actually ##.[选项]A. wasting precious moneyB. asking how she’s getting alongC. expressing his concern for her safetyD. showing how much he knows about cars[答案] B[解析][分数]3[子题型][题干] In case the author asked her father what she should do with her life, he would probably ## .[选项]A. let her mother answer the questionB. tell her his own experience in career choiceC. let her make her own decisionD. make a list of what to say to her[答案] C[解析][答案]B[解析][分数]3[子题型][题干] When the author leased a car without asking her father’s advice, he was ##. [选项]A. proud his daughter had finally achieved independenceB. hurt because he had no more to do for herC. happy that he had got a job well doneD. angry because his daughter no longer minded his advice[答案] D[解析][答案]B[解析][分数]3[答案]B[解析[分数]3[子题型][题干] What does the author mean by saying “many father are reluctant to retire”? [选项]A. They want to continue to work so they will have money to provide support for their daughters.B. They are afraid they’ll lose their daughters’ love if they don’t do something for them.C. They believe their daughters need their help in things such as fiving a car.D. They wish to keep playing some role in their daughters’ lives.[答案] A[解析][分数]3[题型]完型填空[章节][类别]考试[题干] While I was waiting to enter university, I saw an advertisement in a newspaper–a teaching job wanted at a school about ten miles from where I lived. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no ## of teaching my chances of getting the job were ## .However, three days later, a letter arrived, calling me to Croydon for a meeting with the headmaster. It was clearly the ## himself that open the door. He was shout and round."The school," he said, "is made up one class of twenty-four boys between seven and thirteen.” I should have to teach all the subjects except art ## he taught himself.I should have to divide the class into ## groups and teach them in turn at three different ##. And I was not glad at the thought of teaching maths, a subject at which I wasn’t very ## at school. Worse perhaps was the idea of ## to teach them on Saturdayafternoon because most of my friends would be enjoying themselves at that time.Before I had time to ask about my salary, he got up to his ##. "Now," he said, “You’d better meet my wife.She is the one who really ## this school.”[选项][答案][解析][难度]难[分数]20[子题][子题型][题干][选项]A. materialB. experienceC.meansD.books[答案] B[解析][分数]2[子题型][题干][选项]A.niceB. greatC. helpfulD. slight[答案] D[解析][分数]2[子题型][题干][选项]A.teacherB. headmasterC.studentD. door-keeper[答案] B[解析][分数]2[子题型][题干][选项]A. whichB. thatC. whatD. this[答案] A [解析][分数]2 [子题型] [题干][选项]A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four [答案] C [解析][分数]2 [子题型] [题干][选项]A. classesB. subjectsC. levelsD. places [答案] C [解析][分数]2 [子题型] [题干][选项]A. poorB. interestedC. weekD. good [答案] D [解析][分数]2 [子题型] [题干][选项]A. forcingB. havingC. forgettingD. managing [答案] B [解析][分数]2[子题型][题干][选项]A. letterB. feetC. handsD. wife[答案] B[解析][分数]2[子题型][题干][选项]A. runsB. startsC. observesD. likes[答案] A[解析][分数]2[题型]判断题[章节][类别]考试[题干] Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.译为：约翰尼已长大,但害怕独自呆在家里。
循证医学名词术语中英文对照
循证医学名词术语中英文对照安全性Safety半随机对照试验quasi- randomized control trial，qRCT背景问题background questions比值比odds ratio，OR标准化均数差standardized mean difference, SMD病例报告case report病例分析case analysis病人价值观patient value病人预期事件发生率patient’s expected event rate, PEER补充替代医学complementary and alternative medicine, CAM 不良事件adverse event不确定性uncertaintyCochrane图书馆Cochrane Library, CLCochrane系统评价Cochrane systematic review, CSR Cochrane协作网Cochrane Collaboration, CCCox比例风险模型Cox’ proportional hazard model参考试验偏倚References test bias肠激惹综合征irritable bowel syndrome，IRB测量变异measurement variation成本-效果cost-effectiveness成本-效果分析cost-effectiveness analysis成本-效益分析cost-benefit analysis成本-效用分析cost-utility analysis成本最小化分析（最小成本分析）cost-minimization analysis重复发表偏倚Multiple publication bias传统医学Traditional Medicine，TMD—L法DerSimonian & Laird methodthe number needed to harm one more patients from the therapy，NNH 对抗疗法allopathic medicine，AM对照组中某事件的发生率control event rate，CER多重发表偏倚multiple publication bias二次研究secondary studies二次研究证据secondary research evidence发表偏倚publication biasnumber needed to treat，NNT非随机同期对照试验non-randomized concurrent control trial分层随机化stratified randomization分类变量categorical variable风险（危险度）risk干扰co-intervention工作偏倚Workup bias固定效应模型fixed effect model国际临床流行病学网International Clinical Epidemiology Network, INCLEN灰色文献grey literature后效评价reevaluation获益benefit机会结chance node疾病谱偏倚Spectrum bias技术特性Technical properties加权均数差weighted mean difference, WMD 假阳性率（误诊率）false positive rate假阴性率（漏诊率）false negative rate简单随机化simple randomization检索策略search strategy交叉对照研究（交叉设计）crossover design 经济学分析economic analysis经济学特性Economic attributes or impacts经验医学empirical medicine精确性precision决策结decision node决策树分析decision tree analysis绝对获益增加率absolute benefit increase, ABI 绝对危险度降低率absolute risk reduction, ARR 绝对危险度增加率absolute risk increase, ARI 可重复性repeatability，reproducibility可靠性（信度）reliability可信区间confidence interval ，CI可信限confidence limit ，CLLogistic回归模型Logistic regression model历史性对照研究historical control trial利弊比likelihood of being helped vs harmed, LHH连续性变量continuous variable临床对照试验controlled clinical trial, CCT临床结局clinical outcome临床经济学clinical economics临床决策分析clinical decision analysis临床流行病学clinical epidemiology, CE临床实践指南clinical practice guidelines, CPG临床试验clinical trial临床研究证据clinical research evidence临床证据clinical evidence临床证据手册handbook of clinical evidence零点Zero time灵活性flexibility临界点Cut off points漏斗图funnel plots率差（或危险差）rate difference，risk difference，RDMeta-分析Meta-analysis敏感度sensitivity敏感性分析sensitivity analysis墨克手册Merck manual脑卒中病房Stroke Unit内在真实性internal validity偏倚bias起始队列inception cohort前-后对照研究before-after study前景问题foreground questions区组随机化block randomization散点图scatter plots森林图forest plots伤残调整寿命年disability adjusted life year，DALY 生存曲线survival curves生存时间survival time生存质量（生活质量）quality of life世界卫生组织World Health Organization, WHO失安全数fail-Safe Number试验组某事件发生率experimental event rate，EER 似然比likelihood Ratio, LR适用性applicability受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）receiver operator characteristic curve 随机对照临床试验randomized clinical trials, RCT随机对照试验randomized control trial, RCT随机化隐藏randomization concealment随机效应模型random effect model特异度specificity同行评价colleague evaluation统计效能（把握度）power同质性检验tests for homogeneity外在真实性external validity完成治疗分析per protocol，PP腕管综合征carpal tunnel syndrome, CTS卫生技术health technology卫生技术评估health technology assessment, HTA系统评价systematic review, SR相对获益增加率relative benefit increase, RBI相对危险度relative risk，RR相对危险度降低率relative risk reduction, RRR相对危险度增加率relative risk increase, RRI效果effectiveness效力efficacy效应尺度effect magnitude效应量effect size序贯试验sequential trial选择性偏倚selection bias循证儿科学evidence-based pediatrics循证妇产科学evidence-based gynecology & obstetrics 循证购买evidence-based purchasing循证护理evidence-based nursing循证决策evidence-based decision-making循证内科学evidence-based internal medicine循证筛选evidence-based selection循证外科学evidence-based surgery循证卫生保健evidence-based health care循证诊断evidence-based diagnosis循证医学evidence-based medicine, EBM亚组分析subgroup analysis严格评价critical appraisal验后比post-test odds验后概率post-test probability验前比pre-test odds验前概率pre-test probability阳性预测值positive predictive value原始研究primary studies异质性检验tests for heterogeneity意向治疗分析intention-to-treat, ITT阴性预测值negative predictive value引用偏倚citation bias尤登指数Youden’s index语言偏倚language bias预后prognosis预后因素prognostic factor预后指数prognostic index原始研究证据primary research evidence原始研究证据来源primary resources沾染contamination真实性（效度）validity诊断参照标准reference standard of diagnosis。
循证医学词汇大全
循证医学词汇大全循证医学(英语：Evidence-based medicine，缩写为EBM)，意为“遵循证据的医学”，又称实证医学，港台地区也译为证据医学。
接下来小编为大家整理了循证医学词汇大全，希望对你有帮助哦!A安全性 SafetyB半随机对照试验 quasi- randomized control trial，qRCT背景问题 background questions比值比 odds ratio，OR标准化均数差 standardized mean difference， SMD病例报告 case report病例分析 case analysis病人预期事件发生率 patient's expected event rate， PEER补充替代医学complementary and alternative medicine，CAM不良事件 adverse event不确定性 uncertaintyCCochrane图书馆 Cochrane Library， CLCochrane系统评价 Cochrane systematic review， CSRCochrane协作网 Cochrane Collaboration， CCCox比例风险模型 Cox' proportional hazard model参考试验偏倚 References test bias肠激惹综合征 irritable bowel syndrome，IRB测量变异 measurement variation成本-效果 cost-effectiveness成本-效果分析 cost-effectiveness analysis成本-效益分析 cost-benefit analysis成本-效用分析 cost-utility analysis成本最小化分析(最小成本分析)cost-minimization analysis重复发表偏倚 Multiple publication bias传统医学 Traditional Medicine，TMDD—L法 DerSimonian & Laird method发生一例不良反应所需治疗的病例数the number needed to harm one more patients from the therapy，NNH对抗疗法 allopathic medicine，AM对照组中某事件的发生率 control event rate，CER多重发表偏倚 multiple publication bias (删除此词)E二次研究 secondary studies二次研究证据 secondary research evidenceF发表偏倚 publication bias防止1例不良事件发生或得到1例有利结果需要治疗的病例数number needed to treat，NNT非随机同期对照试验 non-randomized concurrent control trial 分层随机化 stratified randomization分类变量 categorical variable风险(危险度) riskG干扰 co-intervention工作偏倚 Workup bias固定效应模型 fixed effect model国际临床流行病学网International Clinical Epidemiology Network， INCLENH灰色文献 grey literature后效评价 reevaluation获益 benefitJ机会结 chance node疾病谱偏倚 Spectrum bias技术特性 Technical properties加权均数差 weighted mean difference， WMD 假阳性率(误诊率) false positive rate假阴性率(漏诊率) false negative rate简单随机化 simple randomization检索策略 search strategy交叉对照研究(交叉设计) crossover design经济学分析 economic analysis经济学特性 Economic attributes or impacts经验医学 empirical medicine精确性 precision决策结 decision node决策树分析 decision tree analysis绝对获益增加率 absolute benefit increase， ABI 绝对危险度降低率 absolute risk reduction， ARR 绝对危险度增加率 absolute risk increase， ARI K可重复性 repeatability，reproducibility可靠性(信度) reliability可信区间 confidence interval ，CI可信限 confidence limit ，CLLLogistic回归模型 Logistic regression model历史性对照研究 historical control trial利弊比 likelihood of being helped vs harmed， LHH 连续性变量 continuous variable临床对照试验 controlled clinical trial， CCT临床结局 clinical outcome临床经济学 clinical economics临床决策分析 clinical decision analysis临床流行病学 clinical epidemiology， CE临床实践指南 clinical practice guidelines， CPG临床试验 clinical trial临床研究证据 clinical research evidence临床证据 clinical evidence临床证据手册 handbook of clinical evidence零点 Zero time灵活性 flexibility临界点 Cut off points漏斗图 funnel plots率差(或危险差) rate difference，risk difference，RD MMeta-分析 Meta-analysis敏感度 sensitivity敏感性分析 sensitivity analysis墨克手册 Merck manualN脑卒中病房 Stroke Unit内在真实性 internal validityP偏倚 biasQ起始队列 inception cohort前-后对照研究 before-after study前景问题 foreground questions区组随机化 block randomizationS散点图 scatter plots森林图 forest plots伤残调整寿命年 disability adjusted life year，DALY生存曲线 survival curves生存时间 survival time生存质量(生活质量) quality of life世界卫生组织 World Health Organization， WHO失安全数 fail-Safe Number试验组某事件发生率 experimental event rate，EER似然比 likelihood Ratio， LR适用性 applicability受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)receiver operator characteristic curve随机对照临床试验 randomized clinical trials， RCT随机对照试验 randomized control trial， RCT随机化隐藏 randomization concealment随机效应模型 random effect modelT特异度 specificity同行评价 colleague evaluation统计效能(把握度) power同质性检验 tests for homogeneityW外在真实性 external validity完成治疗分析 per protocol，PP腕管综合征 carpal tunnel syndrome， CTS卫生技术 health technology卫生技术评估 health technology assessment， HTAX系统评价 systematic review， SR相对获益增加率 relative benefit increase， RBI相对危险度 relative risk，RR相对危险度降低率 relative risk reduction， RRR相对危险度增加率 relative risk increase， RRI效果 effectiveness效力 efficacy效应尺度 effect magnitude效应量 effect size序贯试验 sequential trial选择性偏倚 selection bias循证儿科学 evidence-based pediatrics循证妇产科学 evidence-based gynecology & obstetrics 循证购买 evidence-based purchasing循证护理 evidence-based nursing循证决策 evidence-based decision-making循证内科学 evidence-based internal medicine循证筛选 evidence-based selection循证外科学 evidence-based surgery循证卫生保健 evidence-based health care循证诊断 evidence-based diagnosis循证医学 evidence-based medicine， EBMY亚组分析 subgroup analysis严格评价 critical appraisal验后比 post-test odds验后概率 post-test probability验前比 pre-test odds验前概率 pre-test probability阳性预测值 positive predictive value原始研究 primary studies异质性检验 tests for heterogeneity意向治疗分析 intention-to-treat， ITT阴性预测值 negative predictive value引用偏倚 citation bias尤登指数 Youden's index语言偏倚 language bias预后 prognosis预后因素 prognostic factor预后指数 prognostic index原始研究证据 primary research evidence原始研究证据来源 primary resourcesZ沾染 contamination真实性(效度) validity诊断参照标准 reference standard of diagnosis。
流行病学专业英语词汇
流行病学专业英语词汇A安慰剂Placebo安慰剂效应placebo effectsB把握度study power半试验semi-trial保护率protective rate ，PR报告偏倚reporting bias暴露exposure暴露标志exposure marker暴露怀疑偏倚exposure suspicion bias爆发调查outbreak survey被动监测passive surveillance比例研究proportional study比值比Odds Ratio ，OR必需病因necessary factor of cause标点地图spot map标化比例死亡比standardized proportional mortality ratio，SPMR 标化比值比standardized odds ratio，SOR标化死亡比standardized mortality ratio，SMR标准化standardization标准化率比standardized rate ratio，SRR"冰山"现象ice-berg phenomenon丙型肝炎hepatitis C，HC并联试验parallel test病毒性肝炎viral hepatitis病例报告case report病例-病例研究case-case study病例调查case survey病例对照研究case-control study病例交叉设计case-crossover design病例交叉研究case-crossover study病例-系列研究case-series study病死率fatality rate病因causation of disease病因的异质性etiological heterogeneity病因分值etiologic fraction，EF病因链chains of causation病因网web of causation不合格ineligibility不依从noncomplianceC测量偏倚measurement bias长期变异secular change，trend variation超额死亡率excess mortality超额危险度excess risk巢式病例对照研究nested case-control study成本效果分析cost -effectiveness analysis成本效益分析cost-benefit analysis成本效用分析cost-utility成组匹配category matching抽样调查sampling survey抽样框架sampling frame抽样误差sampling error出生队列birth cohort出生队列分析法birth cohort analysis初级卫生保健primary health care ，PHC传播概率transmission probability传播机制mechanism of transmission传播途径path of transmission传播途径transmission route传播因素transmitting factor传染病communicable diseases传染过程infectious process传染性infectiousness串联试验serial test粗死亡率crude death rate改成crude mortality rate 较好粗一致性crude agreement促成病因contributory factor of cause错分偏倚misclassification bias错误分类misclassificationD大骨节病Kashin-Beck disease大流行pandemic代表性representativeness单倍型haplotype单纯随机抽样simple random sampling单盲single blind单项筛检single screening等位基因allele等位基因频率gene frequency地病endemic diseases地病学Endemiology地性endemicity地性氟中毒endemic fluorosis地性砷中毒endemic arsenism点突变point mutation点源流行point source epidemic碘缺乏病iodine deficiency disease调查随访研究survey follow-up study调整一致性adjusted agreement丁型肝炎hepatitis D，HD动态人群dynamic population毒力virulence短期波动irregular variation，rapid fluctuation队列cohort队列研究cohort study对象报告偏倚report bias多归因程序的法Multiple imputation procedure多国心血管病趋势和决定因素监测Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants inardiovascular Diseases，MONICA多级抽样multistage sampling多群组比较研究multi-group comparison study多态性polymorphism多项筛检multiple screeningE恶性肿瘤流行病学cancer Epidemiology二代侵袭率，续发率secondary attack rate，SAR二级预防secondary preventionF发病率incidence rate，morbidity发病密度incidence density发病密度incidence density发生率研究incidence study飞沫droplet飞沫核droplet nuclei非即时性non-concurrent非均衡性错分differential misclassification非连续性状Discrete traits肺炎与流感死亡率pneumonia and influenza deaths，即P&I deaths分层stratification分层抽样stratified sampling分层随机分组stratified randomization分类变量categorical variable分离分析segregation analysis分子流行病学Molecular Epidemiology封闭性抗体blocking antibodies氟斑牙dental fluorosis氟骨症skeletal fluorosis负混杂negative confounding复等位基因位点multiple alles复杂性状complex traitG概念框架conceptual framework干预随访研究intervention follow-up study感染储主reservoir of infection感染来源source of infection感染力infectivity感染谱spectrum of infection感染梯度gradient of infection感染性腹泻infectious diarrhea感染性腹泻病infectious diarrheal disease感染症infections or infectious diseases高危人群策略high risk strategy个案case个案调查case study个案调查individual survey个体匹配individual matching工程干预engineering intervention共变法method of concomitant variation共显性codominance构成比proportion固定队列fixed cohort故意伤害intentional injuries关联的合理性plausibility of association关联的可重复性consistency of association关联的强度strength of association关联的时间性temporality of association关联的特异性specificity of association关联的一致性coherence of association观察偏倚observational bias观察性研究observational study观察一致率observation agreement广义遗传度broad heritability归因危险度attributable risk归因危险度百分比attributable risk percent，ARP，或AR%国际病毒分类委员会International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses，ICTV 国际冠心病预防工作组The International Task Force for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease国际疾病分类第十版International Classification of Diseases，ICD-10结核病防治项目National Tuberculosis Program，NTP卫生统计中心the National Center for Health Statistics，NCHSH合作率cooperation rate核心家系Nuclear families横断面研究cross sectional analysis横断面研究cross-sectional study患病率prevalence rate回顾性研究retrospective studies回忆偏倚recall bias混合型流行mixed epidemic混合研究mixed study混杂confounding混杂偏倚confounding bias混杂因素confounder，confounding factor活跃病区active endemic area获得性免疫缺陷综合症acquired immunodeficiency syndrome，AIDS 霍桑效应Howthorne effectJ机遇chance基本繁殖率basic reproduction rate基本繁殖数basic reproductive number，R0基本人群base population or population at risk基线信息baseline information基因gene基因毒性genotoxic基因型Genotyping基因型频率genotype frequency及时性timeliness疾病爆发disease outbreak疾病标志Markers of disease疾病的分布distribution of disease疾病的自然史natural history of disease疾病监测surveillance of disease疾病链the disease chain剂量反应关系dose-response relationship季节性seasonal variation，seasonality继发关联secondary association家庭簇研究family cluster study家庭聚集性Familial aggregation家庭聚集性研究familial aggregation study家庭相似性Family resemblance家系研究pedigree study甲型肝炎hepatitis A，HA假阳性率false positive rate假阴性率false negative rate间接传播indirect transmission间接关联indirect association间接接触indirect contact检出症侯偏倚detection signal bias简单随机分组simple randomization简明损伤定级法abbreviated injury scale，AIS健康促进health promotion健康工作者效应healthy worker effect健康监测系统health information system，HIS健康生命损失年years of life lived with disability，YLLD 教育干预educational intervention结局outcome结局变量outcome variable截断点cutoff金标准gold standard经济干预economic intervention经节肢动物媒介vector-borne经空气air-borne经食物food-borne经饮水drinking water-borne经载体vehicle-borne精确性precision聚合酶链式反应polymerase chain reaction，PCR均衡性错分non-differential misclassification均数回归趋势regression to the meanK抗原漂移antigenic drift抗原转变antigenic shift克山病Keshan disease空间、时间集研究space-time cluster