Lecture 1 Overview of Pragmatic Translation (1)实用文体翻译概览
Lecture-9-Pragmatics
The maxim of Manner方式perspicuous 清晰
第11页，共13页。
Characteristics of implicature 含义的特征
Calculability可推导性（如弦外之音） Cancellability可取消性/可废除性，即通过改变
后续行为第7页，共13页。Locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act
Locutionary act(发话行为）非语内
表现行为:
the utterance意见 of a sentence with determinate确定 sense and reference. 说出一些具有一定意义的语言单位，这种意 义上的行为叫做发话行为
第1页，共13页。
1. What is Pragmatics?
Pragmatics may be defined as the study of language in use.
meaning divided into two major sides:the side more closely related to the words used(semantics);the side more closely related to the context,pragmatics
话语对听话人产生的效果
第10页，共13页。
3. The theory of conversational implicature会话含义理论
The cooperative principle合作原则（Four
maxims）
语用学与英语学习Lecture 1
Sentence Meaning Vs. Utterance Meaning • A sentence is a grammatical concept. • An utterance is a sentence is actual use. the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.--- it is abstract, decontextualized the meaning of an utterance is actually the speaker's meaning-- It is concrete and contextdependent.
语用语言学 vs. 社交语用学
• 语用语言学关注的是语言本身的语用问题， 研究语言结构及其语用意义之间的关系。 • 比较： • a. Perhaps you could read through this by Friday. • b. Could you possibly read through this by Friday?
认知语用学( cognitive pragmatics)
• 研究语言和心理认知关系， 从认知的角度 研究语言交际，其主要任务是从认知心理 的角度分析和描述语言的理解过程
• Sperber & Wilson (1986/1995) Relevance: Communication and Cognition 提出的与交 际、认知油管道额关联理论是认知语用学 的基本理论之一。
Lecture 1 Introduction to Pragmatics
Lecture 1 An Overview of__ Interpreting
3). 钟述孔：口译是一种涉及诸多知识层 钟述孔： 面的跨文化的交际行为。 面的跨文化的交际行为。 4). 朱佩芬：口译是将听到或读到的一种 朱佩芬： 语言 (source language)即兴地以另一种 即兴地以另一种 来表述。 语言 (target language)来表述。 来表述
3. Categories
2. Scoring Usual Performance: 30% (class attendance 10% + class participation 10%+ homework 10%) Final Exam: 70%
3. Tests 全国翻译专业资格(水平 考试（人事部） 水平)考试 全国翻译专业资格 水平 考试（人事部） 上海外语口译考试译考试??上海外语口译考试上海外语口译考试sia高级口译
An Overview of Interpreting
Introduction
1. Teaching Contents Part 1 Theory (8 periods) 1. An Overview of Interpreting (2 periods) 2. Consecutive Interpreting Skills (6 periods) Part 2 Practice (28 periods) 1. 10 Topics (2 periods each) 2. 4 Simulation Interpreting (2 periods each)
consecutive interpreting e.g.全国政协十一届二次会议新闻发布会 全国政协十一届二次会议新闻发布会 simultaneous interpreting e.g. 温家宝总理在 温家宝总理在2009博鳌亚洲论坛开 博鳌亚洲论坛开 幕式上的讲话
大三语言学基础Week-VII：Pragmatics-(A-General-View)课件
forms and the users of those forms. (ibid: 4) Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and
1.1 Wastebasket of Pragmatics
When Chomsky threw his “green ideas” “furiously” into the wastebasket of semantics, others who claim themselves to be syntactic analysts or semanticists continue doing so, each contributing new rules and assertions to the study of language and leaving behind plenty of waste for latecomers to deal with.
After that, the study of pragmatics began to take shape. However, for a long time, pragmatics “can hardly be considered an autonomous field of study” (Bussmann, 2000: 374): It was once subsumed under the term “sociolinguistics”. In 1970s, pragmatics became almost exclusively identified with Speech Act theory suggested by Austin A bit later: with conversation analysis. And, the distinction between pragmatics and semantics has never been clear-cut. Recently, some scholars even suggested the substitute of “situational semantics” (Gawron & Peters, 1990), or “illocutionary logic” (Vanderveken, 1990) for pragmatics.
《英语语用学》
• •
•
underdetermined, uncertain ---
Pragmatic analysis on “He went to town yesterday.”
• Depending on the different contexts:
• This sentence can be used by many people on many occasions for many purposes; it has meant many different things and performed many functions . • He: anybody, any male--- someone‟s brother or father, Churchill, Stalin, or Roosevelt, or 胡锦涛，etc. • town: any place big enough to be called town--London, Moscow or Washington, 汉口镇，武昌区，etc. • yesterday: any day in the past---August 22, 1778,
• Here, the meaning communicated through language are two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings.
