材料概论单词表

Chapter 1alloy 合金atomic-scale architecture 原子尺度结构（构造）brittle 脆性的ceramic 陶瓷composite 复合材料concrete 混凝土conductor 导体crystalline 晶态的devitrified 反玻璃化的（晶化的）ductility （可）延（展）性，可锻性electronic and magnetic material? 电子和磁性材料element 元素fiberglass 玻璃钢glass 玻璃glass-ceramic 玻璃陶瓷/微晶玻璃insulator 绝缘体materials science and engineering 材料科学与工程materials selection 材料选择metallic 金属的microcircuitry 微电路microscopic-scale architecture 微观尺度结构（构造）noncrystalline 非晶态的nonmetallic 非金属的oxide 氧化物periodic table 周期表plastic 塑性的、塑料polyethylene 聚乙烯polymer 聚合物property 性能（质）refractory 耐火材料、耐火的semiconductor 半导体silica 石英、二氧化硅silicate 硅酸盐silicon 硅steel 钢structural material 结构材料wood 木材Chapter 7aluminum alloy 铝合金gray iron 灰口铁amorphous metal 无定形金属high-alloy steel 高合金钢austenitic stainless steel 奥氏体不锈钢high-strength low-alloy steel 高强度低合金钢Brinell hardness number 布氏硬度值Hooke’s law 胡克定律carbon steel 碳钢impact energy 冲击能cast iron 铸铁lead alloy 铅合金Charpy test Charpy试验low-alloy steel 低合金钢cold working 冷作加工lower yield point 屈服点下限copper alloy 铜合金magnesium alloy 镁合金creep curve 蠕变曲线malleable iron 可锻铸铁primary stage 第一（初期）阶段martensitic stainless steel 马氏体不锈钢secondary stage 第二阶段modulus of elasticity 弹性模量tertiary(final)? stage 第三（最后）阶段modulus of rigidity 刚性模量dislocation climb 位错攀（爬）移nickel alloy 镍合金ductile iron 球墨铸铁nickel-aluminum superalloy 镍铝超合金ductile-to-brittle transition temperature 韧性-脆性转变温度nonferrous alloy 非铁合金ductility （可）延（展）性，可锻性plastic deformation 塑性变形elastic deformation 弹性变形Poission’s ratio 泊松比engineering strain 工程应变precious metal 贵金属engineering stress 工程应力precipitation-hardened stainless steel 沉淀(脱溶)硬化不锈钢fatigue curve 疲劳曲线rapidly solidified alloy 速凝合金/快速固化合金fatigue strength (endurance limit) 疲劳强度（耐久极限）refractory? metal 耐火（高温）金属ferritic stainless steel 铁素体不锈钢Rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度ferrous alloy 铁基合金shear modulus 剪（切）模量fracture mechanics 断裂机制shear strain 剪（切）应变fracture toughness 断裂韧性shear stress 剪（切）应力gage length 标距（长度），计量长度，有效长度solution hardening 固溶强化galvanization 电镀，镀锌steel 钢strain hardening 应变强化white iron 白铁，白口铁superalloy 超合金wrought alloy 可锻（锻造、轧制）合金tensile strength 拉伸强度yield point 屈服点titanium alloy 钛合金yield strength 屈服强度tool steel 工具钢Young’s modulus 杨氏模量toughness 韧性zinc alloy 锌合金upper yield point 屈服点上限Chapter 8annealing point 退火点linear coefficient of thermal expansion线性热膨胀系数refractory 耐火材料borosilicate glass 硼硅酸盐玻璃expansion 膨胀silicate 硅酸盐brittle fracture 脆性断裂magnetic ceramic 磁性陶瓷silicate glass 硅酸盐玻璃clay 粘土melting range 熔化（温度）范围soda-lime silica glass 钠钙硅酸盐玻璃color 颜色modulus of rupture 断裂模量softening point 软化点cosine law 余弦定律network former 网络形成体specular reflection 镜面反射creep 蠕变netwrok modifier 网络修饰体/网络外体static fatigue 静态疲劳crystalline ceramic 晶态陶瓷nonoxide ceramic 非氧化物陶瓷structural clay product 粘土类结构制品diffuse reflection 漫反射nonsilicate glass 非硅酸盐玻璃surface gloss 表面光泽E-glass 电子玻璃（E玻璃）nonsilicate oxide ceramic 非硅酸盐氧化物陶瓷tempered glass 钢化玻璃electronic ceramic 电子陶瓷nuclear ceramic 核用陶瓷thermal conductivity 热传导率enamel 搪瓷nucleate 成（形）核thermal shock 热震Fourier’s law 傅立叶定律Opacity 乳浊transformation toughening 相变增韧fracture toughness 断裂韧性optical property 光学性质translucency 半透明Fresnel’s formula Fresnel公式partially stabilized zirconia ??