CHAPTER TWO剖析
合集下载
CHAPTER TWO
2.1.1 以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称
疾病-arthritis（关节炎），bronchitis（支气管炎），
rickets（软骨病），
mumps（腮腺炎）， diabetes（糖尿病）-用作单数
Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. Arthritis is a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of body. Phlebitis（静脉炎） is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.
The herd of cows and claves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes.
2.2.4 a committee of 等+复数名词
如果主语是由a committee of/a panel of/a（the）board of+复数名词构成，动词通 常用单数。 A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition, It is meeting tomorrow.
2.5 Concord of Others
1. PRINCIPLES OF COCORD
Grammatical
Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity
1.1 GRAMATICAL CONCORD
英语阅读chapter 2
LOGO
Task One
Answer the following questions with the information contained in passage one: 1. Why is good psychological health important according to this text? Because when one has good emotional health, he is able to experience feelings, share them appropriately and not be overwhelmed by them.
LOGO
2. What are the problems for men and women respectively regarding their maintenance of psychological health? Women are more connected with taking care of other family members and may forget about themselves while men are likely to ignore the signals of their mental problems and seldom talk about their sufferings.
LOGO
•Having graduated with an engineering degree, Lu Hao joined the First Auto Works in Changchun last summer.或： 状语从句＋主语＋谓语 An engineering degree-holder, Lu Hao joined the First Auto Works in Changchun last summer soon after graduation. 或：同位语+主语+谓语+ 状语
商务英语阅读教程Unit2剖析
答案 does the sales figure in steady fashion
15. downturn
L. a tendency downward, a worsening, 答案 especially in business or economic activity
2-1 TASK 1
16.warranty
2-2
Comprehensive Reading
Today, the products and services tend to be inseparable. The era when the customer cares only to buy a product belongs to the past. Nowadays customers seek more not only for buying a product or gaining the usage of the product but also for the whole value that supports the product.
2-2
Comprehensive Reading
1 The word product has many definitions. In industry, it means the quantity or total volume; or the products of the manufactures. In agriculture, it means the products of the season or of the farm. In business, it means the commodities offered for sale or a service that is marketed or sold as a commodity.
15. downturn
L. a tendency downward, a worsening, 答案 especially in business or economic activity
2-1 TASK 1
16.warranty
2-2
Comprehensive Reading
Today, the products and services tend to be inseparable. The era when the customer cares only to buy a product belongs to the past. Nowadays customers seek more not only for buying a product or gaining the usage of the product but also for the whole value that supports the product.
2-2
Comprehensive Reading
1 The word product has many definitions. In industry, it means the quantity or total volume; or the products of the manufactures. In agriculture, it means the products of the season or of the farm. In business, it means the commodities offered for sale or a service that is marketed or sold as a commodity.
chapter+2
Hypotaxis（形合法）is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example: I shall despair if you don‘t come. English sentence building is featured by hypotaxis. Parataxis（意合法）is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them, for example: the rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis.
4.2.1名词的形态 After a series of experiments important phenomena have been ascertained. 经过一系列实验之后，弄清了许多重要现象。 在使用这种仪器前，必须弄清它的性能。 You must know the properties of the instrument before you use it.
