读写任务之说明文 概括共24页文档
如何概括一篇说明文的主要内容
如何概括一篇说明文的主要内容（大意）概括一篇文章的大意（主要内容），这是记叙文、说明文阅读经常面对的一个经典题型。
教师在处理这个问题的时候，存在着三种理解形式，对应三种不同的解题方法。
第一种老师，认为“文章的大意”或“主要内容”，是个狭义概念，仅仅指向文章表述的表象内容，不包括作者要表达的本质思想感情，因他们主张，回答这个问题，只概括文章承载的表象即可。
第二种老师，同样认为“文章的大意”或“主要内容”是个狭义的概念，但问题指向的不是文章的表象内容，而是本质内容，因而，他们主张回答这个问题，只揭示作者的表达目的——即文章要表达的内在思想感情即可。
第三种老师认为，应该从广义上理解这两个概念，它们既包括文章的表象，又涵盖文章的本质，所以主张解决这一问题，既要概括文章的表象内容，然后透过表象，揭示文章要表达的本质思想，二者缺一不可。
一、我们要选择的方法以上三种理解方式及对应的解决方法都是正确的。
问题是：作为学生，我们无法判断命题者属于这三种人当中的哪一种，也无法断定三种答案中究竟哪一个会是最终的标准答案，怎么答题呢？我认为，以不变应万变的方法，还是第三种——因为它的答案各种理解方式对应答案的全部。
在阅卷过程中，面对主观性试题，老师只会为答题缺失的同学扣分，永远不会对卷面答案比标准答案更全面的同学扣分（有字数要求的，考虑字数的限制即可）。
二、说明文表象内容概括的方法(一）指出文章的说明对象说明对象有两种：一种是具体的事物；一种是抽象的事理。
回答问题时要注意两个要点：一是，关注说明指向的核心——是事物，还是事物、行为内部蕴含的抽象之理。
例如：为什么我国的石拱桥会取得如此辉煌的成就呢？首先，在于我国劳动人民的勤劳和智慧。
他们制作石料的工艺极其精巧，能把石料切成整块大石碑，又能把石块雕刻成各中形象。
在建筑技术上有很多创造，在起重吊装方面更有意想不到的办法。
如福建漳州的江东桥，修建于八百年前，有的石梁一块就有二百来吨重，究竟是怎样安装上去的，至今还不完全知道。
读写任务概括方法与练习
读写任务的概括PartⅠ基本步骤方法和技巧第一，阅读全文，了解文章大意，理解作者的写作意图和主要观点。
1.通读全文，了解文章的体裁。
因为不同的体裁，概括文章大意的方法不相同，那么我们在概括主要内容时要注意的内容也不相同。
读写任务所给材料，通常是记叙文、议论文和说明文，以议论文和记叙文为主。
2.注意文章的写作结构。
英语文章的结构不像中文文章结构那么多种多样，英语的文章普遍以固定的几种形式叙述所要表达的内容。
如议论文多用比较来论述某个观点，历史故事文则多用叙述的方式。
因此平时熟悉一些篇章结构，阅读文章时就可以先看文章的标题、语篇标记、关键句等来识别文章的篇章结构类型，然后找出文章的框架，通过段落间的逻辑关系，了解文章的大意。
3．注意审题，看准要求是对整篇文章进行概括还是就某部份内容进行概括。
是以读者的身份进行概括，还是以当事人的身份进行概括，这决定着我们要以什么样的人称来写。
第二，正确找出文章的主旨大意。
1.一定要注意文章是否有题目，因为一篇文章的题目就是对整篇文章中心内容的最简练的归纳，是文章的精华、中心。
2.阅读完后用一句话写出文章的主旨大意。
这里我们要注意文章里一些概括性句子。
每篇文章都有其写作意图，在文章中，尤其在第一段或最后一段，作者都会对其进行总结，所以我们要注意段落里一些起概括性句子（主题句）。
文章的主题句往往出现在首段或末段，或各个段落的首句末句，然具体情况却不能一概而论。
以下是常见文体的主题句及主要内容的概括的方法和技巧。
▲▲（1）记叙文(Narration)：找出时间(when),地点(where),什么人(who)，做了什么事(what),结果怎么样(how)等五要素。
其中,最重要的要点是某人(who)做了何事(what)。
若是夹叙夹议的文章,还要加上作者的看法、观点、经验或感悟。
①叙事性的记叙文(Narration)。
叙事性的记叙文的主要内容的概括主要抓住记叙文的几个要素：时间、地点、人物、事件和影响或后果。
读写任务概括.
作文专讲作文是英语学习中的重点, 也是难点。
要想写出流畅的作文, 必须多欣赏优秀范文,熟悉文章体裁,了解文章框架,形成写作套路,积累精美语言。
只有记诵一定量的优秀范文, 才能保证写作的流畅输出! 同学们要注重错句改正及优秀句子的积累, 注重优秀范文的背诵和写作, 大家一定要积极参与其中, 不断提高自身对英语的感悟能力和使用能力! 要写出好的作文, 平时必须多看范文, 多分析范文。
积累有用的词汇、词组和句型。
每次作文评改后发回来,要及时改正所犯的错误, 以后不要再犯同样的错误。
好的作文必须经过千锤百炼, 多练习多归纳多进步!“ 读写任务” 的写作过程:1把握阅读材料的结构、思路、观点与意图;2概括阅读材料的观点(论证过程3在“ 写作内容” 的引导下写作。
在写概括的时候 , 不能添加自己的见解, 但是要用自己的语言概括。
要做到开门见山,语言简洁 .如果给的阅读材料是一个故事, 应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么, 不能拖泥带水,而且要看原文是否有讲述该故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。
如果是说明性或描述性短文 , 你就必须用概括的文字来说明某种现象。
如果是议论文的阅读短文 , 则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。
在议论部分 ,第一段开头语:1 According to the passage, we know…2 This article is mainly about…3 The writer states that…4 The passage tells us that…第二段 :过渡词引出主题句 ---自己的观点 ---理由• 开头用语:• I do agree with the author…• In some way, I agree with …, but…• This opinion sounds right but is hardly practical.• It is definitely not like that. As a matter of fact, …• From my personal angle alone…• In my opinion,…• From my personal point of view…• As far as I’m concerned…第三段 [最后一段 ] : 总结句开头用语:• In conclusion,…• In short,…• To make a long story short,…• In general,…• In a word,…• In belief,…• On the whole,…• All in all,…练习如何写概括:1.记叙文A boy once stole a girl’s bicycle. He took the stolen bicycle home to his mother. The boy's mother did not punish him. Instead, she told her son that he was clever for doing so. Soon after, the boy stole a loaf of bread and brought it home. His mother thanked her son saving her money. When the boy grew up, stealing had become his habit. He often stole things he didn't even want. Then, one day, the man got caught and was going to be killed. The man's mother went to see her son in prison. "Why have you done these tings?" his mother asked. "Lean closer to me and I'll tell you," replied her son. But when his mother leaned closer her son, he bit off her ear. "I've always done these things, mother," said the man. "But you never told me they were wrong."____________________________________________________________________ _ _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. 议论文Some people think studying under pressure keeps us motivated. Maybe a little pressure does good to us, but too much pressure is not favorable to students. Scientific studies show people studying under too much pressure generally don't perform as well as they do when they are not under extreme pressure. Psychologically, too much pressure can lead to mental problems or disorders. In recent years, there has been an increase in stress-related diseases among college and high-school students. A newspaper article says many students admit that they have cheated in exams because of excessive pressurecoming from their parents and teachers who demand high marks in their examination. So, appropriate pressure is acceptable, or we will face a terrible situation.To think:1. Which sentence is the topic sentence?2. Which sentences are the supporting sentences?3. Which sentence is the concluding sentence?____________________________________________________________________ _ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _ _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________3. 说明文Transportation has been developing rapidly in recent years, especially in large cities. However, it must be admitted that, along with the benefits of the rapid development of urban traffic, there have come certain problems. One of the biggest problems is traffic jams in some heavily-populated cities. It has become common to see passengers and drivers having to wait in long lines and buses and cars m oving at a snail’s pace on the streets during the rush hours.There are several reasons for this problem. First, the number of vehicles is increasing much more rapidly than the building of roads. No sooner has a new road been completed and opened public traffic than it is crowded with all kinds of vehicles. Second, there seem to be too many private cars and not enough public buses. In most cases, a car carries only one or two people, while it occupies almost half the space a bus does. Third, many people, including drivers, pedestrians and cyclists do not obey traffic rules properly, especially at busy hours. And this undoubtedly worsens the already serious situation.____________________________________________________________________ _ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________读写任务 (共 l 小题,满分 25分阅读下面的新闻报道,然后按照要求写一篇 150词左右的英语短文。
读写任务说明文2
every day. (高级句子)
(4)A: Students should respect their teachers. (一般句子)
B: —→Students
are supposed to show respect for
their
teachers. (高级句子) (5)A: She used her time fully to study Physics. (一般句子) B: —→She made good use of her time (高级句子) (6)A: He is busy with a translation of a French novel. (一般句 子) to study Physics.
simulated family, and fights will break out, jobs will be lost,
and the house will fall apart. With The Sims, you can create whatever and whomever you desire. Triumph or tragedy? You name it. In your real life, it is the same case.
are much richer now. Now it has a new look. (一般句子) B: —→Our village used to be very poor before. Most
children couldn’t afford to go to school. However, since the
open policy people are living a much richer life it is taking on a new look . (高级句子) now. Now
高中读写任务之概括
读写任务写作是具有一定开放性的写作命题分为三步走，即：“概括摘要+ 任务过渡+要点拓展”选材内容：考生熟悉或比较熟悉的题材,以议论文或记叙文为主。
读写任务写作必须注意：1．首段(main idea)：用一两句话概述原文内容要点，约30个词；(三、四行)2．主体(要点)：依据材料陈述自我观点并加以例证来验证；（2,3,4自然段）广东高考英语读写任务01——概括一、记叙文的概括——串联要素法记叙文的概要, 一般包括记叙文的六个要素(who; when; where; what; how; why), 也就是考生应先通读阅读短文，找出这六个要素,然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成一两句话即可。
1. 谁做了什么？(who did what)2. 结果如何？(what was the result)，若是夹叙夹议的文章, 还要加上这个故事给人们的启示或教育。
Passage 01Jackie is perhaps the most easily annoyed koala（考拉）at the Feather dale Wildlife Park in southern Australia. All the koalas there are unhappy and complaining. You would be too if you were used to night activities and someone kept waking you up all day while you were trying to sleep it off. That’s right—sleep it off. The average koala is always half asleep because it feeds on the leaves of a special kind that makes it sleepy.The reason why Jackie and her fellow koalas are repeatedly awoken from their deep sleep is that they can be hugged and photographed by tourists, who make the trips to Feather dale and an increasing number of other national parks for just that special experience. Whatever department in the Aussie government in charge of such things is now moving to make the practice illegal，which is understandable. How would you react, my friend, if you were trying to sleep off a dozen times and some round，furry creature smelling of grass kept waking you?