部分稳定氧化锆transparency 透明glass 玻璃polar diagram 极坐标图viscosity 粘度glass-ceramic 玻璃陶瓷/微晶玻璃pottery 陶器（制造术）viscous deformation 粘性变形glass transition temperature 玻璃转变温度pure oxide 纯氧化物vitreous silica 无定形二氧化硅/石英玻璃glaze 釉reflectance 反射（率）whiteware 白瓷Griffith crack model Griffith裂纹模型refractive index 折射率working range 工作（温度）范围intermediate 中间体/中间的Chapter 9Chapter 10admixture 外加剂fiberglass 玻璃钢metal-matrix composite 金属基复合材料aggregate 聚集体fiber-reinforced composite 纤维增强复合材料particulate composite 颗粒复合材料aggregate composite 聚集体复合材料hardwood 硬质木材polymer-matrix composite 聚合物基复合材料anisotropic 各向异性hemicellulose 半纤维素portland cement 波特兰水泥cement 水泥interfacial strength 界面结合强度property averaging 性能平均ceramic-matrix composite 陶瓷基复合材料isostrain 等应变radial cell 径向细胞concrete 混凝土isotress 等应力softwood 软质木材continuous fiber 连续纤维isotropic 各向同性specific strength 比强度discrete (chopped) fiber 不连续（短切）纤维laminate 层状的strength-to-weight ratio 强度质量比率dispersion-strengthened metal 弥散强化金属lignin 木质素whisker 晶须longitudinal cell 经向（纵向）纤维wood 木材woven fabric 纺织构造E-glass 电子玻璃matrix 基质（体）philosophy 基本原理cross over 交叉，穿过，跨越restriction 限制（定）configuration 构造（形式），结构align 使成一直线（一行）elongate 拉长（的）/延伸（的）aggregate 集料，粒料，骨料chop 切utility 效用，实用，功用in regard for 考虑到cite 引用（证、述），援引，列举，举出（例），提到，谈到embed 埋置，把? 嵌入（或插入）dielectric 电介质implication 含意（义）epoxy 环氧树脂polyester 聚酯polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 聚醚酮醚polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 聚苯亚砜entrant 新到者requisite 必需的imitate 仿deciduous 每年落叶的，非永久的commonality 共性，共同特点dramatic 生动的vertically 竖直地，直立地longitudinal 经度的，纵向的sap 树液cellulose 纤维素alignment 直线排列phenol-propane 苯酚-丙烷manifest 显示，出现，显露dimension 尺寸specify 详细说明staggering 令人惊愕的igneous 火成的inspection 检查，视察interstice 空隙，裂缝enclose 包围，封闭entrain 混（气泡）于混凝土中entrap 截留的，夹杂的thaw 融化（解），解冻identify 认识，鉴定，确定generality 一般（性），一般原则，普遍（性），通则consistent with 与? 一致emphasis 强调，重点，重要性axially 轴向weighted average 加权平均elementary 基本的reverse 相反的rigorous 严格的，严密的，精确的bound 限度take for granted 被忽略（视）communicate 传达，传递deflect 偏转unless otherwise state 除非另外说明appreciation 正确评价，鉴别substantial 多的，大的，大量的offset 弥补，抵消，偏移assembly 装配，组装，总成Chapter 11capacitor 电容器electron-hole pair 电子-空穴对piezoelectric coupling coefficient 压电耦合系数ceramic 陶瓷electronic conduction 电子传导piezoelectric effect 压电效应charge carrier 载流子energy band 能带polymer 聚合物charge density 电荷密度energy band gap 能隙positive charge carrier 正载流子coercive field 矫顽（电）场energy level 能级PZT 锆钛酸铅conduction band 导带extrinsic semiconductor 非本征半导体remanent polarization 剩余极化conductivity 传导率Fermi function 费米函数resistivity 电阻率conductor 导体Fermi level 费米能级resistance 电阻current 电流ferroelectric 铁电性reverse piezoelectric effect逆压电效应dielectric 介电性，介电体free electron 自由电子saturization polarization 饱和极化dielectric constant 介电常数glass 玻璃Seebeck potential 赛贝克（电）势dielectric strength 介电强度hysteresis loop （电）滞回线semiconductor 半导体domain （电）畴insulator 绝缘体spontaneous polarization 自发极化drift velocity 漂移速率intrinsic semiconductor 本征半导体superconductor 超导体electric permittivity 电容率，介电常数metal 金属temperature coefficient of resistivity 电阻率温度系数electrical conduction 电导negative charge carrier 负载流子electrical field strength 电场强度Ohm’s law 欧姆定律thermocouple 热（电）偶electrically poled 电极化的orbital 轨道transducer 变（转）换器/换能器electron 电子paraelectric 顺电性的valence band 价带electron hole 电子空穴Pauli exclusion principle 泡利不相容原理voltage 电压commonality （特点等的）共有，共同特点，共性in light of 按照，根据manifestation 显示，表明，表现，表现形式，现象give way to 让路（步），退让，让位，屈服spacing 间隔（距）abstract 抽象reciprocal 倒数的mobility 迁移率drift 漂移precisely 正好地hypothetical 假（设）定的delocalize 使离开原位extension 扩展（充）pseudocontinuous 准连续的nature 自然状态conductive to 有助（益）的on the order of (数值)相当于，大约，数量级为，跟相似的accessibility 能进入（的），可得到（的）inability 无能（力）attribute to 归结于agitation 扰动wave packet 波包（群）irregularity 不规则，无规律reminiscent 回忆往事的，提醒的，暗示的ultimately 最后（终）于trace 追溯，上溯ambient 周围的（环境）tabulate 把......