4.1.3 英语中介词使用频率较高，具有巨大的搭配联结能 力和表达功能。 What is he at? 他在干什么？ John voted with the Tories. 约翰投票支持保守党。 He is a man above vulgar interests. 他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。 It looks as if we are in for a storm. 看来我们免不了要碰上一场暴风雨了。 The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。
了不起的盖茨比-CHAPTER TWO
PART 2
Characters introduction
Tom
Nick
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle） Mr.Wilson McKees Catherine
The dog vendor
spousal relationship
McKees
Tom:
and his determination to have my company bordered on violence. 他硬要我陪他的做法近乎暴力行为 "Go and buy ten more dogs with it.” 给你钱。拿去再买十只狗。 “Daisy! Daisy! Daisy!” shouted Mrs. Wilson. “I’ll say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai——” Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand. "黛西！黛西！黛西！"威尔逊太太大喊大叫，"我什么时候想 叫就叫！黛西！黛……" 汤姆· 布坎农动作敏捷，伸出手一巴掌打破了威尔逊太太的鼻 子。
pride violence conceit self-righteousness but rational
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle）:
Mrs. Wilson gathered up her dog and her other purchases, and went haughtily in. 威尔逊太太向四周扫视一番，俨然一副皇后回宫的神气， 一面捧起小狗和其他买来的东西，趾高气扬地走了进去。 “I married him because I thought he was a gentleman,” she said finally. “I thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasn’t fit to lick my shoe.” "我嫁给了他，是因为我以为他是个上等人，"她最后说， "我以为他还有点教养，不料他连舔我的鞋都不配。"
王关富商务英语阅读 第二版chapter 2 详解
•
• • • • • • • • • • • •
•
Given that the scale of the downturn was so epochal, it should not be surprising that the nature of the recovery would likewise be the stuff of history. And it has been. As they make their way to Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) by helicopter, bus, car or train (which is the right way to do it), the members of the global economic and political elite will find themselves coming to terms with something they have never known before. Given –considering 鉴于 考虑到 Epochal 新纪元的;划时代的;有重大意义的 epoch 时代纪元 Epochal decisions made by Roosevelt and Churchill. 罗斯福和邱吉尔做出的有重大意义的决定 epochal stupidity. 无与伦比的愚蠢 Make one‘s way to 前往某处 He looked around , then made his way to the lavatory. DAVOS Davos 瑞士达沃斯 是“世界经济论坛”the World Economic Forum (WEF) 的主办 地. Come to terms with 勉强接受 妥协 安于 It took a long time for him to come to terms with his disability. Buyers can‘t come to terms with the car‘s styling, and its high price proved a bitter pill.不得不接受的现实 考虑到经济衰退幅度如此的跨时代，经济复苏进程会很慢也是理所当然的，对此我们 不应该感到吃惊。事实也正如我们所料，复苏进程确实很慢。全球经济政治精英乘直 升飞机、大巴、小汽车或是火车前往达沃斯参加一年一度的世界经济论坛会议，此次 会议上，全球经济政治精英会发现自己开始接受一些闻所未闻的事情。
Chapter 1-2剖析
linguistic signs/sound bear no natural or intrinsic relationship to their meanings.
10
#
(i) Arbitrariness (Saussure)
B. However arbitrariness of language is not absolute and there seems to be different levels of arbitrariness.
• Book •书 • ほん
5
#
• ③vocal: the primary medium is sound for all
languages, no matter how well developed are
their writing systems. All evidence shows that
• The features that define our human languages can be called design features.
9
#
(i) Arbitrariness (Saussure)
A. definition • It refers to the fact that the forms of
13
#
C. Significance of arbitrariness
• Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, makes it possible to have unlimited sources of expressions. We can use new sets of sounds or coin new words to represent newly invented things or new ideas.
10
#
(i) Arbitrariness (Saussure)
B. However arbitrariness of language is not absolute and there seems to be different levels of arbitrariness.
• Book •书 • ほん
5
#
• ③vocal: the primary medium is sound for all
languages, no matter how well developed are
their writing systems. All evidence shows that
• The features that define our human languages can be called design features.
9
#
(i) Arbitrariness (Saussure)
A. definition • It refers to the fact that the forms of
13
#
C. Significance of arbitrariness
• Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, makes it possible to have unlimited sources of expressions. We can use new sets of sounds or coin new words to represent newly invented things or new ideas.