要点：1.who?______________________________________________2. What happened to them?______________________________________________3. Result ?______________________________________________4. Why ?______________________________________________5. Meaning or purpose?____________________________整合所有信息、改写：1.Someone kept waking them.__________________________________________2.The reason why ... is that they can be hugged and photograph by tourists.__________________________________________3.ask us to think and do as animals__________________________________________Summary:：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Passage 02When Sam first got to his boarding school with his parents, he was very happy. He thought he would be able to go home every weekend. When he was told he would not, he started crying because the thought of not seeing his parents was driving him crazy.He was given uniforms and all other things that he would need for the term. He started crying when it was time for his parents to leave. He was then taken to the dorm, where he saw other children happy. He tried as much as he could to fit in but could not because his mind was at home. He started feeling homesick (想家) and wanted to go homes as soon as possible.He got sick soon because he could not eat the school food. He could not concentrate in the classroom. All he could think was being at home with his family. He had no mobile phone or other means to get in touch with his parents. He was angry and felt lonely. He thought his parents hated him and that was why they left him in a boarding school.要点：1.who?___________________________________________2. What happened to them?______________________________________________3. Result ?______________________________________________4. Why ?______________________________________________5. Meaning or purpose?______________________________________________Summary:：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________二、议论文的概括——议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusionsentences)。
读写任务概括部分
答题步骤 1. 阅读写作内容、主题和要点提示；根据这些 提示，阅读语篇找出主题句和关键词。 （2013年高考广东卷）
以约120个词谈谈你对平凡工作的想法，内容包括： （1）描述清洁工工作的艰辛； （2）假如没有清洁工，环境会变得如何？ （3）你对平凡工作者的看法。
（2013年高考广东卷） 以约120个词谈谈你对平凡工作的想法，内容包括： （1）描述清洁工工作的艰辛； （2）假如没有清洁工，环境会变得如何？ （3）你对平凡工作者的看法。
Many people complain about the job they are doing because they find it easy and boring. However, every ordinary job is an essential part in society so we should show respect for them. (33words) 通过这三个步骤之后，可以清晰发现上面这个 语段的内容与短文的内容相一致，符合“全面、 精炼、准确”的要求。语段中的句子来源于上面 的短文，但不是直接引用和抄摘短文中的句子。
答题步骤 2.根据语篇的主题，精兵裁员，削枝叶，保留其 中最能概括短文内容的语句。 To many people, even the word “work” sounds Many people do not enjoy the job they are doing. unpleasant. These people simply do not enjoy It may be quite easy, but it is very boring. No the job they are doing. It does not give them any matter how ordinary a job is, it plays a part in real satisfaction. It may be quite easy, but it is society and therefore deserves our due respect. very boring. No matter how ordinary a job is, it plays a part in society and therefore deserves our due respect. Society cannot function a single day without the “dull and boring” jobs.
读写任务各种文体概括z1
Skill 5: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.
Why is work good for health? It is because work keeps people busy, away from loneliness. Researches show that people feel unhappy, worried and lonely when they have nothing to do. Instead, the happiest are those who are busy. Work serves as a bridge between man and reality. By work, people come into contact with each other. By collective activities, they find friendship and warmth. This is helpful to health. The loss of work means the loss of everything. It affects man spiritually and makes him likely to disease.
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Summary: The Clark family, who were unlucky to miss boarding Titanic because one son was bitten by a dog, were fortunately saved. This story is about a tragedy turning into a blessing. （31 words)
中考语文阅读复习：说明文概括中心思想篇-word文档资料
2019年中考语文阅读复习：说明文概括中心思想篇2019年中考语文文段阅读复习：说明文概括中心思想篇【知识导学】说明文的中心思想是由说明内容所体现出来的，是说明文阅读的关键。
但说明文的中心思想不同于记叙文的中心思想，记叙文的中心思想是文章透露出来的思想感情或人生态度，而说明文的中心思想却是说明的主要内容。
当然，说明内容中也包含着作者的态度倾向，如《苏州园林》的中心应概括为四个“讲究”——“讲究亭台轩榭的布局”“讲究假山池沼的配合”“讲究花草树木的映衬”“讲究近景远景的层次”，其中流露出叶圣陶先生对苏州园林建造艺术的赞美之情。
那么，如何分析和概括一篇说明文的中心思想呢？我们不妨采用逐步质疑的方法，准确地抓住关键性语句，然后进行概括。
以《故宫博物院》为例，让我们一起来学习这种方法——三步质疑法：一问“全文围绕什么事物或事理来进行说明？”二问“从哪些方面对该事物或事理进行说明？”三问“说明了这些事物或事理的什么特征？”在读文章的过程中依次思考上面的三个问题，逐一找到最佳答案，再把这些答案按照合理的顺序组织起来，这篇说明文的中心思想就明确了。
在《故宫博物院》一文中三个问题的答案依次是“全文围绕故宫博物院来进行说明”“从故宫博物院的位置、历史沿革、整体布局、功用等方面进行说明”“说明了故宫建筑群‘规模宏大壮丽，建筑精美，布局统一，集中体现了我国古代建筑艺术的独特风格’的特点”。
其中“故宫建筑群规模宏大壮丽，建筑精美，布局统一，集中体现了我国古代建筑艺术的独特风格”是文章的中心句，涵盖了其他两个问题的答案，自然就是全文的中心。
实际上，说明文的中心思想就是说明对象的特征，只要明确了说明对象以及说明内容，再明确说明的顺序（层次），说明对象的特征就非常明确了。
【阅读演练一】纳米卫星纳米的概念，是由美国科学家于2019年首先提出的。
科学家们把卫星按重量分为好多类，1000千克以上的为大型卫星，100千克－500千克的为小型卫星，10千克－100千克的为微型卫星，10千克以下的为纳米卫星。
说明文阅读之内容理解与概括(优秀实用课件)
参考答案： 六朝时期陶瓷上刻印的文字；唐代陶瓷书法
实战演练 洞悉宇宙 天眼已开
①2016年9月25日，是举世瞩目的“天眼”（FAST）竣工的日子。 ②FAST是500米口径球面射电望远镜的英文简称。这个坐落于贵州省平塘县克度镇的目前世界上 最大的单口径射电望远镜，被誉为中国“天眼”。
文章开头部分指出“湿地是地球上具有多种独特功能的生态系统”。请根据具体内容说 说“湿地的多种独特功能”体现在哪几个方面?(3分)
文章开头部分指出“湿地是地球上具有多种独特功能的 生态系统”。请根据具体内容说说“湿地的多种独特功 能”体现在哪几个方面？（3分）
解题思路： 1、 找准相关文段，仔细阅读。 2、找出文段的中心句、关键句，准确理解中心句，关 键句的内容。 3、紧扣题目，全面作答。
•
打_比__方__、作__比_较_、 _下__定__义_等
•4、说明文语言特点： _准__确__、 _严__密__
• 说明文语言风格： _明文常用的结构模式有三种.
•1.总分式:包括“总—分、分---总、总---分--
-总”等,事物说明文多用总分式,其“分”的 部分又常按并列方式安排.
实的“大锅”。
参考答案
（1）运用了“引用”的说明方法，说明了举世瞩目的“天眼” （FAST）建成，引起了专家们的震撼，FAST的建成具有重大的意义。
（2）①选择把“天眼”安放在群山环绕的天然喀斯特洼坑里，不 仅节省了巨额的工程 开支，环抱的群山还为“天眼”的观测创造 了宁静的工作环境；②“天眼”里转动的“瞳孔”，可以随时 “望”向令它着迷的任何地方；③“天眼”的“视网膜”，就是 30吨重的馈源舱，它在一百多米的高空，直径两百多米的球面上， 能够“收放自如”，实现误差小于10毫米的定位！
读写任务之概括
Task writing -----Summary
Task
Content
writing
1. Summary (about 30 words)
2. Your opinion,
argument and conclusion (about 120 words)
What is a summary? 1.A shortened version of the text 2.Main points of the text 3.Written in your own words A summary is a brief account of the main points of an article in your own words .
• Nowadays, it’s common in China that some pedestrians tend to run the red light in groups when crossing the street, which has raised widespread concern. Actually, running the red light, also called Chinese style of crossing road, is quite dangerous for it may lead to more traffic jams and accidents.There are two main reasons behind the phenomenon, one of which is that some people are in such a hurry that they ignore the traffic light to save time.