制成表格，列表finite 有限的empirical 经验的ironically 冷嘲的，具有讽刺意味的，用反语的，挖苦的，令人啼笑皆非的synchronization 同时发生，同步cooperative 配合account for 解释，占多少比例speculation 思索cryogenic 低温学的appreciable 可评估的，可感知的breakdown 崩溃，击穿subsection 细分asymmetrical 不对称的dipole 偶极子polarization 极化crystallographic 晶体的，晶体学的at the expense of 以…..为代价symmetrical 对称的exaggerate 夸张（大）extrapolate 推断（知），外推induce 诱导prefix 前缀intriguing 引起? 的兴趣（或好奇心）stem from 由…引起的，产生（起源、归因于），出身于constrain 强迫，抑制，约束straightforward 简单，易懂的ensuring 确保，保证pseudo-single crystal 准单晶consolidate 加固，使合成一体transmitter 变送器，发射机oscillation 振动megahertz MHzChapter 12acceptor level 受主能级device 元件impurity 杂质amorphous semiconductor 无定形半导体diode 二极管intrinsic semiconductor 本征半导体amplifier 放大器donor level 施主能级microcircuit 微电路Arrhenius behavior ???Arrhenius行为dopant 掺杂剂n-type semiconductor ??n型半导体base 基极drain 漏极p-n junction? ??p-n结carrier mobility 载流子迁移（率）electron hole 电子空穴p-type semiconductor? p型半导体chalcogenide 硫族（属）化物emitter 发射极rectifier 整流器charge 电荷energy band gap 能隙reverse bias ?反向偏置charge carrier ??载流子exhaustion range 耗尽区saturation range 饱和区charge density 电荷密度extrinsic semiconductor 非本征半导体source 源极chip （基）片Fermi function 费米函数thermal activation 热激活collector 集电极Fermi level 费米能级III-V compound III-V化合物compound semiconductor 化合物半导体field-effect transistor (FET) 场效应晶体管II-VI compound II-VI化合物conduction band 导带forward bias 正向偏置transistor 晶体管conduction electron 传导电子gate 栅极valence band 价带conductivity 传导率Hall effect 霍尔效应clustered 丛生，成群overlap 交迭activation 活化，激活occurrence 发生，出现，事件，发生的事情dominate 支配，占优势semilog 半对数的ambient 周围（环境）的phosphorus 磷plateau 平原/平台compensation 补（赔）偿intimate 亲密at right angle 成直角sideways 侧（横）向in order 整齐，状态良好，适应on the average 平均，按平均数计算，一般地说zinc blende 闪锌矿counterpart 配对物threshold 开始（端），极限photovoltaic 光电nondepletable 耗不尽的silane 硅烷xerography 静电复印术photoconductive 光敏polarization 极化herald 先驱，先兆excess 过量的，额外的，附加的overshoot 过冲distort 畸变，使失真Chapter 13antiparallel spin pairing 反平行（电子）对domain (bloch) wall 畴壁flux density 通量（磁力线）密度eddy current 涡流garnet 石榴子石Bohr magneton 玻尔磁子electron spin 电子自旋hard magnet 硬（永）磁铁（体）ceramic magnet 陶瓷磁铁（体）energy loss 能（量）损（失）hysteresis loop （磁）滞回线coercive field 矫顽（磁）场exchange interaction 交互作用induction 感应（诱导）coercive force矫顽（磁）力ferrimagnetism 铁氧体磁性，（亚）铁磁性inverse spinel 反尖晶石diamagnetism 抗（反）磁性ferrite 铁氧体，铁素体Joule heating 焦耳热domain structure 畴结构ferromagnetism 铁磁性magnetic dipole 磁偶极子magnetic field 磁场metallic magnet 金属磁体soft magnet 软（暂时）磁体（铁）magnetic field strength 磁场强度paramagnetism 顺磁性spinel 尖晶石magnetic flux line 磁通量（力）线permanent magnet 永（久）磁体superconducting magnet 超导磁体magnetic moment 磁矩permeability 导磁性（率）textured micostructure 织构magnetism 磁性preferred orientation 择优取向transition metal 过渡金属magnetite 磁铁矿（石）relative permeability 相对（磁）导率transition metal ion 过渡金属离子magnetization 磁化remanent induction 剩余感应YIG 钇铁石榴子石Magnetoplumbite 磁铅石，磁铁铅矿saturation induction 饱和感应nomenclature 命名routinely 常规，惯例counterpart 对手modest 小的reversible 可逆的traced out 探寻踪（轨）迹primitive 原始的，早期的，开始的，基本的，简单的visualize 目测，观察，设想relativistic 相对论的aligned 排列好的distinction （差）区别，特性tetrahedrally 四面体的octahedrally 八面体的inventory 清单，目录cancellation 抵（取）消traverse 在?? 上来回移动，沿? 