Chapter Two
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汉英翻译(chapter two)
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1、词汇特点(1exical features)
新闻报道在用词上具有新颖、精巧和别致 的特点，以增强新闻的宣传效果，形成 “新闻词汇”(journalistic words)。新闻词 汇的构成大致有以下六种情况。 （1）旧词换新义 老总
soldier
general or high-ranking commander of the
统治集团；反党集团
the ruling clique; anti-Party clique（ clique：an exclusive circle of
people with a common purpose
这一地区性集团已土崩瓦解。
This regional bloc has fallen apart.
琼州学院外国语学院 18
（3）时间表达有别
① 英语新闻标题：一般过去时表过去； 不定式表将来 ② 汉语新闻标题：借助时间词 施罗德将出访美国
Shroeder to visit US forging ties with the new Bush
(DPA德意志新闻社) 我国承担的人类基因组“天书”接近完成 China to complete draft of 1% Human Genome
Years
琼州学院外国语学院
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三、转换标题形式结构
英文标题无引题，因此应将汉语标题中的引题和 主题合二为一。 例如： （引题）大坝出现“大裂缝”？ 资金是个“无底洞”？ （主题）三峡总公司避谣：空穴来风 Big Rift and Fund Shortage: A Rumor
琼州学院外国语学院
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②修饰语的使用
CHAPTER TWO
2.1.1 以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称
疾病-arthritis（关节炎），bronchitis（支气管炎），
rickets（软骨病），
mumps（腮腺炎）， diabetes（糖尿病）-用作单数
Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. Arthritis is a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of body. Phlebitis（静脉炎） is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.
The herd of cows and claves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes.
2.2.4 a committee of 等+复数名词
如果主语是由a committee of/a panel of/a（the）board of+复数名词构成，动词通 常用单数。 A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition, It is meeting tomorrow.
2.5 Concord of Others
1. PRINCIPLES OF COCORD
Grammatical
Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity
1.1 GRAMATICAL CONCORD
Chapter Two.How to Read a poem
大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆
诗人把笔墨重点用在了他最擅胜场的方面——写景。 作者出使，恰在春天。途中见数行归雁北翔，诗人即景 设喻，用归雁自比，既叙事，又写景，一笔两到，贴切 自然。尤其是“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”一联，写进 入边塞后所看到的塞外奇特壮丽的风光，画面开阔，意 境雄浑，近人王国维称之为“千古壮观”的名句。边疆 沙漠，浩瀚无边，所以用了“大漠“的“大”字。边塞 荒凉，没有什么奇观异景，烽火台燃起的那一股浓烟就 显得格外醒目，因此称作“孤烟”。一个“孤”字写出 了景物的单调，紧接一个“直”字，却又表现了它的劲 拔、坚毅之美。沙漠上没有山峦林木，那横贯其间的黄 河，就非用一个“长”字不能表达诗人的感觉。
• 首句连用三个“鹅”字，表达了诗人对鹅十 分喜爱之情。这三个“鹅”字，可以理解为 孩子听到鹅叫了三声，也可以理解为孩子看 到鹅在水中嬉戏，十分欣喜，高兴地连呼三 声“鹅、鹅、鹅”。 次句“曲项向天歌”，描写鹅鸣叫的神态。 “曲项”二字形容鹅向天高歌之态，十分确 切。鹅的高歌与鸡鸣不同，鸡是引颈长鸣， 鹅是曲项高歌。
2. Take a deep breath and relax.
Read the poem once slowly aloud without writing or marking anything. Don't stop until you finish the poem, even if you don't know the meaning or pronunciation of a word. When you have finished, reflect for a moment on any words, images, and characters that caught your attention. Jot down these items in your notebook, along with one sentence in which you try to summarize the poem.
