大鼠蛛网膜颗粒在颅内分布及三维结构
大鼠脑立体定位图
List of StructuresNames of the structures are listed in alphabetical order.Each name is followed by abbreviation of the structure.1-10 cerebellar lobules 1-103rd ventricle 3V4th ventricle 4VAA1 noradrenaline cells A1A11 dopamine cells A11A12 dopamine cells A12A13 dopamine cells A13A2 noradrenaline cells A2A4 noradrenaline cells A4A5 noradrenaline cells A5A7 noradrenaline cells A7A8 dopamine cells A8abducens nucleus 6accessory abducens nucleus Acs6accessory abducens/facial nucleus 7accessory abducens/facial nucleus Acs6/7accessory facial nucleus Acs7accessory neurosecretory nuclei Accaccessory nucleus of the ventral horn Acsaccessory olfactory bulb AOBaccessory olfactory tract aotaccessory optic tract aoptaccessory trigeminal nucleus Acs5accumbens nucleus Acbaccumbens nucleus, core AcbCaccumbens nucleus, rostral part AcbRaccumbens nucleus, shell AcbShacoustic radiation aracoustic stria asagranular insular cortex AIagranular insular cortex, dorsal part AIDagranular insular cortex, posterior part AIPagranular insular cortex, ventral part AIValar nucleus Alalveus of the hippocampus alvambiguus nucleus Ambamygdalohippocampal area AHiamygdalohippocampal area, anterolateral part AHiAL amygdalohippocampal area, posteromedial part AHiPMamygdaloid fissure afamygdaloid intramedullary gray IMGamygdalopiriform transition area APiramygdalostriatal transition area AStrangular thalamic nucleus Angansa lenticularis alansoparamedian fissure apmfanterior amygdaloid area AAanterior amygdaloid area, dorsal part AADanterior amygdaloid area, ventral part AAVanterior commissure acanterior commissure, anterior part acaanterior commissure, intrabulbar part acianterior commissure, posterior part acpanterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus ACoanterior hypothalamic area AHanterior hypothalamic area, anterior part AHAanterior hypothalamic area, central part AHCanterior hypothalamic area, posterior part AHPanterior lobe of the pituitary APitanterior olfactory nucleus, dorsal part AODanterior olfactory nucleus, external part AOEanterior olfactory nucleus, lateral part AOLanterior olfactory nucleus, medial part AOManterior olfactory nucleus, posterior part AOPanterior olfactory nucleus, ventral part AOVanterior perifornical nucleus APFanterior pretectal nucleus APTanterior pretectal nucleus, dorsal part APTDanterior pretectal nucleus, ventral part APTVanterior tegmental nucleus ATganterodorsal preoptic nucleus ADPanterodorsal thalamic nucleus ADanteromedial thalamic nucleus AManteromedial thalamic nucleus, ventral part AMVanteroventral periventricular nucleus AVPeanteroventral thalamic nucleus AVanteroventral thalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part AVDManteroventral thalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part AVVLaqueduct (Sylvius) Aqarcuate hypothalamic nucleus Arcarcuate hypothalamic nucleus, lateroposterior part ArcLParcuate hypothalamic nucleus, medial posterior part ArcMParcuate nucleus, dorsal part ArcDarcuate nucleus, lateral part ArcLarcuate nucleus, medial part ArcMarea postrema APascending fibers of the facial nerve asc7BB4 serotonin cells B4B9 serotonin cells B9Barrington's nucleus Barbasal nucleus (Meynert) Bbasilar artery basbasolateral amygdaloid nucleus BLbasolateral amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part BLAbasolateral amygdaloid nucleus, posterior part BLPbasolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part BLVbasomedial amygdaloid nucleus BMbasomedial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part BMAbasomedial amygdaloid nucleus, posterior part BMPbed nucleus of stria terminalis, fusiform part Fubed nucleus of stria terminalis, supracapsular part BSTSbed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract BAOTbed nucleus of the anterior commissure BACbed nucleus of the stria terminalis BSTbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, intraamygdaloid division BSTIAbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTLbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, dorsal part BSTLDbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, intermediate part BSTLI bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, posterior part BSTLP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, ventral part BSTLVbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division BSTMbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, anterior part BSTMA bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posterior part BSTMP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posterointermediate part BSTMPIbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posterolateral part BSTMPL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posteromedial part BSTMPMbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, ventral part BSTMVblood vessel bvbrachium of the inferior colliculus bicbrachium of the superior colliculus bscbrachium pontis (stem of middle cerebellar peduncle) bpBotzinger complex BoCC1 adrenaline cells C1C2 adrenaline cells C2C3 adrenaline cells C3caudal interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus CIcaudal linear nucleus of the raphe CLicaudal periolivary nucleus CPOcaudate putamen (striatum) CPucaudoventral respiratory group CVRGcaudoventrolateral reticular nucleus CVLcell bridges of the ventral striatum CBcentral amygdaloid nucleus Cecentral amygdaloid nucleus, capsular part CeCcentral amygdaloid nucleus, lateral division CeLcentral amygdaloid nucleus, medial division CeMcentral canal CCcentral cervical nucleus CeCvcentral gray of the pons CGPncentral gray, alpha part CGAcentral gray, beta part CGBcentral gray, gamma part CGGcentral medial thalamic nucleus CMcentral nucleus of the inferior colliculus CICcentral tegmental tract ctgcentrolateral thalamic nucleus CLcerebellum Cbcerebral cortex Cxcerebral peduncle, basal part cpchoroid plexus chpcingulate cortex, area 1 Cg1cingulate cortex, area 2 Cg2cingulum cgcircular nucleus Circlaustrum Clcochlear root of the vestibulocochlear nerve 8cncommissural stria terminalis cstcommissure of the inferior colliculus ciccommissure of the lateral lemniscus cllcommissure of the superior colliculus csccopula of the pyramis Copcorpus callosum cccortex-amygdala transition zone CxAcrus 1 of the ansiform lobule Crus1crus 2 of the ansiform lobule Crus2cuneate fasciculus cucuneate nucleus Cucuneiform nucleus CnFDdecussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle xscpdeep cerebral white matter dcwdeep gray layer of the superior colliculus DpGdeep mesencephalic nucleus DpMedeep white layer of the superior colliculus DpWhdentate gyrus DGdorsal 3rd ventricle D3Vdorsal acoustic stria dasdorsal cochlear nucleus DCdorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus DCICdorsal corticospinal tract dcsdorsal endopiriform nucleus DEndorsal fornix dfdorsal hippocampal commissure dhcdorsal hypothalamic area DAdorsal hypothalamic nucleus Dodorsal lateral geniculate nucleus DLGdorsal lateral olfactory tract dlodorsal longitudinal fasciculus dlfdorsal motor nucleus of vagus 10dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus DLLdorsal nucleus of the spinal cord (Clarke) Ddorsal paragigantocellular nucleus DPGidorsal peduncular cortex DPdorsal peduncular pontine nucleus DPPndorsal periolivary region DPOdorsal raphe nucleus DRdorsal raphe nucleus, caudal part DRCdorsal raphe nucleus, dorsal part DRDdorsal raphe nucleus, interfascicular part DRIdorsal raphe nucleus, ventral part DRVdorsal raphe nucleus, ventrolateral part DRVLdorsal root of spinal nerve drdorsal spinocerebellar tract dscdorsal tegmental bundle dtgdorsal tegmental decussation dtgxdorsal tegmental nucleus DTgdorsal tegmental nucleus, central part DTgCdorsal tegmental nucleus, pericentral part DTgPdorsal tenia tecta DTTdorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract DTdorsal transition zone DTrdorsal tuberomammillary nucleus DTMdorsolateral fasciculus dldorsolateral orbital cortex DLOdorsolateral periaqueductal gray DLPAGdorsolateral pontine nucleus DLPndorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus DMdorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, compact part DMCdorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal part DMDdorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventral part DMVdorsomedial periaqueductal gray DMPAGdorsomedial pontine nucleus DMPndorsomedial spinal trigeminal nucleus DMSp5dorsomedial spinal trigeminal nucleus, dorsal part DMSp5Ddorsomedial spinal trigeminal nucleus, ventral part DMSp5Vdorsomedial tegmental area DMTgdysgranular insular cortex DIEectorhinal cortex Ectectotrigeminal nucleus E5Edinger-Westphal nucleus EWentorhinal cortex Entependyma and subependymal layer Eepifascicular nucleus EFepilemniscal nucleus ELmepirubrospinal nucleus ERSethmoid thalamic nucleus Ethexternal capsule ecexternal cortex of the inferior colliculus ECICexternal cuneate nucleus ECuexternal medullary lamina emlexternal plexiform layer of the accessory olfactory bulb EPlAexternal plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb EPlextreme capsule excFF cell group of the vestibular complex FVefacial nerve or its root 7nfacial nucleus 7facial nucleus, dorsal intermediate subnucleus 7DIfacial nucleus, dorsolateral subnucleus 7DLfacial nucleus, dorsomedial subnucleus 7DMfacial nucleus, lateral subnucleus 7Lfacial nucleus, ventral intermediate subnucleus 7VIfacial nucleus, ventromedial subnucleus 7VMfasciculus retroflexus frfasciola cinereum FCfield CA1 of hippocampus CA1field CA2 of hippocampus CA2field CA3 of hippocampus CA3fields CA1-3 of hippocampus CA1-3fimbria of the hippocampus fiflocculus Flforceps major of the corpus callosum fmjforceps minor of the corpus callosum fmifornix ffrontal association cortex FrAGgelatinous layer of the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus Ge5gemini hypothalamic nucleus Gemgenu of the corpus callosum gccgenu of the facial nerve g7gigantocellular reticular nucleus Gigigantocellular reticular nucleus, alpha part GiAgigantocellular reticular nucleus, ventral part GiVglomerular layer of the accessory olfactory bulb GlAglomerular layer of the olfactory bulb Glglossopharyngeal nerve 9ngracile fasciculus grgracile nucleus Grgranular cell layer of the olfactory bulb GrOgranular insular cortex GIgranular layer of the cochlear nuclei GrCgranular layer of the dentate gyrus GrDGgranule cell layer of the accessory olfactory bulb GrAHhabenular commissure hbchilus of the dentate gyrus Hilhippocampal fissure hfhypoglossal nucleus 12Iindusium griseum IGinferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body) icpinferior olive IOinferior olive, beta subnucleus IOBeinferior olive, cap of Kooy of the medial nucleus IOKinferior olive, dorsal nucleus IODinferior olive, dorsomedial cell group IODMinferior olive, medial nucleus IOMinferior olive, principal nucleus IOPrinferior olive, subnucleus A of medial nucleus IOAinferior olive, subnucleus B of medial nucleus IOBinferior olive, subnucleus C of medial nucleus IOCinferior olive, ventrolateral protrusion IOVLinferior salivatory nucleus ISinfracerebellar nucleus Infinfralimbic cortex ILinfundibular stem InfSinner blade of the dentate gyrus IBlinteranterodorsal thalamic nucleus IADinteranteromedial thalamic nucleus IAMintercalated amygdaloid nucleus, main part IMintercalated nuclei of the amygdala Iintercalated nucleus of the medulla Inintercollicular nucleus InCointercrural fissure icfinterfascicular nucleus IFintergeniculate leaf IGLintermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus InGintermediate interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus II intermediate lobe of the pituitary IPitintermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus ILLintermediate reticular nucleus IRtintermediate white layer of the superior colliculus InWh intermediodorsal thalamic nucleus IMDintermediolateral cell column IMLintermediomedial cell column IMMintermedioventral thalamic commissure imvcintermedius nucleus of the medulla InMinternal arcuate fibers iainternal capsule icinternal medullary lamina imlinternal plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb IPlinteroculomotor nucleus I3interpeduncular fossa IPFinterpeduncular nucleus IPinterpeduncular nucleus, apical subnucleus IPAinterpeduncular nucleus, caudal subnucleus IPCinterpeduncular nucleus, dorsolateral subnucleus IPDL interpeduncular nucleus, dorsomedial subnucleus IPDM interpeduncular nucleus, intermediate subnucleus IPI interpeduncular nucleus, lateral subnucleus IPLinterpeduncular nucleus, rostral subnucleus IPRinterpeduncular nucleus, rostrolateral subnucleus IPRL interpedunculotegmental tract iptinterposed cerebellar nucleus, anterior part IntAinterposed cerebellar nucleus, dorsolateral hump IntDLinterposed cerebellar nucleus, dorsomedial crest IntDMinterposed cerebellar nucleus, posterior part IntPinterposed cerebellar nucleus, posterior parvicellular part IntPPCinterstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus, greater part IMLFG interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus IMLFinterstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure IPAC interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure, lateral part IPACLinterstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure, medial part IPACMinterstitial nucleus of the vestibulocochlear nerve I8intertrigeminal nucleus I5interventricular foramen IVFintramedullary thalamic area IMAislands of Calleja ICjislands of Calleja, major island ICjMJjuxtarestiform body jxjuxtatrigeminal area Jx5KKölliker-Fuse nucleus KFLlacunosum moleculare layer of the hippocampus LMollambdoid septal zone Ldlamina dissecans of the entorhinal cortex Dsclateral (dentate) cerebellar nucleus Latlateral accumbens shell LAcbShlateral amygdaloid nucleus Lalateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part LaDLlateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part LaVLlateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part LaVMlateral cerebellar nucleus, parvicellular part LatPClateral cervical nucleus LatClateral entorhinal cortex LEntlateral funiculus of the spinal cord lfulateral globus pallidus LGPlateral habenular nucleus LHblateral habenular nucleus, lateral part LHbLlateral habenular nucleus, medial part LHbMlateral hypothalamic area LHlateral lemniscal fields LLFlateral lemniscus lllateral mammillary nucleus LMlateral olfactory tract lolateral orbital cortex LOlateral parabrachial nucleus LPBlateral parabrachial nucleus, central part LPBClateral parabrachial nucleus, crescent part LPBCrlateral parabrachial nucleus, dorsal part LPBDlateral parabrachial nucleus, external part LPBElateral parabrachial nucleus, internal part LPBIlateral parabrachial nucleus, superior part LPBSlateral parabrachial nucleus, ventral part LPBVlateral paragigantocellular nucleus LPGilateral periaqueductal gray LPAGlateral pontine nucleus LPnlateral posterior thalamic nucleus LPlateral posterior thalamic nucleus, laterocaudal part LPLClateral posterior thalamic nucleus, laterorostral part LPLRlateral posterior thalamic nucleus, mediocaudal part LPMClateral posterior thalamic nucleus, mediorostral part LPMRlateral preoptic area LPOlateral recess of the 4th ventricle LR4Vlateral reticular nucleus LRtlateral reticular nucleus, parvicellular part LRtPClateral reticular nucleus, subtrigeminal part LRtS5lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSDlateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSIlateral septal nucleus, ventral part LSVlateral spinal nucleus LSplateral stripe of the striatum LSSlateral superior olive LSOlateral tegmental tract ltglateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract LTlateral ventral pallidum LVPlateral ventricle LVlateral vestibular nucleus LVelateral vestibulospinal tract lvslateroanterior hypothalamic nucleus LAlaterodorsal tegmental nucleus LDTglaterodorsal tegmental nucleus, ventral part LDTgVlaterodorsal thalamic nucleus LDlaterodorsal thalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part LDDMlaterodorsal thalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part LDVLlateroventral periolivary nucleus LVPOlinear nucleus of the medulla Lilocus coeruleus LClongitudinal association bundle lablongitudinal fasciculus of the pons