2006年12月6级阅读理解逐句翻译

2006年12月

一、

In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us -- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "

从纯生物角度来说，恐惧始于人体系统对会伤害我们的事情的反应----即所谓的“战斗或逃脱”反应。

An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for about potential threats.

“不能觉察到危险的动物无法生存”Jeseph LeDoux。像动物一样，人类进化过程中形成了一个精巧的机制，以处理潜在威胁的信息。

At its core is a cluster of neurons (神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).

该机制的核心是大脑内部的一束被称为扁桃核的神经元。

LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives.

Ledoux研究了动物和人类对危险的反应方式，以理解我们对于生活中重要事件是如何形成记忆的。

The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories.

扁桃核从大脑的很多部位中接受输入的信息，包括负责回收记忆的部位。

Using this information, the amygdala appraises a situation - I think this charging dog wants to bite me - and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body.

使用该信息，扁桃核对情景进行分析---我觉得这只充满攻击性的狗想咬我---进而通过体内神经信号的辐射启动效应。

These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.

这些信号产生与危险相似的信号：颤抖、流汗和快步逃跑，这仅是其中的三种反应。

This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid.

恐惧机制对所有动物的生存都是至关重要的，但是没有人敢肯定地说除了人以外，动物是否感受到了恐惧。

That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."

正如Ledoux所言：“如果你把该机制放进一个有知觉的大脑中，你就会有恐惧的感觉”Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events.

Edward M.Hallowell说人类拥有回忆过去发生的不好事情的图像和预测未来的能力。Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.

把这些高级思维过程与我们固有的危险探测系统结合在一起，你将会获得一个几乎是人类所共有的现象：担忧。

That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell, "When used properly, worry is an incredible device," he says.

Hallowell说，这未必是件坏事。“如果使用恰当，担忧式中难以置信的设计”他说。

After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action -- like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.

毕竟，稍许健康的担忧是未尝不可的，如果担忧可以带来建设性的行为----如让医生检查一下你背上奇怪的斑点。

Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry.

但是Hallowell坚持认为，担忧存在着一种正确的模式。

"Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan," he says.

“永远不要只是担忧，要获取事实，然后指定计划”他说。

Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.

我们中的大多数都有从衰退中熬过来的精力，所以我们都熟知度过低潮所需要的节约政策。

Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond.

不幸的是，我们中仅有少数人有处理恐怖主义危险的经验，所以要获取我们应该如何应对的信息变得十分困难。

That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro (抗炭疽菌的药物) and buying gas masks.

这就是为什么Hallowell认为在去年秋天的时候，人们向医生获取抗炭疽菌的药物和购买防毒面具并由此深陷于某种极度担忧中的行为是可以理解的。

二、

Amitai Etzioni is not surprised by the latest headings about scheming corporate crooks (骗子). Amitai Etzioni并没有对最新的关于行骗团伙的阴谋的报纸标题感到惊奇。

As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989, he ended his work there disgusted with his students’overwhelming lost for money.

作为1989年哈佛大学商学院的访问学者，他在结束工作时对于他的学生对金钱的绝大欲望感到厌恶。

“They’re taught that profit is all that matters,”he says. “Many schools don’t even offer ethics (伦理学) courses at all.”

“他们被教育金钱就是一切。他说,“很对学校甚至不提供任何伦理学的课程。”

Etzioni expressed his frustration about the interests of his graduate students.

Etzioni说他对他的研究生们的兴趣所在感到沮丧。

“By and large, I clearly had not found a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to life than money, power, fame and self-interest.”

He wrote at the time. Today he still takes the blame for not educating these “business-leaders-to-be.”“I really like I failed them,”he says. “If I was a better teacher maybe I could have reached them.”“很长时间，很明显我找不到一个方法让一个MBA班的学员认

识生活不但是金钱，全力，名声和私立”他那时候写道。现在她仍然自责当初没有好好教导这群“未来的商业领袖”“我真的觉得我让他们失望了”他说：“如果我当初是个更好的老师，或许就能够影响他们”

Etzioni was a respected ethics expert when he arrived at Harvard.

初到哈佛的时候，Etzioni是一位受人尊敬的伦理学专家。

He hoped his work at the university would give him insight into how questions of morality could be applied to places where self-interest flourished.

他希望他在哈佛的工作可以帮他弄明白如何让道德问题应用于充满私立的地方。

What he found wasn’t encouraging.

他的研究结果很难让人兴奋。

Those would be executives had, says Etzioni, little interest in concepts of ethics and morality in the boardroom—and their professor was met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways.

Etzioni说，那些未来的经理们对于董事会里的伦理和道德概念没有什么兴趣------当他尝试促使他的学生用一种新的，不同的方式看待商业的时候，教授看到的是空洞的眼神。Etzioni sees the experience at Harvard as an eye-opening one and says there’s much about business schools that he’d like to change.

Etzioni把在哈佛的经历看作开了一次眼界，并称他觉得商学院需要作出很多改变。

“A lot of the faculty teaching business are bad news themselves,”Etzioni says. From offering classes that teach students how to legally manipulate contracts, to reinforcing the notion of profit over community interests, Etzioni has seen a lot that’s left him shaking his head.

“很多教商业的教职人员本身就是坏消息”Etzioni说。从提供教授学生如何合法操作合同，到强化利润高于公众利益的观念。Etzioni看到了很多让他摇头叹息的事情。

And because of what he’s seen taught in business schools, he’s not surprised by the latest rash of corporate scandals.

由于他目睹了商学院所教授的内容，所以在看到公司一连串最新的丑闻时，他一点也不觉得奇怪。

“In many ways things have got a lot worse at business schools, I suspect,”says Etzioni.

“从很多方面来说，我怀疑商学院里的情形变的更糟了”Etzioni说。

Etzioni is still teaching the sociology of right and wrong and still calling for ethical business leadership.

Etzioni仍然在教授关于是与非的社会学，仍然在奔走号召复合伦理的商业领导学。“People with poor motives will always exist.”He says. “Sometimes environments constrain those people and sometimes environments give those people opportunity.”

“怀有不良动机的人总会存在”他说。“有时候环境限制了那些人，有时候环境给那些人创造了生命”

Etzioni says the booming economy of the last decade enabled those individuals with poor motives to get rich before getting in trouble.

Etzioni说，最近十年经济的高速发展让那些心怀不轨的人在遇上麻烦之前发了财。

His hope now: that the cries for reform will provide more fertile soil for his long-standing messages about business ethics.

他现在希望：对改革的呼吁会让他一直提出的商业伦理的信息可以得到肥沃的土壤。