英语语言学知识点总结
大一英语专业知识点
大一英语专业知识点英语专业是指通过学习英语语言相关的知识、技能和文化背景，培养学生具备运用英语进行翻译、交流、教学、研究等工作的能力。
以下是大一英语专业的一些知识点：1. 英语语言学英语语言学是研究英语的语音、词汇、句法、语义、语用等方面的学科。
在大一阶段，学生主要学习英语的语音规律、词汇分类及形态变化、句法结构和语义解析等内容。
2. 英美文学英美文学是研究英语文学作品的学科，包括了英国和美国文学的经典作品及作家的研究。
大一时，学生会学习英美文学史的概览，了解不同时期的文学流派、代表作以及对社会历史和文化的反映。
3. 英语写作与口语英语写作与口语是培养学生英语表达能力的重要环节。
学生将学习英语写作的基本技巧，如写作结构、段落组织、逻辑表达等。
同时，口语训练也是重点，包括发音、语调、流利度以及灵活运用词汇和语法等方面。
4. 翻译学翻译学是培养学生英汉互译能力的学科。
学生将学习翻译的理论基础、翻译技巧以及翻译实践，通过课堂练习和译文分析，培养学生的翻译思维和审美能力。
5. 英语语言文化英语语言文化课程旨在让学生了解英语语言所承载的文化背景，包括文化传统、价值观念、社会习俗等。
通过学习英语国家的历史、文化、政治和艺术等方面的知识，学生能更好地理解和应用英语语言。
6. 基础英语知识大一阶段的英语专业还涉及基础英语知识的学习，包括英语语法、词汇积累、阅读理解、听力训练等。
这些基础知识的掌握对于后续学习其他专业课程以及英语交流能力的提高至关重要。
总结起来，大一英语专业的知识点主要包括英语语言学、英美文学、英语写作与口语、翻译学、英语语言文化以及基础英语知识。
通过系统的学习和实践，学生将逐渐掌握英语专业所需的语言技能和文化素养，并为今后的学习和职业发展奠定坚实基础。
专八语言学知识要点
第三章英语语言学第一节语言学基本概念知识点较多，但是多集中于基本概念和运用，不需要深入挖掘，记住基本概念即可。
1 语言的特点和功能特点：Creativity 可创造性Duality 两重性（声音和意义）Arbitrariness 任意性Displacement 移位性Cultural Transmission 文化传递性Interchangeabilty 可交换性Reflexivity 自反性人类的语言可以描述语言本身功能：Informative 信息功能（功能语言学中称之为ideational function）Interpersonal 人际功能通过语言来建立社会联系Performative 施为功能通过语言来完成任务，来自于语用学Emotive 感情功能可以改变听者的感情Phatic Communion 交感功能特定的表达方式来维护关系，例如打招呼Recreational 娱乐功能，例如唱歌Metalingual 元语言功能可以用语言来谈论语言本身2 语言学的主要分支内部分支：Phonetics 语音学Articulatory Phonetics 发音语音学语音产生Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学研究物理特性Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学发音的潜在机制Consonants / VowelsPhonology 音系学研究语音和音节结构分布和排列Phone 音素语言的一个单元或是音段Phoneme 音位在语言中具有区别意义的最小的语言单位Allophones 音位变体put spanContrastive Distribution 对立分析能够找到的最小的语音对bear pearComplementary Distribution 互补分析从不在相同环境出现的音位变体peak speakFree Variation 自由变体同一个词由于某个原因发了两个音，这种差异可能来源于方言或是习惯increaseSuprasegemental Features 超音段特征（音节、重音、音调、语调）Morphology 形态学研究英语中最小单位——语素和成词过程，即单词的内部构造Morpheme 词素最小的有意义的语言单位Free Morpheme 自由语素（有自己构成英语单词的称为此，是单词root/stem）和BoundMorpheme 粘连语素（需要和自由语素联合构成单词的称为此，是词缀，进一步分为Inflectional Affixes 屈折词缀，在现代英语中主要指单复数，时态比较级等等和Derivational Affixes 派生词缀，这是形成新词的关键）。
英语语言学概论知识点总结
英语语言学概论知识点总结English linguistics is a fascinating field that delves into the structure, variation, and evolution of the English language. It encompasses phonetics, which studies the sounds of speech, and phonology, the system of sounds in a language.Morphology, the study of word formation, and syntax, which examines sentence structure, are crucial components of linguistics. They reveal how words are constructed and how they combine to form meaningful sentences.Semantics, the study of meaning in language, and pragmatics, which looks at language in use and the context in which it is spoken, help us understand how language conveys information and intention.Sociolinguistics explores the relationship between language and society, including how dialects and accents vary across different social groups and regions.Psycholinguistics, on the other hand, investigates the cognitive processes involved in language acquisition and use, shedding light on how we learn and understand language.Historical linguistics traces the development of the English language over time, from its roots in Old English through to the modern language we speak today.Finally, applied linguistics takes the theoretical knowledge from these areas and applies it to real-world problems, such as language teaching, translation, and language policy development.In summary, English linguistics offers a comprehensive view of the language, from its smallest units to its role in society, and from its past to its present and future forms.。
教师资格证考试英语学科知识语言学整理高中英语
教师资格证考试英语学科知识语言学整理高中英语高中英语是教师资格证考试英语学科中的一个重要内容。
在高中英语学科中，语言学是一个关键的知识点。
语言学是研究语言的科学，它涉及到语言的结构、规则和使用。
在高中英语的教学中，教师需要了解语言学的基本概念和理论，以便能够有效地教授英语知识和技能。
下面，我将整理一下高中英语语言学的内容，以供教师资格证考试备考参考。
语言学是研究人类语言的学科，它主要包括以下几个方面的内容：一、语音学：语音学是研究语音的学科。
在高中英语教学中，教师需要了解英语的音位、音素和音节的基本概念。
此外，教师还需要了解音标的使用方法，以便能够准确地发音和教授发音知识。
二、语法学：语法学是研究语言的结构和规则的学科。
在高中英语教学中，教师需要了解英语的基本句型结构，如主谓结构、主谓宾结构和主系表结构等。
同时，教师还需要了解英语的时态、语态和语气等基本语法概念，以便能够正确地使用和教授英语语法知识。
三、词法学：词法学是研究词汇的学科。
在高中英语教学中，教师需要了解英语的词汇分类和构词规则。
此外，教师还需要了解英语的词义和词汇搭配等基本知识，以便能够准确地使用和教授英语词汇知识。
四、句法学：句法学是研究句子结构的学科。
在高中英语教学中，教师需要了解英语的句子类型和句子结构。
此外，教师还需要了解英语的从句、状语从句和定语从句等基本句法知识，以便能够正确地使用和教授英语句法知识。
五、语义学：语义学是研究词义和意义的学科。
在高中英语教学中，教师需要了解英语的词汇义项和词汇扩展等基本概念。
此外，教师还需要了解英语的词义变化、义项转换和词义辨析等语义知识，以便能够准确地使用和教授英语语义知识。
在教师资格证考试中，语言学是一个非常重要的知识点。
掌握了语言学的基本概念和理论，教师才能够有效地教授高中英语知识和技能。
因此，考生在备考过程中要重点关注语言学的学习和掌握，加强对语音学、语法学、词法学、句法学和语义学的理解和应用。
f45英语语言文学基础知识
f45英语语言文学基础知识摘要：1.英语语言基础知识2.英语文学基础知识3.实用英语学习技巧4.提高英语语言文学能力的建议正文：一、英语语言基础知识1.语法：掌握英语的基本语法规则，如名词、动词、形容词、副词等词性的用法，以及句子的结构和解构。
2.词汇：积累常用的英语词汇，了解词义、词性以及词组的搭配，逐步扩大词汇量。
3.发音：学习并掌握英语发音规则，提高口语表达能力。
4.拼写：熟悉英语单词的拼写规律，纠正常见的拼写错误。
二、英语文学基础知识1.文学流派：了解不同历史时期的文学流派，如现实主义、浪漫主义、现代主义等。
2.文学作品：阅读经典英语文学作品，了解作品背景、作者生平以及作品的主题和风格。
3.文学术语：学习文学批评和分析的基本术语，如象征、比喻、拟人等。
4.文学奖项：了解世界著名的文学奖项，如诺贝尔文学奖、普利策奖等。
三、实用英语学习技巧1.制定学习计划：根据自己的实际情况，制定合理的学习计划，确保学习效果。
2.多媒体辅助学习：利用网络资源和手机应用，进行听、说、读、写的综合训练。
3.练习题库：做大量的练习题，巩固所学知识，提高应试能力。
4.学习小组：加入英语学习小组，与他人分享学习心得，共同进步。
四、提高英语语言文学能力的建议1.坚持每天学习：养成良好的学习习惯，保持学习的连续性和稳定性。
2.大量阅读：阅读英语文章、书籍，提高阅读速度和理解能力。
3.口语实践：积极参加英语角、语言交换等活动，提高口语实际应用能力。
4.学习与实践相结合：将所学知识运用到实际生活和工作场景中，实现学以致用。
通过以上四个方面的学习和实践，相信大家的英语语言文学能力会得到显著提高。
英语 语言学 知识点整理
★Haliday—child language. Macrofunctions: ideational, interpersonal, textual.★what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?Phonetics----the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words. The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.Chapter2 Phonology★three branches of phonetics:①Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. ②Auditory-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal. ③Acoustic-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer.★Organs of Speech : Pharyngeal cavity–咽腔Oral cavity–口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal cavity–鼻腔★Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. (leaf /l/) ★Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.(dark /l/~)★Phonetics and Phonology区别: are concerned with the same aspect of language- the speech sounds. ①Phonetics: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; phonetic features they possess; how they can be classified, etc. ②Phonology: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.★rules in Phonology:①Sequential rules: Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. ②Assimilation rules: The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.③Deletion rule: It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.★Suprasegmental超切分特征: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone.(intonation: when pitch, stress and sound lenth are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation. //tone: Tone are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Tone is a suprasegmental feature.)Chapter3 Morphology★open class words: new words can be added to these classes regularly. Such as nouns, verbs,adjectives and adverbs. Such as Beatnik. Closed class words:conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of the grammatical or functional words. The number of such words is small and stable since few new words are added.Chapter4 Syntax★determine a word’s category:①meaning. Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meaning associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives.(pretty lady, attribute the property “pretty”to the lady.) ②inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. ③distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, the girl and a card ④小结A word's distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.★phrase包括: head, specifier, complement. ①The word round which phrase is formed is termed head. ②The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers. Specifiers have both special semantic and syntactic roles: Semantically, they help make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, they typically make a phrase boundary. ③The words on the right side of the heads are complements. Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head. They are attached to the right of the head in English.★phrase structure rule: The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.★XP rule: In all phrases, the specifier is attached at the top level to the left of the head while the complement is attached to the right. These similarities can be summarized as an XP rule, in which X stands for the head N,V,A or P. (XP-----> (specifier) X (complement))★coordination rule:Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or. Such phenomenon is known as coordination. Such structure are called coordination structure. (Four important properties:①There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction. ②A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated. ③Coordinated categories must be of the same type. ④The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.) Coordination Rule: X------ > X *Con X)★deep structure and surface structure: There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). //The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).Chapter 5 Semantics★The naming theory: (Greek scholar Plato) According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things.★The conceptualist view: It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through themediation of concepts in the mind.★Contextualism: (J.R. Firth) people should be studied in terms of situation, use, context—elements closely linked with language behaviour. It’s based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context. {A) the situational context: Every utterance occurs in a particular situation, the main components of which include, the speaker and the hearer, the actions they are performing, the various objects and events existent in the situation.-----The seal could not be found. B) the linguistic context: co-text, is concerned with the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word, which forms part of the “meaning” of the word, and also with the part of text that precedes and follows a particular utterance.-----black coffer& black hair.}★Sense refers to the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, which is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it’s abstract and de-contextualized. //Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it is a matter of relationship between the form and reality. //关系: ①Linguistic forms, having the same sense, may have different reference in different situations. ②Linguistic forms with the same reference may differ in sense.-----morning star= evening star. ③Linguistic forms may have sense, but have no reference in the real world.------dragon, ghost.★Hyponymy:It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.★X entails Y: entailment: the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one is inferred from the truth of the other. E.g. Cindy killed the dog entails the dog is dead. (X :John married a blond heiress. Y: John married a blond.)★componential analysis: an approach to analyze the lexical meaning into a set of meaning components or semantic features. For example, boy may be shown as [+human] [+male] [-adult]. semantic features:The smallest units of meaning in a word, which may be described as a combination of semantic components. For example, woman has the semantic features [+human] [-male] [+adult]. //Advantages: by specifying the semantic features of certain word, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.★Predication Analysis:①The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components, that is, the meaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. E.g: The dog bit the man. & The man bit the dog.②There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. Grammaticality: grammatical (well-formedness); Semantically meaningful: selectional restrictions. (selectional restriction: Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by the rules called selectional restrictions, i.e. constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.)……(consist of predicate and argument)Chapter 6 pragmatics★Context(John Firth): The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. ★Speech act theory(John Austin)★Searle’s Classification of Speech Acts: 1 representatives: Stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true. 2 directives: Trying to get the hearer to do something. 3commisives: Committing the speaker himself to some future course of action. 4 expressives: Expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state. 5 declaration: Bring about immediate changes by saying something. ///Conclusion: All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose but differ in their strength or force.★cooperative Principle(CP): Proposed by Paul Grice, the principle that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate in making conversation, otherwise, it would be impossible to carry on the talk.★Historical linguistics: a branch of linguistics, is mainly concerned with both the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time.★semantic broadening: when the meaning of a word becomes broader, it may include all the meanings it used to mean, and then more. Such as holiday, which originally meant holy day, but it means any day which we don’t have to work.★semantic narrowing: semantic change has narrowed the meaning of some words. such as deer(any animal—a particular kind of animal)★semantic shif t: a lexical item may undergo a shift in meaning is the third kind of semantic change.★sociolinguistics: is the sub-field of linguistic that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.★Inter-relationship between language and society:A) language is used not only to communicate meaning, but also establish and maintain social relationships. B) Users of the same language in a sense all speak differently, due to their social backgrounds. C) Language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. E.g. there is only one word in English for snow, and there are several in Eskimo.D) Language is related to the structure if the society in which it is used, therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic.E.g. the use of postvocalic [r] in England and in New Y ork city.★speech community: the social group that is singled out for any special study.★speech variety: refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. i.e. regional dialects, sociolects, registers★Register: in a restricted sense, refers to the variety of language related to one’s occupation. In a broader sense, the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. {A) Field of discourse---- topic: the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior.---- why/ what---vocabulary, phonological, grammatical features B) Tenor of discourse---- role: participants and in what relationship they stand to each other. ---- formality/ technicality of the language we use. C) Mode of discourse ---- means of communication.-----how ( speaking or writing).}★degree of formality: intimate; casual; consultative; formal; frozen★culture: A）In a broad sense: Culture means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. B) In a narrow sense: Culture may refer to a local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc.★The relationship between language and culture:①language as an integral part of human being permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world. It both expresses and embodies cultural reality. ②reflects and affects a culture’s way of thinking and helps perpetuate and change the culture and its influence, which also facilitates the development of this language at the same time. ③language is a part of culture.★Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: A belief that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by their structure of their native language.------interdependence of language and thought….(there are two interpretations: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior. The weak one holds that the former influences the later.)★Greetings and terms of address:A) People in different countries choose the proper greetings to greet different people they meet on different occasions. B) The terms of address can be different in different countries. C) Chinese people will also extend kinship terms and indicate people’s influential st atus.★cultural overlap: The situation between two societies due to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human being★cultural diffusion: Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about cultural diffusion.★linguistics imperialism: it is a kind of kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the world-wide expansion of one language.★language acquisition: It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. (the behaviourist, the innatist{ LAD= Language Acquisition Device}, the interactionist view{motherese, child directed speech, caretaker talk}★under-extension: Use a word with less than its usual range of denotation. E.g, baby uses animal to refer to cat, but denies the bird belongs to an animal.★over-extension:Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children. E.g, baby uses apple for all fruit.★Atypical Development:hearing impairment, mental retardation, autism, stuttering, aphasia, dyslexia, dysgraphia.★second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.★Connection between first language acquisition and second language acquisition: ①Theoretically----The new findings and advances in fist language acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. ②Practically------The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. ③second language acquisition is different from first language acquisition and the second language learners generally fail to attain native-like competence. ★interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions. It is also called learner language.-- its main feature is fossilization.★overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable. E.g: Jane suggested me to give up smoking (×).★cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association. E.g. The apricot is too sour to eat it(×). ★Individual Differences:①Language aptitude ②motivation（instrumental motivation; integrative motivation; resultative motivation; intrinsic motivation pleasure from learning.）③learning strategie (cognitive strategies; metacognitive strategies; affect/ social strategies)④Age of Acquisition. ⑤Personality★Neurolinguistics: is the study of language disorders and the relationship between the brain and language. It includes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.★Aphasia refers to a number of acquired language disorder due to the cerebral lesions caused by vascular problems, a tumor, an accident and so on.★psycholinguistics is the study of psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. It concerns the representation of language in the mind, the planning, production, perception and comprehension of speech, and language acquisition.front central backClose (high) i:I u:uSemi-close (middle)eз:。
简明英语语言学知识点汇总
新编简洁英语语言学知识点汇总1Introduction Whatis linguistics?①t ry to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language;②l inguistics studies not any particular language but languagein general;③s cientific study because based on systematic investigation oflinguistic data.The scope of linguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic. phonetics Study the sounds used in linguistic studyphonology How sounds put together and convey meaning morphology The way symbols representing sounds are arrangedand combined to form wordssyntax Rules governing the combination of wordssemantics The study of meaningpragmatics Study the meaning in contextAbove are major or core branches of linguistics;Following are linguistics link with other disciplines.sociolinguistics language and society psycholinguisticsHowinfant acquire mother tongue,processinformationlanguage and brainApplied linguistics Applied to the recovery oflanguage,language acquisitionSome important distinctions in linguisticsprescriptiveAims to lay down rules for“ correct & standard ”whatever occurs in thelanguage people use should bedescribed and analyzed)synchronicdiachronicThe description of a languageThe description of a languageat some point of timeas it changes through time① Difficult to describe the changes that have taken placein its historical development;② Synchronic description are often thought of as beingdescriptions of a language in its current existence.speech writingdescriptiveDescribe and analyze thelanguage actuallyuse(modern linguists believe thatSpeech is prior to writing:①writing system is always “invented ”by the users to record the speech when the need arises;②speech plays a greater role in terms of amount of conveying information;③ speech is always the way native speaker acquire their mother tongue while writing is learn and taught in school;④spoken language reveals more feature of human speech,whichis authentic while written language is only the revised record of speech.Langue 语言Parole语言The realization of language in Abstract linguistic system;actual use;Concrete;Relatively stable Vary from person to person &situation to situationProposed by Swiss linguist Saussure in the early 20th century:parole is a mass of linguistic facts,to abstract langue from parole.competence performanceThe actual realization of this The ideal user ’s knowledge ofknowledge in linguisticthe rules of his languagecommunication. proposed by American linguist, Similar to Saussure,whatlinguists should study is the ideal speaker ’s competence,notthe performance.Difference:Saussure took sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social convention;whileChomsky looks at psychological point and to him competence isa property of the mind of each individual.Traditional grammar Modern linguisticsPrescriptive;Descriptive;written language is primary;Spoken language is primary;Force language into a Trying to set up a universalLatin-based framework;frameworkModern linguistics begin from the publication of Sassure’sbook course in general linguisticsWhat is languageDefinitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Characteristics:①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsicconnection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well;③language is vocal because the primary mediumfor all language is sound;④language is human -specific,different from animal communication.Design features of languageProposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal &human communication are five major design features of human language:①arbitrarinessNo logical connection between meaning and sounds(exceptonomatopoetic and compound words)②p roductivityIt makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signalby its users.③dualityLanguage is a system which consists of two structures.At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level ofsystem(carp& park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;④DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers;⑤c ultural transmissionWhile humancapacity for language has a genetic basis,the details of any language systems are not genetically transmitted, but instead have tobe taught and learned.(language is cultural transmitted[language notmutually intelligible] while animal call system is geneticallytransmitted)Functions of languageThree main functions of language which distinct from each otherbut actually overlapping to some degree:①d escriptive functionThe primary function of language;The Sichuan earthquake is the most serious one China has ever suffered.②expressive functionand Supply information about the user ’s feeling,preference,prejudicesvalue, will never come to this coffee shop again.③social functionServes to establish and maintain social relations between people. Howcan I help you, Sir?Others:Russian-born structuralRoman Jakobson：six elemenslinguist (function)of a speech:意动 ) context -referential Addresser -emotive ( 动机 ) addressee -conative( message-poetic contact -phaticcommunion code- metalinguisticBritish linguistic Halliday:①ideational function( 语篇功能 )[included descriptive & expressivefunctin] is to organize the speaker’s experience of the real or imaginary world.②interpersonal function is to indicate ,establish,or maintain social relationship between people.[social function]③textual function is to organize written or spoken texts to coherewithin themselves and fit to the particular situation in which they are used.The phonic medium of languageSpeech sounds produced by human speech organTwo major media of communication:speech and writing;what is phonetics?The study of phonic mediumof language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occurs in the world’s language.Articulatory phonetics(发音语言学)Longest Three branches Auditory phonetics(听觉语言学)Acoustic phonetics(声学语言学)organs of speechPharyngeal cavity(咽喉 )Nasal cavity（鼻腔）简洁英语语言学知识点汇总Oral cavity（口腔）Voicing:vibration of the vocal cordsVocal glotorthgraphic representation of speech sounds :broad & narrowcords tisInternational phonetic alphabet:letter ai→soundsBroad(used in textbook):letter symbols [p]lun h Narrow: letter symbols + diacritics(变音符 )[p it] [spit]gh→aspiration[phonetician more interested in]classification of English speech soundsLabio-Dental Alveloar VelarBilabialdental Palatal Glottal（齿（齿龈（软Total（双唇音）（唇齿（腭音）（喉音）音）音）腭）obstruction音）StopsVL p f t k (闭塞音)PartialVD b v d g obstructionFricativeVL o s f h （摩擦音）omplete at firstelease slowly with VD d z gartial obstructionAffricatesVL tf tf（塞擦音）VD dg dgNasalsVD m n n （鼻音）LiquidsVD L,r（流音）GlidesVDwj（滑音）Monophthongs ：closeSemi-closeSemi-openfrontI: Ie centrale:ebackU: uC:openae a^D a:phonologyphonology & phoneticsP h o n o l o g y v s p h o n e t i c sphone phoneme allophonePhoneticSpeech soundsphonemic contrastcomplementary distributionminimal pairsome rules in phonology Sequential rules assimilation rule deletion rulePhonological featuresthat occur above the level of segments)suprasegmental features(phonemicunitDark l &Pill bill Stress : N & v[p][clear lProducedForm patters &Tone ： 四声Different phonesGovern the combination of representinga phonemein Intonation： diffrenty convey different meaning even the sentences unchangedsounds, convey meaningfeatures &3.Morphologydifferent phonetic. Word begin with a [l] orenvironmentGrammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure[r],nextsound must be a vowelWord: the smallest free form found in languageMorpheme: the smallest unit of meaningRoot stem baseAssimilate one sound toanother by copying a feature Root: believeof sequential phoneme,makingStem: believable (除去全部的语法成份 , 留下词根和派生成份 )Base ： unbelievable (un two phones similar的词基 )Derivational morpheme:change category grammatical class of wordsPrefix:change meaningTo tell us when a sound is to be deletedalthough it is orthographicallySuffix: change meaning and parts of speechInflectional morpheme:signify tense number caseWord formation:① Clipping （shortening & abbreviation）[no change of part of speech]gym expo memo disco burger quake fridge script②back-formation [changeof part of speech]editor-edit hawker-hawk beggar-beg baby-sister--baby-sitButcher-butch donation-donate orientation-orient(ate)③ conversion(functional shift):N-v v-n a-v a-n ④acronyms [pronouncedas words]CEO B2B IT CPI IAD WTO BBS(FOR BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM) APEC AIDS UNESCO UCLA IDD⑤initialism[produced as letters]FBI EEC⑥blendingSmoke+fog=smogTaikong+astronaut=taikonaut⑦compoundingBittersweet landlady⑧onomatopoeiaBlast rustle5.SemanticsSome views concerning the study of meaning:1) the naming theory,plato,words→objects Limitations:√N ×ADJ ADV V√Concrete×abstract2)the conceptualist viewSemantic triangle,ogden & richardswords→mind→wordsLimitations:what is the precisely link symbol and concept unclarify 3)Contextualism简洁英语语言学知识点汇总Firth。
英语语言学知识要点
Exercises for Lecture 1 Introduction2009年09月20日15:05I. <blank filling>1. By ‘scientific’ is meant linguistics is based on the s ystematic investigation oflinguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of languagestructure.2. In his study of a language a linguist usually tries to collect and observe languagefacts, make generalizations, formulate hypotheses, and fully prove the validity of these hypotheses.3. General linguistics deals with the study of language as a whole.4. General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models andmethods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas.5. The difference between general linguistics and a linguistic branch such assemantics lies in the fact that general linguistics studies language as a whole,whereas a linguistic branch such as semantics deals with the particular area. For instance, semantics studies the particular aspect of language, or meaning.6. Linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and applied linguistics and so on.7. There are different independent branches of linguistics because language is acomplicated entity with multiple layers and facets, so it is hardly possible for the linguists to deal with it all at once. They have to concentrate on one aspect of it at a time.8. Phonetics is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.9. Phonology deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning incommunication.10. Morphology is the study of the way in which linguistic symbols are arranged and combined to form words.11. Syntax is the study of the rules of the combination of words to form grammaticallypermissible sentences in languages.12. Semantics is the study of meaning.13. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.14. Sociolinguistics is the study of the social aspects of language and its relation withsociety.15. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relation of language to psychology.16. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practicalproblems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications isgenerally known as applied linguistics. But in a narrow sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.17. Descriptive linguistics is a linguistic study which aims to describe and analyze thelanguage people actually use.18. Prescriptive linguistics is a linguistic study which aims to lay down rules for“correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say.19. Modern linguistics is mainly descriptive.20. The aim of prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for “c orrect and standard”behavior in using language, or to set models for language users to follow.21. The task of modern linguistic is to describe the language people actually use,whether it is “c orrect” or not.22. The difference between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics is that prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for language users, whereas descriptive linguistics is to describe the language phenomena as they are. Therefore, the former is subjective, while the latter is objective and more scientific.23. Modern linguistics is supposed to be objective, because it aims to describelanguage as it is.24. Synchronic linguistics is the description of a language at some point of time inhistory.25. Diachronic linguistics is the description of a language as it changes through time. Itis also termed historical linguistics.26. The difference between synchronic and diachronic linguistics is that the formerdeals with language at some point of time in history, while the latter over a period of time.27. Modern linguistics favors synchronic approach because it is less difficult andconcerned with the current existence of language.28. The two major media of linguistic communication are speech and writing.29. Modern linguistics regards as primary speech, or the spoken language.30. F. de Saussure is regarded as the founder of modern linguistics.31. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community. It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.32. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is the concrete use of theconventions and the application of the rules, or the naturally occurring language events.33. Langue is the abstract linguistic system whereas parole is concrete and is therealization of langue in actual use. Langue is relatively stable, while parole varies from person to person and from situation to situation.34. According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user’s knowl edge of the rules of hislanguage.35. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of the ideal user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.36. N. Chomsky proposed the distinction between competence and performance.37. Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, who is famous for his syntactic studies allover the world, and who focuses on the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.38. Saussure’s langue and parole and Chomsky’s competence and p erformance differin that the former takes a sociological view of language, whereas the latter apsychological perspective.39. The difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics is thattraditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive, that traditional grammar tended to emphasize the importance of writing while modern linguistics gives priority to speech, and that traditional grammar forced languages into a Latin-based framework while modern linguistics does not.40. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.41. According to Sapir, language is a purely human and non-instinctive method ofcommunicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily producedsymbols.42. According to Hall, language is ‘the institution whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory symbols.’43. According to Chomsky, language is ‘a set (finite or infinite) of s entences, eachfinite in l ength and constructed out of a finite set of elements.’44. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguishit from any animal system of communication.45. Productivity refers to the fact that language makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users, which is why they can produce andunderstand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. This feature is unique to human language.46. Displacement is the property that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. This feature provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.47. Double articulation refers to the duality of structure, the fact that language is asystem, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.II. <true or false>Identify whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. Linguistics is the systematic study of language.True.2. Linguistics deals with a particular language.False.Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g. English, Chinese, Russian, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies languages in general.3. Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.False.Linguistics is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.4. The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system.True.5. Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.False.We have general linguistics and applied linguistics. We do not have specific linguistics.6. General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.False.General linguistics deals with language as a whole, not with language application in particular.7. General linguistics does not study theories of language.False.General linguistics does study theories of language.8. Phonetics studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.False.Phonetics studies the way human sounds are produced.9. Phonology studies how a sound is produced.False.Phonology studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.10. Morphology is the study of sentences.False.Morphology is the study of the rules of word formation.11. Syntax is the study of the rules of words.False.Syntax is the study of the rules of the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages.12. Semantics is the study of word meaning.False.Semantics is the study of meaning.13. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.True.14. Sociolinguistics deals with the relation between language and society.True.15. Psycholinguistics deals with the relation of language to psychology.True.16. Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.False.It means the application of findings in linguistic studies to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability, or, in a narrow sense, the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.17. Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.False.Modern linguistics aims at describing language as it is.18. Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.False.It deals with language phenomena over a period of time.19. Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.True.20. Langue means competence.False.They are similar, but differ in that the former is related to sociology and is a matter of social conventions, while the latter is concerned with psychology and is a property of the mind of each individual.21. Parole is a French word; it means the concrete language events.True.22. F. de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.True.23. N. Chomsky is an American linguist.True.24. According to Chomsky, the internalization of a set of rules about his language enables a speaker to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.True.25. Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence.False.He regards it as an internalized set of rules of the learner’s language.26. Performance is the focus of Chomsky’s linguistic study.False.Competence, instead.27. Details of language system are genetically transmitted.False.They are not transmitted, but have to be taught and learned instead.28. Displacement of language means language use in a far-away place.False.Displacement of language means language use not subject to time and place.29. Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely.False.Arbitrariness means language is arbitrary by nature, i.e. there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. But language is not entirely arbitrary; certain words are motivated, which make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language, though.30. Duality of language means language is a two-level system.True.。
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英语语言学知识点总结
英语语言学是研究英语语言及其发展历史、语音、语法、词汇、语用等方面的学科。
以下是一些英语语言学的知识点总结:
1. 英语语音学：英语语音学主要研究英语的发音、声调、重音等语音现象。
其中，英语的发音规则主要包括元音、辅音和声调等方面的规则。
2. 英语语法学：英语语法学主要研究英语的语法结构和规则，包括句子结构、时态、语态、名词、形容词、副词等语法范畴。
3. 英语词汇学：英语词汇学主要研究英语的词汇构成、演化和使用情况，包括单词、词组和习语等方面的研究。
4. 英语语用学：英语语用学主要研究英语的语用功能和语境，包括语言交际、暗示、礼貌、语用失误等方面的研究。
5. 英语语音语调学：英语语音语调学主要研究英语的语音语调系统，包括英语的发音、声调、重音、节奏等方面的研究。
6. 英语文体学：英语文体学主要研究英语的文体风格和语言习惯，包括正式文体、口语文体、文学文体等方面的研究。
7. 英语词汇记忆学：英语词汇记忆学主要研究如何有效地记忆英语词汇，包括词汇记忆的方法、技巧和策略等方面的研究。
8. 英语跨文化交际学：英语跨文化交际学主要研究英语在不同文化中的交际和使用，包括跨文化沟通、文化差异、交际礼仪等方面的研究。
以上是一些英语语言学的重要知识点总结，不同学科之间的交叉
和融合也在不断推进着英语语言学的发展。