lfpMmagnocellular nucleus of the lateral hypothalamus MCLHmagnocellular nucleus of the posterior commissure MCPCmagnocellular preoptic nucleus MCPOmammillary peduncle mpmammillary recess of the 3rd ventricle MRemammillotegmental tract mtgmammillothalamic tract mtmarginal zone of the medial geniculate MZMGmedial (fastigial) cerebellar nucleus Medmedial accessory oculomotor nucleus MA3medial amygdaloid nucleus Memedial amygdaloid nucleus, anterodorsal part MeADmedial amygdaloid nucleus, anteroventral part MeAVmedial amygdaloid nucleus, posterodorsal part MePDmedial amygdaloid nucleus, posteroventral part MePVmedial cerebellar nucleus, dorsolateral protuberance MedDLmedial corticohypothalamic tract mchmedial eminence, external layer MEEmedial eminence, internal layer MEImedial entorhinal cortex MEntmedial entorhinal cortex, ventral part MEntVmedial forebrain bundle mfbmedial forebrain bundle, 'a' component mfbamedial forebrain bundle, 'b' component mfbbmedial geniculate nucleus MGmedial geniculate nucleus, dorsal part MGDmedial geniculate nucleus, medial part MGMmedial geniculate nucleus, ventral part MGVmedial globus pallidus MGPmedial habenular nucleus MHbmedial lemniscus mlmedial longitudinal fasciculus mlfmedial mammillary nucleus, lateral part MLmedial mammillary nucleus, medial part MMmedial mammillary nucleus, median part MMnmedial orbital cortex MOmedial parabrachial nucleus MPBmedial parabrachial nucleus external part MPBEmedial pontine nucleus MPnmedial preoptic area MPAmedial preoptic nucleus MPOmedial preoptic nucleus, central part MPOCmedial preoptic nucleus, lateral part MPOLmedial preoptic nucleus, medial part MPOMmedial pretectal nucleus MPTmedial rostroventrolateral medulla MRVLmedial septal nucleus MSmedial superior olive MSOmedial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract MTmedial tuberal nucleus MTumedial ventral pallidum MVPmedial vestibular nucleus MVemedial vestibular nucleus, magnocellular part MVeMCmedial vestibular nucleus, parvicellular part MVePCmedian accessory nucleus of the medulla MnAmedian eminence MEmedian preoptic nucleus MnPOmedian raphe nucleus MnRmediodorsal thalamic nucleus MDmediodorsal thalamic nucleus, central part MDCmediodorsal thalamic nucleus, lateral part MDLmediodorsal thalamic nucleus, medial part MDMmediodorsal thalamic nucleus, paralaminar part MDPLmedioventral periolivary nucleus MVPOmedullary reticular nucleus, dorsal part MdDmedullary reticular nucleus, ventral part MdVmesencephalic trigeminal nucleus Me5mesencephalic trigeminal tract me5microcellular tegmental nucleus MiTgmiddle cerebellar peduncle mcpminimus nucleus Minmitral cell layer of the accessory olfactory bulb MiAmitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb Mimolecular layer of the dentate gyrus Molmotor root of the trigeminal nerve m5motor trigeminal nucleus Mo5motor trigeminal nucleus, dorsolateral part Mo5DLmotor trigeminal nucleus, ventromedial part Mo5VMNnigrostriatal bundle nsnucleus O Onucleus of Darkschewitsch Dknucleus of origin of efferents of the vestibular nerve EVenucleus of Roller Ronucleus of the ansa lenticularis ALnucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus BICnucleus of the commissural stria terminalis CSTnucleus of the dorsal hippocampal commissure DHCnucleus of the fields of Forel Fnucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band HDBnucleus of the lateral olfactory tract LOTnucleus of the optic tract OTnucleus of the posterior commissure PComnucleus of the solitary tract Solnucleus of the solitary tract, central part SolCenucleus of the solitary tract, commissural part SolCnucleus of the solitary tract, dorsomedial part SolDMnucleus of the solitary tract, gelatinous part SolGnucleus of the solitary tract, intermediate part SolIMnucleus of the solitary tract, interstitial part SolInucleus of the solitary tract, medial part SolMnucleus of the solitary tract, rostrolateral part1-101-10 cerebellar lobules; OR 1-10 spinal cord layers SolRLnucleus of the solitary tract, ventrolateral part SolVLnucleus of the stria medullaris SMnucleus of the trapezoid body Tznucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band VDBnucleus X Xnucleus Y Ynucleus Z ZOobex Obexoculomotor nerve or its root 3noculomotor nucleus 3oculomotor nucleus, parvicellular part 3PColfactory bulb OBolfactory nerve layer ONolfactory tubercle Tuolfactory tubercle, densocellular part TuDColfactory tubercle, plexiform layer TuPlolfactory tubercle, polymorph layer TuPoolfactory ventricle (olfactory part of lateral ventricle) OVolivary pretectal nucleus OPTolivocerebellar tract ocolivocochlear bundle ocboptic chiasm oxoptic nerve 2noptic nerve layer of the superior colliculus Opoptic tract optoriens layer of the hippocampus Orouter blade of the dentate gyrus OBloval paracentral thalamic nucleus OPCPparaabducens nucleus Pa6parabigeminal nucleus PBGparabrachial nucleus, waist part PBWparabrachial pigmented nucleus PBPparacentral thalamic nucleus PCparacochlear glial substance PCGSparacollicular tegmentum PCTgparafascicular thalamic nucleus PFparafloccular sulcus pfsparaflocculus PFlparalambdoid septal nucleus PLdparalemniscal nucleus PLparamedian lobule PMparamedian raphe nucleus PMnRparamedian reticular nucleus PMnparamedian sulcus pmsparanigral nucleus PNparapyramidal nucleus PPypararubral nucleus PaRparasolitary nucleus PSolparastrial nucleus PSparasubiculum PaSparasubthalamic nucleus PSThparatenial thalamic nucleus PTparatrigeminal nucleus Pa5paratrochlear nucleus Pa4paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus Paparaventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior magnocellular part PaAM paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior parvicellular part PaAP paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal cap PaDC paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral magnocellular part PaLM paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, medial parvicellular part PaMP paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventral part PaV paraventricular thalamic nucleus PVparaventricular thalamic nucleus, anterior part PVAparaventricular thalamic nucleus, posterior part PVPparietal association cortex PtAparvicellular motor trigeminal nucleus PC5parvicellular reticular nucleus PCRtparvicellular reticular nucleus, alpha part PCRtApedunculopontine tegmental nucleus PPTgperiaqueductal gray PAGperifacial zone P7perifornical nucleus PeFperipeduncular nucleus PPperirhinal cortex PRhperitrigeminal zone P5periventricular fiber system pvperiventricular hypothalamic nucleus Pepineal gland Pipineal recess PiRepiriform cortex Pirpiriform-amygdaloid area PAApolymorph layer of the dentate gyrus PoDGpontine nuclei Pnpontine raphe nucleus PnRpontine reticular nucleus, caudal part PnCpontine reticular nucleus, oral part PnOpontine reticular nucleus, ventral part PnVposterior commissure pcposterior hypothalamic area PHposterior intralaminar thalamic nucleus PILposterior limitans thalamic nucleus PLiposterior lobe of the pituitary PPitposterior pretectal nucleus PPTposterior superior fissure psfposterior thalamic nuclear group Poposterior thalamic nuclear group, triangular part PoTposterodorsal preoptic nucleus PDPposterodorsal tegmental nucleus PDTgposterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C2) PLCoposterolateral fissure plfposteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C3) PMCoposteromedian thalamic nucleus PoMnpostsubiculum Postpre-Bötzinger complex PrB\232precommissural fornix pcfprecommissural nucleus PrCpreculminate fissure pcufpredorsal bundle pdprelimbic cortex PrLpremammillary nucleus, dorsal part PMDpremammillary nucleus, ventral part PMVprepositus nucleus Prprepyramidal fissure ppfprerubral field PRpresubiculum PrSprimary auditory cortex Au1primary fissure prfprimary motor cortex M1primary somatosensory cortex S1primary somatosensory cortex, barrel field S1BFprimary somatosensory cortex, dysgranular region S1DZprimary somatosensory cortex, forelimb region S1FLprimary somatosensory cortex, hindlimb region S1HLprimary somatosensory cortex, jaw region S1Jprimary somatosensory cortex, jaw region, oral surface S1JOprimary