了不起的盖茨比-CHAPTER TWO
PART 2
Characters introduction
Tom
Nick
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle） Mr.Wilson McKees Catherine
The dog vendor
spousal relationship
McKees
Tom:
and his determination to have my company bordered on violence. 他硬要我陪他的做法近乎暴力行为 "Go and buy ten more dogs with it.” 给你钱。拿去再买十只狗。 “Daisy! Daisy! Daisy!” shouted Mrs. Wilson. “I’ll say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai——” Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand. "黛西！黛西！黛西！"威尔逊太太大喊大叫，"我什么时候想 叫就叫！黛西！黛……" 汤姆· 布坎农动作敏捷，伸出手一巴掌打破了威尔逊太太的鼻 子。
pride violence conceit self-righteousness but rational
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle）:
Mrs. Wilson gathered up her dog and her other purchases, and went haughtily in. 威尔逊太太向四周扫视一番，俨然一副皇后回宫的神气， 一面捧起小狗和其他买来的东西，趾高气扬地走了进去。 “I married him because I thought he was a gentleman,” she said finally. “I thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasn’t fit to lick my shoe.” "我嫁给了他，是因为我以为他是个上等人，"她最后说， "我以为他还有点教养，不料他连舔我的鞋都不配。"
国际商务函电Chapter two
You may find them through the following channels 1.Overseas Chamber of Commerce 海外商会 2.The Economic and Commercial Counselor’s Office of the Embassy of People’s Republic of China in Foreign Countries
3. We are a government-owned corporation, handling both the import and export of garments. • 我们是国营公司，从事服装的进出口业务。 我们是国营公司，从事服装的进出口业务。 1) a government-owned corporation （enterprise） :国有企业 ） 国有企业 • a state-operated corporation / a public-owned corporation • a private corporation 私有公司 企业 私有公司/ 2) handle v. 经营 • to deal in , to trade in , be in line , fall within one’s business activities • line n. business, profession, trade行业 职业 行业, 行业 • in the line of cotton piece goods 经营棉布业
Our line is porcelain.我们经营瓷器。 我们经营瓷器。 我们经营瓷器 Tea is in our line .我们是经营茶叶的。 我们是经营茶叶的。 我们是经营茶叶的 Tea falls within our business activities. We are a state-operated company, handling exclusively the import and export of Cotton Piece Goods.我们是国营公司，专门经营棉布的 我们是国营公司， 我们是国营公司 进出口业务。 进出口业务。 • We trade in all kinds of cotton piece goods.我 我 们经营各种各样的棉布。 们经营各种各样的棉布。 • They are mainly dealing in fertilizers.他们主要 他们主要 经营化肥。 经营化肥。 • We have been for many years in the chemical line.我们从事化工产品这一行业已有多年。 我们从事化工产品这一行业已有多年。 我们从事化工产品这一行业已有多年 • • • •
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2.3.1 Gestural use vs. Symbolic use
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小说中就存在典型的指示映射：这时的指 示中心不再是发话者---作者本人，而是小 说中的人物，或者是虚构的叙述者 （narrator）。
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指示语映射现象主要通过以下两种方式实现: 第一种情况是说话人把指示中心从“自我” 转移到他人身上:或者以听话人为中心;或者 是以其他非受话参与者(non-addressed participant)为中心;再或者以其他事物为 中心,可以是两个人之中任何一个人的家宅 所在地为中心,语用学家把这种用法称为 “以家宅为基础”(home-based)。
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第二种情况是在叙述文中,指示中心从话语 生产者(作者本人)转移到故事中的某个角 色身上或者转移到隐藏在幕后虚构的叙述 者身上。 (12) I was looking at this little puppy in a cage with such a sad look on its face. It was like,“Oh, I’m so unhappy here, will you set me free?”
g. ARRIVING 11:30 AM TOMORROW.
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Chapter two Deixis
2.1 What is deixis? 2.2 Deictic center 2.3 Different uses
2.3.1 Deictic Use and Non-deictic Use 2.3.2 Gestural Use and Symbolic Use 2.3.3 Anaphoric Use and Cataphoric Use
美国文学史chaptertwo(sectionI)
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Major Writers and Literary Works
--- several names attached to Irving (1) the first American writer who gained international fame (2) started short story as a literary genre (3) father of American literature
• Characteristics of Romanticism • 1. subjectivity • (1) feeling and emotions, finding truth • (2) emphasis on imagination • (3) emphasis on individualism –
(Rousseau: French Philosopher)
American Romanticism
• Background • (1) Political background • a. economic boom • b. calling for culture independence • c. eagerness in literary expression • (2) Romantic movement in European
• Major work:
• The Sketch Book , including his best-known short stories The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle
countries
Features
• (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience” and blended with “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.