来回移动flunctuate 波动，涨落，起伏，动摇不定ingot 铸模，铸块，锭fidelity 保真Samarium 钐Alnico 磁钢simultaneously 同时发生的product? (乘)积solenoid 螺线管deflection 偏转interchangeably 可交（互）换的，可代替的gem 宝石dodecahedral 十二面体的waveguide 波导hexagonal 六方晶系的strontium 锶fortuitous 偶然的，幸运的perovskite 钙钛矿availability 利用（或获得）的可能性levitation 悬浮Chapter 11. In the term “Materials Science and engineering”, the word materials include andmaterials, “science” relates to the of materials, “engineering” is about .?2. To understand the properties of a material, one needs to examine of the material at either microscopic or submicroscopic scale (atomic and/or microscopic).Composition----technology----structure----properties----application is the line in materials scienceand engineering.3. structural materials include ,? , , .4. semiconductors are a type of electronic materials with its unique, electrical conductivity.5. What are the levels (or steps) in the selection of materials for a given design?1.16. What are the general characteristics of metals? (or what are the characteristics that a material is considered to be metallic?)7. Where are the metal elements located in the periodic table?8. V arious aluminum parts can be fabricated by . The unusually high degree of for the these alloys is possible with a carefully controlled, microstructure.9. Compare the properties of aluminum and aluminum oxide (advantages and disadvantages)10. What are the developments in ceramic technology?11. SiO2 is the basis of a large and complex family of , which include clays and claylike materials.12. The composition characteristics of ceramics.13. Explain the concept “ crystalline” and “ noncrystalline”.14. Constituents in window glasses.15. What are steps for getting glass-ceramics?16. Structure and property characteristics of glass-ceramics.17. Characteristics of lithium aluminosicliate compounds.18.What is the alternative name for polymers? What do plastics imply?19. Polymer consists of “poly” and “mer”. What is “mer”?20. What are the elements for the polymers?21.What is the property that plastics share with metals?22. What are characteristics of polymers (advantages and disadvantages)?23. What are the progress of “engineering polymers”?24. What are composites?25. Take fiberglass as an example to explain the property of good composites.26. Give examples of composites and their constituents.27. What is semiconduction?28. Where are the semiconducting elements located in the periodic table? Give the names of examples.29. Give examples of compound semiconductors and their applications.1.230. Why aluminum alloys are more ductile than magnesium alloys?31. Why commercial ceramics are normally not transparent?32. How to get transparent ceramics?33. What is the relationship between porosity and transparency of ceramics?34. What is the application of transparent alumina ceramics?1.335. The importance of materials selection?36. Compare the characteristics of four structural materials.37. What are the factors considered in selection a substitute material?Chapter 7 Metals7.1 Ferrous alloysWhat are the two main categories of ferrous alloys? What is difference between them?What are the types of steels? How are they classified?The properties and other characteristics of carbon and low-alloy steels. Examples of their applications.What are HDLA steels? What are important to obtain these steels?What are the types of high-alloy steels? What are their main characteristics?Why stainless steels are resistant to rusting and staining?What are the types of stainless steels? How do they differentiate from each other?What are applications of tool steels?Can plain-carbon steels also be used as tool steels??What are the elements in normal cast irons?What are the characteristics of cast irons?How cast irons are shaped?What are the differences between cast irons and related wrought alloys?What are the types of cast irons? What are their differences?How to get amorphous alloys? What is feature of their microstructure? How about the superior properties of amorphous alloys?Why amorphous alloys are attractive for soft-magnet transformer cores?What are rapidly solidified alloys? What are the differences and common features of amorphous alloys and rapidly solidified alloys?7.2 Non Ferrous alloysCharacteristics of aluminum alloys.Characteristics of Al-Li alloys. Where are the alloys used?What are differences between aluminum and magnesium alloys?What is passivation? How does it contribute to the properties of titanium?What are types of structures of titanium alloys?Characteristics of copper alloys and their application examples.Characteristics of nickel alloys.What is galavanization and its application?What are the application of lead alloys? What is the problem with applications of lead?what are refractory and precious alloys?7.3 Major mechanic propertiesa stress versus strainWhat is the direct result of a pull-test?How to get the stress versus strain curve?What are the two parts in the stress versus strain curve? What are the differences?How to get the yield strength form stress versus strain curve?What are mechanisms of elastic deformation and plastic deformation?What does modulus elasticity (E) represent? How to get E from the stress versus strain curve? What are the indexes or parameters obtained from the stress versus strain curve?What is special for the stress versus strain curve of the low-carbon steel?What is Poission ratio? How to get it?Elastic deformation under shear loadings and shear modulus?b hardnessHow to do a hardness test?What are the different ways to express hardness?What is relationship between hardness and strength?c impact energyHow to measure impact energy?What is relationship between impact energy and toughness?What is the influence of the notch on the result from the Charpy test?What is the influence of test temperature on the result from the Charpy test?What is ductile-to-brittle transition of low-carbon steels? What the result of such a transition? Examples?Microstructural features of brittle and ductile failures.d fracture toughnessThe term fracture mechanics means the general analysis of of materials with preexisting .Fracture toughness is represented by the symbol KIC and is the critical value of at a necessary to produce catastrophic failure.Compare the fracture toughness of brittle and ductile materials.e fatigueGive explanation for the concept of fatigue.Draw a typical fatigue curve.What is mechanism of fatigue phenomenon?What the characteristics of a fracture surface in the case of fatigue?What is fatigue strength (endurance limit)?f creepThe definition of creep.What are the three stages of creep curve and the mechanism behind?How the Arrhenius plot is used in the creep phenomenon?The simple way to characterize