英语谚语的概念隐喻结构研究
汉英隐喻性谚语的概念隐喻认知类型分析
为隐喻不仅是修辞手段 ， 更是一种认 知方式乃至 行为方式 ， 其本质 特征是 以一种事物来 理解 和体 会另一种事物 Ｊ 。由此可见 ， 隐喻包括概念隐喻 和语言隐喻两个层次。概念隐喻是隐喻的深层结
喻对人 的认 知思维能力 ， 特 别是在 对抽 象事物进行理解 和表 述 的过程 中起到 了重要作 用。同时 ， 汉英谚语 多
数具有 隐喻 性 ， 其 句式 简洁、 寓意深刻 ， 是人 类认知 活动 的产物 ， 蕴藏 着各 自的民族 文化 和 生活经验 ， 对概 念 隐喻 的认知 类型及应用特点的研 究有很 大帮 助。
第３ ９卷 第 １期
２ ０１ ３ 年 １ 月
江苏师范大学学报 （ 哲 学社 会科 学版 ）
Ｊ ．ｏ ｆ Ｊ ｉ ａ ｎ ｇ ｓ ｕ Ｎ ｏ ｒ ｍ ａ ｌ Ｕ ｎ ｉ ． （ Ｐ ｈ ｉ ｌ ｏ ｓ ｏ ｐ ｈ ｙ ａ ｎ ｄ Ｓ ｏ ｃ ｉ ａ ｌ Ｓ ｃ ｉ ｅ ｎ ｃ ｅ ｓ Ｅ ｄ ｉ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ
谚语具有传统或普遍意义上 的真理性 ， 蕴含着一 个国家或一种文化的集体智慧 ， 折射 出人们对某 种现象或事件 的评价态度 。有些谚语也 为 自 。
身作 了定义 ， 如汉谚 ： “ 茄子不开虚花 ， 谚语 都是 实话” ； “ 泉水最清 ， 谚语最精” ； “ 水滴积 多盛满
盆， 谚语 积多 成学 问 ” 。又如英 谚 ： “ Ｐ ｒ ｏ ｖ ｅ ｒ ｂ ｉ ｓ ｏ ｎ ｅ ｍ ａ ｎ 台ｗ ｉ ｔ ａ ｎ ｄ ａ ｌ ｌ ｍｅ ｎ ｗ ｉ ｓ ｄ ｏ ｍ” （ 谚语 是 个人 的悟 性与大众 的智 慧） ； “ Ｐ ｒ ｏ ｖ ｅ ｒ ｂ ｓ ａ ｒ ｅ ｓ ｈ ｏ ｒ ｔ ｓ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｅ ｎ ｃ ｅ ｓ
［ 中图分类号 】 Ｉ １ ７ ／ Ｈ ０ ３ ４
浅谈英语谚语的修辞手法
浅谈英语谚语的修辞手法1. 引言1.1 引言英语谚语作为英语语言中的一种特殊表达形式，在修辞手法方面有着独特的特点。
本文将从引用的定义、修辞手法、举例解析等方面探讨英语谚语中的修辞手法，重点分析比喻和排比在谚语中的运用，以及谚语所蕴含的深刻内涵。
通过深入研究英语谚语的修辞手法，可以更好地理解谚语的意义与启示，从而更好地运用和理解英语表达中的修辞手法。
1.2 背景介绍英语谚语是英语中常用的一种修辞方式，通过简洁、形象的语言表达出深刻的道理和智慧。
英语谚语在日常生活中被广泛使用，不仅丰富了语言表达方式，也传递着人们的智慧和生活哲理。
通过学习英语谚语，我们不仅可以提升语言运用能力，还能从中领悟到人生的道理和智慧。
在本文中，我们将探讨英语谚语的修辞手法，深入剖析其中的比喻和排比等修辞手法，帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些谚语。
通过对英语谚语的研究，我们可以更好地掌握语言的魅力，提高自己的表达能力，同时也可以领悟到其中蕴含的智慧和人生哲理。
让我们一起来探讨英语谚语的魅力和奥秘，感受其中的智慧和深刻含义。
2. 正文2.1 引用的定义"引用"是修辞手法中的一种，指的是在文章中引用他人的观点或言论来支持自己的论点。
通过引用他人的话语，可以增加文章的权威性和可信度，同时也能够更有说服力地表达自己的观点。
引用通常需要注明出处，以示尊重原作者的版权权益。
在英语谚语中，引用的形式多样，可能是直接引用他人的话语，也可能是借用某个故事或典故来阐述一个道理。
通过引用，可以使谚语更具深度和内涵，让人们更容易理解其中所包含的道理和智慧，同时也能够让谚语更加生动有趣。
在修辞学中，引用的运用需要注意引用的时机和方式，不能过多地依赖他人的观点而失去自己的独立思考，同时也要确保引用的内容和自己的论点相互协调，避免出现矛盾和不连贯的情况。
引用的灵活运用可以使文章更富有表现力和感染力，让读者更容易被文章所吸引。
2.2 修辞手法修辞手法是修辞学的重要内容之一，是指在语言表达中为了增强感染力、形象力和说服力而采用的一种技巧性手段。
英语谚语和汉语谚语中的隐喻
英语谚语和汉语谚语中的隐喻隐喻是谚语中最常用的修辞形式，而通过对英语谚语和汉语谚语中的隐喻进行对比，可以发现二者在喻义和喻体使用上的共同、共通和相异之处，从而可以让我们了解两国在风土人情、生活哲理等方面的异同，感受东西方语言文字的不同魅力。
标签：英语谚语汉语谚语隐喻谚语是“人们经常使用的语言，亦即常采用隐喻或双声的形式，用以表达人们体验和观察所得的真理，并为群众所熟悉的简练语句。
”A short pitch saying in common and recognized use, a concise sentence, often metaphorical or alliterative in form, which is held to express some truth ascertained by experience and familiar to all.这是《牛津大辞典》对谚语(proverb)的释义。
可见，英语谚语使用隐喻的情况相当普遍。
其实，隐喻并不是英语谚语的专利，而是各国谚语的共同特点之一，对英语和汉语谚语中使用隐喻的情况做一下比较，可以让我们了解两国在风土人情、生活哲理等方面的异同，感受东西方语言文字的不同魅力。
谚语中的隐喻，是指通过一定的形象比喻来揭示出深刻的道理。
因而，这类谚语都具有形象和喻义两个方面。
用作比喻的具体形象称为喻体，同一喻体可以做不同的比喻，不同的喻体也可以表达相同的喻意。
将英汉两种语言中含有隐喻的谚语进行比较，可以发现下面三种情况：一、喻体、喻义相似或相同英、汉谚语都是在各自特定的母语文化中发展起来并在群众中流行的，能够从两种不同文化背景下的谚语中找到完全对应的设喻，实在是很令人欣慰的。
其实，英语谚语和汉语中的谚语一样，大都来自日常生活的经验，讲述老百姓自己的道理。
世间的道理原本就是相通的，因而有不少谚语不谋而合也就不足为奇了。
《圣经》是英语谚语的一个重要来源，在《旧约——诗篇》第九十篇有这样一句：The days of our years are threescore years and ten.（我们一生的岁月是七十岁。
英语隐喻的理解与翻译
英语隐喻的理解与翻译英语隐喻的理解与翻译：一、英语隐喻的定义及构成英语隐喻（metaphor）为英语辞格（figure of speech）用法之一。
与明喻（simile）不同的是，隐喻不用诸如like或as之类的功能词，是一种广为使用、普遍存在的将一物比作另一物的一种表达方法。
西方研究者对隐喻做了深入探讨，将其大致界定如下：隐喻：希腊语的“转换”（meta意为“跨越”，phor意为“运送”），将某物转运过去。
故隐喻将某物视为另一物。
1隐喻：一种蕴含的类比（an implied analogy），它以想象方式，将某物等同于另一物，并将前者的特性施加于后者或将后者的相关情感与想象因素赋予前者。
2英语隐喻的构成要素是：本体tenor、喻体vehicle和喻底ground。
所谓本体the tenor，亦即被表述的概念或者被比较的主体，the idea being expressed or the subject of the comparison；所谓喻体，亦即此概念传递的意象或者此主体传达的意象，the image of which this idea is conveyed or the subject communicated。
3而本体和喻体之间的类似及/或类比之处则是喻底ground，亦即the similarities and/or analogies involved are the Grounds。
41. 本体和喻体同时出现：Mr. Wangle has an angel of a wife. 王先生有位天使般的妻子。
隐喻的本体是wife，喻体是angel，同时出现。
2. 本体未现，喻体出现：He pitied the plumage and forgot the dying bird. 他哀怜鸟儿的翅膀，却忘记了濒死的鸟儿。
隐喻的本体和喻体，各有两个。
第一个本体是法国贵族，喻体是plumage；第二个本体是受苦受难的大众，喻体是the dying bird。
浅谈英语谚语的修辞手法
浅谈英语谚语的修辞手法英语谚语是英语中的一种特殊修辞手法，在日常生活和文学作品中经常可以见到。
谚语的使用能够使语言更加生动有趣，能够引起读者或听众的共鸣。
谚语的修辞手法多种多样，包括比喻、描绘、对比等，下面我们将针对几种常见的修辞手法进行详细的探讨。
谚语中常见的修辞手法之一是比喻。
比喻是通过对两个不同事物的相似之处进行对比，来表达某种含义或情感的修辞手法。