The former is studied in semantics and the latter in pragmatics.
1. What is Pragmatics?
The Study of Contextual Meaning Differences between grammatical vs. pragmatic analysis? • First, grammatical studies look for grammatical rules while pragmatic studies look for pragmatic principles. • Second, In grammar studies, we end up with stable products while in pragmatics we always deal with dynamic processes. •
The Pragmatics of Translation一书介绍
Leo, Hickey (ed.) The Pragmatics of Translation. Clevedon/ P h i l a d e l p h i a:M u l t i l i n g u a l Matters, 1998, 242 pp.The Pragmatics of Translation is a collection of thirteen articles compiled by author and editor Leo Hickey. Each individual author represents in his or her article a different approach to translation through the use of various translation theories and practices. The intention of these articles, according to Hickey, is to present the ways in which pragmatics rela-tes to translation and how one may achieve what he calls “pragmatic equivalence”. The authors attempt to answer various questions concerning the relationship between original texts and their translations, and what exactly these translations intend to achieve. Hickey claims in238Resenhashis introduction that translators are not merely translators, but mediators as well. The job of the translator-mediator is far more complex than the simple task of substituting words for those of an original text.In the first article in this compilation, the late Sándor Hervey introduces the term illocutionary function. According to Hervey, an illocutionary function is defined as what people “do” when making utterances, the actions that aid in the reader’s comprehension of the intent of the utterance. In addition, Hervey also addresses the “cross-cultural puzzle” of cross-linguistic translation, or translation proper. He explains the difficulty of translating illocutionary functions across certain cultural boundaries due to cultural relativity.In another chapter, Kirsten Malmkjær explains the notion of cooperation and literary translation by means of Grice’s Theory of Meaning. Using examples from the Danish language, Malmkjær demonstrates how Grice’s Cooperative Principle is limited because it is difficult for a reader to understand a translation that is attempting to convey a certain meaning between languages. The author attempts to find a solution to the problems that readers encounter when they try to distinguish between the literal and non-literal meaning of a text.Like Malmkjær, Basil Hatim uses Grice’s Cooperative Principle to discuss and explain the meanings of different translations. One of Hatim’s main points is derived from Grice’s principle, which says that meaning is determined at the exact point that an utterance is made; meanings are not predetermined. The author discusses the importance of contextual effects in creating a translation. He points out the three ways in which a contextual effect may either strengthen or weaken a translation: new information may lead to a new assumption; it can strengthen an existing assumption; or, finally, it might facilitate the abandoning of an existing assumption.Juliane House’s article is simi-lar to Hatim’s in that both authors address the concept of politeness in writing. They discuss how a good example of polite writing would not violate any of the maxims of the Gricean Cooperative Principle, which include: quantity, quality, manner, and relevance. Juliane House chooses to discuss politeness as both a pragmatic and sociocultural phenomena, saying that this sort of courtesy is one ofResenhas239the basic social guidelines for human interaction (in a pragmatic sense) and it deals with the way consideration is shown to others throughout a specific society. House also refers to translation as a “cross-linguistic sociocultural practice”.In his article, Ernst-August Gutt distinguishes between the Interpretive and Descriptive use of language in relation to relevance theory. Gutt explains that an interpretive use of language is an utterance that describes what someone says or thinks. Descriptive use of language, on the other hand, refers to a description made regarding some state of affairs somewhere in the world. In addition, Gutt discusses the relationship between what the audience expects from a work, and what the author intends it to be. Gutt believes that there are various distinguishing words that categorize different literary works that are intended to coordinate the intention of the author with the expectation of the reader. It is interesting to note that every time Gutt mentions the translator, he describes that person as a woman, consistently referring to the translator as she and her in his article. Gutt, a male author, is overtly recognizing females as having exceptional translating abilities, which is a positive factor in his writing.Authors Frank Knowles and Palma Zlateva are similar in their respective articles in that they use the Russian language as an example to illustrate their translation theories. Knowles discusses the manner in which language mechanisms such as inflection and word order are used to convey different meanings. He explains how the language in which the translation is being written needs to agree with the language of the original text to facilitate the replication of a work’s themes, structure, etc. Similarly, Zlateva uses the combination of examples from Russian, Bulgarian and English to argue that there is difficulty in substituting certain words in different languages that are meant to convey explicitness in a range of utterances.The translation of illocutionary force, which was previously mentioned in the article written by Sándor Hervey, is the focus of Ian Higgins’ piece in which he uses examples from Racine’s work Andromaque. He emphasizes the importance of ensuring that the illocutionary force of an original text is transferred to the translation. This is done, he claims, by making sure that the linguistic features, such as。
pragmatics英语解释
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that studies how context and social factors contribute to meaning in language. It looks at how language is used in real-life situations and how it can be interpreted beyond its literal or grammatical meaning. Pragmatics also examines howmunicative acts are performed and understood, including the role of speaker intentions, assumptions, and presuppositions inmunication.1. Definition of PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of language. It focuses on the use of language inmunication, taking into account the speaker's intentions, the context of the conversation, and the social and cultural factors that may impact meaning. Unlike semantics, which deals with the literal meaning of words and sentences, pragmatics looks at the implied or inferred meaning of language in use.2. Key Concepts in Pragmaticsa. Speech ActsOne of the central concepts in pragmatics is speech acts, whichrefers to the actions performed by speakers through their utterances. These actions can include making requests, giving orders, making promises, or expressing opinions. Speech acts are not just about the words themselves, but also the intentions and effects behind them.b. Grice's MaximsGrice's conversational maxims are another important concept in pragmatics. These maxims, proposed by philosopher H.P. Grice, outline the principles that guide cooperativemunication. They include the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner, which suggest that speakers should be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear in theirmunication.c. ImplicatureImplicature refers to the inferred meaning that arises from an utterance, beyond its literal meaning. The study of implicature is central to the understanding of how context and pragmatic principles affect the interpretation of language. For example, when someone says "It's cold in here," the implicature might be a request to close a window or turn up the heat.3. Applications of PragmaticsPragmatics has implications for various areas of language use, including language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis.a. Language TeachingIn language teaching, an understanding of pragmatics is crucial for learners to effectively use language in real-world situations. Teaching pragmatics involves helping learners understand the appropriate use of language in different contexts and how to interpret the implied meanings and intentions inmunication.b. Cross-Cultural CommunicationPragmatics also plays a significant role in cross-culturalmunication. Different languages and cultures may have varying pragmatic norms and conventions, leading to potential misunderstandings or mimunications. By understanding the pragmatic differences between languages, individuals can navigate cross-cultural interactions more effectively.c. Discourse AnalysisIn discourse analysis, pragmatics is used to examine how language is used to achievemunicative goals in different contexts. This includes studying the patterns of interaction, power dynamics, and politeness strategies in discourse, as well as how context influences the interpretation of language in specific settings.4. Challenges and Controversies in PragmaticsDespite its importance, pragmatics also faces several challenges and controversies in its study. These include issues related to the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning, the difficulty of establishing universal pragmatic principles, and the role of pragmatics in language processing and understanding.a. Cultural and Context-Specific NatureOne challenge in pragmatics is the recognition of the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning. Differentcultures may have unique norms and conventions formunication, leading to variations in pragmatic interpretation. This makes it difficult to establish universal rules for pragmatic understanding.b. Universal Pragmatic PrinciplesAnother controversial issue is the search for universal pragmatic principles. While some scholars argue for the existence of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural pragmatic principles, others emphasize the diversity and variability of pragmatic norms across languages and cultures. This ongoing debate reflects theplexity of studying pragmatics on a global scale.c. Pragmatics and Language ProcessingThe relationship between pragmatics and language processing is another area of contention. Some researchers argue that pragmatics is an essentialponent of language understanding, while others m本人nt本人n that it is secondary to the processing of grammatical and semantic information. Resolving this issue has implications for the study ofmunication disorders and the development of natural language processing systems.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, pragmatics offers valuable insights into theplex nature of language use and interpretation. By examining the role of context, social factors, and speaker intentions inmunication, pragmatics enhances our understanding of how language works in the real world. Despite the challenges and controversies it faces, the study of pragmatics continues to be an important and dynamic field within linguistics, with implications for language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis. As we strive to better understand the multifaceted nature of language andmunication, pragmatics rem本人ns a crucial area of investigation.。
pragmatic_translation
Pragmatic translation Reviews1.But new options are emerging,as well.A company now can sponsor a new product showcase ora live Internet broadcast from a show.然⽽而新的赞助⽅方式层出不穷。
企业可以赞助⼀一个新产品展⽰示，或者赞助⼀一个展会的现场⺴⽹网络直播权。
Note:options——备选⽅方案 are emerging ——不断涌现a new product showcase——新产品的展⽰示 a live Internet broadcast——现场⺴⽹网络直播2.He points to the high household income,technological sophistication and early-adopter attitudesof typical attendees at events such as Comdex.Note：point to ….——指出 technological sophistication——⾼高技术背景early-adopter attitudes——易于接受新鲜事物3.quantity of visibility——访问量，点击率（在原⽂文中特指赞助商的曝光率，也可以⽤用exposure代替）then you put it all in a cuisine——然后你把这些原料放在⼀一盘菜⾥里a price that makes sense ——合理的价格competitive events——有可⽐比性的，同类的事物4.The huge project has initiated a large-scale urban design and reconstruction of the ecosystem at the same time.这个浩⼤大的⽔水坝⼯工程决定了城市的设计基调，⼀一张⽣生态改造的⼤大幕开始拉起。
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Overview of Pragmatic Translation (1)
Contents
• Section 1 • Purpose of Pragmatic Translation, Object of Studying
Pragmatic Translation, Criterion of Pragmatic Translation • Section 2 • Questions about the Translation • Section 3 • Two Main Methods of the Translation: Literal translation and
Purpose of Pragmatic Translation
Object of Studying Pragmatic Translation
Criterion of Pragmatic Translation
• 一、翻译的目的是意义再生
Section 1
• 翻译是以符号转换为手段、意义再生为
任务的一项跨文化的交际活动。
• (B) Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
• Sewage Disposal standard（污水处理标准） • Discharge Standard of Pollutants（污染物排放标准） • Treatment Plant（污水净化厂） • Wastewater Treatment Plant（污水处理厂） • urban and rural（城市和农村） • Municipal（市政的）
• （A）co-operating unit • （B）joint venture
Section 1
• 例3 就地清洗装置
• （A）On-the-spot cleaning equipment • （B）CIP (clean-in-place) apparatus
• 例4 羊栖菜深加工处理。
• （A）Further Processing of Yangxicai Marine Alga
（半技术词）； • 2）普遍使用正式程度高的普通词； • 3）大量使用名词与名词化结构； • 4）大量使用长句与扩展的简单句； • 5）使用被动语态； • 6）靠结构进行语篇的谋篇布局与衔接等。
Section 1
• 例：
• “方箱机” • 英文是：platen press (平压印刷机) • • “泡罩包装机” • 英文采用：blister packaging machine • 如果用foam（泡沫）来代替其中的blister
• 1、什么是英语实用文体？ • 所有语类的语篇可以归结为两大类： • 1）实用文体 • 2）文学文体 • 文学语篇的职能是利用语言给人以乐趣
和美的享受。 • 实用文体是“直接以传递信息或服务的
语篇类型”。
Section 1
• 2. 英语语体的分类
• 美国语言学家马丁·朱斯 (Martin Joos) 提 出了以下著名的五种语体理论:
• 例6 威姿 (汽车品牌)
• (A) Weizi • (B) Vizi (中国合资品牌) 或 Vitz (日本原型
车品牌) 或Yaris (欧洲原型车品牌)
Section 1
• 例7 《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》
• (A) Sewage Disposal standard for urban and rural Treatment Plant
• 庄重体（frozen style） • 正式体（formal style） • 商洽体（consultative style） • 随意体（casual style） • 亲密体（intimate style）
Section 1
• 3、英语实用文体的正式性表现 • 1）频繁使用术语（技术词）、半术语
Free translation • Section 4 • Basic translation Skills • Section 5 • Differences between English and Chinese • Section 6 • Translation Procedure
,
Section 1
Section 1
• 翻译的重要形式： • 口译和笔译 • 口译是通过两种不同语言的口头转换来
传达同一信息。 • 衡量口译的标准： • 准确、通顺、及时 • 笔译是通过书面语的彼此互译这一形式
达到交际目的。
Section 1
• 无论采用口译或者笔译形式 • 其的使命和目的都是： • 用另一种语言把他人的意思准确、通顺、
明了地表达出来。
Section 1
• 二．实用文体翻译是当前翻译市场的实际 需求
• 当前翻译市场的实际需求主要是实用文 体的三个方面: 1、科技、生产类 2、经济贸易类 3、出国文件类 其中以科技生产类与经济贸易类需求量为 最大。以英语为主, 以笔译为主。
• 三、英语实用文体的特征
Section 1
• • 意义再生
• 即，只要能有助于使“意义顺利再生”， 译者可以用不同策略和手段促使其成功。
Secti言的交际； • 2、翻译不仅是跨语言的交际，还是跨文
化交际； • 3、翻译还是不同语符和不同语义的转换； • 4、翻译的使命是交际； • 5、翻译的目的是再生。
• （B）Further Processing of Hizikia fusiformis
Section 1
• 例5 中国第一汽车集团公司
• (A) China No.1 Automobile Group Company
• (B) China FAW Group Corporation
• FAW= First Auto Works
（气泡）就不妥。
Section 1
• 某些术语与专有名词的翻译错误举例：
• • 以下译例中， (A)为错句：
• 例1 投标资格预审
• （A）investigation of bidding qualification • （B）prequalification (prequalifying)
• 例2（投标中的）联营体