Major Writers and Literary Works
--- several names attached to Irving (1) the first American writer who gained international fame (2) started short story as a literary genre (3) father of American literature
• Characteristics of Romanticism • 1. subjectivity • (1) feeling and emotions, finding truth • (2) emphasis on imagination • (3) emphasis on individualism –
(Rousseau: French Philosopher)
American Romanticism
• Background • (1) Political background • a. economic boom • b. calling for culture independence • c. eagerness in literary expression • (2) Romantic movement in European
• Major work:
• The Sketch Book , including his best-known short stories The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle
countries
Features
• (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience” and blended with “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.
Chapter Two 词汇翻译
China policy 对华政策（不是“中国政策”
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black art 妖术（不是“黑色艺术”） black stranger 完全陌生的人（不是“陌生 的黑人”） white coal （作动力来源用的）水（不是 “白煤”） white man 忠实可靠的人（不是“皮肤白的 人”） yellow book 黄皮书（法国政府报告书，以 黄纸为封）（不是“黄色书籍”） red tape 官僚习气（不是“红色带子”） green hand 新手（不是“绿手”）
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四
词语含义的理解
standing: To our knowledge, their financial standing is sound. (据我们了解，他们的财务状况良好） business standing (营业状况） commercial standing (商业信用）
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turnover: This product has a fast turnover, three shipments going out per day. 这产品的成交量很高，每天可出三批 货 Starbucks’ annual turnover is 60 million yuan. The company has a fast turnover because of the poor working condition.
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We are sorry to say we had to lodge a claim against you to cover our loss and hope you will take action immediately. 译文：十分遗憾的奉告，我方不得不向你方提 出索赔以弥补我方损失，并望尽快落实。
物流英语CHAPTER TWO
• Gary：I’d like to speak to Peter who is in charge of warehousing. • Peter：This is Peter. May I ask who’s calling? • Gary：Great! This is Gary from DaZhong Electric Company. I have been looking forward to meeting you. Do you have any appointments today? • Peter：Nice to meet you! I have no appointment today.
Oral Practics: Visiting a Logistics Company
• Gary：Ok, let’s go. • Peter：Take it easy. Where we stand is the headquarters. Let’s go down stairs. Since the whole company is very large, we’ll take a car to warehouse. • Gary：After you! （arriving at the warehouse） • Peter：This is our warehouse. • Gary：Wow, what a big space! • Peter：Our company can provide customers with a variety of goods inventory, such as raw material, semi-finished products, finished products, spare parts etc. We have special concessions on predominant goods and long-term contract.
外贸英语函电(第六版,兰天编著)Chapter Two
Good opening lines in self-introduction letters用于自我 介绍的开头语: 1.We are pleased to announce that we intend to intensify our activities in your country. It is our serious and keen interest to realized such a development for our mutual benefit. 2.We owe your name and address to the Commercial Counselor’s Office of the Swedish Embassy in Beijing who have informed us that you are in the market for textiles.
Letter one
关键词：interest n. 兴趣，嗜好，利息，股份 equity interest 股东权益，股权 to promote one’s own interests 谋取私利
词汇的扩展记忆 interested interested=related adj. the interested parties/the parties concerned 有关各方
3.Through the courtesy of our Commercial Counselor’s Office in London, we notice that you are interested in doing business with us. 4.The Foreign Department of Bank of China here has recommended your corporations being interested in establishing business relations with Chinese corporation for the purpose of selling light industrial products of your country. 5.Your communication of the 28th May addressed to our sister corporation in Shanghai has been passed on to us for attention and reply as the export of enamelware falls within the scope of our business activities.
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Negotiation skills test
• Case 1: As a seller You want to sell your yacht and you know that you would be very fortunate to get as much as £225, 000 for it. While you are considering placing the advertisement, a keen yachtsman approaches you and offers £250 000 in cash immediately for your boat. Do you: • A: Accept his offer without further ado? • B: Tell him to wait until the boat is advertised? • C: Haggle(讨价还价)?