比如英语谚语“Barking up the wrong tree” 就是一个很好的例子。
这个谚语原意是指狗在树下叫，但没有意识到猎物已经跑到另一棵树上去了。
在人际交往中，这个谚语被引申为“错维了”，意即在某个问题上的观点或想法错误或行动错误，得不到期望的结果。
这个比喻的修辞手法让句子更加形象生动，更容易引起读者的共鸣和理解。
谚语中还常见的修辞手法是排比。
排比是将同类事物或同一部分事物进行列举，以增强语气或修辞效果的修辞手法，也可以增强语言的节奏感。
“Out of sight, out of mind” 这个谚语运用了排比的修辞手法，在表达“失去联系就会忘记对方”的情感的通过句子的平行结构产生了良好的韵律感，使整句话更加流畅和易懂。
谚语中还常见的修辞手法之一是对比。
对比是通过对两个相对的事物进行对比，来突出其中的特点或产生某种情感的修辞手法。
英语谚语“Every cloud has a silver lining”，这个谚语通过对云和银色边缘进行对比，表达了“乌云后面必定有一缕阳光”的含义。
这种对比的修辞手法使谚语更富有感染力，并能引起人们对积极的思考和对未来的希望。
除了上述常见的修辞手法，谚语中还有一些其他的修辞手法，比如拟人、夸张、接物等。
例如英语谚语“Actions speak louder than words”，这个谚语运用了拟人的修辞手法，通过赋予行动语言更强烈的表达力，来表达一种观点或情感。
还有“When in Rome, do as the Romans do” 这个谚语运用了夸张的修辞手法，通过夸张的方式来表达一种行为准则。
探究在英语谚语中关于动物“猫”的隐喻
探究在英语谚语中关于动物“猫”的隐喻在英语中，我们经常可以听到关于动物“猫”的谚语，这些谚语往往具有深刻的隐喻意义，反映了人们对猫的多种观念和想法。
本文将探究在英语谚语中关于动物“猫”的隐喻，分析这些谚语背后蕴含的文化内涵和人们对猫的不同看法。
1. A cat has nine lives.这句谚语意思是“猫有九条命”，用来形容猫的生命力很顽强，能够在面对危险时幸存下来。
这句谚语也被引申为比喻一个人具有顽强的生存能力和韧性。
在英语中，这句谚语被使用得非常普遍，形象地展现了人们对猫的一种敬畏和仰慕之情。
2. When the cat's away, the mice will play.这句谚语的意思是“猫不在时，老鼠会玩耍”，用来比喻当一个人物或者监督者不在场时，其他人就会逞能耍滑。
这句谚语的内涵是提醒人们要时刻保持警惕，不要放松对自己和周围事物的监管和管理。
这也反映出人们对猫的斥责和警戒的心理。
这句谚语常被用来形容一个人处于焦躁不安、坐立不安的状态，形象地展现了人的焦虑和烦躁的情绪。
在这句谚语中，猫被比喻为焦躁不安的状态，表现出人类对猫的一种内心体验和情感表达。
这句谚语的意思是“好奇心害死猫”，用来警示人们不要过分好奇，以免惹来危险或惩罚。
这句谚语反映了人们对猫的另一种看法，认为猫的好奇心和冒险精神可能导致危险和不幸，因此要引以为戒。
这句谚语与前文提到的“猫不在时，老鼠会玩耍”意思相反，表现了一种另类的情况。
当猫玩耍时，老鼠也会玩耍，用来形容在某种特定情况下，多方面的事物都会同时发生。
这句谚语反映了人们对猫的一种平常心态，认为猫与老鼠之间的互动是一种必然的情况。
通过以上对英语谚语中关于动物“猫”的隐喻的分析，我们可以发现猫在英语谚语中承载了丰富的内涵和象征意义。
猫被用来比喻生命力顽强、人的心理状态、好奇心和冒险精神等多种情感和思想。
这些谚语反映了人们对猫的不同认识和观念，展现了猫在人类心目中的多重形象和角色。
浅析英语谚语的修辞手法及翻译
浅析英语谚语的修辞手法及翻译英语谚语是一个民俗的结晶，是文学宝库中不可或缺的部分。
它句式灵活，拥有丰富的词汇和多样的修辞手法。
它值得每个英语学者去研究。
本文包括英语谚语的修辞手法和翻译两个部分。
介绍了明喻、暗喻、借喻、拟人、拟物、重复、对比、夸张、双关、典故、对偶、矛盾修辞法、交错排列法和押韵十四种修辞方法。
同时也阐述了英语谚语与汉语谚语的异同及英语谚语翻译的方法和误区。
标签：英语谚语修辞手法翻译一、英语谚语的修辞有人曾说过英语谚语具有诗的活泼，文的凝重，熟语的简练。
总之言简意赅、富含哲理、生动形象、幽默风趣等特点，而它所使用的修辞手法更是多不胜数，而这些修辞手法更是让英语谚语散发出多亩的光彩，例如比喻、拟人。
明喻（smile）：以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体喻体之间的相似关系，简单地说，指～种事物被比作另一事物，其中本体和喻体都出现，比喻词有iike，as，as if，as though，as？？as等。
暗喻（metaphor）：这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而直接将事物当作另一事物来描写，本体与喻体的关系比明喻更加紧切。
例如：Time iS money.～寸光阴一寸金。
拟物（zoosemy）：把人当作物（包括动物、植物、抽象概念等）柬写，与拟人恰好相反。
will 1earn to how1.近朱者赤，近墨者黑。
重复（repetition）：谚语中两个或两个以上的单词连续或间隔重复，达到增强语气，突出重点，引起读者关注。
首句重复Like father，like son.有其父必有其子。
句尾重复A bargain is a bargain.契约终是契约。
首尾重复№thing will come of nothing.无风不起浪蝉联（anadiPlOSi S）是反复的一种，即首尾重复Love asks faith，and faithasks firmness.爱情要求忠诚，忠诚要求坚定。
英语谚语中的隐喻应用
第 页I The Application of Metaphor in the English ProverbsA Graduation Thesis Submittedby Lu Qifento Faculty of Applied TechnologyKunming University of Science and Technologyin partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree ofBachelor of Arts in the subject of English LanguageSupervisor: Yang YuDepartment of Foreign LanguagesKunming, YunnanApril 15, 2013第 页II 摘要在传统隐喻研究中，隐喻是一种修辞手段。
随着认知语言学的发展，隐喻成了一种认知手段，和人类体验世界的方法，也成了人类思维和生活的方式。
动物谚语是最生动的语言的集合，它们经常出现在人们的日常交流中，但人们却没意识到这些动物谚语是隐喻。
事实上，在 George Lakoff & Johnson 的概念隐喻框架之下，动物谚语中的源域是动物，目标域是人或与人有关的行为，人们利用人与动物之间的相似性把人类自己的感情表现出来。
本研究从概念隐喻的角度对比分析了汉英动物谚语中动物形象所具有的隐喻意义的相似性与相异性，并通过汉英两种语言中的动物形象来认知人的本质与特点。
关键词：概念隐喻 动物 谚语 对比分析第 页II ABSTRACTMetaphor is seen as a rhetorical method in traditional metaphor research. As time goes by, metaphor becomes a cognitive mechanism. Metaphor is the tool that we use to think and experience the external world, which is seen as …the metaphor we live by‟by George Lakoff and Johnso n.The animal proverbs are the most vivid collection of language, which are frequently used in daily life, but we seldom consider the animal proverbs as metaphor. In fact, under the frame of conceptual metaphor, the source domain of animal proverbs is animal and the target domain is human or concerned human action. People use the similarities between man and animals to express their