study扩大免疫计划expanded program on immunization，EPI L来源同一identity by descent，IBD类试验，准试验quasi-trial，quasi-experiment类推法method of analogy累积发病率cumulative incidence罹患率attack rate礼貌偏倚politeness bias理论流行病学theoretical epidemiology历史性historical连锁linkage连锁不平衡linkage disequilibrium连锁分析Linkage analysis连锁平衡linkage equilibrium联合无应答偏倚combined nonrespondent bias联系率contact rate临床试验clinical trial灵敏度sensitivity领先时间偏倚lead time bias流感病毒influenza virus流行epidemic流行病模型epidemic model流行病学epidemiology流行病学监测epidemiological surveillance流行病学实验epidemiological experiment流行过程epidemic process流行曲线epidemic curve流行性出血热epidemic hemorrhagic fever，EHF流行性感冒Influenza流行性肾病nephropathia epidemica，NE率rate率比rate ratio率差rate difference，RD轮状模式wheel modeM蔓延流行propagated or progressive epidemic盲法blindness美国胆固醇教育规划National Cholesterol Education Program，NCEP 描述流行病学descriptive epidemiology描述性研究descriptive study目标人群target populationN暴露剂量Internal Dose部有效性internal validity剂量internal dose剂量的测定internal dose meters纳入/排除偏倚inclusion/exclusion bias奈曼偏倚Neyman biasP排除exclusions排除法method of exclusion排除偏倚exclusive bias配对pair matching"皮鞋"流行病学shoeleather epidemiology匹配matching匹配变量matching variable匹配过头overmatching匹配因素matching factors偏倚bias频数匹配frequency matching普查censusQ前瞻性prospective 8前瞻性研究prospective study潜伏期incubation period潜隐期latent period潜在工作损失年数Working Years of Potential Life Lost，WYPLL潜在价值损失年数Valued Years of Potential Life Lost，VYPLL潜在寿命损失年potential years of life lost，PYLL强制干预enforcement intervention求同法method of agreement求异法method of difference全人群策略population strategy缺课天数days lost from school缺勤天数days lost from work缺失数据missing data确定性检验explicit testing确定性模型deterministic modelR人传人person to person spread人类传染病anthroponosis人类基因组计划human genome project人类免疫缺陷病毒human immunodeficiency virus，HIV人群population人群病因分值population etiologic fraction，PEF人群的分层population stratification人群归因危险度population attributable risk，PAR人群归因危险度百分比population attributable risk percent，PARP 或PAR% 人群免疫性herd immunity人群易感性herd susceptibility人兽共患病，动物传染病zoonosis人畜共患病anthropozoonosis日期型date type入院率偏倚（伯克森偏倚）admission rate bias （Berkson's bias）。
临床试验英语词汇
缩略语英文全称中文全称ABE Average Bioequivalence 平均生物等效性AC Active control 阳性对照ADE Adverse Drug Event 药物不良事件ADR Adverse Drug Reaction 药物不良反应AE Adverse Event 不良事件AI Assistant Investigator 助理研究者ALB Albumin 白蛋白ALD Approximate Lethal Dose 近似致死剂量ALP Alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶ALT Alanine aminotransferase 丙氨酸转氨酶ANDA Abbreviated New Drug Application 简化新药申请ANOVA Analysis of variance 方差分析AST Aspartate aminotransferase 天冬氨酸转氨酶ATR Attenuated total reflection 衰减全反射法BA Bioavailability 生物利用度BE Bioequivalence 生物等效性BMI Body Mass Index 体质指数BUN Blood urea nitrogen 血尿素氮CATD Computer-assisted trial design 计算机辅助试验设计CDER Center of Drug Evaluation and Research 药品评价和研究中心CFR Code of Federal Regulation 美国联邦法规CI Co-Investigator 合作研究者CI Confidence Interval 可信区间COI Coordinating Investigator 协调研究者CRC Clinical Research Coordinator 临床研究协调者CRF Case Report/Record Form 病历报告表/病例记录表CRO Contract Research Organization 合同研究组织CSA Clinical Study Application 临床研究申请CTA Clinical Trial Application 临床试验申请CTP Clinical Trial Protocol 临床试验方案CTR Clinical Trial Report 临床试验报告CTX Clinical Trial Exemption 临床试验免责CHMP Committee for Medicinal 人用药委会Products for Human UseDSC Differential scanning 差示扫描热量计DSMB Data Safety and monitoring Board 数据安全及监控委员会EDC Electronic Data Capture 电子数据采集系统EDP Electronic Data Processing 电子数据处理系统EWP Europe Working Party 欧洲工作组FDA Food and Drug Administration 美国食品与药品管理局FR Final Report 总结报告GCP Good Clinical Practice 药物临床试验质量管理规范GCP Good Laboratory Practice 药物非临床试验质量管理规范GLU Glucose 葡萄糖GMP Good Manufacturing Practice 药品生产质量管理规范HEV Health economic evaluation 健康经济学评价IB Investigator’s Brochure 研究者手册IBE IndividualBioequivalence 个体生物等效性IC Informed Consent 知情同意ICF Informed Consent Form 知情同意书ICH International Conference on Harmonization 国际协调会议IDM Independent Data Monitoring 独立数据监察IDMC Independent Data Monitoring Committee 独立数据监察委员会IEC Independent Ethics Committee 独立伦理委员会IND Investigational New Drug 新药临床研究IRB Institutional Review Board 机构审查委员会ITT Intention-to –treat 意向性分析IVD In Vitro Diagnostic 体外诊断IVRS Interactive Voice Response System 互动语音应答系统LD50 Medial lethal dose 半数致死剂量LLOQ Lower Limit of quantitation 定量下限LOCF Last observation carry forward 最接近一次观察的结转LOQ Limit of Quantitation 检测限MA Marketing Approval/Authorization 上市许可证MCA Medicines Control Agency 英国药品监督局MHW Ministry of Health and Welfare 日本卫生福利部MRT Mean residence time 平均滞留时间MTD Maximum Tolerated Dose 最大耐受剂量ND Not detectable 无法定量NDA New Drug Application 新药申请NEC New Drug Entity 新化学实体NIH National Institutes of Health 国家卫生研究所（美国）NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 核磁共振PD Pharmacodynamics 药效动力学PI Principal Investigator 主要研究者PK Pharmacokinetics 药物动力学PL Product License 产品许可证PMA Pre-market Approval (Application) 上市前许可（申请）PP Per protocol 符合方案集PSI Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry 制药业统计学家协会QA Quality Assurance 质量保证QAU Quality Assurance Unit 质量保证部门QC Quality Control 质量控制QWP Quality Working Party 质量工作组RA Regulatory Authorities 监督管理部门REV Revision 修订SA Site Assessment 现场评估SAE Serious Adverse Event 严重不良事件SAP Statistical Analysis Plan 统计分析计划SAR Serious Adverse Reaction 严重不良反应SD Source Data/Document 原始数据/文件SD Subject Diary 受试者日记SDV Source Data Verification 原始数据核准SEL Subject Enrollment Log 受试者入选表SFDA State Food and Drug Administration 国家食品药品监督管理局SI Sponsor-Investigator 申办研究者SI Sub-investigator 助理研究者SIC Subject Identification Code 受试者识别代码SOP Standard Operating Procedure 标准操作规程SPL Study Personnel List 研究人员名单SSL Subject Screening Log 受试者筛选表T&R Test and Reference Product 受试和参比试剂T－BIL Total Bilirubin 总胆红素T－CHO Total Cholesterol 总胆固醇TG Thromboglobulin 血小板球蛋白Tmax Time of maximum concentration 达峰时间TP Total proteinum 总蛋白UAE Unexpected Adverse Event 预料外不良事件WHO World Health Organization 世界卫生组织WHO- WHO International Conference WHO 国际药品管理当局会议ICDR A of Drug Regulatory AuthoritiesAberrant result 异常结果Absorption phase 吸收相Absorption 吸收Accuracy 准确度Accurate 精密度Administer 给药Amendment修正案Approval 批准Assess 估计Audit Report 稽查报告Audit 