文法俱乐部简体版

合集下载

tokyo-7-entertainment_v1_m56577569830510954

Found within Kodomo-no-Shiro (National Children’s Castle; p71) this midsized round theatre stages musicals, ballet and modern dance. Though the theatre is lovely, performances tend towards the conservative. Because of the venue’s location, many programmes are ideal for kids.
AOYAMA ENKEI GEKIJŌ Map p110
青山円形劇場 Aoyama Round Theatre; %3797-5678; www ; 5-53-1 Jingūmae, Shibuya-ku; admission varies; bChiyoda, Ginza or Hanzōmon Line to Omote-sandō (exit B2)
ENTERTAINMENT CONTEMPORARY THEATRE
ENTERTAINMENT TRADITIONAL THEATRE
TRADITIONAL traditional-theatre THEATRE Tokyo has one of the best
scenes in Japan. The Kabuki-za is splendid – watching a show here is a must-do. You’ve probably already been warned, but keep in mind that nō (stylised Japanese dance-drama) performances can feel like they’re crawling at a snail’s pace (see p36). Believe it or not, it’s even considered acceptable to doze (though not to snore). Takigi (torch-lit) nō performances are more rousing because of the fires.

文法俱乐部(word精校版) (1)

目录序：我学英语的经验............................................................................................................. - 4 -前言......................................................................................................................................... - 7 -第一篇初级句型——简单句(Simple Sentences) ............................................................... - 9 -第一章基本句型及补语....................................................................................................... - 9 -Test 1 ................................................................................................................................. - 14 -Answer key 1 ..................................................................................................................... - 14 -第二章名词词组与冠词..................................................................................................... - 15 -Test 2 ................................................................................................................................. - 22 -Answer key 2 ..................................................................................................................... - 23 -第三章动词时态................................................................................................................. - 26 -Test 3 ................................................................................................................................. - 36 -Answer key 3 ..................................................................................................................... - 37 -第四章不定词短语............................................................................................................. - 39 -Test 4 ................................................................................................................................. - 47 -Answer key 4 ..................................................................................................................... - 49 -第五章动名词..................................................................................................................... - 50 -Test 5 ................................................................................................................................. - 55 -Answer key 5 ..................................................................................................................... - 57 -第六章分词......................................................................................................................... - 58 -Test 6 ................................................................................................................................. - 63 -Answer key 6 ..................................................................................................................... - 64 -第七章形容词..................................................................................................................... - 66 -Test 7 ................................................................................................................................. - 72 -Answer key 7 ..................................................................................................................... - 74 -第八章副词......................................................................................................................... - 75 -Test 8 ................................................................................................................................. - 81 -Answer key 8 ..................................................................................................................... - 83 -第九章语气......................................................................................................................... - 85 -Test 9 ................................................................................................................................. - 90 -Answer key 9 ..................................................................................................................... - 93 -第十章介系词..................................................................................................................... - 95 -Test 10 ............................................................................................................................. - 100 -Answer key 10 ................................................................................................................. - 102 -第十一章主语动词一致性............................................................................................... - 103 -第二篇中级句型——复句(Complex Sentences)、合句(Compound Sentences).......... - 113 -第十二章名词从句........................................................................................................... - 113 -Test 12 ............................................................................................................................. - 121 -Answer key 12 ................................................................................................................. - 123 -第十三章副词从句........................................................................................................... - 125 -Test 13 ............................................................................................................................. - 131 -Answer key 13 ................................................................................................................. - 133 -第十四章关系从句........................................................................................................... - 135 -Test 14 ............................................................................................................................. - 151 -Answer key 14 ................................................................................................................. - 154 -第十五章对等连接词与对等从句................................................................................... - 155 -Test 15 ............................................................................................................................. - 161 -Answer key 15 ................................................................................................................. - 163 -第三篇高级句型——简化从句(Reduced Clauses) 倒装句(Inverted Sentences) ........ - 165 -第十六章从属从句简化的通则....................................................................................... - 165 -第十七章形容词从句简化............................................................................................... - 169 -Test 17 ............................................................................................................................. - 176 -Answer key 17 ................................................................................................................. - 177 -第十八章名词从句简化................................................................................................... - 178 -Test 18 ............................................................................................................................. - 188 -Answer key 18 ................................................................................................................. - 189 -第十九章副词从句简化之一........................................................................................... - 190 -Test 19 ............................................................................................................................. - 197 -Answer key 19 ................................................................................................................. - 198 -第二十章副词从句简化之二........................................................................................... - 200 -Test 20 ............................................................................................................................. - 206 -Answer key 20 ................................................................................................................. - 208 -第二十一章简化从句练习............................................................................................... - 209 -Test 21 ............................................................................................................................. - 218 -Answer key 21 ................................................................................................................. - 219 -第二十二章倒装句........................................................................................................... - 221 -Test 22 ............................................................................................................................. - 228 -Answer key 22 ................................................................................................................. - 230 -序：我学英语的经验教了二十几年英语,接触到的学生算是不少了。

N2文法総合模拟テスト(六)

Ｎ２文法総合模擬テスト（六）問題Ⅳ次の分のにはどんなことばを入れたらよいか。

最も適当なものを1、2、3、4から一つ選びなさい。

（1）試験の静かにしてください。

１．うち２．あいだは３．まに４．うちに（2）アパートは部屋の中を見た借りるかどうかを決めたい。

１．うえに２．うえから３．うえにも４．うえで（3）お借りした本を楽しくいただきました。

１．読まれて２．お読みに３．読ませて４．読まされて（4）天候にあすの午後2時から試合を行います。

１．かかわらず２．よると３．よれば４．かかわり（5）電話帳で調べたそういう名前の会社はなかった。

１．ところ２．だけに３．からに４．ばかりでは（6）目的にまっすぐに進んでいるときが幸せな時だ。

１．あたって２．のって３．むかって４．あって（7）冗談まじめに考えてください。

１．ぬいて２．しないで３．しても４．ぬきで（8）家にばかりいないで映画でも見に行こう。

１．まいか２．ともしない３．じゃないか４．ともする（9）きょうは卒業式なので妹が私に買ってスカーフをして行こう。

１．いただいた２．くださった３．もらった４．くれた（10）ここでお待ちください。

１．になって２．して３．になさって４．させて（11）この仕事を引き受ける全力でやろう。

１．からに２．からには３．かぎりに４．かぎりで（12）水道代は一か月に3000円かかります。

１．つき２．とって３．わたり４．かけ（13）市役所では市民の生活にさまざまな相談に応じている。

１．かける２．かわる３．かする４．かかわる（14）諸外国に日本は一人が出すごみの量が多い。

１．よって２．くらべ３．しらべ４．はじめ（15）みなさんもご希望に商品を生産していくつもりです。

１．おうじて２．つけて３．じつげんして４．ひかくして（16）日本の6月は1年でいちばん日が暮れるのが遅くて、7時に暗くなりません。

１．なると２．なっても３．なって４．なれば（17）今、そこで地震のニュースを聞いたです。

2015_-_Jian_Geng_-_Thestabilityofboundchloridesincementpastewithsulfa[retrieved_2015-09-23]