motions. This research contrastively analyzes the some animal of animal proverbs both in English and Chinese and tries to find the similarities and differences. The animal image can help us have cognition of the nature and features of human being in English and Chinese.Key Words : C onceptual metaphor, Animal, Proverb, Contrast第 页IVACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIn writing this thesis, I have benefited from the support of my teachers and my classmates. They generously helped me collect materials I needed and made many invaluable suggestions. I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which this thesis would not have been possible.First of all, I am extremely indebted to Prof. Yang Yu, my supervisor, for her support, patience and remarkable ideas during the course of writing. Without her thorough and constructive commentary and indispensable help, this thesis could not have become a reality.I am deeply grateful to Prof. Cun Hongbing, Prof. Li Xuefang, Prof. Shi Nianxiang, Prof. Wang Yi, and all the teachers at the College of Foreign Studies, whose wonderful lectures proved to be indispensable to my study.Thanks also go to Lu Fang, Gao Qian, Xie Rui, and all my friends and classmates who helped me in collecting the linguistic data. Their help has been essential.Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their love, support, and good humor.第 页VTable of ContentsTitle Page ...................................................................................................................i Abstract(Chinese)......................................................................................................... ii Abstract(English)................................................................................iii Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................iv Table of Contents.. (v)1. Introduction (1)1.1. Purpose, significance and methodology of this thesis (1)1.1.1. Purpose, significance (1)1.1.2. Methodology (2)2. Conceptual Metaphor (3)2.1. The traditional theory of metaphor (3)2.2. The contemporary theory of metaphor (3)2.3. Conceptual metaphor (4)2.4. Some basic terminologies concerning conceptual metaphor (6)2.4.1. Image schema (6)2.4.2. Domain (6)2.4.3. Mapping (7)2. 5. A Summary (9)3. Comparison of Conceptual Metaphor of Animals in Chinese and EnglishProverbs (10)3.1. Definition of proverbs (10)3.2. Comparison of conceptual metaphor of animals in Chinese and Englishproverbs (11)3.2.1. Similarities of conceptual metaphors of animals in Chinese and EnglishProverbs (11)第 页 V I3.2.2. Differences of conceptual metaphors of animals in Chinese and English proverbs (12)3.3. A Summary (19)4. Conclusion...............................................................................................................20 References .. (VII)第 页1 1. Introduction Metaphor is seen as a rhetorical method in traditional metaphor research. As time goes by, metaphor becomes a cognitive mechanism. Metaphor is the tool that we use to think and experience the external world.The animal proverbs are the most vivid collection of language, which are frequently used in daily life, but we seldom consider the animal proverbs as metaphor. In fact, under the frame of conceptual metaphor, the source domain of animal proverbs is animal and the target domain is human or concerned human action. People use the similarities between man and animals to express their motions. This research contrastively analyzes the some animal of animal proverbs both in English and Chinese and tries to find the similarities and differences. The animal image can help us have cognition of the nature and features of human being in English and Chinese.The authors draw the conclusion: (1) The Conceptual Metaphor has universality and it is