the creep behavior.Chapter 88.1Why SiO2-based silicate materails are abundant?List examples of traditional ceramics. What are their applications?The composition system of Portland cement.What are refractories? Where can they be used?Give examples of advanced ceramics. What are differences between the advanced and traditional ceramics?Give examples of non-oxide ceramics and their applications.8.27. In point view of raw materials, what is similarity between silicate glasses and ceramics?8. What are oxides named in the glass composition? What are their roles in glasses?9. What is vitreous silica and its application?10. What is borosilicate glass? What are the oxides are used to make it? What are their applications?11. The general composition and applications of soda-lime-silica glasses.12. What are glazes and enamels? What are the similarity and difference?13. Examples of nonsilicate glasses.8.314. Why do glass-ceramics begin as ordinary glasses? What heat treatment is needed?15. What are characteristics of the omicrstructure of glass-ceramics?16. What are the advantages of glass-ceramics?17. Illustrate the crystallization of ordinary glass and glass after carefully controlled heat treatment.18. What are important to obtain glass-ceramics with fine (small) crystallites?19. The thermal properties of Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass ceramics.8.420. What is brittle fracture?21. What is relationship between the tensile and compression strength of ceramics? Why?22. What is modulus of rupture? Form which test is it obtained?23. What is Graffith crack model? (Why ceramics and glass are brittle?)24. What is transformation toughening? Illustrate the mechanism.25. How microcracks raise fracture toughness?26. What is static fatigue? What are the conditions for static fatigue?27. Why creep is mor important in ceramics?28. What factors play important roles in the creep of ceramics?29. What is thermal shock?30. What is relationship between thermal shock and coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity? ?(How does thermal shock follow the properties of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity?)31. What are the factors influencing the thermal shock?32. What are the unique response when measuring the thermal expansion of a glass?33. What is Tg? What is the difference of a glass below and above its Tg?34. Draw a thermal expansion curve and a specific volume versus temperature curve of a glass?35. What are the ranges in the viscosity curve of a soda-lime-silica glass?36. Compare the words: Viscous behavior, viscosity, diffusivity, fluidity37. How viscous deformation is used in tempered glass?8.538. What is refractive index?39. What are the typical values of the refractive index for ceramics and glasses? What do these values mean?40. If a glass has a high refractive index, what will happen? What is the application of such a glass?41. What is reflectance? What is relationship between reflectance and refractive index?42.What is the difference between specular and diffuse reflection?43. Why do glasses and glassy coatings have high surface gloss?44. What do transparency, translucency and opacity mean?45. The microscopic mechanism of scattering?46. How color is formed in ceramics and glasses?47. The reasons for the opacity of ceramics and metals.COPYRIGHT©材料学院。