Guidelines for Making Enquiries
1. Have a specific idea before the inquiry. 2. For the first time enquiry, give a brief introduction. 3. Be reasonable in the information requested and exact in each requirement. 4. The use of printed enquiry forms. 5. Be addressed to the company instead of an individual.
Chapter Two
Modules of Business Negotiation
Question
• What are inquiry, offer, counter-offer, acceptance and conclusion of a contract? • Example
Case
• A Beverly Hills home is sold for $10 million with a closing to occur in 60 days, and the seller makes it on a pre-printed form of contract containing various terms and conditions. Madonna may want to purchase the house and enquire about the price. If she "accepts" every terms and conditions by countersigning the offer, then a contract has occurred.
When not to negotiate
Reasons for saying no when necessary:
It prevents you from having to concede substantial ground unnecessarily. It avoids raising false hopes, which would make it difficult for us later to satisfy later. It stamps your personal authority and professionalism on the situation.
• But if Madonna doesn't like the price offered or some of the terms, she may counter, say, at $8 million with closing to occur in 90 days. This counter offer acts as a rejection of the seller's offer. If the seller accepts the counter offer, the contract comes into existence then. If the seller rejects it, makes a counter offer, or doesn't respond within the time required, there is no "acceptance" of the seller's counter offer and thus no contract.
Contents
• Enquiry & Reply • When not to negotiate • Offer & Counter-offer • Breaking Deadlocks • Acceptance & Conclusion of a Contract • Managing Time • Negotiation Skills Test
>>Case 2
Sheep
• A. You are thinking only of the profit you might make and not about the problems you might create. • These are the characteristics of a sheep. • Always challenge a first offer!
• What is wrong with Tianjin company’s enquiry?
Analysis
• 1. 组织不够严谨。没准备好探寻的条件（没钱，没许可 证），探寻方式，预测后果等方面准备不够，直到对方不 理才换方式。 • 2. 间接探寻时，委托人选择正确，但管理不到位：双方关 系不明确，责任不清，利益不明确，使探寻力度不够。 • 3. 策略上，急需之情流露无遗，探寻结果不好。
How to say No:
1. A clear and honest “No, I'm afraid not” 2. Suitable explanation and empathy for the other
Exercises
Case I • I have a problem with a supplier who is the sole supplier of our organization. The supplier manufactures various items for us which are used in our products. Now the supplier is insisting a price increase of about 50%without any justification. We are a government-owned organization involved in manufacturing several products for our clients– which are other industrial concerns.
Case of enquiry
• 天津某公司欲购日本丰田佳美轿车，先直接向丰田公司驻 中国代表处询价，没有得到答复。于是该公司转而请北京 A公司（与丰田公司有过直接交易）代其向丰田询价。天 津公司代表给北京A公司打了多次电话催问结果。A公司 代表也找到了在丰田公司的熟人探讨可能性。丰田公司认 为汽车进口需要许可证，所需资金金额也较大，需落实了 才愿报价。A公司把条件转告天津公司代表。天津公司代 表认为可以开信用证，等车到码头后再说许可证。于是北 京公司和丰田公司代表均不再表态了。天津公司代表又多 次打电话催问探寻结果，均未得到报价。
Guidelines for Replying Enquiry
1. Be correct and exact 2. Focus on what you can do 3. Make a product catalogue list 4. Fulfill the function of a salesman 5. To make the buyer reply as soon as possible
Donkey
• How crazy can you get? His offer is already more than you were hoping for and to delay a decision by sending him out of your sight is foolhardy—he might see another boat on the way back to his car. This is the stubborn characteristic of a donkey.
Enquiry & Reply
• Enquiry and offer start the negotiation
– general enquiry – specific enquiry
• Guidelines for making enquiries • Guidelines for replying enquiry
Exercises
• Case II • I am negotiating with a client about offering our products to them. I do not know what the other side wants in the form of a concession from us. I have asked them to tell me what they are offering to pay and the following is the best counter-offer I’ve gotten from them. “We have your recent invoice but suggest a revised one be sent, reflecting the reality of the situation. They actually don’t tell me what they want.