applicable to the contrastive research of Chinese and English animal proverbs; (2)For the same natural property, animal source domain in both English and Chinese proverbs has the similar understanding. But the target domain of Chinese proverbs‟ cannot correspond to that in English; (3)Differences and similarities are brought by different cognition mode, cultural values and so on.1.1. Purpose, significance and methodology of this thesis1.1.1. Purpose and significanceThe purpose of this study is to prove conceptual metaphor theory allows the development of human understanding of the proverbs to a deeper level. More important in the study of proverbs, conceptual metaphors can become a new research point of view, to help us understand a proverb to produce the effect.This topic is based on the following considerations: first, the proverbs are cultural accumulation and circulation. What it reflects is by no means obvious literal meaning, so users of the native language is perceived to have a difficulty in understanding. The difficulty of conceptual metaphor theory can help us tap the latent meaning of proverbs in,第 页2 thus this Institute Value is in doubt. Second, the study of proverbs there are many, but most is from the culture, language. Semantic research and teaching perspective, people paid little attention to the level of conceptual metaphors and, therefore, the research must contribute to enrich the study of proverbs.1.1.2. Methodology(1). Contrast methodologyThis article main utilization contrast methodology, through contrast, in order to discover the differences, similarities and the reasons of the concept metaphor in the Chinese-English animal proverbs.All the important conclusions of this article are based on comparison of proverbs instance, and, most of the corpus of this article come from the corpus of commercial Press book Dictionary of proverbs and, therefore, the conclusion has a certain persuasive power.第 页32. Conceptual Metaphor2.1. The traditional theory of metaphor Traditionally, metaphor is viewed as a linguistic phenomenon. Lakoff and Johnson summarize the main ideas of the traditional theory of metaphor as follows:1. Metaphor is a matter of words, not thought. Metaphor occurs when a word is applied not to what it normally designates, but to something else.2. Metaphorical language is not part of ordinary conventional language. Instead, it is novel and typically arises in poetry, rhetorical attempts at persuasion, and scientific discovery.3. Metaphorical language is deviant. In metaphor, words are not used in their proper senses.4. Conventional metaphorical expressions in ordina ry everyday language are “dead metaphors,” that is, expressions that once were metaphorical, but have become frozen into literal expressions.5. Metaphors express similarities. That is, there are preexisting similarities between what words normally designate and what they designate when they are used metaphorically. (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999: 119)Metaphor is for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish —a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language and as a matter of words rather than thought or action (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980: 3). The classical view of metaphor had been taken for granted over centuries until it was challenged in the late 1960s, a time when cognitive metaphor research began to flourish and the contemporary theory of metaphor came into being.2.2. The contemporary theory of metaphorThe contemporary theory of metaphor can be summed up as follows:1. Metaphor is the main mechanism through which we comprehend abstract concepts第 页4 and perform abstract reasoning.2. Much subject matter, from the most mundane to the most abstruse scientifictheories, can only be comprehended via metaphor.3. Metaphor is fundamentally conceptual, not linguistic, in nature.4. Metaphorical language is a surface manifestation of conceptual metaphor.5. Metaphor allows us to understand a relatively abstract or inherently unstructured subject matter in terms of a more concrete, or at least a more highly structured subject matter. (Lakoff, 1993: 202-251)The contemporary theory of metaphor that metaphor is primarily conceptual, conventional, and part of the ordinary system of thought and language can be traced back to Michael Reddy (see Reddy, 1979). Whereas Lakoff and Johnson‟s book Metaphors We Live By (1980) is widely acknowledged as a significant landmark in the cognitive approach to the study of conceptual metaphor. It is in this book that Lakoff and Johnson initiate the key concept “conceptual metaphor” (or short for “metaphor”)and persuasively cla im, “We have found, on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature” (Lakoff & Jo hnson, 1980: 3). In a word, human beings‟conceptual system is structured and defined via metaphor.2.3. Conceptual metaphorWith the creation and development of cognitive linguistics, metaphor is claimed to be a primary way of thinking. In the cogniti ve linguistic view of metaphor, “our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is metaphorically structured and fundamentally metaphorical in nature” (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980:3).In the cognitive linguistic view, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. Examples of this include when we talk and think about life in terms of journey, about arguments in terms of war, about love also in terms of journey, about theories in terms of buildings, about ideas in terms of第 页5 food, about social organizations in terms of plants, and many others. A convenient shorthand way of capturing this view of metaphor is the following: CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (A) IS CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (B), which is what is called conceptual metaphor. (Zǒltán Kǒvecses,2002:4)As stated above, a conceptual metaphor can literally be modeled in the form of “A is B”. In practical applications, conceptual metaphor can be varied in many different metaphorical linguistic expressions. The following are some classic examples from Lakoff and Johnson‟s Metaphors We Live By.(1) Conceptual metaphor: AN ARGUMENT IS A WAR.Some related metaphorical linguistic expressions(see italics):1) Your claims are indefensible.2) He attacked every weak point in my argument.3) His criticisms were right on target.4) He shot down all of my arguments.(2) Conceptual metaphor: LOVE IS A JOURNEY .Some related metaphorical linguistic expressions(see italics):1) We are at a crossroads.2) Our marriage is on the rocks.3) I don‟t think this relationship is going anywhere.4) This relationship is a dead-end street.(3) Conceptual metaphor: THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS.Some related metaphorical linguistic expressions(see italics):1) Is that the foundation of your theory?2) The theory needs more support.3) We need to construct a strong argument for that.4) So far we have put together only the framework of the theory.(4) Conceptual metaphor: IDEAS ARE FOOD.Some related metaphorical linguistic expressions(see italics):1) There are too many facts here for me to digest them all.第 页6 2) I just can‟t swallow that claim.3) Let me stew over that for a while.4) That‟s food for thought.