The stability of bound chlorides in cement paste with sulfate attackJian Geng a ,b ,⁎,Dave Easterbrook b ,Long-yuan Li b ,Li-wei Mo aa Research Center of Green Building Materials and Waste Resources Reuse,Ningbo Institute of Technology,Zhejiang University,China bSchool of Marine Science and Engineering,University of Plymouth,UKa b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 10July 2014Accepted 25November 2014Available online 27December 2014Keywords:Sulfate attack (C)Bound chlorides (D)Stability (C)Fly ash (D)Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (D)This paper presents an experimental investigation on the stability of bound chlorides in chloride-contaminated cement pastes with and without FA/GGBS when subjected to Na 2SO 4and MgSO 4attack.It is shown that bound chlorides were released in the chloride-contaminated pastes when exposed to Na 2SO 4or MgSO 4solution.This is mainly attributed to the decomposition of Friedel's salt (FS),where Cl −bound in FS is replaced by SO 42−.How-ever there were fewer released chlorides found in the pastes exposed to MgSO 4solution than in those exposed to Na 2SO 4solution.This is partly due to the low pH in the pore solution and partly due to the blocking effect of brucite on ionic transport caused by MgSO 4.The inclusion of FA/GGBS in concrete can increase the decomposition of FS and thus the release of bound chlorides.However,it also resists the penetration of Na 2SO 4and thus reduces the attack of Na 2SO 4.©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete structures,due to chlo-ride ion contamination,is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of concrete structures.There are two forms of chloride ions in concrete.One is free chlorides and the other is bound chlorides.It is well-known that the corrosion of reinforcing steel is mainly induced by the free chlo-rides,so reducing free chlorides by increasing bound chlorides will be bene ﬁcial to the durability of concrete structures.According to the bind-ing mechanism,chloride ions can be bound through chemical reactions and physical absorption.In the former,chloride ions are mainly bound in Friedel's salt (FS)(3CaO·Al 2O 3·CaCl 2·10H 2O)through hydration reactions between chloride ions,tricalcium aluminate (C 3A)and its hydration products.In the latter,chloride ions are mainly absorbed by calcium silicate hydrate (C –S –H gel).It was reported that the formation of bound chlorides could be affected by a multitude of factors such as the quantity of C 3A in cement,supplementary cementitious materials (SCM),alkalinity of pore solution,Ca/Si and Ca/Al of hydration products,chloride salt type,and service condition of concrete structures [1–5].In summary,the chloride binding capacity of concrete can be improved by using SCM or cement with high C 3A content.However,many researchers have identi ﬁed that the stability of bound chlorides,espe-cially of FS,can be affected by pH,carbonation,and chemical erosion [6–9].Sulfate attack is another problem for the durability of concrete struc-tures.The attack of sodium sulfate (Na 2SO 4)and magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4)on concrete is a common phenomenon.The mechanisms of Na 2SO 4and MgSO 4attack on concrete are different,mainly due to the solubility of phases formed with sodium and magnesium ions [10–12].With regard to Na 2SO 4attack,the deterioration of concrete is attributed to the formation of expansion products such as gypsum (CaSO 4·2H 2O)and secondary ettringite (AFt)(3CaO·Al 2O 3·3CaSO 4·32H 2O)according to the following equations:Ca ðOH Þ2þNa 2SO 4þ2H 2O →CaSO 4·2H 2O þ2NaOHð1Þ3ðCaSO 4·2H 2O Þþ3CaO ·Al 2O 3þ26H 2O →3CaO ·Al 2O 3·3CaSO 4·32H 2Oð2Þ2ðCaSO 4·2H 2O Þþ3CaO ·Al 2O 3·CaSO 4·12H 2O þ16H 2O →3CaO ·Al 2O 3·3CaSO 4·32H 2O :ð3ÞWhereas for MgSO 4attack,the transformation of the cementitious C –S –H gel to the non-cementitious magnesium silicate hydrate mush (M –S –H),which has very little strength,is the main reason for the dete-rioration of concrete,although gypsum and secondary AFt are also formed during the attack.In addition,brucite,i.e.Mg(OH)2,will form when magnesium is present in the pore solution,which has low solubil-ity and could densify the pore system and thus affect the transport ofCement and Concrete Research 68(2015)211–222⁎Corresponding author.E-mail address:gengjian@ (J.Geng)./10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.11.0100008-8846/©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rightsreserved.Contents lists available at ScienceDirectCement and Concrete Researchj o u rn a l h o m e p a g e :h t tp ://e e s.e l s e v i e r.c o m /C EM C O N /d e f a u l t.a s pions in the cement paste.The mechanism of MgSO4attack occurs according to the following equations:CaðOHÞ2þMgSO4þ2H2O→CaSO4·2H2OþMgðOHÞ2ð4Þx CaO·y SiO2·z H2Oþx MgSO4þð3xþ0:5y−zÞH2O→xðCaSO4·2H2OÞþx MgðOHÞ2þ0:5yð2SiO2·H2OÞð5Þ4MgðOHÞ2þSiO2·nH2O→4MgO·SiO2·8:5H2Oþðn−4:5ÞH2O:ð6ÞIn fact,sulfate attack and chloride contamination are often found to coexist in concrete structures which are exposed to marine and saline environments.The effects of the sulfate and chloride on a concrete structure's durability are multifaceted.On the one hand,the existence of sulfate,especially of Na2SO4,inhibits the formation of FS and reduces the quantity of bound chlorides[13–15].On the other hand,the exis-tence of chloride ions is beneﬁcial for the resistance of concrete to Na2SO4and MgSO4attack[15–18].However,Baghabra argued that the effect of chloride ions on MgSO4attack was slight because the trans-formation of cementitious C–S–H gel to non-cementitious M–S–H was not affected by chloride ions[19].Despite the work on the interaction of sulfate and chloride in con-crete mentioned above,there is very little work on the effect of sulfate attack on the stability of bound chlorides in concrete.Brown and Badger investigated the distributions of bound sulfates and chlorides inﬁeld concrete cores exposed to mixed NaCl,Na2SO4and MgSO4attack. They found that there was extensive AFt in the absence of a gypsum zone for some concrete cores[20].Xu et al.obtained similar results, i.e.that sulfate attack could lead to the release of bound chlorides[21]. Both studies suggested the transformation of FS to AFt due to sulfate attack,but the mechanism of FS transform to AFt and the stability of bound chlorides absorbed by C–S–H gel under sulfate attack were not discussed in depth.It is well known that the use ofﬂy ash(FA)and ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBS)in concrete can not only improve the chloride binding capacity of concrete,but also the resistance of concrete to sulfate attack[22,23].Hence,it would be interesting to know how they affect the stability of bound chlorides when the concrete is under sulfate attack.The purpose of this paper is to report the experimental in-vestigation on the stability of bound chlorides in cement paste under Na2SO4and MgSO4attack,and the corresponding inﬂuence of FA and GGBS on the stability of bound chlorides.The stability of bound chlorides in cement paste was examined by analyzing the change of a dimensionless index,R cl,which represents the mass ratio of bound chlo-rides to initial total chlorides in the sample after it was exposed to a5% Na2SO4solution or a5%MgSO4solution for28,56or90days.The mech-anisms of the release of bound chlorides are discussed based on the results of X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and differential thermo-gravimetric analysis(DTG).2.Experiment2.1.MaterialsThe materials used in the experiments were Type42.5Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC),grade II FA and GGBS.The chemical composi-tions of OPC,FA and GGBS are listed in Table1.The potential phase com-positions of OPC,calculated from chemical analysis by Bogue,are given in Table2.All other chemical reagents used in the experiments,but not listed in the tables,are analytically pure.2.2.MethodsIn order to reduce the experimental running time but still able to achieve good and representative results,chloride binding was achieved by using0.5mol/L NaCl solution as the mixing water for the casting of samples.The mass ratio of the mixing water to the binder(cement and SCM)was0.5,which was the same for all samples.The inﬂuence of single and combined use of FA and GGBS on the stability of bound chlorides was also investigated.The replacement of cement with SCM was30%by weight,and the proportions of FA to GGBS in the combined samples were either1:1or7:3.The detailed mix proportions of the samples tested are listed in Table3.A total of106samples were tested.All samples were of a size of 40mm×40mm×160mm.There were three groups of samples.The ﬁrst group(2×5×7samples)were cured at a standard curing condi-tion(20±2°C and95%RH)for periods of1,3,7,14,28,56and90days for the investigation of the effect of curing time and SCM on the evolu-tion of bound chlorides in the cement paste.The second group(2×5×3 samples)were examined for the effect of Na2SO4attack on the stability of bound chlorides.In this group,all samples,after the56days standard curing,were dried at a room temperature(20±2°C and60%RH)for 1day.Then,for each sample itsﬁve surfaces were sealed by parafﬁn wax and one40mm×40mm surface was left untouched.After then, all samples were immersed in a covered plastic container(575mm ×400mm×275mm)of5%Na2SO4solution for28,56and90days at the standard curing condition(20±2°C and95%RH).The third group(2×1×3samples)were for the samples only with OPC,which were cured as the same as those done in the second group.The only dif-ference is that they were immersed in a similar covered container of5% MgSO4solution for28,56and90days at the standard curing condition (20±2°C and95%RH)for the examination of the effect of MgSO4at-tack on the stability of bound chlorides.The volume of the sulfate solu-tions used in the immersion tests was25L and the storage solutions were not renewed during the immersed tests.In the second and third groups,when the attack time reached28,56, and90days,the samples were dried at room temperature for1day,and then were sliced into four pieces parallel to the exposed surface (starting from the exposed surface)and each piece is one cm thick. Afterwards,each piece was broken into small blocks,which were then immersed in anhydrous ethanol for7days to terminate hydration. These small blocks were ground intoﬁne powder by passing through a sieve of0.15mm mesh aperture size,which was then stored in a des-iccator with silica gel and soda lime at11%RH to minimize carbonation before it was used in the tests for chloride content titration and other material characterization analyses.The initial total chloride content(C t)of the sample cured at the stan-dard curing condition can be calculated based on the mixing water of Table1Chemical composition of main materials(data presented by mass%).SiO2CaO MgO Fe2O3Al2O3SO3Ignition loss OPC19.6760.43 4.56 4.20 5.70 2.30 2.54FA43.10 6.300.247.2638.200.70 2.04GGBS23.5052.80 6.500.7011.80 1.650.78Table2Potential phase composition of OPC(data presented by mass%).Potential phase composition OPCC3S51.58C2S17.77C3A8.01C4AF12.773.91212J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research68(2015)211–2220.5mol/L