了不起的盖茨比-CHAPTER TWO
• 一位来自中西部的耶鲁毕业生，一战老兵 ，也是本书的叙述者Nick Carraway因得到 了一份在纽约的债券推销员的工作而在长 岛的西半岛租了一间房子，与Gatsby为邻 。Nick到东半岛拜访表妹Daisy和她的丈夫 Tom.他们向他介绍了一个高尔夫球手 Jordan Baker.她告诉了Nick Tom有个情人 的事。
pride violence conceit self-righteousness but rational
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle）:
Mrs. Wilson gathered up her dog and her other purchases, and went haughtily in. 威尔逊太太向四周扫视一番，俨然一副皇后回宫的神气， 一面捧起小狗和其他买来的东西，趾高气扬地走了进去。 “I married him because I thought he was a gentleman,” she said finally. “I thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasn’t fit to lick my shoe.” "我嫁给了他，是因为我以为他是个上等人，"她最后说， "我以为他还有点教养，不料他连舔我的鞋都不配。"
• the cement color of the walls. A white ashen dust veiled his dark suit and his pale hair as it veiled everything in the vicinity--except his wife, who moved close to Tom。
ChaptertwoPPT课件
可编辑
需求曲线
• 当需求函数为线性时，需求函数为一条平 滑的直线。但如果需求函 数为非线性时， 需求函数则是一条曲线。在微观经济的分 析中，为了简化分析过程，在不影响结论 的情况之下，大多使用线性需求函数。
• 线性需求函数的函数表达式为：
Qd f (P) .P
2020/1/12
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Qd=f(P, M, …) • P-商品自身价格；M-消费者收入；Qd-商品
的需求量 Qd=f(P) • Qd-商品的需求量；P-商品自身价格
2020/1/12
Page 9
可编辑
需求表和需求曲线
• 需求表是一张表示某种商品的各种价格水 平和与各种价格水平相对应的该商品的数 量之间关系的数字序列表。（如表2-1）
2020/1/12
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可编辑
供给函数
• 商品自身价格是影响商品供给的主要因素 ，如果假定其他因素不发生变化，仅考虑 商品价格和供给量之间的关系，那么供给 函数就可以写成：
• Qs=f(P) • Qd-商品的供给量; P-商品自身价格
2020/1/12
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可编辑
供给表和供给曲线
• 一旦供给关系或需求关系发生变化，原来 的供求均衡就被破坏，均衡价格就会出现 波动，均衡数量也会发生变化，从而趋向 新的均衡。
2020/1/12
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可编辑
需求量的变动和需求的变动
• 需求量的变动是指商品的需求量随其自身 的价格的变动而变动。
• 表现为点在需求曲线上的移动。 • 需求的变动是指除商品自身价格之外的其
• 一般均衡是就一个经济社会中的所有市场 的供求与价格之间的关系和均衡状态进行 分析。
需求曲线
• 当需求函数为线性时，需求函数为一条平 滑的直线。但如果需求函 数为非线性时， 需求函数则是一条曲线。在微观经济的分 析中，为了简化分析过程，在不影响结论 的情况之下，大多使用线性需求函数。
• 线性需求函数的函数表达式为：
Qd f (P) .P
2020/1/12
Page 12
Qd=f(P, M, …) • P-商品自身价格；M-消费者收入；Qd-商品
的需求量 Qd=f(P) • Qd-商品的需求量；P-商品自身价格
2020/1/12
Page 9
可编辑
需求表和需求曲线
• 需求表是一张表示某种商品的各种价格水 平和与各种价格水平相对应的该商品的数 量之间关系的数字序列表。（如表2-1）
2020/1/12
Page 15
可编辑
供给函数
• 商品自身价格是影响商品供给的主要因素 ，如果假定其他因素不发生变化，仅考虑 商品价格和供给量之间的关系，那么供给 函数就可以写成：
• Qs=f(P) • Qd-商品的供给量; P-商品自身价格
2020/1/12
Page 16
可编辑
供给表和供给曲线
• 一旦供给关系或需求关系发生变化，原来 的供求均衡就被破坏，均衡价格就会出现 波动，均衡数量也会发生变化，从而趋向 新的均衡。
2020/1/12
Page 22
可编辑
需求量的变动和需求的变动
• 需求量的变动是指商品的需求量随其自身 的价格的变动而变动。
• 表现为点在需求曲线上的移动。 • 需求的变动是指除商品自身价格之外的其
• 一般均衡是就一个经济社会中的所有市场 的供求与价格之间的关系和均衡状态进行 分析。
chapter two.ppt2356
Deictic Expressions Non-deictic use
2013-7-15
pragmatics
9
2.4.1 Person Deixis
The basic person deixis includes expressions which necessarily refer to participant roles in the speech event; that is to say, they must distinguish among the speaker, the person to whom the utterance is addressed, and the other person or persons who may be spoken about who are neither speaker nor listener in the speech event under consideration. Person deictic expressions may encode information of several different sorts concerning the identification of participant roles, including the sex of the referent and the number of individual represented by the referent. Person deictic information is mainly provided by the system of the first, second and third person pronouns.
2013-7-15
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The herd of cows and claves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes.
2.2.4 a committee of 等+复数名词
如果主语是由a committee of/a panel of/a（the）board of+复数名词构成，动词通 常用单数。 A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition, It is meeting tomorrow.