稽查Auditor 稽查员Analytical run/batch：分析批Benefit 获益Bias 偏性，偏倚Bioequivalence 生物等效Biosimilar /Follow-on biologics 生物仿制药Blank Control 空白对照Blind codes 编制盲底Blind review 盲态检查 /盲态审核Blinding method 盲法Blinding/masking 盲法/设盲Block size 每段的长度Block 层 /分段BCS 生物药剂学分类系统Carryover effect 延滞效应Case history 病历Clinical equivalence 临床等效性Clinical study 临床研究Clinical Trial Report 临床试验报告Comparison 对照Compensation 补偿，赔偿金Compliance 依从性Concomitant 伴随的Conduct 行为Confidence level 置信水平Consistency test 一致性检验Contract/ agreement 协议／合同Control group 对照组Coordinating Committee 协调委员会Crossover design 交叉设计Cross-over Study 交叉研究Cure 痊愈Data management 数据管理Descriptive statistical analysis 描述性统计分析Dichotomies 二分类Dispense 分布Diviation 偏差Documentation 记录／文件Dosage forms 剂型Dose dumping 剂量倾卸（药物迅速释放入血而达到危险浓度）Dose-reaction relation 剂量－反应关系Double blinding 双盲Double dummy 双模Drop out 脱落Effectiveness 疗效Elimination phase 消除相Emergency envelope 应急信件Enantiomers 对映体End point 终点Endpoint criteria/ measurement 终点指标Enterohepatic recycling 肠肝循环Essential Documentation 必需文件Ethical 伦理的Ethics committee 伦理委员会Evaluate 评估Exclusion Criteria 排除标准Excretion 排泄Expedite 促进Extrapolated 外推的Essentially similar product：基本相似药物Factorial design 析因设计Failure 无效，失败Finacing 财务，资金Final point 终点First pass metabolism 首过代谢Fixed-dose procedure 固定剂量法Full analysis set 全分析集GC－FTIR 气相色谱－傅利叶红外联用GC－MS 气相色谱－质谱联用Generic drug 通用名药Gene mutation 基因突变Genotoxicity tests 生殖毒性试验Global assessment variable 全局评价变量Group sequential design 成组序贯设计Hypothesis test 假设检验Highly permeable：高渗透性Highly soluble：高溶解度Highly variable drug：高变异性药物Highly：Variable Drug 高变异性药物HVDP：高变异药物制剂Identification 鉴别，身份证Improvement 好转In vitro 体外In vivo 体内Inclusion Criteria 入选表准Information Gathering 信息收集Initial Meeting 启动会议Inspection 检察/视察Institution Inspection 机构检察Instruction 指令，说明Integrity 完整，正直Intercurrent 中间发生的，间发的Inter-individual variability 个体间变异性Interim analysis 期中分析Investigational Product 试验药物Investigator 研究者Involve 引起，包括IR 红外吸收光谱Innovator Product：原创药Ka 吸收速率常LC－MS 液相色谱－质谱联用logarithmic transformation 对数转换Logic check 逻辑检查Lost of follow up 失访Mask 面具，掩饰Matched pair 匹配配对Metabolism 代谢Missing value 缺失值Mixed effect model 混合效应模式Modified release products 改良释放剂型Monitor 监查员Monitoring Plan 监察计划Monitoring Report 监察报告MS－MS 质谱－质谱联用Multi-center Trial 多中心试验Negative 阴性，否定的Non-clinical Study 非临床研究Non-inferiority 非劣效性Non-Linear Pharmacokinetics 非线性药代动力学Non-parametric statistics 非参数统计方法NTID：窄治疗指数制剂Obedience 依从性Open-blinding 非盲Open-label 非盲Original Medical Record 原始医疗记录Outcome Assessment 结果评价Outcome measurement 结果指标Outlier 离群值OIP 经口服吸收药物Parallel group design 平行组设计Parameter estimation 参数估计Parametric statistics 参数统计方法Patient file 病人档案Patient History 病历Per protocol， PP 符合方案集Permeability 渗透性Pharmacodynamic characteristics 药效学特征Pharmacokinetic characteristics 药代学特征Placebo Control 安慰剂对照Placebo 安慰剂Polytomies 多分类Post-dosing postures 给药后坐姿Potential 潜在的Power 检验效能Precision 精密度Preclinical Study 临床前研究Precursor 母体前体Premature 过早的，早发Primary endpoint 主要终点Primary variable 主要变量Prodrug 药物前体Protocol amendment 方案补正Protocol Amendments 修正案Protocol 试验方案Quality Control Sample：质控样品Rapidly dissolving：快速溶出Racemates 外消旋物Randomization 随机 /随机化Range check 范围检Rating scale 量表Recruit 招募，新会员Replication 可重复Retrieval 取回，补修Revise 修正Risk 风险Run in 准备期Safety evaluation 安全性评价Safety set 安全性评价的数据集Sample Size 样本量、样本大小Sampling schedules 采血计划Scale of ordered categorical ratings 有序分类指标Secondary variable 次要变量Sequence 试验次序Seriousness 严重性Severity 严重程度Significant level 检验水准Simple randomization 简单随机Single Blinding 单盲Site audit 试验机构稽查Solubility 溶解度Specificity 特异性Specify 叙述，说明Sponsor-investigator 申办研究者Standard curve 标准曲线Statistical model 统计模型Statistical tables 统计分析表Steady state 稳态Storage 储存Stratified 分层Study Audit 研究稽查Study Site 研究中心Subgroup 亚组Sub-investigator 助理研究者Subject Enrollment Log 受试者入选表Subject Enrollment 受试者入选Subject Identification Code List 受试者识别代码表Subject Recruitment 受试者招募Subject Screening Log 受试者筛选表Subject 受试者Submit 交付，委托Superiority 检验Supplemental 增补的Supra-bioavailability 超生物利用度（试验药的生物利用度大于对照药）Survival analysis 生存分析System Audit 系统稽查SmPC：药品说明书Standard Sample：标准样品Target variable 目标变量Treatment group 试验组Trial error 试验误差Trial Initial Meeting 试验启动会议Trial Master File 试验总档案Trial Objective 试验目的Trial site 试验场所Triple Blinding 三盲Two one-side test 双单侧检验Therapeutic equivalence：治疗等效性Un-blinding 破盲/揭盲Verify 查证、核实Visual analogy scale 直观类比打分法Vulnerable subject 弱势受试者Wash-out Period 洗脱期Well-being 福利，健康Withdraw 撤回，取消药代动力学参数Ae(0-t)：给药到t时尿中排泄的累计原形药。
药物临床试验常用英文
Accuracy 准确度Active control，AC 阳性对照，活性对照Adverse drug reaction，ADR 药物不良反应Adverse event，AE 不良事件Adverse medical events 不良医学事件Adverse reaction 药物不良反应Alb 白蛋白ALD（Approximate Lethal Dose）近似致死剂量ALP 碱性磷酸酶Alpha spending function 消耗函数ALT 丙氨酸氨基转换酶Analysis sets 统计分析的数据集Approval 批准Assistant investigator 助理研究者AST 天门冬酸氨基转换酶ATR 衰减全反射法AUCss 稳态血药浓度－时间曲线下面积Audit 稽查Audit or inspection 稽查／视察Audit report 稽查报告Auditor 稽查员Bias 偏性，偏倚Bioequivalence 生物等效应Blank control 空白对照Blind codes 编制盲底Blind review 盲态审核Blind review 盲态检查Blinding method 盲法Blinding/ masking 盲法，设盲Block 分段Block 层Block size 每段的长度BUN 尿素氮Carryover effect 延滞效应Case history 病历Case report form 病例报告表Case report form/ case record form，CRF 病例报告表，病例记录表Categorical variable 分类变量Cav 平均浓度CD 圆二色谱CL 清除率Clinical equivalence 临床等效应Clinical study 临床研究Clinical study report 临床试验的总结报告Clinical trial 临床试验Clinical trial application，CTA 临床试验申请Clinical trial exemption，CTX 临床试验免责Clinical trial protocol，CTP 临床试验方案Clinical trial/ study report 临床试验报告Cmax 峰浓度Co-investigator 合作研究者Comparison 对照Compliance 依从性Composite variable 复合变量Computer-assisted trial design，CATD 计算机辅助试验设计Confidence interval 可信区间Confidence level 置信水平Consistency test 一致性检验Contract research organization，CRO 合同研究组织Contract/ agreement 协议／合同Control group 对照组Coordinating committee 协调委员会Crea 肌酐CRF（case report form）病例报告表Crossover design 交叉设计Cross-over study 交叉研究Css 稳浓度Cure 痊愈Data management 数据管理Database 建立数据库Descriptive statistical analysis 描述性统计分析DF 波动系统Dichotomies 二分类Diviation 偏差Documentation 记录／文件Dose-reaction relation 剂量－反应关系Double blinding 双盲Double dummy 双模拟Double dummy technique 双盲双模拟技术Double-blinding 