(Zǒltán Kǒvecses,2002:5-6) Although I only listed four metaphorical linguistic expressions for each of the four conceptual metaphors above, we can state the nature of the relationship between the conceptual metaphors and the metaphorical linguistic expressions in the following way: the linguistic expressions are manifestations of the conceptual metaphors, and they make the conceptual metaphors explicit. To put the same thing differently, it is the metaphorical linguistic expressions that reveal the existence of the conceptual metaphors; after being rearranged, most metaphorical expre ssions can be returned to the form of “A is B”.2.4. Some basic terminologies concerning conceptual metaphor“On various traditional views, metaphor is a matter of unusual language, typically novel and poetic language that strike us as deviant, imagina tive, and fanciful” (Lakoff & Turner, 1989:136), it‟s necessary to make clear some related terminologies like image schema, source domain, target domain and mapping, which will be dealt with in the following section.2.4.1. Image schemaImage schema has ever been discussed by Lakoff (1987), Johnson (1987), Lakoff and Turner (1989). Lakoff and Johnson argued that metaphors are based on some certain image schemas, which are derived from the external world and stored in fixed structures in the mind of human being.Image schemas are some imaginable clear structure or framework that have been created, developed, highly conceptualized and then conventionalized in minds of human beings. They are powerful tools and shortcuts for people to cognize their mysterious outer world or themselves. When to think or act, people employ similar image schemas to comprehend the abstract matters like life, love, theory, ideas, social organizations and so on.第 页7 According to Lakoff (1987), image schema can be summarized as structural schema and special schema, the former includes Container Schema, Path Schema, Part-Whole Schema, Link Schema, Forces Schema and Balance Schema, and the latter involves Up-Down Schema, Front-Back Schema, Part-Whole Schema, Center-Periphery Schema, Starting-Path-Ending Schema, and so on.2.4.2. DomainAccording to Zǒltán Kǒvecses, CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (A) IS CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN(B) (Zǒltán Kǒvecses,2002:4) is the structure of conceptual metaphor. Domain is an essential terminology concerning the Conceptual Metaphor Theory.In a conceptual metaphor, there are two domains, one of which is named source domain (concept B), and the other is target domain (concept A). According to important generalization that emerged from conceptual metaphors, people tend to employ a more concrete or physical concept as the source domain, and a more abstract concept as the target. The source domain is usually simple and familiar to us, and used as an aid to understand the target domain, which is invisible, elusive, complex, and unfamiliar to us. In the conceptual metaphor Life is a journey, life is the target domain, and a journey is the source domain.Life is inclusive and abstract, which actually can be comprehended as a career or a span of time by people. Seen from the angle of a specific career, life can be understood by a soldier as to fight, by a teacher as to teach, or by a farmer as to cultivate and so on. Seen from a span of time, life can refer to a long time when we mention the whole lifetime of a person, and it also can refer to a very short period when we mean the blossom of a flower or the thriftiness of grass and so on.The above discussions demonstrate that the definition of life is really endless and hard to define. From a certain perspective under the concrete context, we just regard life as a journey, which also contains a starting point, series of processes and an end. Here life is comprehended in terms of the concept of journey. Thus, Life is a journey is a widely accepted and easily understood conceptual metaphor.