2.1.3 以-s结尾的地理名称
以-s结尾的国名，如
the United States, The United Nations, the Netherlands等，
用作单数。
The United States is a country of people with varied origins. In early January 1976 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1953.
1.
Where is/are the shears?
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Your suspenders is/are not here.
At the bottom of the hill there is/are a dangerous crossroads. This pair of trousers costs/cost fifty dollars. Braces is/are not fashionable nowadays. The New York Times is/are published daily. He suffers from diabetes, which is/are a kind of chronic disease. The United Nations was/were formed in San Francisco in 1945. Has/Have skittles（九柱戏）been a popular game in England? All nine skittles was/were brought down by the good throw.
The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world.
2.1.4 其他以-s结尾的名词
英语中有一些由两个部分组成的物体名称通常是以-s
结尾，如scissors（剪子）， pincers（钳子），glasses, shorts, trousers, suspenders（吊裤带）等这一类名词， 如果不带“一把”，“一副”，“一条”等单位词而单独使用，通常作复数。 The sugar-tongs are not in the sugar bowl. Joe’s new trousers are black and white.
如果带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数形式决定动词的单复数形式。
One pair of scissors isn’t enough. Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small, are missing from my tool box.
2.1.5 EXERCISE
2.2 以集体名词做主语的主谓一致问题
集体名词，如government, committee, tean, group 等，在意义上是复数，而在语法形式上是单数。这 类名词做主语的主谓一致问题往往纠结于语法一致 和意义一致两种原则的选择。
2.2.1 通常做复数的集体名词
有些集体名词，如police, people, cattle, militia, poultry（家禽）,vermin（害虫） 等，通常做复数。 Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides. Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.
CHAPTER TWO
1. Principles of Concord
1.1 Grammatical Concord 1.2 Notional Concord 1.3 Principle of Proximity
CONCORD
2. Specific Usage of Concord 2.1 Concord of Nouns Ending with S 2.2 Concord of Collective Nouns 2.3 Concord of Coordinate Subjects 2.4 Concord of Noun Phrase of Amount or Quantity
2.1.5 EXERCISE
11. Draughts（跳棋）is/are an easier game than chess.
12. Politics is/are the art or science of government.
13. What is/are his politics? 14. The theory of falling dominoes comes from the word “dominoes” which is/are a game played with a set of dominoes. 15. The dominoes is/are laid face downwards. 16. The Alps covers/cover an area of 200,000 square kilometers and is/are the greatest mountain range in Europe. 17. Measles is/are an infectious disease.
Either answer is correct.
Much effort is wasted. 为什么英语中动词复数要去掉S,而单数却保留S？
1.2 NOTINAL CONCORD
意义一致-主语和谓语的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单复数形式，而取决于主语的 单复数意义：有时主语在语法形式上是单数，但有复数意义，动词用复数；主语在 语法形式上是单数，但在意义上可视为单数，动词也用单数。 The government have asked the country to decide by a vote.
2.2.2 通常做不可数名词的集体名词
一些集体名词，如foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise（商品）, 通常做不可数名词，动词用单数。 The merchantise has arrived undamaged. All the machinery in the factory is made in China.
Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register.
1.3 PRINCIPLE OF PROXIMITY
就近原则-谓语动词的单复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语（主要是名词）的单复数形 式。 Either my brothers or my father is coming. Only one out of five were present. No one except his own supporters agree with him. Neither Julia nor I am going.
如侧重组成集体的成员，动词用复数。
That group of soldiers is a top-notch fighting unit. That group of soldiers have the best ratings of individual performance.
That herd of cows and claves is the healthiest the farm has had in some time.
游戏-darts（投镖游戏），
marbles（打弹子游戏）， cards（打纸牌）-用作单数
Darts is essentially a free and easy game.
Marbles is one of the oldest of games and was not confined to children.
2.2.3 既可做单数又可做复数ce，committee， class（班级）, crew, family, government, public等，即可做单数，也可做复数。 如将该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体，则动词用单数。
The anti-crime committee is to make its report tomorrow. The city council is meeting to set its agenda.
群岛，山脉，海峡，瀑布等地理名称，作复数用。
The West Indies, apart from the Bahamas, are commonly divided into two parts. The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life. The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance.
2.2.4 a committee of 等+复数名词
如果主语是由a committee of/a panel of/a（the）board of+复数名词构成，动词通 常用单数。 A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition, It is meeting tomorrow.
