英语语言学树形图举例

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树形图详细讲解
1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.
a) The old lady suddenly left.
Det A N Qual V
b) The car stopped at the end of the road.
Det N V P Det N P Det N
c) The snow might have blocked the road.
Det N Aux Aux V Det N
d) He never appears quite mature.
N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree
structure for each.
a) full of people
AP

A P N
full of people
b) a story about a sentimental girl
NP

NP PP
Det N P NP
Det A N

a story about a sentimental girl
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c) often read detective stories
VP

Qual V NP
A N

often read detective stories
d) the argument against the proposals
NP

NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N

the argument against the proposals
e) move towards the window
VP

V PP
P Det N
move towards the window
3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.
a) The jet landed.
InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP
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Det N Pst V
The jet landed
b) Mary became very ill.
InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP
N Pst V AP
Deg A
Mary became very ill
c) What will you talk about
CP

NP C S
N Infl NP Infl VP
VP NP
V P N
What will you e talk about e

d) The apple might hit the man.
S

NP VP
Det N Aux V NP
Det N
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The apple might hit the man
OR
InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP
Det N V NP
Det N
The apple might hit the man
e) He often reads detective stories.
S

NP VP
N Qual V NP
A N
He often reads etective stories
OR
InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP
Present
N Qual V NP

A N
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He often reads etective stories
4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify
the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.
a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.
InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V NP
Det A N
A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane

b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.
InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V PP
P NP
Det A N

A huge moon hung in the black sky
c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.
InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP
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Det A N Pst V PP
P NP
Det N

An unusual event occurred before the meeting
d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.
InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP
Det A NP Pst V PP
A N P NP
Det A N

A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill
5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of
the sentences.
a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.
InflP(=S)

NP VP
N Aux V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
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OR
InflP(=S)

NP VP
N Infl V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.
S

NP VP
N VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out
OR
InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP
N Pst VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
v1.0 可编辑可修改
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V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out
c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.
S

NP VP
N VP CON VP
VP NP VP NP
V A P N V A P N
Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics
OR
InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP
N Pres VP CON VP
VP NP VP NP
V A P N V A P N
Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics
d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.
S

S CON S
NP VP NP VP
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Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv
The detective went out and the mysterious man came in
e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.
S

NP VP
CP
N V C S

S CON S
NP VP NP VP
N Aux V Det N Aux V
Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt
6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb,
an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.
a) You know that I hate war.
S

NP VP
CP
N V C S

NP VP
NP
N V N
You know that I hate war