双盲Drop out 脱落DSC 差示扫描热量计Effectiveness 疗效Electronic data capture，EDC 电子数据采集系统Electronic data processing，EDP 电子数据处理系统Emergency envelope 应急信件End point 终点Endpoint criteria/ measurement 终点指标Equivalence 等效性Essential documentation 必须文件Ethics committee 伦理委员会Excellent 显效Exclusion criteria 排除标准Factorial design 析因设计Failure 无效，失败Final point 终点Fixed-dose procedure 固定剂量法Forced titration 强制滴定Full analysis set 全分析集GC－FTIR 气相色谱－傅利叶红外联用GC－MS 气相色谱－质谱联用Generic drug 通用名药Global assessment variable 全局评价变量GLU 血糖Good clinical practice，GCP 药物临床试验质量管理规范Good manufacture practice，GMP 药品生产质量管理规范Good non-clinical laboratory practice，GLP 药物非临床研究质量管理规范Group sequential design 成组序贯设计Health economic evaluation，HEV 健康经济学评价Hypothesis test 假设检验Hypothesis testing 假设检验International Conference of Harmonization，ICH 人用药品注册技术要求国际技术协调会，国际协调会议Improvement 好转Inclusion criteria 入选标准Independent ethics committee，IEC 独立伦理委员会Information consent form，ICF 知情同意书Information gathering 信息收集Informed consent，IC 知情同意Initial meeting 启动会议Inspection 视察／检查Institution inspection 机构检查Institution review board，IBR 机构审查委员会Intention to treat 意向治疗（——临床领域）Intention-to –treat，ITT 意向性分析（－统计学）Interactive voice response system，IVRS 互动式语音应答系统Interim analysis 期中分析Investigator 研究者Investigator's brochure，IB 研究者手册IR 红外吸收光谱Ka 吸收速率常Last observation carry forward，LOCF 最接近一次观察的结转LC－MS 液相色谱－质谱联用LD50 板数致死剂量Logic check 逻辑检查LOQ （Limit of Quantitation）定量限LOCF，Last observation carry forward 最近一次观察的结转Lost of follow up 失访Marketing approval/ authorization 上市许可证Matched pair 匹配配对Missing value 缺失值Mixed effect model 混合效应模式Monitor 监查员Monitoring 监查Monitoring report 监查报告MRT 平均滞留时间MS 质谱MS－MS 质谱－质谱联用MTD（Maximum Tolerated Dose）最大耐受剂量Multicenter trial 多中心试验Multi-center trial 多中心试验New chemical entity，NCE 新化学实体New drug application，NDA 新药申请NMR 核磁共振谱Non-clinical study 非临床研究Non-inferiority 非劣效性Non-parametric statistics 非参数统计方法Obedience 依从性ODR 旋光光谱Open-blinding 非盲Open-label 非盲Optional titration 随意滴定Original medical record 原始医疗记录Outcome 结果Outcome assessment 结果指标评价Outcome measurement 结果指标Outlier 离群值Parallel group design 平行组设计叮叮小文库Parameter estimation 参数估计Parametric statistics 参数统计方法Patient file 病人档案Patient history 病历Per protocol，PP 符合方案集Placebo 安慰剂Placebo control 安慰剂对照Polytomies 多分类Power 检验效能Precision 精密度Preclinical study 临床前研究Primary endpoint 主要终点Primary variable 主要变量Principal investigator 主要研究者Principle investigator，PI 主要研究者Product license，PL 产品许可证Protocol 试验方案Protocol 试验方案Protocol amendment 方案补正Quality assurance unit，QAU 质量保证部门Quality assurance，QA 质量保证Quality control，QC 质量控制Query list，query form 应用疑问表Randomization 随机化Randomization 随机Range check 范围检查Rating scale 量表Regulatory authorities，RA 监督管理部门Replication 可重复RSD 日内和日间相对标准差Run in 准备期Safety evaluation 安全性评价Safety set 安全性评价的数据集Sample size 样本含量Sample size 样本量，样本大小Scale of ordered categorical ratings 有序分类指标Secondary variable 次要变量Sequence 试验次序Serious adverse event，SAE 严重不良事件Serious adverse reaction，SAR 严重不良反应Seriousness 严重性Severity 严重程度Significant level 检验水准Simple randomization 简单随机Single blinding 单盲Single-blinding 单盲Site audit 试验机构稽查SOP 试验室的标准操作规程Source data verification，SDV 原始数据核准Source data，SD 原始数据Source document，SD 原始文件Specificity 特异性Sponsor 申办者Sponsor-investigator 申办研究者Standard curve 标准曲线Standard operating procedure，SOP 标准操作规程Statistic 统计量Statistical analysis plan 统计分析计划Statistical analysis plan 统计参数计划书Statistical analysis plan，SAP 统计分析计划Statistical model 统计模型Statistical tables 统计分析表Stratified 分层Study audit 研究稽查Subgroup 亚组Sub-investigator 助理研究者Subject 受试者Subject diary 受试者日记Subject enrollment 受试者入选Subject enrollment log 受试者入选表Subject identification code，SIC 受试者识别代码Subject recruitment 受试者招募Subject screening log 受试者筛选表Superiority 检验Survival analysis 生存分析SXRD 单晶X－射线衍射System audit 系统稽查T1/2 消除半衰期Target variable 目标变量T－BIL 总胆红素T－CHO 总胆固醇TG 热重分析TLC、HPLC 制备色谱Tmax 峰时间TP 总蛋白Transformation 变量变换Treatment group 试验组Trial error 试验误差Trial master file 试验总档案Trial objective 试验目的Trial site 试验场所Triple blinding 三盲Two one-side test 双单侧检验Unblinding 揭盲Unblinding 破盲Unexpected adverse event，UAE 预料外不良事件UV－VIS 紫外－可见吸收光谱Variability 变异Variable 变量Visual analogy scale 直观类比打分法Visual check 人工检查Vulnerable subject 弱势受试者Wash-out 清洗期Washout period 洗脱期Well-being 福利，健康。
初中英语中考复习 2020年中考时文阅读训练(新型冠状肺炎)
2020中考英语时文阅读（新型冠状肺炎）Science can help us win科学能帮助我们赢得胜利It’s not just doctors, but also scientists who are working to study the virus from scratch (从头开始).Chinese scientists have reacted(反应) quickly to deal with the novel coronavirus. On Jan 11 –12 days after getting a sample(样本) from an infected patient –scientists in Wuhan released the genetic sequence(基因序列) of the novel coronavirus, the key to understanding the virus. They shared this data with scientists around the world.Around Jan 14, several companies created nucleic acid test kits(核酸检测盒) to help identify(识别) suspected(疑似的) infections. The Kehua Biochemical Company made the first kits. The kits take 1.5 to 3 hours to provide results from samples taken from patients. Now 10 companies are making 1.7 million testing kits every day, according to the National Medical Products Administration.Scientists are still looking for new medications and treatments. Theyhave found that plasma(血浆) from recovered(康复的) patients has antibodies(抗体) that can stop the virus. As of Feb 28, 91 patients had seen improvements in their symptoms(症状) thanks to plasma from recovered patients, according to the National Health Commission.Some kinds of traditional Chinese medicine are being used to treat patients, while five drugs are in clinical trials(临床试验), or human testing.However, the best way to end the epidemic is through vaccination(接种疫苗). Vaccines can stimulate(激活) the immune system(免疫系统) and fight the disease. But it can take as many as 5 to 10 years to develop a vaccine. Scientists have to test new vaccines on animals and then on humans.Chinese scientists have isolated(分离) strains(株) of the virus, the basic(基础的) ingredient to make vaccines. Potential(有潜力的) vaccines are set to begin clinical trials as early as late April or May, according to the National Health Commission. With the shared virus data, scientists in other countries are also working on it. US company ModernaTherapeutics started human trials of a potential vaccine on Feb 24.Supercomputers help studySupercomputers can run calculations(计算) faster than ordinary ones. China’s fastest supercomputer has a processing speed of 93.0 petaflops(千万亿次) per second. Scientists are now using supercomputers to look for possible drugs. They make programs and let them run on the supercomputers to find possible drugs. The computers can also analyze(分析) the genetic data of the virus and help scientists develop vaccines. Companies like Tencent have opened up their supercomputers to scientists who are studying the virus. It is hoped that this will allow scientists to develop a vaccine more quickly.生词表rom scratchreact quicklydeal withget a samplean infected patient share the data with ...identify suspected infections new medications and treatments plasma from recovered patients in clinical trialsthrough vaccinationisolate strains of the virus make vaccines从头开始快速反应处理采集样本一名受感染的病人与......分享数据识别疑似感染新的药物和治疗方法从康复患者身上提取的血浆进入临床试验通过接种疫苗分离这种病毒的毒株制造疫苗the National Health Commission 国家卫生委员会Exercise一、Fill in the blanks答案1. Jan 112. shared3. first4. results5. 1.7 million6. recovered patients7. traditional Chinese medicine 8. vaccine 9. animals 10. late April or May二、任务型阅读1.what’s the key to understanding the virus?_________________________________________________________ 2.What do Chinese scientists and scientists in other countries do with the data ?_________________________________________________________3.What’s the best way to end the epidemic._________________________________________________________4.翻译句子Some kinds of traditional Chinese medicine are being used to treat patients, while five drugs are in clinical trials(临床试验), or human testing._________________________________________________________5.What are scientists using supercomputers to do?_________________________________________________________答案:1.Find the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus.2.They shared this data with scientists around the world.3.The best way to end the epidemic is through vaccination.4.一些传统的中药正被用来治疗病人，同时五种药物进入临床试验，或者人体测试。
临床问题的分类 治疗性研究证据评价与应用
治疗性研究证据评价与应用刘天舒复旦大学临床流行病/循证医学中心复旦大学附属中山医院肿瘤内科临床问题的分类有关病因研究与病因探索；有关诊断试验研究与诊断试验选择； 有关治疗性研究与疗效评价；有关预后研究与预后估计。
临床疗效评价的主要内容药物治疗，包括多种药物联合的治疗方案；介入治疗(放射、超声、内镜等)；外科手术；康复措施；多种治疗联合的治疗方案(如肿瘤放化疗)；特定形式的治疗单元的评价(冠心病监护病房的作用、特殊护理措施)等。
临床治疗方案设想Â通过对疾病发病机制的基础研究，临床研究和流行病研究，寻找疾病的病因、危险因素和预后因素，进而提出防治的设想。
Â通过医师的临床实践和经验总结，提出可能有效的新疗法。
经验医学逐步走向循证医学循证医学最主要的特征就是任何决策都必须有科学依据，即用大量设计正确、方法严谨的大样本或多中心的临床试验结果来指导临床医生的医疗实践。
什么是科学的验证证明确实有效？证据的力度：第一级最有说服力第一级：来自多个设计良好、随机、双盲（如有可能）、有对照的多中心临床研究的系统性总结报告（meta-analysis,荟萃分析）循证医学最佳证据：大样本随机对照研究和系统综述及临床指南。
Precision (Random error) –各测量结果间受机会影响的变异度的大小。
随机化(Randomization)随机化原则是临床科研中的重要方法之一，目的在于使试验组和对照组中的某些主要的已知和未知因素，能被测量和不能测量的因素在组间达到基本相似，同时避免研究者或受试者主观意愿的干扰(选择性偏倚)。
随机化方法简单随机法(Simple randomization)抛硬币、抽签、掷骰子、随机数字表、计算机随机编码区组随机法(Blocked randomization)保证组间样本例数相等，增加可比性分层随机法(Stratified randomization)影响研究结果的重要因素先分层，再随机对照组设立(Control)治疗的总效应：自然缓解 非特异性反应 特异性效果对照组：除干预措施外，其它条件与试验组一致的一组研究对象，目的是消除非干预措施的影响，有效地评价试验措施的真实效果。
精度英文-
精度英文AccuracyAccuracy is the degree of exactness or correctness of a measurement, calculation or prediction. It is critical to many fields, including science, engineering, finance, medicine, and statistics. In order to make informed decisions based on data, accuracy is essential. This essay will explore the roles that accuracy plays in various fields, and the methods used to measure and improve accuracy.In science, accuracy is crucial when recording experimental data. The accuracy of a measurement refers to how closely it matches the true, known value of the property being measured. Accuracy is typically expressed as a percentage of the error associated with a given value, where the error is the difference between the measured value and the true value. For example, if you measure the temperature of a liquid as 25 degrees Celsius, but the true temperature is 23 degrees Celsius, then the accuracy of your measurement is said to be 8%.In engineering, accuracy is important in every step of the design process. Engineers must ensure that their calculations are accurate in order to create safe and functional products. For instance, a bridge designer must accurately calculate the weight and traffic load that the bridge can safely handle. The consequences of inaccurate measurements can be catastrophic, such as the collapse of the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City in 1981, which was caused by an engineering error in the design of its walkway.In finance, accuracy is critical for making sound investment decisions. Financial analysts must accurately predict the future performance of a particular investment in order to determine its potential value. This requires analyzing large amounts of data and considering various economic factors, such as inflation and interest rates. Inaccurate predictions can lead to financial losses, as seen during the 2008 financial crisis, where investors made imprudent choices based on inaccurate assumptions about housing prices.In medicine, accuracy is vital for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Medical professionals must ensure that they accurately identify a patient’s illness in order to prescribe the most appropriate treatment. Moreover, there is no margin for error when administering medication or performing a surgical procedure. Lack of attention to detail can have severe consequences, such as administering the wrong drug or dosing too high or too low.In statistics, accuracy refers to the degree to which a sample accurately represents the population being studied. In order to ensure accuracy, statisticians use various methods to minimize sampling errors, such as random sampling and stratified sampling. Additionally, statisticians must be aware of potential biases (such as selection bias) that may skew their data.In order to