2.1.3 以-s结尾的地理名称
以-s结尾的国名，如
the United States, The United Nations, the Netherlands等，
用作单数。
The United States is a country of people with varied origins. In early January 1976 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1953.
1.
Where is/are the shears?
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Your suspenders is/are not here.
At the bottom of the hill there is/are a dangerous crossroads. This pair of trousers costs/cost fifty dollars. Braces is/are not fashionable nowadays. The New York Times is/are published daily. He suffers from diabetes, which is/are a kind of chronic disease. The United Nations was/were formed in San Francisco in 1945. Has/Have skittles（九柱戏）been a popular game in England? All nine skittles was/were brought down by the good throw.
The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world.
2.1.4 其他以-s结尾的名词
英语中有一些由两个部分组成的物体名称通常是以-s
结尾，如scissors（剪子）， pincers（钳子），glasses, shorts, trousers, suspenders（吊裤带）等这一类名词， 如果不带“一把”，“一副”，“一条”等单位词而单独使用，通常作复数。 The sugar-tongs are not in the sugar bowl. Joe’s new trousers are black and white.
如果带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数形式决定动词的单复数形式。
One pair of scissors isn’t enough. Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small, are missing from my tool box.
2.1.5 EXERCISE
2.2 以集体名词做主语的主谓一致问题
集体名词，如government, committee, tean, group 等，在意义上是复数，而在语法形式上是单数。这 类名词做主语的主谓一致问题往往纠结于语法一致 和意义一致两种原则的选择。
2.2.1 通常做复数的集体名词
有些集体名词，如police, people, cattle, militia, poultry（家禽）,vermin（害虫） 等，通常做复数。 Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides. Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.
CHAPTER TWO
1. Principles of Concord
1.1 Grammatical Concord 1.2 Notional Concord 1.3 Principle of Proximity
CONCORD
2. Specific Usage of Concord 2.1 Concord of Nouns Ending with S 2.2 Concord of Collective Nouns 2.3 Concord of Coordinate Subjects 2.4 Concord of Noun Phrase of Amount or Quantity
2.1.5 EXERCISE
11. Draughts（跳棋）is/are an easier game than chess.
12. Politics is/are the art or science of government.
13. What is/are his politics? 14. The theory of falling dominoes comes from the word “dominoes” which is/are a game played with a set of dominoes. 15. The dominoes is/are laid face downwards. 16. The Alps covers/cover an area of 200,000 square kilometers and is/are the greatest mountain range in Europe. 17. Measles is/are an infectious disease.
Either answer is correct.
Much effort is wasted. 为什么英语中动词复数要去掉S,而单数却保留S？
1.2 NOTINAL CONCORD
意义一致-主语和谓语的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单复数形式，而取决于主语的 单复数意义：有时主语在语法形式上是单数，但有复数意义，动词用复数；主语在 语法形式上是单数，但在意义上可视为单数，动词也用单数。 The government have asked the country to decide by a vote.
2.2.2 通常做不可数名词的集体名词
一些集体名词，如foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise（商品）, 通常做不可数名词，动词用单数。 The merchantise has arrived undamaged. All the machinery in the factory is made in China.
Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register.
1.3 PRINCIPLE OF PROXIMITY
就近原则-谓语动词的单复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语（主要是名词）的单复数形 式。 Either my brothers or my father is coming. Only one out of five were present. No one except his own supporters agree with him. Neither Julia nor I am going.
如侧重组成集体的成员，动词用复数。
That group of soldiers is a top-notch fighting unit. That group of soldiers have the best ratings of individual performance.
That herd of cows and claves is the healthiest the farm has had in some time.
游戏-darts（投镖游戏），
marbles（打弹子游戏）， cards（打纸牌）-用作单数
Darts is essentially a free and easy game.
Marbles is one of the oldest of games and was not confined to children.
2.2.3 既可做单数又可做复数ce，committee， class（班级）, crew, family, government, public等，即可做单数，也可做复数。 如将该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体，则动词用单数。
The anti-crime committee is to make its report tomorrow. The city council is meeting to set its agenda.
群岛，山脉，海峡，瀑布等地理名称，作复数用。
The West Indies, apart from the Bahamas, are commonly divided into two parts. The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life. The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance.