Lecture 1
lecture 1
• （4）有时候中文字面的意思表达不充分，部分信息被省 略了或被隐藏起来了。翻译时要加以拓展。例如，特区是 个窗口，是技术的窗口，管理的窗口，知识的窗口，也是 对外政策的窗口。有人把它翻译为：The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy. 这样的翻译外国人是无法理解的，我们必 须把那些被省略了或被隐藏起来的信息都翻译出来：The special economic zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-hows. They are also a window through which to disseminate China’s foreign policies.
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上述各种能力和意识的培养，可以通过不同的 具体途径来实现。
• （1）深刻认识翻译的重要性。翻译的对与错、好 与坏有时会产生绝然不同的效果。例如，把海南 岛的“天涯海角”翻译成了“the End of the World（世界末日）”（应为Land’s End / End of the Earth）。再如某航空公司广告中的承诺 “一小时内免费送机票上门”被译成了“We give you tickets free of charge within one hour.（一小 时内送免费机票上门。）”（应为We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.）。
lecture 1
1、关于应用文本的范围
应用类文本可分为法规或成文法类应用文本 （Texts of Rules and Regulations，TRR）和对 外宣传类应用文本(Practical Texts for Foreign Recipients，PTFR)两大类，前者包括法律、合 同、政策条文等文本，后者指宣传介绍或公告类 文本及商务文本，包括各级政府新闻发布会的信 息通报、我国政治经济、文化教育等发展状况的 对外介绍、投资指南、旅游指南、城市/乡镇/企 业/公司介绍、各种大型国际性活动宣传、企业 产品/服务广告宣传、商务函电、商务单证表格 等。
4.化冗为简(形式与内容的和谐或形神结合所产生的美 感)： 我们所讲的微笑，是发自内心的诚挚和善良的笑容，而 不是讨好别人的媚笑，也不是存心不良的奸笑或皮笑肉 不笑，更不是带有杀机的笑里藏刀。（“多一点微笑”） V1) What we refer to here is a sincere and goodnatured smile that comes from the bottom of one’s heart. We do not mean a smile specially put on to please others, or a false one harboring a sinister design, much less a grin with murderous intent behind. 改译：What we refer to here is a sincere and goodnatured smile, instead of a flattering one. We do not mean a sinister-harbored grin, much less a daggerhidden one.
lecture 1 翻译标准
g. 我认为他不够格。 I don’t think he is qualified. h. 人们来五台山，目的可不都是一样。 People do not come to Wutai Mountain with one and the same purpose.
3) 译文应体现英语遣词造句的特点，同时 又应因文体而有变化。 a. 名词使用频率高，特别是含有动作性质 的抽象名词等，可以既包含丰富的信息又 十分简洁。 b. 被动形式使用率高，表现能力强。 c. 语法要求严，一般来说句子较长。 d. 介词、非谓语动词、形容词和独立结构 非常活跃。
教心理学的老师觉察到这件事， 就假冒一个男生的名义，给她 写了封匿名的求爱信，这封信 的末尾是：一个希望得到您的 青睐的极其善良的男同胞。就 这么一封信，也就一举改造了 一个人。
Having detected what was happening, her psychology teacher got an idea. In the name of a boy, he wrote an anonymous letter of love which ended with “a kind gentleman awaiting your favor.” The letter brought about transformation.
A Course in Chinese – English Translation
李洋
II. 汉英翻译的原则
汉语译成地道英语的难度， 出现各种各样的缺失：“中 国式”英语（解决办法，阅 读大量原作，观察、揣摩、 总结并模仿英语的特点、规 律和表达方法）。
1．遵循三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴心 结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) 例： a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
托福听力tpo40 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo40lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.MALE PROFESSOR:Last class I passed out your assignment for your first paper,and today I want to spend some time going over it.Mm…most people never take any art history until they get to college,so many of you have probably never written an art history paper before.I gave you a list of appropriate works of art for you to write about.So your next step in this process needs to be to go look at the work you've selected as your topic.And bring a pencil and a notepad with you,because I don't mean you should just drop by at the museum and glance at it so you can say you've seen it in real life.You need to go and sit in front of the work and really look at it—carefully and slowly.And keep careful notes about what you see—you’ll need them for the kind of art history paper you're going to be writing…it's what we call a formal analysis.A formal analysis of a work of art,any kind of art,is based on its formal qualities, which means qualities related to the form—things like color…texture…line…shapes…proportion…and composition.Probably the closest thing to a formal analysis you might have written is for an English class.If you've…say…written an analysis of a poem,you've used the same skills—you've given an analysis of the poem by describing and analyzing its form and meter.A formal analysis paper in art history is very similar.Now,before you begin writing your formal analysis,you'll want to start with a summary of the overall appearance of the work—a brief description of what you see. Are there figures—people?What are they doing?Or is it a landscape…or an abstract representation of something?Tell what the subject is,and what aspects are emphasized in the painting.This will give your reader an overview of what the work looks like before you analyze it.The next part of your paper—the actual formal analysis—will be the longest and most important section of your paper,where you describe and analyze individual design elements.For this portion of the paper,you're going to rely on the notes you took at the museum,because you should be able to describe in detail the design elements the artist uses,and how they are used.For example,does the artist use harsh lines or soft lines—are the colors bright or muted?Focus on the design elements that you feel are most strongly represented in that particular work of art. And if you don't know where to begin,take note of where your eye goes first.Then describe things in the order in which your eye moves around the work.This will help you understand how one part relates to another—the interaction between the different parts of the work.OK,this kind of analysis should occur throughout the main portion of the paper.In the last section of your paper—and this goes beyond formal analysis—you comment on the significance of what you have seen.What details of the work convey meaning?Some significant details will not be apparent to you right away,but if you look long enough,you realize how important they are for your interpretation of the work.Many years ago,I was writing a formal analysis of a painting of a little boy.In the painting,a little boy was standing in his nursery,and he was holding a toy bird in his hand,and there were more toys around him in the background of the painting. Because of the bird he was holding,I assumed at first that the painting was about the innocence of children.But as I looked at the painting longer,I realized that the boy's eyes looked sad even though there was no discernable expression on his face.And then it dawned on me that,even though he was surrounded by toys,he was all alone in his nursery.The boy's eyes were a significant detail in the painting,that I didn't notice at first.题目1.What point does the professor make about the writing of a formal analysis in art history?A.Its objective is to identify common features of several works of art.B.Its most important part is the explanation of an artwork's significance.C.Several styles of writing a formal analysis are used by art historians.D.A particular approach is required to present Information about an artwork.2.According to the professor,what will students need to do before writing the art history paper?A.Look at examples of formal analysis in textbooksB.Take notes on the artwork they will write aboutC.Go to different museums before selecting a topic for the paperD.Study the historical context of the artwork they will write about3.Why does the professor mention an English class?A.To explain the difference between visual language and written languageB.To explain that students need good writing skills for their assignmentC.To point out similarities between a poetry paper and the students'assignmentD.To point out that many art historians become writers4.What does the professor recommend as a way to understand the relationship between different parts of an artwork?A.Looking for lines that connect different parts of the workB.Examining the artwork from several different anglesC.Looking for similar colors the artist used throughout the workD.Determining how the viewer's eyes move around the work5.Why does the professor talk about his own experience analyzing the painting of a little boy?A.To point out a common misconception about formal analysisB.To stress the importance of looking at an artwork thoroughlyC.To show why a formal analysis should not emphasize small detailsD.To provide an example of an artwork that is easy to analyze6.The professor describes three sections the art history paper should contain.Place them in the order in which they should appear in the paper.Click on a phrase.Then drag it to the space where it belongs.A.Analysis of the design elements the artist usesB.Discussion of the meaning of the artworkC.Summary of the appearance of the artwork答案D B C D B CAB译文旁白：下面听一段艺术史课程的片段。
Lecture_1_Introduction
Life in the United States
Life in the United States
The Size of the US
– Imagine that you drove from New York to Los Angeles, stopping only for gas, to eat, and sleep. It would take you four or five days – It takes two days to drive from New York to Florida
Population by Ethnicity
White 71% Black 13% Hispanic 10% Asian 4% Native American 2%
A Nation of Immigration
Immigration is the act of coming to a foreign country to live. The act of leaving one's country to settle in another is called emigration. Immigrants who flee their country because of persecution(迫害), war, or such disasters as famines or epidemics are known as refugees or displaced persons.
Lecture_1
Chapter 2 Properties of materials §2.1 Mechanical property §2.2 Electrical property §2.3 Thermal property §2.4 Magnetic property §2.5 Optical property
§ 1.1 Concept and classification 1. Definition 定义 Functional materials：with excellent
electric, magnetic, thermal, sonic, mechanical, chemical and biochemical properties, can be transferred from each other and used as non-structural materials.
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1. 1 Nano metallic materials
Size: < 100nm Types: 纳米晶稀土永磁材料： 纳米晶稀土永磁材料 2000年，日本三荣化成株式会社 铁粉附着钕，磁场中烧结＋真空烧结 制得各向异性磁体 各向异性磁体
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磁性液体：铁磁流体，具有磁性及 具有磁性及 磁性液体 流动性（我国，钢铁研究总院） 流动性 由纳米级得脆性颗粒分散在载液中 形成稳定的胶体，在重力、离心力 在重力、 在重力 及强磁场作用下不分离。 及强磁场作用下不分离 1963年美国宇航局：解决太空服头 盔转动密封问题
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1. Functionally metallic materials
Some are developed and widely applied: 形状记忆合金：军事、汽车 Some are less developed but with potential opportunities: 超导合金材料、减振合金材料
托福听力tpo51 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo51lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:So,continuing with crop domestication,and corn—or,um, maize,as it's often called.Obviously it's one of the world's most important cropstoday.It's such a big part of the diet in so many countries,and it's got so many different uses,that it's hard to imagine a world without it.But because it doesn't grow naturally,without human cultivation,and because there's no obvious wild relative of maize…uh,well,for the longest time,researchers weren’t able to find any clear link between maize and other living plants.And that's made it hard for them to trace the history of maize.Now,scientific theories about the origins of maize first started coming out in the 1930s.One involved a plant called teosinte.Teosinte is a tall grass that grows wild in certain parts of Mexico and Guatemala.When researchers first started looking at wild teosinte plants,they thought there was a chance that the two plants—um, maize and teosinte—were related.The young wild teosinte plant looks a lot like the corn plant,and the plants continue to resemble each other—at least superficially—even when they're developed.But when the scientists examined the fruits of the two plants,it was a different story. When you look at ripe corn,you see row upon row of juicy kernels…um,all those tiny little yellow squares that people eat.Fully grown teosinte,on the other hand, has a skinny stalk that holds only a dozen or so kernels behind a hard,um,almost stonelike casing.In fact,based on the appearance of its fruit,teosinte was initially considered to be a closer relative to rice than to maize.But there was one geneticist,named George Beadle,who didn't give up so easily on the idea that teosinte might be…well…the“parent”of corn.While still a student in the1930s,Beadle actually found that the two plants had very similar chromosomes—very similar genetic information.In fact,he was even able to make fertile hybrids between the two plants.In hybridization,you remember,the genes of two species of plants are mixed to produce a new,third plant—a hybrid.And if this offspring—this hybrid—is fertile,then that suggests that the two species are closely related genetically.This new,hybrid plant looked like an intermediate,right between maize and teosinte.So,Beadle concluded that maize must've been developed over many years,uh,that it is a domesticated form of teosinte.Many experts in thescientific community,however,remained unconvinced by his conclusions.They believed that,with so many apparent differences between the two plants,it would have been unlikely that ancient—that prehistoric peoples could’ve domesticated maize from teosinte.I mean,when you think about it,these people lived in small groups,and they had to be on the move constantly as the seasons changed.So for them to selectively breed,to have the patience to be able to pick out just the right plants…and gradually—over generations—separate out the durable,nutritious maize plant from the brittle teosinte that easily broke apart…it's a pretty impressive feat,and you can easily see why so many experts would have been skeptical.But,as it turns out,Beadle found even more evidence for his theory when he continued his experiments,producing new hybrids,to investigate the genetic relationship between teosinte and maize.Through these successive experiments,he calculated that only about five specific genes were responsible for the main differences between teosinte and maize—the plants were otherwise surprisingly similar genetically.And more recently,botanists have used modern DNA testing to scan plant samples collected from throughout the Western Hemisphere.This has allowed them to pinpoint where the domestication of maize most likely took place—and their research took them to a particular river valley in southern Mexico.They've also been able to estimate that the domestication of maize most likely occurred about9,000 years ago.And subsequent archaeological digs have confirmed this estimate.In one site,archaeologists uncovered a set of tools that were nearly9,000years old.And these tools were covered with a dusty residue…a residue of maize,as it turns out…thus making them the oldest physical evidence of maize that we've found so far.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.A research study that compares wild and domesticated plantsB.Problems with a commonly held hypothesis about the origin of teosinteC.Reasons why wild plants are usually unsuitable for agricultureD.The process used to identify the ancestor of a modern crop2.What evidence seemed to indicate that maize and teosinte are not related?A.Young teosinte plants do not physically resemble young maize plants.B.Preliminary DNA evidence indicated that teosinte was related to rice.C.Maize and teosinte usually grow in significantly different climates.D.Maize and teosinte have very different types of kernels.3.Why does the professor discuss hybrids?A.To explain how a geneticist confirmed that maize was widely grown9,000years agoB.To indicate the earliest method used by geneticists to identify plant originsC.To explain a method used to demonstrate a link between two plant speciesD.To describe how geneticists distinguish between wild plants and domesticated plants4.What was most researchers'initial view of George Beadle's theory about teosinte?A.They accepted it but questioned the evidence cited.B.They rejected it because of conflicting archaeological evidence.C.They questioned it because it implies that ancient farmers were sophisticatedplant breeders.D.They questioned it because genetic research was viewed with skepticism at that time.5.What did Beadle conclude about maize and teosinte?A.Both plants lack particular genes that are common in most domesticated plants.B.Both plants have particular genes that enable them to adapt to varying climates.C.Only a small number of genes are responsible for the differences between the two plants.D.The genetic composition of both plants is very similar to that of rice.6.According to the professor,why was the discovery of stone tools important?A.It proved that teosinte was simultaneously domesticated in multiple locations.B.It helped to confirm the period in which maize was first domesticated.C.It suggested that maize required farming techniques that were more complex than experts had previously assumed.D.It provided evidence that maize plants were used for more purposes than experts had previously assumed.答案D D C C C B译文旁白：请听一段植物学讲座的节选。
Lecture 1-绪论
loose or minor sentences (松散句), contracted sentences (紧缩句), elliptical sentences, run-on sentences (流水句), and composite sentences (并列句). English sentence building is featured by an “architecture style” (楼房建筑 法) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese is marked by a “chronicle style” (流水记事法) with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.
2. Compact vs. Diffusive
English is rigid in S-V concord, requiring a complete formal cohesion. Chinese has flexible sentence structures through semantic coherence.
他的讲话并无前后矛盾之处。 There is no inconsistency in what he said. There is nothing inconsistent in what he said 她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。 Her sparkling eyes betrayed her great excitement. The sparkle of her eyes betrayed her great excitement.
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Expenses
The costs of doing business necessary to earn revenues, including wages to employees, advertising, insurance, and utilities.
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Dividends
Distributions of a company’s earnings to its stockholders as a return on their investment.
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CH1 Business Decisions and Financial Accounting
Chapter Topics (Learning Objectives)
---Describe various organizational forms and business decision makers. ---Describe the purpose, structure, and content of the four basic financial statements. ---Explain how financial statements are used by decision makers. ---Describe factors that contribute to useful financial information.
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Learning Objective 2
Describe the purpose, structure, and content of the four basic financial statements.
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The Basic Accounting Equation
Resources Owned . . . by the company to creditors Resources Owed . . . to stockholders
Dividends are not an expense.
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Financial Statements
Income Statement Statement of Retained Earnings
Financial statements are typically prepared in this order.
Reports at a point in time: 1. What a business owns (assets). 2. What it owes to creditors (liabilities). 3. What is left over for the owners of the company’s stock (stockholders’ equity).
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Learning Objective 1
Describe various organizational forms and business decision makers.
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Organizational Forms
Sole Proprietorship Partnership
Business organization owned by one person. The owner is personally liable for all debts of the business. Business organization owned by two or more people. Each partner is personally liable for all debts of the business. A separate legal entity. Owners of corporations (stockholders) are not personally liable for debts of the corporation.
Equipment
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Liabilities
Measurable amounts owed by the business to creditors.
Notes Payable Accounts Payable
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Stockholders’ Equity
Owners’ claim to the business resources.
BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
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The Statement of Cash Flows
PIZZA AROMA, INC. Statement of Cash Flows For the Month Ended September 30, 2013
PIZZA AROMA, INC. Balance Sheet At September 30, 2013 Assets Cash Accounts Receivable Supplies Equipment Total Assets Liabilities Accounts Payable Notes Payable Total Liabilities $ 14,000 1,000 3,000 40,000 $ 58,000
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The Statement of Retained Earnings
PIZZA AROMA, INC. Statement of Retained Earnings For the Month Ended September 30, 2013 Retained Earnings, Sept. 1, 2013 Add: Net Income Subtract: Dividends Retained Earnings, Sept. 30, 2013 $ 2,000 (1,000) $ 1,000
5,000 2,000 1,500 600 300 100 500 10,000 $ 2,000
The unit of measure assumption Reports the states that amount of results of revenues business less activities expenses should be for a period reported in an appropriate of time. monetary unit.
External users
(creditors, investors, etc.)
Financial
Managerial
Internal users
(managers, supervisors etc.)
Accounting is a system of analyzing, recording, summarizing and reporting the results of a business’s activities.
Contributed Capital Stock Certificate
Retained Earnings
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Revenues, Expenses and Net Income
Revenues – Expenses = Net Income
Revenues
Sales of goods or services to customers. They are measured at the amount the business charges the customer.
$ 7,000 20,000 27,000
Stockholders’ Equity Contributed Capital 30,000 Retained Earnings 1,000 Total Stockholders’ Equity 31,000 Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity $ 58,000
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Reports the way that net income and the distribution of dividends affected the financial position of the company during the period.
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The Balance Sheet
Cash Flows from Operating Activities Cash received from customers Cash paid to employees and suppliers Cash Provided by Operating Activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities Cash used to buy equipment Cash Used in Investing Activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities Capital contributed by stockholders Cash dividends paid to stockholders Cash borrowed from the bank Cash Provided by Financing Activities Change in Cash Beginning Cash Balance, Sept. 1, 2013 Ending Cash Balance, Sept. 30, 2013
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Assets
Economic resources controlled by the company that have measurable value and are expected to provide future benefits to the company.