measure accuracy, various statistical measures are used. One commonly used statistic is the mean absolute error (MAE), which measures the average deviation between predicted values and actual values. Another commonly used metric is the root-mean-square error (RMSE), which measures the square root of the average of the squared differences between predicted and actual values. These measures can help determine the degree to which a set of measurements is accurate, and can help identify areas where improvements could be made.To improve accuracy, certain techniques can be employed. One of the most powerful tools for improving accuracy is calibration. Calibration involves comparing a target instrument or measurement with a reference instrument or measurement, and adjusting the target instrument as needed to ensure accuracy. This can involve adjusting the scale of a gauge, repositioning the device, or recalibrating the instrument. Calibration is particularly important in scientific fields where measurements need to be consistent and repeatable.Another technique to improve accuracy is to increase the number of measurements taken. This can help reduce the impact of individual errors and outliers, and provide a more representative sample of the data. Additionally, increasing the precision of measurements can help improve accuracy. For instance, using more sensitive instruments with finer resolution can help reduce the effects of rounding errors and improve accuracy.In conclusion, accuracy plays a vital role in a wide range of fields, from science and engineering to finance and medicine. It is essential for making informed decisions based on data and for producing safe, functional products. Measuring and improving accuracy is critical for ensuring that accurate measurements are obtained, and that reliable predictions can be made. Techniques such as calibration and increasing precision can be used to improve accuracy, and precision can be validated using statistical measures such as MAE and RMSE.。
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• large scale screening and implementation new technologies
• Target identification for stratified medicine
Goal: To generate optimal algorithm for individualized therapy
Long term perspective
2013
2015
2018-2020
1st generation trials
2nd database generation
algorithm
Target defined by 1st generation Virtual cell (CCLE)
Chemotherapy No PD
6-8 cycles
No alteration
10 Targeted therapy According to
51 Molecular alterations R
• These mechanisms are individual
• Goal: to identify the mechanism of cancer progression at the individual level, in order to target it
Precision Medicine Concept: Identify the targets to be treated in each patient
on FGFR1-amplified CC
Set-up genomic test (FISH)
Run phase II trial Testing the FGFR1 Inh in patients with FGFR1 amp BC
Research and medical questions related to stratified medicine
SAFIR02: Study Design
Biopsy metsequencing Array CGH
Her2-negative metastatic breast
cancer no more than 1 line
chemmeotathsteartaicpyNSCLC no more than 1 line chemotherapy EGFRwt / ALKwt
Curie Institute
Profiler MOST
SHIVA
(Letourneau AACR 2013)
2nd generation Algorithm for Personnalized
medicine
Overall : >2 000 planned patients (all tumor types), >800 already included Breast Cancer: > 1 000 planned, >70 already treated
Precision Medicine: From stratified therapies to
personalized therapies
Fabrice ANDRE Institut Gustave Roussy
Villejuif, France
Frequent cancers include high number of very rare genomic segments
• How to facilitate translation of discoveries ? • Develop translational research units
• How to set-up a molecular assay for stratified medicine ? • Develop genomic units for clinical use
Clinical evidence
Therapy matched to genomic alteration
What is the optimal Biotechnology ?
Molecular analysis
What is the optimal Algorithm ?
Target identification
Goal: To generate optimal algorithm for individualized therapy
Molecular screening: Challenges
• No research in stratified medicine without molecular screening programs
(Arnedos, EJC, 2012)
1st generation trials
No NGS
NGS
Randomized trials
SAFIR01
MOSCATO (Hollebecque, WINTHER
ASCO 2013)
SAFIR02 breSaAstFIR02
lung
Unified Database: Pick-up the winner
Ongoing molecular screening or personalized medicine programs in France
Sponsor
Unicancer
Gustave Roussy
Pilot study
preSAFIR
(Arnedos, EJC, 2012)
1st generation trials
Andre, ESMO, 2012
Outline
• Stratified medicine • Personalized medicine
Stratified medicine
• Drug development or implementation in a strate defined by a molecular alteration
(whole genome sequencing breast cancers) Stephens, Nature, 2012
Working hypothesis
• Targeting mechanisms that lead to cancer progression can improve patient’s outcome
How to move forward ?
Stephens, Nature, 2012
Solution to improve outcome with targeted therapies in the genomic era: test the algorithm not the drug
How to move there ???
• Technologies:
– whole exome sequencing – RNA seq – Protein-based assays
Conclusion: genomic medicine for cancer patients
• bioinformatic algorithm for treatment decision
Evolution: GENOMIC DISEASES ARE BECOMING TO RARE OR COMPLEX TO ALLOW DRUG DEVELOPMENT IN GENOMIC SEGMENTS
Are we going to make a drug development for this AKT1 mut / FGFR1 amp segment ?
No NGS
NGS
Randomized trials
SAFIR01
MOSCATO (Hollebecque, WINTHER
ASCO 2013)
SAFIR02 breSaAstFIR02
lung
Unified Database: Pick-up the winner
targets
L Berard Lyon
Molecular screening with High Throughput
Genomics
IF Progressive
disease
Target identification
Trial A Trial B Trial C Trial D Trial E
Trial F
Andre, Delaloge, Soria, J Clin Oncol, 2011
• understanding mechanisms of resistance
SOC
Followed up but not included
Ongoing molecular screening or personalized medicine programs in France
Sponsor
Unicancer
Gustave Roussy
Pilot study
preSAFIR
FGFR1 amplification: 10% of breast cancer
Translational research to feed stratified medicine
FGFR1: amplification in 10% BC
FGFR1 inhibitors present higher sensitivity
2nd generation