第 页8 2.4.3. Mapping What is transferred, then, by a metaphor is the structure, the internal relations or the logic of a cognitive model. In other words, from a cognitive perspective a metaphor is a mapping of 5 the structure of a source model onto a target model. (Ungerer and Schmid, 1996:120)Mapping is one of the theories aiming at exploring the working mechanism of a conceptual metaphor. It was created by Lakoff and Johnson to explain how the metaphorical meaning is formed and how the understanding of it can be realized. According to the Mapping Theory of Lakoff and Johnson, conceptual metaphors are actually sets of systematic correspondences between conceptual domains. In other words, in order to better understand an abstract target domain (the purpose concept), we had better use a more concrete, tangible and specific concept as the source domain. Mapping serves as the process to cast the image schemas of source domains (concept B) onto the target domains (concept A).Generally speaking, mapping has the following features:(1) Metaphorical mapping is unidirectional which means the mapping is always from the source to the target, but not the reversal.(2) Metaphorical mapping is not random but systematic. It follows the Invariance Principle: Metaphorical mapping always casts the preexisting image schema of a source domain, which can reflect the inherent structure of the purpose concept, onto a target domain.(3) Metaphorical mapping is partial, i.e., only some of the characteristics of the source domain are highlighted and then mapped onto the target domain, while the others like the relationship, the outlook, or something else are latent and out of concern.第 页9 2. 5. A Summary Conceptual Metaphor Theory makes a very important contribution to the system of contemporary metaphor theory. Source domain and target domain are two essential terminologies related to CMT (Conceptual Metaphor Theory). They form the model of CMT as: CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (A) IS CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (B). People tend to employ the more concrete and physical concept as a source domain in understanding the more abstract and intangible purpose concept, a target domain.The mapping process is actually to cast the image schema of the source domain onto the target domain, or to find out the inherent universality between the source domain and the target domain, by which the target domain can be understood easily.第 页103. Comparison of Conceptual Metaphor of Animals in Chinese and English Proverbs3.1. Definition of proverbs Human beings should be delighted to enjoy owning so many animals. They are one of the most radical conditions for the development of human society. Moreover, they are animate. It is the existence of animals that makes the world more colorful and fascinating, so if one says that human beings have a very, very close relationship with animals, he will invite no objection. Now that human beings have a very close relationship with animals, it is not surprising that animals will go into languages, therefore, the notion that animals will not set foot in proverbs, the elite of all kinds of languages, will be ridiculous.Because the most important thing this thesis wants to touch is English and Chinese proverbs containing animal words, it is wise to begin with the definition and common features of proverbs. It should be pointed out that, in this thesis, proverbs containing animal words are often shortened to animal proverbs for convenience.What is a proverb? The definition given by Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary (2002:1192-1193) is "short well-known saying that states a general truth or gives advice". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001:1136) defines proverb as "a short well-known statement contains advice about life in general". Dictionary of Lexicography (Hartmann&James, 2000:113) defines proverb as "a culturally significant pithy saying with a moral or practical message". Different scholars may have different opinions on the definition, but they all shed some light on proverb, therefore, it will be bright to take an all-inclusive or all-embracing attitude.In order to understand the common features of proverbs, it will be smart to pay attention to some proverbs about proverbs themselves.Wise men make proverbs and fools repeat them.A proverb is a short sentence based on long experience.Proverbs are the daughter of daily experience.A proverb is much matter decocted into few words.第 页11 Proverbs bear age, and he who would do well may view himself in them as in a looking glass. Actually, there are many proverbs about proverbs themselves. After careful observation, six traits of proverbs regarding proverbs themselves are summed up in Chinese-English Proverbs and Culture (Wang Dechun et al, 2003), that is, the glittering of wisdom, the crystallizing of experience, the refining of language, the edifying of life, the flying of no wings, and the painting of reality.3.2. Comparison of conceptual metaphor of animals in Chinese and English proverbs3.2.1. Similarities of conceptual metaphors of animals in Chinese and English Proverbs(1). Conceptual metaphor about “wolves”Wolf mapping crueltyExample:狼走千里吃人狼肚子里没有好心肝The wolf may lose his teeth, but never his nature.（狼牙会掉，狼性难改。
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谚语 与许 多 的事 例 （ｎｔｎｅ） 着 潜在 的联 系 ，这 些事 例本 ｉｓａｃ 有 身 或 许 在 字 面 意 思 上 （ ｉｅ ａ ｌ １ｔ ｌｙ）毫 无 联 系 ，或 许 在 指 称 上 ｒ （ｅｅｅｔ ｌ ） 无联 系 。在 字 面上 ，多 种体 现 可能 没有 任何 共 同 ｒｆｒｎｉ ｌ 毫 ａｙ 之处 ，它们 的 相似 性 （ ｅｅ ｂａ ｃ 是 通 过各 自与 阐释 的关 系 而 ｒｓｍ ｌｎｅ） 间接 维系 的 。例如 ，关 于 ｉｓｃ 的谚语 中 ，有 这样 一个 概念 隐喻 ： ｕｔ ｅ ｉ Ｆ Ｉ Ｕ Ｇ Ｅ Ｔ 围绕这 个 概念 隐 喻 ，我们 发 现下 列这 些谚 语 ： Ａ ＲＪ Ｄ Ｍ Ｎ 。
Ｈｅ ｒａｌ ａｔｅ ． ａ ｌ ｒｉｓ ｐ Ｇｉｅｔ ｅｄ ｖｌ ｉ ｕ ． ｖ ｈ ｅ ｉｈｓｄ ｅ Ｃｏ ｍｐａｉｏ ｓａ ｅｏ ｏ ｓ ｒｓ ｎ ｒ ｄｉｕ ．
Ｃｉｃ ｍｓ ａ ｅ ｌｅ ａ ｅ ． ｒ ｕ ｔｎｃ ｓａ ｔ ｒｃ ｓ ｓ
Ｈｏ ｅ ｔ ｓｔｅｂ ｓ ｏｉｙ ｎ ｓｙｉ ｅ ｔ ｌ ． ｈ ｐ ｃ
一
Ｓ ｍｅｉ ｓｃｅ ｎ ｙｉ ｒ ｅｔ ａ ｄｃｕｅｔ ｌｍｅ ｃ ． ｏ ｔｍｅ ｌｍｅ ｃ ｓｃｕ ｌｙ， ｎ ｒ ｌ ｃｅ ｎ ｙ ｙ
、
从 以上谚语中 பைடு நூலகம்可清楚地看到概念隐喻 的结构 ：其价值 、其 危 险 性 等 。 这 种概 念 隐 喻是 很 多 谚 语 的语 义 基 础 。
Ｈｏ ｅｔ ｓｉ ｈ ｖ ． ｎ ｓｙｉ ｌｔ ｔｒ ｅｂｙ ｌ ｏ ｉ
Ｈｏ ｅｔ ｓ ａｓ ｄａ ｄｓａ ｖ ｓ ｎ ｓｙｉ ｉｅ ｎ ｔｒｅ ． ｐｒ
Ｐａｎｄａｉｇ ｓ ｊｗ ｌ ｂ ｔｈ ｙｔａ ｓ ｔ ｉｂ ｇａｓ ｌｉ ｅｌ ｉ ａ ｅ ｅ ， ｕ ｔｅ ｈ ｔ ｅｉｄｅ ｇｒ． ｎ ｕ ｅ
Ｃｏ ｆ ｓ ｎ ｅｈ ｇ ｄ． ｎｅ ｓ ｄｂ ａ ｅ ａ ｎ
ＩＳＲ Ｒ Ｔ （ Ｔ Ａ ＩＹ 其稀 缺性 ）
Ｐ ａｎｄ ａｉ ｇｉ ｒ ｉｅ ｒ ａ ｒｃｉｅ ． ｌｉ ｅ ｌｎ ｐ ａｓ ｄｍｏ ｅｔ ｎｐ ａ ｔｃ ｄ ｓ ｈ Ｐ ａｎｄ ａｉｇｉ ｅ ｄ， ｎ ｉｄｗｉ ｏ ｔ ｃ ｓ ｅ ｌ ｅ ｎ ｄ ａ ａ ｄｄｅ ｔ ｕ ｉ ｌ ｓ ｈ ｍｕ ｈｉ ｕ ． ｓ
谚 语 的概 念 隐 喻 的 结构 性 语 言 中有 些 词 很 难 准 确 定 义 ，如 ，ｈ ｎ ｙ （ 实 ） ｏ ｅｔ 诚 ｓ 、宽 容 （ｏｇ ｅｅｓ、友好 （ ｉｄ ｅｓ ｆ ｉ ｎ ｓ） ｒｖ ｋｎｎｓ ）等 。而概念 隐 喻能准 确地 概括 出众 ＿ 谚 语 的核心或 典 型含义 。Ｋ ｖｃｅ （ ９６ Ｌｋ ｆ（ ９ ７ 认 为 ， ｏｅｓｓ １８ ） ａ ｎ １８ ） ｆ 概 念 隐喻 （ｏｃｐｕｌ ｅａｈｒ ｃｎｅｔａｍ ｔ ｏ）是一 种从 源域 （ ｏｒ ｍ ｉ ）向 ｐ ｓｕｃ ｄ ａｎ ｅｏ 目标域 （ａｇｔ ｏ ａ ） ｔ ｅｄ ｍ ｉ 的概 念 映射 （ ｏｃｐｕｌ ａｐｎ ） ｒ ｎ ｃｎｅｔ ｐ ｉ 过程 中引 ａｍ ｇ 起 的 系统 性 的理据 （ｙｔｍ ｔ ｏｉａ ｏ ｓｓ ａ ｃｍ ｔ ｔ ｎ ｏ许 多 英语 谚语 正是 建 ｅ ｉ ｖｉ 立 在 一 些底 层 的概念 隐喻 基 础上 的 ，而 且这 些 概 念是 以典 型 范 畴 的方 式 结 合 在 一 起 。 例 如 ，关 于 ｈ ｎ ｓｙ ｏ ｅｔ 的谚 语 （ 大写 字母 表 示 概念 隐喻 ） ： ＩＳ Ａ Ｕ （ 价值 ） ＴＶＬＥ 其
Ｐａｎｄ ａｉｇｉａ ｅ ｅ． ｌｉ ｅ ｌ ｊｗ １ ｎ ｓ
Ｐ ａｎｄ ａｉｇｉ ｅ ｔ ｌｉ ｅ ｎ ｂ ｓ． ｌ ｓ Ｂｅｔｒｂ ｇｔ ｎｓｅ １ ｔ ｅ ｅ ｈａ ｔａ．
ＡｎＨｏ ｅ ｔｏ ｋｃ ｖ ｌ ｎ ｓ ｏ ｏ ｅ￣ｍａ ｙｆｕ ｔ． ｌ ｎ ａ ｌｓ
坝 代 教 胄
英语谚语的概念隐喻结构研究
田 原
（ 四川 师范 大 学 基础 教 学学 院 摘
四川 成 都
６ ０ ８） １ ６ ０
要 ：在 英语 谚 语 这 种 凝 固的 语 言表 达 式 中 ，存 在 一 些 深 层 的概 念 隐喻 ；这 些 概 念 隐喻 体 现 出很 强 的结 构 性 。 谚 语 的概 念 隐喻 结 概 念 隐喻 生 成性 可预 测 性 Ｉ Ｄ Ｎ Ｅ Ｓ（ Ｓ Ｔ Ａ Ｇ Ｒ 其危 险性 ）
英语 谚 语 大都 言 简 意 赅 ，寓 意 深 刻 ，其 语 言 形 象 生动 ，包 涵 了 重要 的文 化信 息 。另 一方 面 ，英 谚有 自己 的语 法结 构上 的 特点 。 如 ，英语 谚语 都用 现在 时态 （ ｙｎ ９ ７ ６ ８ ｏ本 文将 从 概念 隐 Ｌ ｏｓ１ ７ ： ７ 喻 的角 度 ，对 英语 谚 语 的概 念 隐 喻结 构 和特 点 进 行 一些 探 讨 。
Ｋｉｄｈ ａｔ ｒ ｏ ｎ ｓ ｒ ｎ ｅ ． ｎ ｅ ｒｓａ ｅｓ ｏ ｅ ｔ ｏ ｇ ｄ ｗ Ｇｉｅａｃｏ ｎ ｅ ，ａ ｄｈ ｌ ｋ ｏ ｒｈ ｎ ． ｖ ｌｗｎａｆ ｇ ｒ ｎ ｅｗｉ ｔ ｅｙ ｕ ａ ｄ ｉ ａ
构 具 有 一 定 的 生 成 性 和 可预 测 性 。 关 键 词 ：英 语谚 语
Ｅｖ ｒ ｅｙｍｅ ａ ｓｉ ｅ ｅ ｅ ｄ ｈａ ｔ ｒ ｖ ｒ ． ｌ ｓ ｓ
Ｇｉｅｃ ｅ ｉｗｈｅｅｃｅ ｉ ｉ ｕ ． ｖ ｒ ｄｔ ｒ ｒ ｄｔ ｓｄ ｅ
ｈ ｒ ｒ ｓｄ ｓｔ ｅ ｅ ｙｑ ｓｉｎ Ｔ ｅｅａｅｔ ｉｅ ｖ ｒ ｕｅｔｏ ． ｗｏ ｏ
ＩＳＤＳ Ｄ Ａ Ｔ Ｇ Ｓ（ 劣势 ） Ｔ ＩＡ Ｖ Ｎ Ａ Ｅ 其