somatosensory cortex, trunk region S1Trprimary somatosensory cortex, upper lip region S1ULpprimary visual cortex, binocular area V1Bprimary visual cortex, monocular area V1Mprincipal mammillary tract pmprincipal sensory trigeminal nucleus Pr5principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, dorsomedial part Pr5DMprincipal sensory trigeminal nucleus, ventrolateral part Pr5VLProbst's bundle prbprosubiculum ProSpyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus Pypyramidal decussation pyxpyramidal fissure pfpyramidal tract pyRraphe interpositus nucleus RIPraphe magnus nucleus RMgraphe obscurus nucleus RObraphe pallidus nucleus RParecess of the inferior colliculus ReICred nucleus Rred nucleus, lateral horn RLHred nucleus, magnocellular part RMCred nucleus, parvicellular part RPCreticular thalamic nucleus Rtreticulotegmental nucleus of the pons RtTgreticulotegmental nucleus of the pons, pericentral part RtTgP retroambiguus nucleus RAmbretrochiasmatic area RChretroethmoid nucleus REthretrolemniscal nucleus RLretrorubral field RRFretrorubral nucleus RRretrosplenial agranular cortex RSAretrosplenial granular a cortex RSGaretrosplenial granular b cortex RSGbretrosplenial granular cortex RSGreuniens thalamic nucleus Rerhabdoid nucleus Rbdrhinal fissure rfrhinal incisura rirhomboid thalamic nucleus Rhroot of abducens nerve 6n。
快速简单采集大鼠脑脊液的方法[发明专利]
![快速简单采集大鼠脑脊液的方法[发明专利]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/65fe25500a1c59eef8c75fbfc77da26924c59656.png)
(10)申请公布号 CN 102008329 A(43)申请公布日 2011.04.13C N 102008329 A*CN102008329A*(21)申请号 200910260345.X(22)申请日 2009.12.16A61B 10/00(2006.01)A61B 17/00(2006.01)(71)申请人中美冠科生物技术(北京)有限公司地址102200 北京市昌平区中关村科技园区火炬街21号莱特默勒大厦一层(72)发明人梁晓娟 邵奇鸣 王叶红(54)发明名称快速简单采集大鼠脑脊液的方法(57)摘要本发明涉及一种简单快速的大鼠脑脊液采集方法，适用于神经、心脑血管、肿瘤及相关领域的生理及药理学研究，属于实验动物方法学的范畴。
本发明在对大鼠脑脊液采集方法上，采用wingedinfusion set 27G1/2连接1ml 注射器的连接装置，降低了对实验仪器设备等的特殊要求。
采用肉眼精确定位，对进针深度进行准确估算。
利用标记的winged infusion set 可控制脑脊液的采集量。
该操作简单易行，能够准确把握进针位置、进针深度同时能保证高质量脑脊液的采集。
(51)Int.Cl.(19)中华人民共和国国家知识产权局(12)发明专利申请权利要求书 1 页 说明书 3 页 附图 9 页权 利 要 求 书CN 102008329 A1/1页1.一种简单快速采集脑脊液的方法，所用实验材料包括：Winged infusion set 27G*1/2、50U胰岛素针、手术刀、带胶管的止血钳。
2.该种采集脑脊液的实验方法采用肉眼准确定位寰枕膜。
3.该种采集脑脊液的实验方法，在保证采集澄清脑脊液方面，采用肉眼观察，待看到血性脑脊液时，迅速利用止血钳夹闭导管，保证脑脊液的澄清。
4.该种采集脑脊液的实验方法，在最后收集所采集脑脊液方面采用胰岛素针抽吸管中的脑脊液然后转移到EP管中。
将脑脊液的损耗降到最低。
快速简单采集大鼠脑脊液的方法技术领域[0001] 本发明涉及一种大鼠脑脊液采集的专业方法，适用于采集大鼠脑脊液，属于动物药理学实验领域。
颅骨蛛网膜粒压迹的病理与临床特点及影像诊断
颅骨蛛网膜粒压迹的病理与临床特点及影像诊断颅骨蛛网膜粒压迹病理与临床特点颅骨蛛网膜粒压迹（cranial arachnoid granulations），也称蛛网膜粒压迹、蛛网膜颗粒或蛛网膜憩室等，为蛛网膜粒颗粒在颅骨内板及板障上形成的局限性压迹，也可突向静脉窦，是脑脊液循环的重要组成结构，脑脊液经蛛网膜粒回流至静脉窦。
蛛网膜粒的解剖构成包括纤维结缔组织、纤维母细胞、蛛网膜、小血管网及内皮细胞间隙。
一般无症状，随年龄增长而逐渐出现，儿童少见，成年男性较多见。
为影像学检查时偶然发现，但少数可能引起头痛，且较大蛛网膜粒常易误诊为颅骨病理性缺损，因此需要与颅骨病变鉴别。
CT与MRI特点①部位及形态:见于颅穹隆骨，额骨最常见，其次为顶骨与枕骨，也可见于直窦、上矢状窦、横窦、窦汇、下矢状窦、海绵窦、岩上窦等静脉窦处，多在中线两侧2cm的范围内，较对称，距静脉窦一般不超过3cm。
呈圆形、类圆形或颗粒状，边缘清楚，无硬化，大小从数mm至数cm不等，最大者可达3cm左右，其中枕骨枕内隆凸两侧者常较大及形态不规则，可相互融合，易误诊为骨质破坏。
一般累及内板及板障，外板变薄，但外板仍完整，极少数引起局部外板隆起，甚至形成巨大肿块。
局部软组织无异常改变。
邻近脑实质、蛛网膜下腔无受压、移位；②CT平扫为边缘清楚的内板、板障骨质缺损，局部无软组织肿块，邻近可见导静脉或板障静脉与之相连，为其特征性表现；③MRI上各序列与脑脊液信号一致，以T2WI显示最清楚，与蛛网膜下腔相通，FLAIR序列上信号被抑制、证明其内为脑脊液。
位于静脉窦者T2WI显示为流空信号的静脉窦内高信号结节；④增强扫描延迟扫描，待静脉窦强化时，蛛网膜粒为边缘清楚的局限性充盈缺损；⑤同位素扫描局部无示踪剂浓聚。
简要病史AB例1，女，72岁。
头部不适。
ABCD例2，女，53岁。
头痛2天，外院CT发现“枕骨多发骨质破坏”。
CT与MRI所见例1，CT平扫冠状位重组（图1A），左侧顶骨内板与板障类圆形缺损（箭），外板变薄。
蛛网膜颗粒的影像学表现
图7 右横窦蛛网膜颗粒内见静脉直接进入 图8 VR表浅静脉成像见蛛网膜颗粒位于浅静脉汇入横窦处（白箭示蛛网膜颗粒，黑箭示下吻合静脉）
多数蛛网膜颗粒位于浅表静脉汇入静脉窦处，部分蛛网膜颗粒中有一条到几条静脉直接进入
MRV： 突入窦腔的局或多个窦受累， 并可延伸入皮层静脉
CT表现
平扫：低密度或等密度（与窦内血液比） 增强后延迟扫描： 突入窦内的局限性充盈缺损
MR表现
MRI比CT检查更易发现和确定蛛网膜粒， 表现为突入窦腔内局限且边缘清晰的非血流异常信号：
T1WI：多数为低信号，少数为等信号
T2WI：均匀或不均匀高信号
增强扫描：局限性充盈缺损。部分蛛网膜颗粒中，可发现点条状显著强化，其原因可能是其内的结缔组织成分的作用
02
CT值不同
03
MRI上不同序列信号不同
04
梗阻以远的静脉窦血流异常
05
蛛网膜颗粒
06
常位于浅表静脉汇入静脉窦处, 其内见静脉进入为特征性表现
07
边界光滑,偶见不规则也可分辨其为多个小蛛网膜颗粒融和
08
CT 值接近脑脊液密度,偶尔见钙化
09
横窦内蛛网膜颗粒可多发
10
蛛网膜颗粒的近段和远段静脉窦内血流都是正常的
硬脑膜静脉窦
蛛网膜颗粒
回流入血液
经
解剖学，由多至少：上矢状窦>横窦>海绵窦>岩上窦>直窦 头部 C T和 MR I :大多位于横窦 上矢状窦近段的蛛网膜颗粒多位于外侧陷窝而不易被发现所致。
原因
常见部位
蛛网膜颗粒与硬脑膜的关系 蛛网膜颗粒位于硬膜之下 蛛网膜颗粒位于两层硬膜之间 蛛网膜颗粒将硬膜顶起 ,使硬膜外层变薄 蛛网膜颗粒顶破硬膜外层位于网眼内 ,或向外突出压迫颅骨内板 前两种类型多见于婴幼儿 ,儿童及成人除前两种类型外 ,还可见到后两型
容易误认为异常的影像序列之-颅骨蛛网膜颗粒压迹
容易误认为异常的影像序列之-颅骨蛛网膜颗粒压迹
颅骨蛛网膜颗粒压迹看似平常，较明显时，却容易被误认为异常，尤其是有原发肿瘤病史者。