NaCl solution,which is 8.863mg ·g −1.The free chloride content (C f )was measured using the traditional leaching method according to the standard of Test Code for Hydraulic Concrete (SL352-2006)and the total chloride content (C t )was measured using the acid-soluble method (SL352-2006).In order to analyze the stability of bound chlorides in concrete,the dimensionless index (R cl )was exam-ined,which is de ﬁned as follows,R cl ¼C t −C f %ð7Þwhere 8.863mg.g −1is the initial total chloride content in the sample.X-ray diffraction (XRD)/reference intensity ratio (RIR)analysis and DTG can be used to approximately determine the quantity of FS,AFt and calcium hydroxide (CH)in the samples.XRD/RIR can determine the relative mass relations among different minerals in a sample,which is calculated according to the following equations [24,25]:W i ¼I i =RIR iX i ¼1I i=RIR i ðÞð8ÞW 1þW 2þW 3þ⋯þW l ¼1ð9Þwhere W i is the relative mass of mineral i ,RIR i is the reference intensityratio of mineral i ,which can be collected from the PDF card of the Inter-national Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD),I i is the integral intensity of the highest peak of mineral i ,which is calculated using X'Pert HighScore Plus ™software,and N is the number of minerals in the sample.XRD/RIR is usually used to determine the quantity of substances in metals because of simple compositions [25].For cement based materials,it is rather complicated to accurately determine the kinds of hydration products,which increases the dif ﬁculty of the quantitative analysis.However,if the quantity of one of the minerals can be determinedusing other methods,the calculation process of XRD/RIR becomes pared with the FS and AFt,the quantity of CH can be accurately determined using DTG.Therefore,the quantities of the FS and AFt can be calculated by solving the following algebraic equations,m FS :m AFt ¼T 1ð10Þm FSFS þm AFt þm CH ¼T 2ð11Þm AFtm FS þm AFt þm CH ¼T 3ð12Þm CHm FS þm AFt þm CH¼T 4ð13Þwhere m FS ,m AFt and m CH are masses of FS,AFt and CH,respectively,T 1,T 2,T 3and T 4are the mass ratios,which can be calculated from Eqs.(8)and (9).Note that,m CH can be determined by DTG and thus m FS and m AFt can be determined by Eq.(10)plus any one taken from Eqs.(11)–(13).XRD was carried out using the D8Advance instrument of Bruker AXS with a Cu K αradiation generated with 40kV and 30mA.The diffraction spectra were collected in the range of 5–60°(2θ)scale,with a step sizeTable 3Mix proportions (data presented by mass %).Samples OPC FA GGBS w/b a NoteCN 100000.5Exposed to 5%Na 2SO 4solutionCF 703000.5CG 700300.5CF1G17015150.5CF7G3702190.5CM1000.5Exposed to 5%MgSO 4solutionaw/b represents the mass ratio of mixing water (i.e.0.5mol/L NaCl solution)to binder (cement +SCM).Fig.1.Variation of R cl with standard curing time in samples of differentmixes.Fig.2.Values of R cl in the surface layer of the sample at various different sulfate attack times (CM was exposed to MgSO 4,while all the others were exposed to Na 2SO 4).Fig.3.Values of R cl in different layers of the sample after 90days sulfate attack (1st layer is next to the surface and 4th layer is away from the surface.CM was exposed to MgSO 4,while all the others were exposed to Na 2SO 4).213J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research 68(2015)211–222of 0.02°/s.FT-IR was performed for the samples on a Nicolet Nexus 470spectrometer using the KBr pellet technique in the range of 400–4000cm −1.DTG was carried out in a Netzsch TG-209F1thermal an-alyzer,using a heating rate of 20°C/min at the range of 25–1000°C,in N 2atmosphere.3.Stability of bound chlorides 3.1.Standard curing conditionThe variation of R cl during the standard curing time is shown in Fig.1.It can be seen from the ﬁgure that R cl in the samples with SCM is higher than that in the sample only with OPC when they have the same curing time,which is more obvious after the curing time exceeds 14days.Up to 28days,the combined use of FA and GGBS results in higher values of R cl in CF1G1and CF7G3than in the samples with only either FA (CF)or GGBS (CG).However,after the 28days standard curing,the R cl value of the samples has an order of CF ≈CF7G3N CF1G1N CG,which increases with the increased proportion of FA to GGBS.The latereffect of FA on chloride binding is mainly due to its slow pozzolanic re-action.The results shown in Fig.1indicate that the inclusion of SCM in concrete can increase the chloride binding capacity and the effect of FA on chloride binding is more signi ﬁcant than that of GGBS.Furthermore,they also show that the R cl values of all samples increase very obviously before 28days but after that there is less change,suggesting that the equilibrium between free and bound chlorides has been reached.3.2.Sulfate attack conditionFig.2shows the expected decrease in R cl of the surface layer of all samples with the sulfate attack,but the rate of the decrease is higher than that was reported [21].The R cl value in the surface layer of sample CN exposed to Na 2SO 4solution,for example,decreases from 59.8%to 4.3%after only 28days.After that,R cl continuously decreases with the attack time but with a slow reduction rate,from 4.3%at 28days to 1.9%at 90days.The results for locations other than the surface layer at 90days are shown in Fig.3.It can be seen from the ﬁgure that,although the 4th layer of sample CN is far away from theexposedFig.4.XRD patterns of samples CN(CM),CF and CG at standard curing condition for (A)28and (B)56days (E:ettringite (AFt),F:Friedel's salt (FS),CH:calcium hydroxide,M:mono-sulfoaluminate,V:Vaterite,CSH:C –S –H gel,C:calcite).214J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research 68(2015)211–222surface,there is still a notable decrease in the R cl value from59.8%at the beginning of the Na2SO4attack to16.6%after90days of attack.This demonstrates that the stability of bound chlorides in concrete is very susceptible to Na2SO4attack.Note that the data plotted in Fig.2show that there is also a decrease in the R cl values of the samples with SCM after Na2SO4attack for28days, but the R cl values are still higher than that of the sample CN only with OPC.This suggests that the use of SCM can alleviate the effect of Na2SO4attack on the stability of bound chlorides.This is partly because the effect of SCM on the diffusion of ions,since the ionic diffusion coef-ﬁcient in cement paste with SCM is normally lower than that in OPC paste,and partly because the cement paste with SCM has more bound chlorides[26].Additionally,in contrast with the results obtained under the standard curing condition,the R cl values of the samples with SCM increase with the decreased proportion of FA to GGBS,and also the R cl value of the surface layer of sample CF is the lowest of all samples containing SCM,following the Na2SO4attack.This suggests that Na2SO4attack can also alter the effect of SCM on the stability of bound chlorides.This appears to be consistent with what is reported in literature[21].The stability of bound chlorides in concrete under MgSO4attack is also shown in Figs.2and3.When the MgSO4attack time extends from0to28days,the R cl value of the surface layer of sample CM decreases from59.8%to26.3%,which is slower than that of sample CN exposed to Na2SO4solution.When the attack time reaches90days, the R cl value of sample CM's surface layer decreases to7.5%,which is still almost four times as high as that of sample CN.This indicates that the stability of bound chlorides is less susceptible to MgSO4attack when compared with Na2SO4attack.Again,thisﬁnding is consistent with what is reported in other experiments[21,27].The different reductions of R cl in samples CM and CN reﬂect the different effects of MgSO4and Na2SO4on bound chlorides.During the immersion process free chloride ions will diffuse out and sulfate ions will diffuse into the specimen.The former may decrease the bound chlo-ride level in the sample owing to the equilibrium between the free and bound chlorides.The latter can transform FS into AFt,which not only can reduce the bound chlorides but also can change the pore system and thus affect the diffusion rate of ions.In addition,when magnesium is present,brucite will be formed,which can also change the pore sys-tem and thus affect the transport of ions and the R cl value.The slower reduction of R cl found in sample CM shown in Figs.2and3indicates that the magnesium ions must have some inﬂuence on the sulfate attack to the bound chlorides.This inﬂuence could be physical and/or chemi-cal.The former is mainly due to the forming of brucite in the surface layer,which reduces the inward diffusion of sulfate ions and the out-ward diffusion of chloride ions.Indeed,the measured free chloride con-centration after the90days immersion was found to be higher in sample CM than in sample CN and have the ratios of about1:0.72for the surface layer and1:0.81for the4th layer.An accurate analysis for the diffusion effect on the bound chlorides requires having more data on thinner layers and knowing the binding isotherms.Nevertheless, the above results did indicate that the diffusion of chloride ions was affected by magnesium ions.The chemical effect of magnesium ions on bound chlorides will be discussed in the next section.Note that the ionic diffusion coefﬁcient in concrete with SCM is nor-mally smaller than that in concrete only with OPC.Thus,the inclusion of SCM in cement paste can provide additional resistance to the ingress of sulfate ions,which in turn can affect the stability of bound chlorides. More discussion on this will be provided in the next section.4.Material characterization analyses4.1.X-ray diffractionThe XRD patterns of samples CN,CF and CG cured at the standard curing condition for28and56days are shown in Fig.4.From the XRD patterns one can identify the FS with a very obvious diffraction peak at around11°2θ.Fig.5shows the relative masses of AFt,FS and CH in samples CN,CF and CG after they were cured in the standard condition for56days.It can be seen from theﬁgure that the use of FA and GGBS is beneﬁcial to forming more FS.This result can be attributed to two rea-sons.First,the forming process of FS in concrete has been associated with the quantity of aluminate in cementious materials.The higher the quantity of aluminate,the more FS is formed.According to the chemical composition shown in Table1,there is a larger quantity of alu-minate in GGBS and FA than in OPC,which can be released due to the latent hydraulic property of GGBS and the pozzolanic property of FA, which is beneﬁcial to the formation of FS.Secondly,the formation of FS would be hindered because SO42−can react with aluminate prior to Cl−to form mono-sulfoaluminate(AFm)and AFt[13–15].In addition, C–A–H and C–S–H gel,formed due to the hydration reactions induced by FA and GGBS,are also beneﬁcial to chloride binding.As shown in Fig.5,although the quantity of aluminate in FA is higher than that in GGBS,the quantity of FS in sample CF is still lower than that in sample CG after standard curing for56days.It was believed that only reactive alumina Al2O3r−in SCM could react with Cl−to form FS[5].The quantity of CaO in FA used in this study is6.3%,which is low calciumﬂy ash according to Chinese speciﬁcation GB/T15696-2005,and where Mullite is the main form of Al2O3,so it is adverse to the formation of FS.Nevertheless,a notable decrease in the intensity of diffraction peak (IDP)of CH can be found in the XRD patterns of sample CF over the curing time from28to56days,which is induced due to the pozzolanic reaction between CH and FA.As a result,more C–S–H gel and C–A–H are formed,which could increase the bound chlorides in sample CF.It should be noticed that the IDP change at around30°(2θ)shown in Fig.4correlates with both C–S–H gel and calcite(CaCO3),because of the overlap of the two strongest diffraction peaks at29.25°(2θ)and 29.40°2θ,respectively[8,28].The XRD patterns of sample CN under Na2SO4attack are shown in Fig.6.It can be observed from Fig.6A that the IDP of FS in the surface layer of sample CN becomes very weak after Na2SO4attack for28 days,which indicates that FS has been decomposed due to the Na2SO4 attack.A quantitative analysis of FS,AFt and CH of sample CN after the Na2SO4attack for28and90days is shown in Fig.7.It can be seen from theﬁgure that the relative mass of FS in the sample decreases very quickly from2.04to0.45after the28days attack.This suggests that the stability of FS is very susceptible to Na2SO4attack,which may also explain why the decrease of R cl is quick as is shown in Fig.2.How-ever,when the attack time is extended from28to90days,the change in the quantity of FS is slight,which indicates that a large quantity of FShasFig.5.Analysis of ettringite(AFt),Friedel's salt(FS)and calcium hydroxide(CH)in sam-ples CN/CM,CF and CG after they had56days standard curing(wt.%represents the mass percentage of AFt/FS/CH in sample).215J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research68(2015)211–222been decomposed following 28days of the Na 2SO 4attack.Moreover,it can be seen from Fig.7that the quantity of FS gradually decreases from the inside to the surface,which correlates with the change of the R cl value shown in Fig.3.In addition,one can see from Fig.6B that AFt with a diffraction peak at around 9°(2θ)can be detected in every layer of sample CN after the Na 2SO 4attack for 90days.The data shown in Fig.7for AFt indicate that the quantity of AFt in the fourth layer of sam-ple CN is higher than its initial value,which con ﬁrms that the attack of Na 2SO 4has reached the fourth layer of the sample.Fig.7also shows the expected opposite changes of FS and AFt with time.The XRD patterns of samples CF and CG after the Na 2SO 4attack for 90days are shown in Fig.8.Similar to the sample CN,the diffraction peaks of FS in the samples with SCM,especially in sample CF,become very weak.Similar to the analysis of the sample CN,Fig.9shows the relative mass of FS,AFt and CH of samples CF and CG after the Na 2SO 4attack for 90days.It seems that the quantities of FS in samples CF and CG are as high as that in sample CN after the Na 2SO 4attack.However,considering the higher quantity of FS in samples CF and CG before the Na 2SO 4attack as shown in Fig.5,the decrease of the quantity of FS in them is quicker than that in sample CN.Therefore,it can be concluded that the stability of FS in the samples with FA or GGBS is susceptible to Na 2SO 4attack when compared to the sample CN.The XRD patterns of samples CN and CM attacked by Na 2SO 4and MgSO 4for 90days are shown in Fig.10.An interesting ﬁnding is that there is still an obvious diffraction peak of FS in the sample CM,which is different from the sample CN attacked by Na 2SO 4.The analysis results shown in Fig.11demonstrate that there is more FS in sample CM than in sample CN.Therefore,it can be concluded that the Na 2SO 4attack has more effect on the decomposition of FS in hardened cement paste than the MgSO 4attack.In addition,the IDP of AFt in sample CM is lower than that in sample CN due to the different erosion mechanisms.However,there is still an obvious increase in AFt for sample CM from 0to 90days as demonstrated in Figs.5and 11,which indicates that MgSO 4attack can also lead to the formation of secondary AFt.NoteFig.6.XRD patterns of samples CN with Na 2SO 4attack.(A)1st layer at different days and (B)different layers at 90days (E:ettringite (AFt),F:Friedel's salt (FS),CH:calcium hydroxide,M:mono-sulfoaluminate,V:Vaterite,CSH:C –S –H gel,C:calcite).216J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research 68(2015)211–222that,when magnesium is included in the exposure solution,brucite is formed at the expense of calcium hydroxide,which can affect not only the leaching of chloride from the specimen but also the inward trans-port of sulfate from the exposed solution and thus provide the in ﬂuence on the decomposition of FS and the formation of AFt.However,our XRD result did not reveal a signi ﬁcant amount of brucite and/or gypsum in the surface layer.This is probably due to the specimen layer used in the tests being too thick.Both Skaropoulou and Sotiriadis reported their test results in which brucite was detected in XRD patterns,but the IDP of it was very weak when compared to other phases [11,17].However,in other similar experiments brucite was not detected in XRD patterns [27,29,30].This is probably attributed to the consumption of brucite due to the formation of M –S –H as shown in Eqs.(4)–(6)[19].4.2.Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)Fig.12shows the FT-IR spectra of sample CN after the Na 2SO 4attack for 28and 90days,respectively.The band at around 3640cm −1is due to the stretching vibration of \OH in Ca(OH)2[30],which is very weak in all samples due to Na 2SO 4attack.The presence of carbonate bands at around 1430and 870cm −1indicates that the samples have already absorbed CO 2molecules from the air before they were immersed into sulfate solution [31].The band at around 1110cm −1comes from asym-metric stretching vibration of S –O in SO 42−,which is identi ﬁed as the ﬁngerprint peak of AFt [32,33].As is shown in Fig.12,owing to more secondary AFt being formed,this band becomes stronger from the in-side to the surface over the attack time.The changes in the bands at around 3440and 1650cm −1are due to the stretching vibration of \OH in structural water of hydration products and the bending vibra-tion of \OH in the interlayer water of hydration products [30].The two bands are also related to the formation of secondary AFt,which be-come strong with the increased quantity of secondary AFt.In addition,the band at around 970cm −1comes from asymmetric stretching vibra-tion of Si –O in C –S –H gel [31,34].It can be observed from Fig.12that there is no obvious change in this band over the attack time,which sug-gests that the stability of C –S –H gel is independent of Na 2SO 4attack.With regard to FS,because chloride ions are not absorbed in the range 400–4000cm −1,the bands at around 730,530and 460cm −1,which are due to Al –O vibrations of [Al(OH)6]3−,can be identi ﬁed as the ﬁn-gerprint peaks of FS [35,36].Owing to the decomposition of FS under Na 2SO 4attack,the strength of these bands appears very weak.Fig.13shows the FT-IR spectra of samples CF and CG after the Na 2SO 4attack.There is no obvious band at around 3640cm −1in thespectra due to the consumption of CH induced by hydration reactions of FA and GGBS and sulfate attack.It can be observed from Fig.13that there is an increase in the strength of the band of C –S –H gel at 976cm −1in sample CF over the attack time from 56to 90days.Guerre-ro et al.attributed this to the further activating action on FA due to the increase in alkalinity induced by Na 2SO 4attack [15].Moreover,this re-sult also indicates that the stability of C –S –H gel is independent of Na 2SO 4attack.The difference of the bands at 714,535and 458cm −1be-tween samples CF and CG is slight.Fig.14shows the FT-IR spectra of samples CN and CM after Na 2SO 4and MgSO 4attack for 90days,respectively.It is observed from Fig.14that the strength of the band at around 710cm −1in sample CM is much stronger than that in sample CN.Also there is more FS in sample CM than in sample CN,which agrees with the results shown in Figs.10and 11.Moreover,it can be seen clearly from Fig.14that the strength of the band at around 970cm −1in sample CM is lower than that in sample CN.This is likely attributed to the decomposition of C –S –H gel induced by MgSO 4attack.As a result of that,the bound chlorides absorbed by C –S –H gel are released.A weak band at around 1110cm −1in sample CM due to the attack of MgSO 4can induce the formation of secondary AFt.4.3.Derivative thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTG)The DTG curves of sample CN attacked by Na 2SO 4are shown in Fig.15.There are some notable endothermic peaks in the DTG curves.The peak near 100°C is mainly attributed to the dehydration of C –S –H gel and AFt,which are dif ﬁcult to distinguish because of the overlap of dehydration temperature from 85to 130°C [23].The peak near 160°C is attributed to AFm [23].Besides these,the peaks near 340,450and 710°C are attributed to the dehydration of FS,CH and the decomposi-tion of calcite.The absence of the peak for FS in the DTG curve after the Na 2SO 4attack for 28days shown in Fig.15further demonstrates that the stability of FS is susceptible to Na 2SO 4attack.The change in the peak of AFm,which plays an important role in the formation of sec-ondary AFt during the Na 2SO 4attack,is also consistent with the change of FS.Fig.16shows the DTG curves of samples CF and CG after the Na 2SO 4attack for pared to sample CG,sample CF has a weak strength of the peak for FS,which is consistent with the analysis result shown in Fig.9and the R cl data shown in Fig.2.Fig.17shows similar DTG results of samples CN and CM after Na 2SO 4and MgSO 4attack for 90days.It is noticed from the ﬁgure that the strength of the peak for C –S –H gel and AFt in sample CM is far lower than that in sample CN.Ac-cording to the FT-IR results shown in Fig.14,this result further indicates that MgSO 4attack will lead to the decomposition of C –S –H gel,resulting in the release of bound chlorides.5.Discussion5.1.Stability of Friedel's saltSuryavanshi and Swamy reported that a drop in alkalinity of pore so-lution due to carbonation could induce the decomposition of FS [8].Con-versely,Na 2SO 4attack can increase the alkalinity of the pore solution,which has a negative effect on chloride binding [23,27,37].The question now is how Na 2SO 4attack affects the stability of FS.The exchange be-tween Cl −and SO 42−is the main mechanism in the formation of FS,which can be explained by the following reaction [27]:3CaO ·Al 2O 3·CaSO 4·12H 2O ðAFm Þþ2Cl −→3CaO ·Al 2O 3·CaCl 2·10H 2O ðFS ÞþSO 2−4þ2H 2O :ð14ÞEssentially,FS belongs to a phase of the AFm family,which has a complex chemical and structural constitution.A general formula for AFm phase is [Ca 2(Al,Fe)(OH)6]+X·m H 2O,where the bracketsindicateFig.7.Analysis of ettringite (AFt),Friedel's salt (FS)and calcium hydroxide (CH)in sample CN after Na 2SO 4attack for 0,28and 90days (wt.%represents the mass percentage of AFt/FS/CH in sample).217J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research 68(2015)211–222。

英文文法书

英文文法書
以下是一些英文文法书的推荐：
1. "Grammar in Use" 系列：这是一套非常受欢迎的英文文法书，共
有红、蓝、绿三册。

该系列采用情景对话的方式，通过丰富的例句和
练习，帮助读者更好地掌握英文文法。

2. "English Grammar in Use"：这本书也是一本经典的英文文法教材，通过大量的练习和复习，帮助读者巩固所学的英文文法知识。

此外，
该书还提供了答案和详细解释，方便读者自学。

3. "A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language"：这是一
本非常全面的英文文法书，涵盖了英语语法的各个方面。

该书采用详
细的解释和丰富的例句，帮助读者深入理解英文文法。

4. "The Elements of Style"：这是一本经典的英文写作指南，强调
简洁、清晰和有力的写作风格。

该书不仅涵盖了英文文法的规则和要点，还提供了许多实用的写作技巧和例句。

这些英文文法书都是经过广泛认可的经典教材或指南，可以帮助读者
提高英文语法水平，写出更准确、流利的英语。

请注意，选择适合自
己水平的英文文法书，结合实践练习，才能更好地掌握英语语法。

Legal Writing..............................................................................

Legal Writingv.6 July 2007This document, with any later amendments, isavailable from the Law School’s Web pages at</nuls/lectures/legwrit/index.htm>Legal Writing (2)The importance of legal writing (2)Types of exercise (2)Assessment Criteria (3)Planning (3)Research (3)Writing (3)Spelling, Grammar and Style (5)Revise (5)Citation of sources (6)Selection of sources (6)House Style (6)Numerical system of citation (7)How to cite legislation (8)Acts of Parliament (8)How to cite case law (10)English cases (10)Court of Justice of the European Communities (14)International Court of Justice (14)Foreign cases (14)How to cite Books and Journals (14)Recommended house style (14)How to cite electronic sources (15)Internet sources (15)Digital Object Identifiers (16)Ephemeral sources (16)CD-ROM (16)Supplements (17)Common Abbreviations (17)Author/date system (18)Legal WritingThis document has been approved by the Board of Studies of Law in an attempt to set a standard for acceptable legal writing. If you follow its advice, you cannot be open to criticism. If you do not, you may be criticised, and you may have marks deducted.The document contains advice about good style for legal writing, defines an acceptable house style for the use of footnotes, and outlines rules for the citation of primary and secondary legal sources.The importance of legal writingThe principal method of assessment in the Law School is written work whether by examination, assessed written work, or dissertation. Written work may take several different forms. You may be set a legal problem, or an essay, or you may be directed to write a letter, or a case note. This document contains general propositions applicable to all types of assessment, but is aimed particularly at word-processed answers. Matters of document style for assessed coursework and seminar essays are dealt with in the Degree Programme Handbooks.Types of exerciseProblem QuestionsThese consist of a statement of facts, usually with the direction to 'Advise X [one of the parties]'. The aim will be to analyse the facts to identify the legal issue(s), and analyse the law to find the relevant legal rule(s). Next will be the application of the law to the issue(s), and reaching a conclusion. Remember Issues Rules Application Conclusion - IRAC.Essay QuestionsIRAC is often a good starting point for an essay involving doctrinal analysis of the law. Start with an introduction identifying the legal issue(s) raised in the essay title, review the law, state how the law affects the issue(s) and reach conclusions in particular pointing to any areas where the application of the law is problematic or in need of reform.ExaminationsExaminations are normally hand-written, not word-processed, and you are not expected to reach the standards of citation of sources set out in this document. However, some of what follows about planning, writing and revision will be relevant to examinations.You may be asked to produce some other type of exercise e.g. a report, a case note, a memorandum or a letter. If in doubt precisely what is required, look for a model, and if still in doubt, ask.2Assessment CriteriaWritten work is assessed according to published assessment criteria, of which you should be aware. Two important general criteria are relevance and a critical approach. What you write must be relevant to the question set. If the relevance of any material is not obvious, you must justify its inclusion. Essay type questions may call specifically for critical analysis, but, whatever the type of exercise it will seldom be sufficient to describe the law without identifying and commenting upon its strengths or shortcomings, i.e. providing a critique.PlanningPlanning is the key to effective writing. Plan your use of available time, dividing the task into manageable sub-tasks. The first stage is to think about the title or problem, in order to decide the scope and purpose of your answer. It may be appropriate to discuss your ideas with other students, in order to test your interpretation of the title. You may need to decide who your readers are and what they need to know. By default, assume you are writing for a lawyer without detailed knowledge of the topic under consideration.ResearchYou will need to discover information by conducting library research. Make full use of printed and electronic searching to find relevant sources. Electronic sources are usually available on demand, but printed materials may not be available when you want them especially if a large group is engaged on the same exercise. The Copyright Licensing Agency rules displayed besides photocopiers have to be complied with, and the Law School is not always able to provide photocopies of relevant materials. Make notes about your sources, including an accurate reference complying with the rules set out in this document. You are solely responsible for the accuracy of these references and for complying with the University's rules about plagiarism.WritingWhatever the task, your aim should be to write clearly, directly and succinctly, avoiding bad grammar and spelling mistakes as well as unnecessary jargon, circumlocution, and tautology. In particular:•prefer familiar to unfamiliar words,•use a thesaurus to help find the precise word you need,•avoid inelegant, pompous or redundant words,•consider whether terms of legal jargon require definition or explanation,•write properly constructed sentences without undue subordinate clauses,•use a separate paragraph to develop each sub-topic, linking or relating the theme of each paragraph to the previous one and its function in relation to thewhole (a single sentence is unlikely to qualify as a paragraph).3StructureConsider carefully the order in which your material is to be arranged so that your arguments can be put as clearly as possible. No matter how good your ideas are, they depend upon your ability to communicate them. It is often a good idea to use headings and sub-headings to indicate clearly the structure of your answer. The use of defined headings in word-processed documents (described as 'outlining' in MS Word) is an efficient way of structuring and handling text during composition, because it enables you to promote or demote headings and re-arrange material with ease. The advantages of word-processing include the freedom to assemble a document from parts which can be rearranged to suit your theme, and the ability to re-write sections before committing them to print. Take advantage of this. You do not have to start writing the introduction and finish with the conclusion. It may be sensible to postpone writing the introduction until last.QuotationsQuotations must be enclosed in quotation marks ("...") and must have a pinpoint reference (page or, if available, paragraph number). Short quotations can be included naturally in the text, but anything that runs for more than three lines should be separated from the text in an intervening paragraph and indented from the left hand margin. Large numbers of long quotations should be avoided. Make sure you are aware of and comply with the rules against plagiarism. Unattributed quotation is plagiarism.FootnotesYou will need to be able to use word-processed footnotes. There is advice on the correct use of footnotes elsewhere in this document.AbbreviationsYou should use recognised legal abbreviations. Here is a list of common abbreviations.Ibid, loc cit, op cit, and cf.The modern practice is not to use these abbreviated Latin expressions in footnotes at all. Instead simply refer to another footnote by number e.g.:19. See n.12.You are likely to come across these abbreviations in legal writing. Their correct use is as follows:•Ibid (L, ibidem, in the same place)used in successive footnotes when the same authority is referred to repeatedly.4•Loc cit (L, loco citato, in the place cited)used in successive footnotes to refer to a page in a source previously referredto.•Op cit (L, opus citato, in the work cited)used in successive footnotes to refer to a source previously referred to.•Cf (L, confer, compare)used when some meaningful comparison may be drawn, and often misused.Spelling, Grammar and StyleAlthough your work will be marked primarily on its argument and content, spelling, grammar and style are also important factors. Unless you are genuinely dyslexic, bad spelling will be seen as taking less then adequate care. Bad grammar or a poor writing style may divert attention from the points you are trying to make with a consequent loss of marks.Here are some tips.•Do not form plurals with 'apostrophe s',courts = more than one court (i.e. plural)court's = of the or a court (i.e. genitive singular)courts' = of more than one court (i.e. genitive plural)Use "1990s" not "1990's" for the plural form.•Do not confuse singular and plural forms:The Court of Appeal is (not the Court ... are …)Parliament is (not Parliament are …)The Government is (not the Government are …)A committee is ( not a committee are…)A number is (not a number are …)•Do not use "it's" to mean "of it",its = of it,it's = it is or it hasThe best advice is: never use it's, use 'it is' or 'it has' instead.• A sentence needs a verb. End sentences with full stops.•Note the English spelling of "judgment" as applied to courts. In other contexts "judgement" is correct.•"Principal" means the first or highest in rank i.e. "chief"; "principle" is a fundamental proposition.•The modern form of "abolishment" is "abolition".ReviseInclude revision time in your plan. Proof read the entire document, checking for internal consistency, spelling and correct references.Spell CheckersWord processing spelling checkers should be used with caution. They will detect many typographical errors but may offer incorrect or even absurd alternative forms,5and are not a substitute for proof reading, and the use of a dictionary. U.S. spellings are inappropriate in U.K. documents.Citation of sources.Legal writing requires, in various measure, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and criticism of other documentary sources, which may be primary, such as cases and statutes, or secondary, such as books and articles. Suppression of sources can amount to plagiarism which may attract academic and possibly other penalties. The purpose of citation is to enable the reader to identify the writer's sources accurately and unambiguously. There are well-established conventions for the citation of legal materials in U.K. publications, but they differ from social science conventions and also from the practice in the U.S.Selection of sourcesAlways cite the best available source. Cite a primary source for any proposition of law. A primary source is the law itself, stated in legislation or in a binding case. Primary sources are authoritative statements of the law. Secondary sources consist of legal writing, and are never more than persuasive arguments. The authority of secondary sources has to be evaluated. Eminent jurists, especially after death has removed the possibility of any change of mind, are quote-worthy. So too, are authors of peer-reviewed articles in leading journals such as Modern Law Review, Cambridge Law Review, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Legal Studies (and for these purposes) Law Quarterly Review. Cite secondary sources for the views of their authors, not for a precis of a primary source.Student text books are not authority for propositions of law, nor are they peer-reviewed, so there will seldom be any occasion to cite them. Similarly, in-house accounts of reported cases on the websites of Solicitors firms are not the 'best available' source of the case.House StyleThe recommended house style for written work in the Law School is the numerical footnote system. Do not use endnotes. If you comply with the house style you cannot be faulted. You will be advised specifically if use of the author-date system is more appropriate.Citation must follow a recognisable existing pattern, uniformly and with internal consistency. Non-conforming citation will lead to deduction of marks. It makes good sense to keep a proper record (i.e. correct title, author, year, volume number, and page reference) of everything you read in preparing every piece of written work, (a) so that you can find it again if need be, and (b) so that you have adequate information for citing that source, should you decide to use it.If in doubt as to the standard form of a particular reference, consult a publication such as, Current Law or Halsbury's Laws of England. Most series of law reports and periodicals actually state their own method of citation.6Numerical system of citationThe principal system of citation of legal material in the UK and the recommended house style for word-processed documents in the Law School is the numerical system of numerically ordered footnotes. This process is automated by modern word-processing software, which you must be able to use. A complete list of all sources should be listed separately in a Bibliography appended to the written work. The Bibliography does not count against the word limit.Numerical system - example.In Khorasandijan v Bush31 the tort of nuisance was utilised to grant the plaintiff an injunction against the defendant who had previously been convicted of threatening and abusive behaviour and subsequently of threatening to kill but who continued to pester her by following her and by phoning her.32Footnotes (in numerical order)31 [1993] QB 727 CA32 Bridgeman J and Jones M, 'Harassing conduct and outrageous acts' (1994) 14 LS 180; Townshend-Smith, R 'Harassment as a Tort in English and American Law' (1995) 24 AALR 299.The BibliographyThe Bibliography should list all sources, both primary and secondary, used in the production of the written work, irrespective of whether they appear in footnotes. You should sub-divide the list into the different classes of materials e.g. Statutes, Statutuory Instruments, Cases, Journals, and Books.The advantage of full referencing in a bibliography (where word limits do not apply) is that, after your first citation of the source in the text, you will be able to truncate your references in the ‘main body’ of text.For example, the full reference to the two journal articles cited in n.32 (above) in the bibliography might read (in alphabetical order):Bridgeman, J. and Jones, M., ‘Harassing conduct and outrageous acts: a cause of action for intentionally inflicted mental distress,’ (1994) 14 Legal Studies 180Townshend-Smith, R 'Harassment as a Tort in English and American Law: the Boundaries of Wilkinson v Downton' (1995) 24 Anglo-American Law Review 299.Once this full reference has been provided (as at n.32), a further reference would merely require:46. Bridgeman and Jones, see n.32.This shortened citation leaves the source no less identifiable and reduces the number of words needed to cite it.7Full citations of case names in the bibliography allow for similar savings in the word count. Consider:24. Butler Machine Tool Co. Ltd. v. Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) [1979] 1WLR 401With this full reference provided in the bibliography, and fully cited the first time the case is referred to in the main body of your assignment, a subsequent footnote in the main body would merely require:Butler Machine Tool, see n. 24Citation as set out above is compulsory. Wherever references appear in a piece of written work they count against permitted word totals for written work. Word totals take into account the requirement for citation.How to cite legislation.Acts of ParliamentWith very few exceptions, Acts of the UK Parliament have short titles provided by statutory authority:Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, s.10 Short title, interpretation, commencement and extent(1) This Act may be cited as the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991. Although the statute says 'may be cited…' you should treat this as imperative. Short titles have been enacted retrospectively for many older statutes.Short titles used to have a comma between the name of the Act and the year it was passed. The Tangynika Independence Act 1962 was the first to omit the comma, and modern practice is to leave it out, even for Acts passed before the practice changed. It is permissible to abbreviate the short title to initials, e.g. DDA 1991, provided there is no ambiguity.Acts of Parliament are published in their original form by the Queen's Printer who also publishes electronically the full text of the Data Protection Act 1984 and all Acts of Parliament passed since 1st January 1988. These are original versions only; they are not amended to take account of the process of legislative reform. Private publishers' editions of the statutes (e.g. Halsbury's Statutes; Current Law Statutes; CCH Editions; Blackstone's statutes) although not strictly authoritative, are highly reliable and often more convenient than Queen's Printer's copies, because they provide the amended text of the statute.8It will usually be sufficient to refer to the primary sub-division of statutes, namely sections, which in turn may be sub-divided into sub-sections, paragraphs and sub-paragraphs. Other sub-divisions employed include: parts; chapters; and schedules. Schedules contain paragraphs, which may be further subdivided into sub-, subsub, and even subsubsub-paragraphs, and a schedule may be subdivided into parts.To refer to a particular provision in an Act of Parliament use the following method: Companies Act 1985, s.6, orChildren Act 1989, s.15 and sch 1 para 5(n.b. NOT Companies' Act 1985 or Children's Act 1989, unless, of course, the genitive form is used in the short title.It is permissible to refer the "Section 10 of the Children Act 1989…" in the text, but use the shorter form in a footnote.Subordinate UK legislationSubordinate (delegated) legislation is issued in a series called Statutory Instruments (SIs) published on paper from 1894, and electronically from January 1987. They should be cited by their designated title which includes the year they were passed followed by SI year/number in parentheses (e.g. SI 1997/201).The Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 1997 (SI 1997/431)The title may be abbreviated to initial letters if to do so would not create ambiguity. Statutory Instruments may be further classified as an 'Order', sub-divided into articles; 'Regulations' sub-divided into regulations; and 'Rules' sub-divided into rules, abbreviated as 'r'.Order Regulations Rulesart arts reg regs r rrThe Civil Procedure Rules 1998 are divided into Parts with numbered Rules corresponding to the Parts. So CPR, Rule 6.4 is in Part 6 paragraph 4. Paragraphs may be sub-divided.Legislation of the European CommunityThe legislation of the European Community consists of the founding treaties, and secondary legislation in the form of Regulations, Directives, Decisions, Recommendations and Opinions. On 1 May 1999 the Treaty of Amsterdam renumbered the original arrangement of Articles of the Treaty of Rome and the Treaty on European Union. To avoid ambiguity the following method of citation is recommended.9On or after 1 May 1999Before 1 May 1999Article or Art 141 EC Article or Art 119 of the EC Treaty The Treaties may be abbreviated as follows:Treaty On or after 1 May1999Before 1 May1999Treaty on European Union EU EU Treaty European (Economic) CommunityTreatyEC EC (EEC) Treaty European Coal and Steel Treaty CS ECSC Treaty Euratom Treaty EA EAEC Treaty Examples of secondary legislation are:Regulation [Council] Regulation No 1111/77/EC, Arts. 8 and 9Directive [Council] Directive 76/207/ECDecision [Commission] Decision 89/58/ECThe full reference will be to the authoritative text in the Official Journal of the European Communities (abbreviated to OJ) where the secondary legislation was first published, together with the title, date and page number:Council Directive of 21 December 1976 on the Coordination of Procedures for the Award of Public Supply Contracts, Directive 77/62/EC OJ L13 15 January 1977 p 1.The OJ is issued in series: L contains legislation, C contains draft legislation.How to cite case law.English casesIntroductionThere are strong conventions governing the citation of case law in the UK, but no formal rules. This document sets out an acceptable practice or house style. Printed law reports (reports of decided cases) are produced by private publishers and since 1865, by a semi-official charitable body known as the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales. The method of citation of these sources is called proprietary citation. Some of these reports are also available from subscription on-line services such as Justis, Westlaw and Lexis Nexis.10In the late 1990s, the advent of digitally prepared judgments, particularly on the World Wide Web, led in January 2001 to the introduction of an additional system of medium neutral citation. This system provides a uniform method of citation independent of printed pages. Cases reported since the introduction of medium neutral citation will conform to the protocol of numbered paragraphs, even though printed on paper.Cases reported before January 2001 sometimes have medium neutral citations applied to them, but these are not authoritative.Proprietary CitationExamples:The Diechland [1990] 1 QB 361.In re Connan: ex parte Hyde 20 QBD 690.Grobbelaar v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2002] 1 WLR 3024.Explanation:Cases are cited by the name(s) of the parties followed by the reference of the publication in which the report of the case appears. Proprietary references do not tell you in which jurisdiction or court the case was heard, and it is good practice to add a suffix to indicate the court e.g. CA for Court of Appeal.Year VolumenumberSeries Page Suffix[1990] 1 QB 361 CA (1888) 20 QBD 690 CA [2002] 1 WLR 3024 HL(E)Notes:•AbbreviationsThe series of the report is always abbreviated. There is a list of commonabbreviations at Appendix I. Consult Current Law or Halsbury's Laws forfuller lists.•Page NumbersProprietary citation refers to printed pages.•Volume numbersAt the time In re Connan was decided (1888), only volume numbers wereused. You should include the year, but it must be in round brackets.•BracketsIn legal citation [ ] and ( ) round the year have special significance. [ ] meansthe year is an essential part of the reference so it must be included and in suchcases the use of [ ] is compulsory. ( ) means the year is not part of thereference. It should be included but it must be in round brackets.•ItalicsIn a word processed document the names of the parties are italicised, andalthough there is a convention that 'v.' is not italicised the house style permitsitalicisation the whole title, including v but not the reference. Underlining is aprinter's mark for italics and may only be used to indicate italics if italic scriptis not available.•PunctuationThe modern practice is not to use punctuation within case references. Inparticular the practice of placing a comma after the names of the parties andbefore the reference is no longer followed.•'Best report'You should follow the practice of the English courts to cite the report of anycase which is reported in the semi-official Law Reports in preference to areport of that case in any other series of reports. Cases reported in volumes 2and 3 of the Weekly Law Reports (WLR) are destined for publication in theLaw Reports, and should be cited only until they are displaced by thesubsequent Law Reports version of that case. Obviously, this practice need not be followed if the purpose of citing the earlier report is to draw attention tosome difference between the two versions.•Electronic versions of printed reportsThe electronic Law Reports from are exact facsimiles of the LawReports, with exactly the same method of citation and can be usedinterchangeably with the printed versions. Westlaw and Lexis Nexis are notexact facsimiles. Even though you may have read the case on Westlaw orLexis Nexis, use the medium neutral citation (if any) and proprietary citationreference to the best series of reports.•Pinpoint referenceIf you wish to refer to some specific point in a report, you should add the pagereference, and if to something said by a judge in the report (L, dictum, pluraldicta) then to the judge's name and page reference:Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 at182 per Lord Scarman.Medium Neutral CitationBy a Practice Note handed down by Lord Woolf CJ on 11 January 2001,all judgments in every division of the High Court and the Court of Appeal will be prepared for delivery, or issued as approved judgments, with single spacing, paragraph numbering (in the margins) but no page numbers.Example:Grobbelaar v. News Group Newspapers Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 1213.Explanation:Cases are cited by the name(s) of the parties followed by the medium neutral citation. In addition to the year, the reference shows the jurisdiction, the court, the division of that court, the reference number assigned to the case by the official court shorthand writers, and (optionally) a paragraph reference for pinpoint referencing.Medium neutral citation does not use page numbers!Year Jurisdiction Court Division Reference No. Paragraph (if required) [2001] EW CA Civ 1213 [10]In this system EW = England and Wales (Scot = Scotland and NI = Northern Ireland). CA = Court of Appeal and Civ = CivilThe system was extended in 2002. In England and Wales the courts and divisions which are using medium neutral citation are:-Court Division AbbreviationHouse of Lords UKHLCourt of Appeal Civil EWCA CivCourt of Appeal Criminal EWCA CrimHigh Court Chancery EWHC (Ch)High Court Queen's Bench EWHC (QB)High Court Administrative Court EWHC (Admin)High Court Family EWHC (Fam)The Patents Court is EWHC (Pat), the Commercial Court EWHC (Comm), the High Court Admiralty Court is EWHC (Admlty), and the High Court Technology & Construction Court is EWHC (TCC).•Pinpoint ReferencesIf a case has a medium neutral citation you may use that alone, or you mayadd a reference to the best printed version of the case e.g. Grobbelaar v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2002] UKHL 40, [2002] 1 WLR 3024. A pinpointreference to a pre-medium neutral case will be to page number and side letter(if there is one). If the report has numbered paragraphs, then even in the caseof a printed report, the pinpoint reference should always be to the paragraphnumber (shown in [ ]).Medium Neutral Citation in the House of LordsThe Appellate Committee of the House of Lords was not bound by Lord Woolf CJ's Practice Note of 11 January 2001. On 18 January the House adopted its own slightly different version of medium neutral citation:Manifest Shipping Company Limited v. Uni-Polaris Shipping Company Limited, [2001] UKHL/1is the first case in the UK House of Lords in 2001. The neutral citation UKHL does not indicate the jurisdiction (England and Wales, Scotland, or Northern Ireland) from which the appeal arose. The 13th case on 22 March began omitting the / before the number of the case:Johnson (A.P.) v. Unisys Ltd [2001] UKHL 13。

22-11-0040-01-0000-p802-22-d2-sponsor-ballot-comments-database

2Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1077.7.217 3Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1097.7.21.317 4Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1107.7.21.46 5Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1107.7.21.414 6Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1117.7.21.527Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1117.7.21.610 8Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1117.7.21.6149Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1127.7.21.811 10Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1137.7.248 11Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1187.8.5312Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1237.9.54 13Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1427.14.22814Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1447.14.22 15Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial1557.14.2.102 16Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial251829 17Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2528.1.12118Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2528.1.226 19Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2538.1.22820Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2538.1.445 21Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2548.2.12622Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2548.2.147 23Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2588.2.2.48 24Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2608.2.2.72025Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2628.2.3.250 26Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2638.2.3.2427Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2658.2.3.2.121 28Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2668.2.3.2.32329Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2668.2.3.2.326 30Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2668.2.3.2.326 31Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2688.2.3.2.5532Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2708.2.4.6.1.129 33Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2718.2.4.6.1.25 34Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2808.3.2.33535Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2828.4.22 36Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2828.4.23 37Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial51013.1.2.5.329 38Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial51113.1.2.5.3.1.92339Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial42410.7.1.39 40Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial25181941Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2538.1.22142Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial2528.13 43Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial237 6.23.3.2.2.42 44Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial237 6.23.3.2.2.52 45Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial237 6.23.3.2.2.62 46Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial456131 47Reddy, Ranga Approve Editorial11648Gurley, Thomas Approve Editorial1407.14.1.23 49Gurley, Thomas Approve Editorial1457.14.2.26 50Gurley, Thomas Approve Editorial3599.12.2.126 51Gurley, Thomas Approve Editorial3599.12.2.129 52Ko, Gwangzeen Approve Editorial1141 53Rahman, Mohammad Approve Editorial623C2.10.23 54Rahman, Mohammad Approve Editorial623C2.10.25 55Rahman, Mohammad Approve Editorial623C2.10.21856Rahman, Mohammad Approve General625C2.10.32 57Rahman, Mohammad Approve Editorial625C2.10.310 58Rahman, Mohammad Approve Editorial625C2.10.31759Rahman, Mohammad Approve Editorial617C2.9 60Rahman, Mohammad Approve Technical623C2.1061Struik, Rene Disapprove Technical42 62Struik, Rene Disapprove Technical5263Struik, Rene Disapprove Technical2998.6.2.3is done by the Registration process. After a device is authenticated, theregistration process determines if a CPE has the capabilities to supportoperation in the network. If it does, the BS authorizes the CPE by providing the appropriate configuration in the REG-RSP, if the CPE doesn't, the BS de-registers the CPE.In Table 160, the text describing the Transaction ID and Encoded AttributesNo refer to messages that no longer exist in the draftSCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization NoNo SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. Also, the CPE andAAA server authenticate each otherSCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization NoNo SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. Also, the CPE andAAA server authenticate each otherSCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization NoNo SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. Also, the CPE andAAA server authenticate each otherNo SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. Also, the CPE andAAA server authenticate each otherIn the authentication exchange with the AAA, certain SAs are configured forNo each CPE.SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization No SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization NoNo SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. Also, the CPE andAAA server authenticate each other. When a CPE can't be authenticated, theBS shall have to de-register it not send a denial of service (you can't send aDOS).No SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. Also, the CPE andAAA server authenticate each otherNo Clause 8 defines means for authentication, and MAC addresses is transmittedto BS during RNG-REQ.No Lines 29-30 do not provide any additional benefit, and these concepts arediscussed earlier in the draft.SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization NoSCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization No SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. Also, the text for theNo sentence that starts on 28 and ends on 29, doesn't seem to be complete.No SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. We also don't allowfor a selection of authentication methods, as we have standardized on EAP-TLS/TTLS. What this text here refers to options for protecting data messages.SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization No SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization No SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization No SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. Also the sentence onNo lines 20-21, pg 260 is not completeThe name of the ASM state is incorrect.NoNo An SAID is used to identify an SA. TEK state machines are used to maintainkeys for the SA itself, not the SAIDSCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization NoNo SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. Also, the term "FSM"is not really defined anywhereSCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. Also, the term "FSM"No is not really defined anywhereNo SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization. Also, the term "FSM"is not really defined anywhereNo The 2-A action is incorrectly described, the event to be referenced in the TEKstate machine diagram and table (figure 115, table 189) refer to the event as Authenticated.SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization No SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization NoNo An SAID is used to identify an SA. TEK state machines are used to maintainkeys for the SA itself, not the SAIDSCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization No For grammar, after "mode" pls add "is used"No SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization No SCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization NoThe definition of access URL information in 10.7.1.3, doesn't match the formatwe adopted for 10.7.1.1NoThe text here on lines 19 through 22 are confusing. Right now the draft doesn't support optional support of execution of authentication services. A CPE must be authenticated. This is because the authentication process sets up keying that is used to protoect MAC management messages. We do however, support optional configuration fo securiy for user data. Support of security for user data is negotiated during the authentication exchange. The text in this paragraph should be updated to reflect this. Also, if a CPE can not be authenticated it should be de-registered/shutdown. THe CPE should then attempt association with one of the other wran services it detected on initializaton.NoThe text here on lines 21-24, refers to BS and CPE authenticating each other.This is incorrect, the CPE and AAA authenticate each other. Also we need tomention here that during authentication exchange, keying to protectmanagement messages is setup and optional protection of user data isnegotiated.NoSCM messages facilitate authentication not authorization No This section is numbered wrong No This section is numbered wrong No This section is numbered wrong No In clause 13, pls update all section/table/figure references to align with current numbering elsewhere in the draftNoPls run through draft with spell/grammar check to correct any grammar/spellingissuesNo "shall acquires" should be "shall acquire"No "shall acquires" should be "shall acquire"NoPer minutes of 17 Feb PHY call, Table 229 applies only to connector, not cable.NoPer minutes of 17 Feb PHY call, Table 229 applies only to connector, not cable.NoReplace EEC with ECC No the semicolon (;) is missed at the end of sentence, also line 8No NCPPP, also line 13No also line 20, 22, 23: the indention is not well done for the sentences NoHalf of the round brackets ')' is input at the end of the sentence by mistake No The word 'and' is missed in sentence "This is an optional step (and) the block is shown..."Noalso line 19, The round brackets () is not correctly shown in the Equations (7)and (8)NoThe section title mentions CBM. However, CBM includes only upto C2.9.3.No C.2.9.4 is a different method: Improved energy detection for analog TVThe sensing methods for DVB-T dont work good enough without smartNo threshold setting.(TR) Clause 2, p. 4, l. 43: RFC 2437 (PKCS#1, v2.0), if so, this would allowYes RSA MultiPrime and, thereby, RSA schemes with different cryptographicproperties than the original scheme. It is unclear whether this is intended.Moreover, NIST SP 800-56 explicitly rules out support for MultiPrime, thusmaking it a less suitable choice to support in case this standard would also beused by US Government agencies. Suggested remedy: Refer to a specificversion of PKCS#1 - early enough version without support for RSA MultiPrime.Yes (TR) Clause 2, p. 5, l-12: To my knowledge, the SEC4 specification is only adraft specification and, thereby, may be subject to change. A standard shouldnot reference external specifications as normative references, it the latter areonly draft standards. Suggested remedy: Create an Annex that specifies the fulldetails of the SEC4 scheme as used in the IEEE 802.22 standard, so as to be independent of any changes made by an external standards body. Please notehere that the latest draft on the SECG website is v0.91 (dated November 18,2008) and, although the final specification was supposed to be published priorto end of February 2011, this did not happen. Note: Please note also IACRePrint 2009-620. Is it known that the composition of ECQV and ECPVS issecure (I have seen convincing papers on these individually, but not acompositional proof).Yes (TR) Clause 8.6.2.3, p. 299, Table 135: This table suggests the use of ellipticcurves of bit-size 163-bits, thus offering a cryptographic strength of just 80-bits.This would not be allowed according to key management guidelines of NISTSP 800-57, since 80-bit crypto strength is not to be endorsed from 2011onwards. Suggested remedy: specify an elliptic curve with higher cryptographicbit strength.Pls follow the editorial instruction in 22-11/0036r1Agree on line 17, pg 109, replace "authorization" with "authentication"Agree Pls follow the editorial instruction in 22-11/0036r1Agree on line 14, replace "Authorization" with "Authentication"Agree Pls follow the editorial instruction in 22-11/0036r1Agreeon line 10, replace "Authorization" with "Authentication"Agree Pls follow the editorial instruction in 22-11/0036r1AgreePls follow the editorial instruction in 22-11/0036r1Agree Change the status definition in Table 173 for 0x0E to 'reject-not-configured-forAgree the requested-SAID'Replace both instances of "authorization" in 7.8.5 with "authentication"Agree Replace both instances of "authorization" in 7.9.5 with "authentication"Agree Pls follow the editorial instruction in 22-11/0036r1AgreeIn Figure 34, update a) change "BS authorizes CPE?" to "AAA authenticatesAgree CPE?" b) change "Log BS authorization denial and remove BS from immediate consideration" to "Log authentication denial and remove BS from immediate consideration"Pls update text for 7.14.2.10 according to 22-11/0036r1AgreeDelete the text on lines 29-30, pg 251AgreeAgree on line 21, pg 252 replace "Authorization Exchange" with "authenticationexchange"Remove "/reauthorization" line 26, pg 252Agree Modify text on lines 28-29, pg 253 as indicated in 22-11/xxxr0AgreeOn line 45, pg 253, section 8.1.4, remove "authorization,"Agree On line 26, pg 254, 8.2.1, replace "A CPE is authorized for a GSA," with "ACPE is configured for a GSA,"AgreeOn line 47 pg 254, 8.2.1, replace "authorized" with "configured"Agree On lne 8, pg 258, 8.2.2.4, relace "authorized" with "configured"AgreeReplace the text on lines 20-21, pg 260, 8.2.2.7 (between tables 187 and 188) with the following: "Table 188 below gives an example of how the'Authenticator' can signal the 'Supplicant' with the values for SCM parameters as well as the cryptographic suite configuration of any SAs the CPE is configured for."Agreeon line 50, pg 262, 8.2.3.2, replace "Rekey Reauthorize Wait" with "Rekey Reauthenticate Wait"Agree See 22-11/0036r1 for proposed modification of text Agree One line 21, pg 265, 8.2.3.2.1, replace "Authorization" with "Authentication"AgreeOn lines 23-24, pg 266, 8.2.3.2.3: a) replace "Authorization FSM" with"Authentication state machine", b) replace "TEK FSM" with "TEK statemachine"AgreeOn lines 26-27, pg 266, 8.2.3.2.3: a) replace "Authorization FSM" with"Authentication state machine", b) replace "TEK FSM" with "TEK statemachine"AgreeOn lines 32, pg 266, 8.2.3.2.3: a) replace "Authorization FSM" with"Authentication state machine", b) replace "TEK FSM" with "TEK statemachine"Agree On line 5, pg 268, 8.2.3.2.5: replace Authorized with Authenticated AgreeOn line 29, pg 270, 8.2.4.6.1.1, replace Authorization with "initial Authentication"AgreeOn line 5 pg 271, 8.2.4.6.1.2, replace Authorization with "initial Authentication"Agree On line 35, pg 280, 8.3.2.3, replace the text "For each of its authorized SAIDs,the CPE" with "For each SA the CPE is configured for, the CPE"Agree On line 2, pg 282, 8.4.2, replace "Authorization" with "Authentication"AgreeAgree replace "authorization" with "authentication"Agree replace "authorized" with "configured"AgreeSee 22-11/0036r1 for proposed modification of text Agree See 22-11/0036r1 for proposed modification of text AgreeSee 22-11/0036r1 for proposed modification of text AgreeModify Figure 113, and replace "Authorization/SA Control" with "SA Control"Agree section numbering should be 7.23.3.2.2.4?Agree section numbering should be 7.23.3.2.2.5?Agree section numbering should be 7.23.3.2.2.6?AgreeAgreeAgreeDelete "s"Agree Delete "s"Agree Delete "coaxial cable and its"Agree Delete "Coaxial cable and" from title Agree Replace EEC with ECC Agree add the semicolon at the end of sentence Agree NCPPP should be italic, CPPP should be subscript AgreeAgree The sentences need to be indented to keep them to be uniform with the othersentencesplease correct Agree add the word 'and', the sentence becomes "This is an optional step and theAgree block is shown..."please correct Agreeplease clarifyAdd few lines of text metioning threshold setting method.Suggested remedy: Refer to a specific version of PKCS#1 - early enough version without support for RSA MultiPrime.Suggested remedy: Create an Annex that specifies the full details of the SEC4 scheme as used in the IEEE 802.22 standard, so as to be independent of any changes made by an external standards body. Please note here that the latest draft on the SECG website is v0.91 (dated November 18, 2008) and, although the final specification was supposed to be published prior to end of February 2011, this did not happen.Suggested remedy: specify an elliptic curve with higher cryptographic bit strength.Withdraw Aziz Rahman (email: 14 March 2011, 17:12:18 +0900):I will withdraw the comment #60, on 802.22 D2 as shownin the file: 802.22-11-40r0.Previous comment #100 from the first re-circulation.Previous comment #125 from the first re-circulation.Apurva's question:"IEEE 802.22 is planning to refer to the SEC4 Standardwhich is a Draft Standard under development as anormative reference."Micheller Turner's response:"The reference to the draft is fine. However, please makesure when it's referenced it includes the date and versionof the draft. Also, Please make sure the draft is readilyavailable, because we will need to footnote how the draftcan be obtained."Apurva:"IEEE SA is okay with us providing a normative referenceto a standard that is not complete, as long as it is readilyavailable and we refer to the exact version."Withdraw Rene Struik (email: 13 March 2011, 19:09:06 -0400):"Those are indeed the correct references and I confirm Iwill withdraw #1 you quoted below."OK Done.0 OK Done.0OK Done.0 OK Done.0OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0OK Done.0 OK Done.0OK Done.0 OK Done.0OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0OK Done.0 OK Done.0OK Done.0OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0 Still needs to be done.2OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0OK Done.0 OK Done.0 OK Done.0To be discussed with Aziz since this is4 NICT contribution.Since this is an NICT contribution, the5 suggested text could be added as an editorial matter related to this sensing method only if Aziz can provide the text.5 It is believed that the proposed changewas implemented in Draft 2.0 byspecifying an earlier version of the RFC throughout the Draft. Ranga to confirm.Need to specify the right version of the5 document (SECG version of November15, 2006) in section 2 and where it canbe found (URL?).OK No change.0。

《把你的英语用起来》笔记整理

1.专业的词汇测验网站2.透析法的原理就是对英文原著中的生词等语言知识进行滤膜分析——英语的所有单词都“溶解”在英文原著的巨大“海洋”中，透析法就是对“海水”持续进行淡化处理，以电子词典为滤膜，定量析出“海水”中的生词，输入大脑记忆中枢。

生词遗忘相当于“回渗”，但只要持续透析，原著的单词会反复出现，结合原文背景，都将进入大脑的长期记忆，从而增加个人的词汇量。

3.透析法的基本原则就是模拟老外的生活常态，在技术上完全可以不投入额外的时间，就能提升英语文化水平。

4.学习英语的误区误区一：以背单词为核心误区二：语法无用论或语感重要论语法是非常非常重要的，没有语法，你不可能读懂各种长句子和结构复杂的句子，继而就无法写成具有层次感的长句子，还会对自己的阅读理解和写作能力造成难以克服的障碍！不同于市面上强调语法无用或者语感重要的学派，我们认为语法学好了，才代表语感强，否则所谓语感不过是碰运气做选择题正确率高罢了，这本书也会很强调语法和阅读的学习，这是我们认为最基本的学习态度。

误区三：口语万能至上论口语不好的真正原因：（1）听力输入量实在太少，包括自吹自己听力不错，都能听懂的。

（2）根据认知语言学的说法，初始学习外语的时候，要每天大量地、像洗澡一样地进行听力灌入，每天两个小时，持续半年时间不中断，才有可能慢慢开口说话。

误区四：口音纯正标准论在入门时期应该以美音为主，接触大量的优秀ESL （外语教学）教材，彻底突破听力和口语关。

等基础打好了，那个时候如果你还有兴趣，可以自己选择世界上任何一个国家的口音，去寻找自己喜欢的材料好好模仿。

一般意义上的英文“口音”主要由pronunciation（发音）、intonation/speech music（语调）和liaison/word connection（连读）三大重要部分组成，pronunciation 是最容易学到的，但对中国人来说，intonation/speech music和liaison /word connection 基本穷极一生也难以学得地道（汉语的语音结构和英文差异实在太大）。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

第一篇单句（The Simple Sentence）第一章基本句型（Sentence Patterns）前言英文文法是英文写作必备的基础。

写作牵涉到的问题可说千头万绪，小自用字、中间是句子、大到文章组织，每一个环节都必须处理得当。

在「听、说、读、写」的英文学习过程中，写作一向是最后、也是最困难的一步。

英文文法探讨的对象是「句子」；学习文法的目的在于认识英文句子的构造与所有的变化、看懂最复杂的句子，进一步能够写出从单句到复合句到减化从句、清楚正确而又富有变化的各种英文句子。

初级句型这本文法书将带领读者，分成三个层次逐步打通英文句子写作的所有环节。

第一个层次是最基本的单句层次，介绍英文单句的五种基本句型。

这个部分的目标在于建立一个架构：最基本的英文单句必须符合五种基本句型之一，才是正确的英文句子。

这个部分最简单，但也可以说是最重要，因为单句是往后架构复合句以及减化从句等一切变化的基础。

英文单句中可能出现的一些元素，包括名词词组、动词词组、修饰语（形容词与副词、含介词词组）等等，这些元素本书也都安排在单句的层次一一处理。

处理名词词组这个元素时将一并处理到限定词的用法。

处理动词词组时将一并处理到一些依赖动词来表现的变化，包括时态、语气（含助动词与假设法）、以及语态（主动与被动）等等。

处理这些问题时难免要牵扯到复句的观念进来，例如解说时态的变化必须提到时间副词从句。

但是本书在单句这个层次并不会深入探讨复句，只是先引用一些复句做为例子、留待以后再做更完整的说明。

接下来本书将处理一些介乎单句与复句之间的元素：动名词词组、现在分词词组、过去分词词组、不定词词组、原形动词等等。

这些元素，传统文法视为词组看待，统称为动状词（verbals），仍然属于单句的层次。

新的文法观念则将其视为从句看待，统称为非限定从句（nonfinite clauses）。

本书在单句的层次将先采取传统文法的认定、以词组的角度向读者介绍一次这些元素，留待后面再来做更深入完整的探讨。

中级句型告别了初级的单句层次，接下来就要进入复合句的层次了。

这个部分可以称为中级句型的层次。

运用连接词结合两个以上的单句，可以构成合句（compound sentences）或者复句（compl ex sentences）。

采用对等连接词如 and, or, but 之类来连接两个对等从句，可以构成一个合句。

复句则是由主要从句加从属从句而构成，采用从属连接词如 that, because, w hich 之类来连接。

从属从句依其词类，又可分为名词从句、副词从句、以及形容词从句（又称关系从句）。

这些复合句就是本书在中级句型的层次将要探讨的对象。

读者在单句的层次，如果基本句型的架构建立得够扎实，那么结合单句来架构复合句就不会有太大的困难。

高级句型最后是高级句型的层次，也就是减化从句（reduced clauses）的层次。

所谓减化从句，涵盖了传统文法中所谓的非限定从句、分词构句、同位格、以及另外一些构造。

它以中级的复合句为原料来进行减化，保留一个限定从句，但是压缩掉复合句中所有重复与空洞的成分、制造出既简洁又清楚的高级句子。

读者如果依照本书的规划循序渐进、建立了扎实的复合句架构，那么接下来采用本书独创的一些观念来建构减化从句，将会是水到渠成的工作。

单句：五种基本句型接下来就从单句开始切入。

英文的单句，依照动词特性的不同，可以分为五种基本句型。

换个角度来看：必须符合五种句型之一，才是正确的英文单句。

这五种句型分别是：1. S+V2. S+V+O3. S+V+C4. S+V+O+O5. S+V+O+C（S：主语，V：动词，O：宾语，C：补语）前面所说的「动词特性」，主要得看这个动词是及物（transitive）还是不及物（intrans itive），另一个角度是看它完全（complete）还是不完全（incomplete）。

如果它是及物动词，那么后面必须有个宾语（object），因此它必须使用在上列句型第2、第4、或者第5这几个有宾语的句型中。

反之，不及物动词后面不能有宾语，就只有上列句型第1与第3这两种没有宾语的选择。

另外，如果这个动词是不完全动词，那么后面需要有个补语（complement）来补足它、产生完整句义，那么就只有上列句型第3和第5这两种有补语的选择。

反之，如果是完全动词，那么后面不需要补语，于是就有上列句型第1、第2、以及第4这三种没有补语的选择。

虽然一般人刚开始学习文法时就会接触到五种基本句型，但是其中两种（上列句型第3和第5）采用不完全动词、含有补语的句型，许多人恐怕一直没有真正搞清楚是怎么回事。

如果五种单句当中有两种都没有弄懂，接下来用两个以上单句结合而成的复合句就更没办法弄清楚了。

所以，要想了解英文的基本句型，补语是最大的关键。

主部与述部一个完整的句子，必须能够表达完整的意思。

这至少需要两个部分：主部（subject）和述部（predicate）。

主部，是介绍这个句子主语的部分，就以句子的主语为核心，告诉读者「这个句子讲的是『什么人或什么东西』」。

述部，则是句子中担任叙述工作的部分，以句子的动词为核心，告诉读者「这个人或这个东西『怎么样』。

」一般的句子，在述部通常都是由动词来挑起主要的叙述工作。

例如：1. The dog barked at the mailman. 狗冲着邮差叫。

S V2. The dog bit the mailman. 狗咬邮差。

S V O在例1中，这个句子的主部就只包含the dog这个主语，它就是这个句子叙述的对象。

讲白一点就是：这个句子要告诉读者的是有关the dog的事情。

是什么事情呢﹖主要是：牠「叫」(barked)。

述部的动词barked构成这个句子最主要的叙述内容。

至于说牠是在对谁叫，则是可有可无的细节，以介词词组at the mailman来表示，依附在动词上当做修饰语使用。

换句话说，例1如果只说The dog barked，在述部不加任何修饰语，仍然可以构成一个意思完整、句型正确的句子。

及物动词与不及物动词像bark这种动作，可以独立发生、不牵涉到别的人或物，这种动词就是「不及物」动词。

可是像例2中bite这种动作，就必须发生在另一个对象的身上：要做出「咬」的动作，得有个东西「被咬」才行。

「咬」这种动词就叫「及物」动词，它后面通常必须跟着一个宾语来「接受」这个动作。

例2中，bit就是及物动词，而the mailman就是它的宾语。

这里要说明一下。

同一个动词，视用法的不同，往往有可能当及物动词使用、也有可能当不及物动词使用。

拿刚才看到的那个动词bite来说，一般的用法应该是及物动词，需要有个宾语。

但是它也可以这样使用：你看到一条凶恶的斗牛犬没有系链子，连忙闪开一边；这时牠的主人却笑咪咪地说：Don’t worry. It doesn’t bite. 别担心。

牠不咬人的。

S V上面这个句子，主语it仍然代表「狗」，动词仍然是bite，不同的地方在于：同样这个动词现在没有宾语了，也就是改当不及物动词使用。

写作的时候，每个英文句子都会有动词，也都需要判断这个动词是及物还是不及物、不能用错了句型。

研究文法，可以了解有哪几种句型、每种句型当中有哪几种元素等等。

但是文法并不能告诉我们某一个动词是及物还是不及物。

要解决这个问题，必须经过广读：大量阅读英文句子、大量接触，逐渐对一些常用动词的用法会有一些把握，知道它是及物还是不及物、后面该不该有宾语。

何谓补语传统文法处理句型问题时，对「补语」一词、以及「不完全不及物动词」和「不完全及物动词」等等，并没有讲得很清楚。

动词的及物或不及物还算比较容易了解的观念，至于什么叫做「不完全」、连带什么叫做「补语」，传统文法一直语焉不详。

其实，要了解补语，只需要研究那些解释为「是」的动词。

基本句型分为五种，是因为有五种特性各不相同的动词造成的。

在所有的英文动词中，只有解释为「是」的这种动词是空的、完全没有意义。

这种动词就需要补语来补足句子的意思。

一种欠缺叙述能力的动词接下来要进入重点所在了。

在例2中，bit虽然需要宾语，可是句子最主要的内容还是在主语、动词这两个部分。

主部的主语部分告诉我们这个句子要叙述有关the dog的事情；述部的动词部分则是叙述牠做了个「咬」的动作。

如果只说The dog bit，那么这个句子还没有交代清楚「狗咬了谁」，是不好的句子。

可是，它并非完全没有意义，至少我们可以看出来：这只狗咬了个不晓得是什么的东西。

另一种可能的解释是：这只狗会咬人（把bite 当不及物动词看待）。

反之，如果一个句子缺了补语，就会变得完全没有意义。

拿上列句型节3（S+V+C）来说，这种句型在述部的动词都是一些本身完全缺乏叙述能力的动词，如果再少了补语就等于述部完全没有对主语做任何的叙述。

请注意：在所有的英文动词中，只有那些解释为「是」的动词是空的，完全没有叙述能力。

一般的动词，不论及物或不及物，都要在述部挑起叙述最主要内容的工作。

只有那些解释为「是」的动词完全缺乏叙述能力，只能扮演串连的角色，真正做叙述的部分其实是在它后面。

例如：3. The dog was a bulldog. 那是只斗牛犬。

S V C4. The dog was mean. 那只狗很凶恶。

S V C在例3中，主部的主语the dog不变，可是述部的动词was就和之前的例子都不一样。

这个动词解释为「是」，它并没有告诉我们有关the dog的任何事情。

述部的动词本身没有内容，所有叙述的工作完全落在后面的a bulldog之上。

动词was只是把主语the dog和后面的a bulldog之间画上等号、串连起来而已。

不必翻译的动词：be动词例4 The dog was mean.更明显，把它翻译成中文是「那只狗很凶恶」。

请注意：在中文翻译中，动词「是」完全不见了！请想一想下面这两个句子，中文该怎么翻译？Your girlfriend is beautiful.You are so lucky.在中文里，如果后面跟的是形容词，那么动词「是」经常被丢掉。

好比上面这两个例子，如果说成「你女朋友是美丽的」以及「你是幸运的」，完全不像中文说话的口吻。

应该这样说才对：「你女朋友很漂亮」，以及「你真幸运」。

这两个例子充分显示「是」这个动词是空的、完全没有意义。

在英文中is是动词，是句子的主要元素、不能丢掉。

可是它不像一般的动词能够挑起主要的叙述工作：它是空的、没有任何意义。

再换个角度来看：如果只说The dog was、或Your girlfriend is、或You are，这些句子在一般的情况下都是错的、而且都没有完整的意义，因为动词「是」本身完全没有叙述能力。

连缀动词所有解释为「是」的动词都没有叙述能力，只能够把主语和后面真正在做叙述的部分串连起来，所以它又叫做「连缀动词」(linking verb)。