蛛网膜颗粒是蛛网膜突入硬脑膜静脉窦内形成的颗粒状突起，属正常解剖结构，脑脊液经此汇入静脉窦。
大的蛛网膜颗粒常可引起颅骨外压性改变，因其容易被误诊为颅骨病变，一直受到影像诊断工作者的重视。
以往普通X线对此进行了不少的研究，但主要限于矢状窦旁。
枕骨也是蛛网膜颗粒压迹的一个常见部位，但由于在普通X线图像上，枕骨与颅底影像重叠，限制了枕骨蛛网膜颗粒压迹的观察。
因而以往对此缺乏研究。
CT是研究枕骨蛛网膜颗粒压迹较好的影像学检查方法。
颞骨蛛网膜颗粒压迹亦见报道。
本公众号图像版权属“东江影像”所有，请勿用于商业用途。
转
载请注明“来源：东江影像（微信公众号：djyx_cn）。
大蛛网膜颗粒的MRI及CT诊断
大蛛网膜颗粒的MRI及CT诊断
梁靖;高航;李传良
【期刊名称】《医学信息（中旬刊）》
【年(卷),期】2011(024)008
【摘要】目的:提高大蛛网膜颗粒的MRI及CT诊断及鉴别诊断水平.方法:回顾分析64例大蛛网膜颗粒的MRI及CT表现.结果:主要分布在横窦、上矢状窦、上矢状窦及其两旁大脑表面的引流静脉、直窦内的64例大蛛网膜颗粒,呈不同程度的充盈缺损,其中对枕骨、顶骨,额骨形成凹陷性压迹54例.结论:大蛛网膜颗粒具有分布特点和特征性MRI及CT表现,与病理性改变有鉴别意义.
【总页数】2页(P3811-3812)
【作者】梁靖;高航;李传良
【作者单位】济宁市第二人民医院影像科,山东,济宁,272049;济宁市第二人民医院影像科,山东,济宁,272049;济宁市第二人民医院影像科,山东,济宁,272049
【正文语种】中文
【相关文献】
1.静脉窦蛛网膜颗粒MRI分析 [J], 秦梓良
2.枕骨蛛网膜颗粒压迹的CT诊断 [J], 朱建国;徐晓林
3.静脉窦蛛网膜颗粒CT、MRI表现 [J], 肖俊强;卢光明;程传虎
4.大蛛网膜颗粒的MRI及CT诊断 [J], 梁靖; 高航; 李传良
5.颅骨蛛网膜颗粒压迹的MRI表现 [J], 韩慧敏;王清涛
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《大鼠脑立体定位图谱》出版消息
《大鼠脑立体定位图谱》出版消息《大鼠脑立体定位图谱》是一部由诸葛启钏主编，人民卫生出版社于2005年7月1日出版的书籍。
该书以大鼠脑为研究对象，提供了大鼠脑各个区域的立体定位信息，对于研究大鼠脑的结构和功能具有重要的参考价值。
该书共分为字，由人民卫生出版社正式出版，胶版纸印刷，平装包装。
对于医学、生物学、神经科学等领域的研究者来说，《大鼠脑立体定位图谱》无疑是一本非常有价值的参考书籍。
书中详细介绍了大鼠脑的各个区域和核团，并使用定位坐标来描述其在脑中的位置。
还提供了许多有关大鼠脑的形态学、生理学和行为学等方面的信息。
通过该书，读者可以全面了解大鼠脑的结构和功能，对于开展相关研究具有重要指导意义。
《大鼠脑立体定位图谱》的出版为相关领域的研究者提供了一本非常有价值的参考书籍，对于推动大鼠脑科学研究的发展具有重要意义。
脑缺血再灌注和电针治疗是当前医学研究的重要领域，其中电针治疗是一种具有中国特色且广泛应用于临床的疗法。
本文旨在探讨电针对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑皮质局部血流量和血管新生的影响，为临床应用提供理论依据。
在过去的研究中，脑缺血再灌注损伤的机制一直是一个难题。
近年来，随着科学技术的发展，越来越多的研究表明，脑缺血再灌注后血管新生对于脑损伤的修复和神经功能的恢复具有重要意义。
然而，目前尚无理想的治疗方法能够有效地促进血管新生，改善脑部供血。
本研究采用随机对照实验方法，选取健康成年大鼠为研究对象，分为假手术组、模型组和电针组。
建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型，然后对电针组大鼠进行电针治疗。
通过免疫组织化学法和图像分析技术，观察各组大鼠脑皮质局部血流量和血管新生情况。
实验结果显示，电针组大鼠脑皮质局部血流量明显高于模型组和假手术组，且电针组大鼠脑皮质血管新生数量也明显增加。
这表明电针治疗可以有效地促进脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑皮质局部血流量增加和血管新生，对脑损伤修复和神经功能恢复具有积极作用。
电针对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑皮质局部血流量和血管新生的影响研究表明，电针治疗可以有效地改善脑部供血，促进血管新生，对脑损伤修复和神经功能恢复具有积极作用。
蛛网膜颗粒的影像学表现
蛛网膜颗粒的影像学表现
蛛网膜颗粒的影像学表现
1.引言
蛛网膜颗粒是一种在眼底上脉络膜区域观察到的常见病变。
它的影像学表现对于诊断和治疗该疾病具有重要意义。
本文将详细介绍蛛网膜颗粒的各个影像学表现。
2.病变描述
蛛网膜颗粒通常表现为脉络膜区域呈现出类似网状或蜘蛛网状的颗粒状结构。
这些颗粒通常呈现为轻度至重度的黑色或灰色，并分布在视网膜周边区域。
同时，它们还会产生一种明显的渐变性效应，即颗粒越远离视盘越明显。
3.影像学检查
3.1 轮廓分析
蛛网膜颗粒在产生光反射效应时，其轮廓清晰可见。
光反射效应是颗粒表面与周围组织的反射光差异所致。
3.2 灰度分析
蛛网膜颗粒的灰度通常比周围正常脉络膜区域明显增加。
这种增加的灰度值可以通过灰度统计来量化，并用于病变的定量描述。
3.3 血管影像
蛛网膜颗粒周围的血管往往呈现出异常变化。
血管的直径可能呈现扩张，血流速度也可能增加。
这些异常变化在血管造影图像中往往呈现为典型的鼓包状或缺损状。
4.引用法律名词及注释
4.1 环境影响评估法（Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA）：环境影响评估是对建设项目进行环境影响评价，提出合理化建议的一种制度。
4.2 药品管理法（Drug Administration Law）：国家药检部门制定并实施的药品管理法规，主要包括药品的注册、生产、经营、使用等方面的管理要求。
5.附件
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侧中部偏内位置。
图１各大鼠横窦内均有明显染料浓集区，
提示有连接蛛网膜下腔及硬脑膜窦的ＡＧ存在
・１４０９・
图４ＡＧ表面覆盖着形状不一的内皮细胞，颗粒根部可见
大量条索样的纤维结构（４３００Ｘ）
讨论
实验动物中蛛网膜Ｆ腔出血、炎症反应的模型很多‘２引，而与之相关的ＡＧ解剖国内开展的很少。
活体下亚甲蓝蛛网膜下腔注射，可见大鼠横窦内有明显染料浓集区，提示连接蛛网膜下腔及硬脑膜窦的ＡＧ的存在。
与人类比较，大鼠的ＡＧ体积明显缩小，在光学显微镜的辅助下，才能在横窦腔内辨认。
其体积、形态差异较大，这与人类的蛛网膜颗粒的生长方式具有类
１ｔｌ２ＡＧ球形成簇生－Ｋ，Ｔ方和蛛网膜下腔相通ｃ－ｏｏ×，釜奏篓；吴导筹轰奎嚣箬毳爹煮冀孽谶差３．扫描电镜结果：在低倍镜下观察，大鼠ＡＧ大部裂隙和孔样结构，脑脊液可能在蛛网膜下腔个硬膜窦分成簇状生长，数目不等，沿着横窦内膜匍匐生长，形间压力差的作用下，通过这些裂隙和孔进入血液。
大成花样结构，也有鳞片样参差不齐的分布，顶端呈不规鼠的ＡＧ与人类的具有近似的结构层次，在ＡＧ的外则的分叉状（图３）。
高倍镜下可见蛛网膜颗粒的表面层，由纤维囊紧紧包裹，纤维囊主要由胶原纤维和弹性覆盖有形状各异的内皮细胞，在内皮细胞间可见到少纤维组成，在与硬膜窦壁相接处，可以看到大量交错纵数小孔和较大的裂隙，而相邻的ＡＧ间可见较宽的裂横的纤维。
囊壁表面紧紧贴附一层完整的内皮细胞，隙，裂隙中间可见交织成网的纤维样结构（图４）。
很与硬膜窦内壁的内皮细胞连续。
多窦腔内壁没有颗粒样结构，仅可见绒毛样突起。
不本研究结果表明，大鼠的ＡＧ与人类有相似，对于管是ＡＧ还是蛛网膜绒毛样结构，高倍镜下顶端多有研究人类蛛网膜下腔出血、炎症反应、脑积水等常见病小的圆形或不规则形孔洞。
的ＡＧ改变，有重要意义。
图３ＡＧ顶部呈分叶状，可见圆形或不规则形孔洞，基底部是条索样的纤维束（５５０×）
参考文献
［１］ＣｏｎｅｇｅｒｏＣＩ，ＣｈｏｐａｒｄＲＰ．Ｔｒｉｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｌｌａｇｅｎｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｉｎｔｈｅａｒａｃｈｎｏｉｄｇｒａｎｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｈｕｍａｎｓ：ａｓｔｕｄｙｏｎ∞ａｎｎｉｎｇｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎ
ｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ．ＡｒｑＮｅｕｒｏｐｓｉｑｕｉａｔｒ．２００３．６１：５６１—５６５．
［２］尹风任，史学芳，扈玉华，等．改良血管穿刺法人鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型的制作及评价．中华实验外科杂志，２００８，２５：９７５－９７７．［３］惠品品．兔蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的血流动力学变化．中华实验外科杂志，２００５，２２：９－１１．
（收稿日期：２０１０－０２－０３）。